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A temperature sensor named a thermillator (thermo-oscillator) is demonstrated, consisting of a single device with an n+-emitter, p-base and n+-collector. The thermillator with a p-base floating body shows inherent oscillation behavior. The underlying mechanism of the thermillator is based on the single transistor latch (STL). Oscillation originates with the iterative charging and discharging process in the floating p-base, and the oscillation frequency ( $\boldsymbol {f}$ ) is sensitively changed by applied temperature. Compared to a temperature sensor with a circuit-based ring oscillator, the single device-based thermillator has the advantages of small footprint area, low hardware cost, and low power consumption.

Optomechanical sensing based on the coupling between mechanical motions and optical resonances has attracted huge interest in sensor applications due to its small footprint, high sensitivity, low detection limit, and electromagnetic immunity. Optomechanical sensors that detect from mechanical motion at µm scale to molecular vibration at nm scale have found various applications such as force, inertia, acoustic, chemical, and thermal sensing, etc. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress of optomechanical sensors. Three development fields of optomechanical sensors are reviewed, which are passive optomechanical sensors, electro-optomechanical sensing platforms, and molecular vibration sensing schemes. The sensor configurations, applications, and integrations are described. In the end, we also provide our perspectives on the future development directions of optomechanical sensors.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have proven to be one of the best photovoltaic approaches for harnessing indoor/artificial light. Herein, we report two new molecularly engineered, cost-effective, metal-free, carbazole-based D–π–A sensitizers (YK 8 and YK 9) by judiciously varying their π-spacers, which are suitable for indoor photovoltaic applications. Using YK 8, we achieved an efficiency of 28.7% under standard 1000 lux Osram 14 W T2 cool day light fluorescent tube illumination with a power output of 68.88 μW cm−2 and 30.24% with a power output of 108.85 μW cm−2 under a higher illumination intensity of 1500 lux without co-sensitizers using iodide/triiodide electrolyte. With a small footprint/active area of 1.24 cm2, we could power a temperature sensor completely autonomously at a low light intensity of 500 lux, displaying the potential of these indoor photovoltaic devices to serve as energy sources for low-power sensors and actuators on the Internet of Things (IoT) network, reducing the dependence on batteries and leading to a smaller carbon footprint. The role of the π-spacer and its influence on recombination and device performance were explored via extensive interfacial studies.

The explosive rise of silicon photonics has led to renewed interest in the electro-optic (EO) or Pockels effect due to its potential uses in many next generation device applications. To find materials with a strong EO response in thin film form, which are essential for low power and small footprint devices, one needs to find a general design rule for strong Pockels materials. To elucidate what makes the Pockels effect strong, we study the effect in LiB3O5 (LBO) and CsB3O5 (CBO) and use these materials as prototypical examples of where conventional wisdom breaks down. We find the Pockels tensor components to be extremely small in both materials, despite the large degree of anharmonicity in the crystals, which has been used as a proxy for the presence of nonlinear electronic effects. We relate the lack of EO response to the large optical phonon frequencies (despite the relatively large Raman susceptibility) in LBO and to the small Raman susceptibility (despite the low phonon frequencies) in CBO, respectively. We shed light on the underlying physical phenomena behind the Raman susceptibility, which we find to be intimately linked to the electron–phonon coupling strength of the near-edge electronic states, and identify a route to discovering new strong EO materials.

Optical micro-ring resonator (MRR) sensors are an emerging technology that attracts attention not only because it’s small footprint but also because of its high-quality features. In this work, a Silicon on Insulator (SOI)-based MRR sensor is studied for a practical label-free sensor. After the analysis of this study, it is found that a smaller (compare to previous studies) label-free optical sensor with a sensitivity of 206nm/RIU and a q-factor of 17900 can be obtained when the optimal designed parameters are used. Thus, it is believed that, this work would shed a light on optical sensor technology for more compact-efficient, low-cost and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible sensors for daily life usage.

A high voltage PNP device is designed with a small footprint by applying the RESURF technique. It has low turn-on resistance and high failure current. Adjusting the length of LOCOS, the PNP device shows flexibility for different voltage applications from 40V to 90V without failure current degradation.

A new line of G4S detectors has been developed at Crytur, which combines the high-Z scintillators GAGG:Ce and LuAG:Ce with Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM). The detectors’ performance was established by identifying natural radionuclides in samples of rock and building materials. Due to the high detection efficiency of the chosen scintillator materials, and the small footprint of SiPMs, these detectors are very compact and can be made rugged for applications of gamma-ray detection and spectroscopy in the range of 30 keV to several MeV. Crytur’s material development and coupling design make these detectors a superior and affordable alternative to the conventional NaI:Tl based detectors. Due to the compact size these detectors are portable and suited for both lab and field use

We present a sensor system to monitor the uptake of oxygen by mammalian cells as a direct indicator for the metabolism under consideration of the requirements for the usage in biolabs. That includes reliable oxygen sensing as well as a small footprint of the setup without sophisticated external equipment, the usage of compatible materials and the suitability for a high degree of integration and automation. These requirements are fulfilled by a system that consists of a microfluidic chip with an integrated oxygen-sensitive phosphorescent film, heater and temperature sensor, external optical read-out and 3D-printed holders and housing. The chip with the closed microfluidic chamber is made by clean-room technologies out of silicon and glass. An excitation LED and a small and low-cost Raspberry Pi camera are used to measure the phosphorescent signal. With this system, the concentration of dissolved oxygen can be determined with an accuracy of ±0.8% (air) for oxygen concentrations between 0 and 26% (air) and at any temperature between 23 and 41 °C. To demonstrate the capabilities, the oxygen consumption rates of HaCaT-cells (human keratinocyte cell line) are determined at different temperatures.

This study presents a novel miniaturised ultra-wideband (UWB) multilayer balun embedded into organic packaging substrate of liquid crystal polymer. The broadside coupled stripline structure is adopted in this work to realise UWB performance and TEM mode. The fabricated prototype is self-packaged for electromagnetic shielding, and lightweight, with a small footprint. The proposed balun design achieves excellent amplitude and phase balances within the entire bandwidth, centred at 6.2 GHz. Simulation and measurement results show very good agreement.

We experimentally demonstrate a spectrometer, which consists of an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), tunable microring resonator (MRR) array, and waveguide-coupled Ge-on-Si photodetector, all integrated onto a single chip. The spectrometer achieves high resolution (0.1 ± 0.029 nm) and large bandwidth (25.4 nm) in 9 channels with a small footprint of 3 × 3 mm2. It has high potential to enable a high-performance spectrometer for applications such as environmental monitoring, spectroscopy, biological and chemical sensing, etc. Ministry of Education (MOE) National Research Foundation (NRF) Published version This work was supported in part by Ministry of Education, Singapore under Tier 3 (MOE2017-T3-1-001) and Tier 1 (RG182/16 (S)) and in part by the Singapore National Research Foundation under the Competitive Research Program (NRF-CRP13-2014-01) and the Incentive for Research & Innovation Scheme (1102-IRIS-05- 05) administered by EWI.

We report here an easy-fabricated and disposable polymer-film microfluidic impedance cytometer (PMIC) integrated with inertial focusing and parallel facing electrodes for cell sensing. The cells are first focused in an asymmetric serpentine channel, and then their impedance signals are measured when passing through the electrode region. The proposed PMIC device is the first impedance cytometer that is fabricated into a flexible sheet (with a thickness of 0.45 mm) by using the materials of commonly-available ITO-coated polymer films and double-sided adhesive tapes, the whole fabrication process is shortened from traditional 3–4 days to less than 5 min by using UV laser cutting. To verify the feasibility of our device for cell sensing, we explore the focusing behaviors of three differently sized particles and two types of tumor cells, and analyze their impedance signals. The results show that our device is capable of obtaining impedance information on numbers, diameters, and longitudinal positions of cells. We envision that our PMIC device is promising in label-free cell sensing owning to the advantages of low cost, small footprint, and simple fabrication.

Neural node components consisting of III-V nanowire devices are introduced. This allows for the construction of a small footprint specialized neural network. A broadcasting strategy is developed which removes the need for inter-node wiring. As a model system, an insect brain navigational circuit is chosen and successfully emulated using the introduced nodes and network architecture. The results are based on electronic transport simulations in each device as well as finite-difference time-domain simulations for the broadcasting of optical signals.

For device applications, structural disorder and optical scattering have long been considered annoying and detrimental features that were best avoided or minimized. In this talk, I will show that disorder and complexity can be harnessed for photonic applications, in particular, to provide unique functionalities of photonic devices. We recently developed an on-chip random spectrometer that combines high resolution with small footprint. In addition, we incorporated disorder to a laser to reduce the spatial coherence for free-speckle full-field imaging, and to disrupt coherent nonlinear coupling of lasing modes to suppress temporal instabilities.

Simultaneous on‐chip sensing of multiple greenhouse gases in a complex gas environment is highly desirable in industry, agriculture, and meteorology, but remains challenging due to their ultralow concentrations and mutual interference. Porous microstructure and extremely high surface areas in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) provide both excellent adsorption selectivity and high gases affinity for multigas sensing. Herein, it is described that integrating MOFs into a multiresonant surface‐enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) platform can overcome the shortcomings of poor selectivity in multigas sensing and enable simultaneous on‐chip sensing of greenhouse gases with ultralow concentrations. The strategy leverages the near‐field intensity enhancement (over 1500‐fold) of multiresonant SEIRA technique and the outstanding gas selectivity and affinity of MOFs. It is experimentally demonstrated that the MOF–SEIRA platform achieves simultaneous on‐chip sensing of CO2 and CH4 with fast response time (, Porous metal–organic frameworks are provided with excellent gas adsorption selectivity due to their extremely high surface areas. Integrating it into the multiresonant surface‐enhanced infrared absorption platform overcomes the shortcomings of poor selectivity in gas sensing and enables simultaneous on‐chip sensing of greenhouse gases. Importantly, the strategy shows a competitive advantage in terms of response time, accuracy, footprint, and linearity.

We experimentally demonstrated 70Gbaud PAM4 and 90Gbaud NRZ operations of all-silicon segmented modulator for optical DAC transmitter. Monolithic integration of MIM capacitor enabled broad EO bandwidth of 43.9GHz and small footprint of 300×60μm2.

Spectrometers with small footprint and high resolutions are highly demanded in various areas. We designed and experimentally demonstrated an ultra-compact fully integrated spectrometer based on metasurface-decorated photonic integrated waveguides.

Densely integrated devices on a single chip enable both complex functionality and economy of scale. With a small footprint, microcavities with self-assembled InAs quantum dashes (QDashes) use minim...

We introduce a photonic crystal nanocavity consisting of one-dimensional periodic nanorods embedded in a deformable polydimethylsiloxane substrate, which exhibits a high-quality factor and a large wavelength response to the applied strain. By further investigating its wavelength response to nonaxial planar strains, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a sensor unit that can precisely identify different planar strains, including their application direction, type, and value. This sensor prototype with small footprint and feasible coupling with optical waveguides could provide additional flexibility for strain analysis in a wide range of fields.

A low profile dual-circularly polarized printed ring-slot antenna with a small footprint, which radiates above an open cavity loaded with an artificial magnetic conducting reflector, is presented. The feed network consists of two T-shaped capacitive feed structures connected to a miniaturized hybrid branch-line coupler. Experimental results for a final antenna design (with a size of $0.5\lambda _{\mathrm {\mathbf {0}}} \quad \times 0.5\lambda _{\mathrm {\mathbf {0}}} \quad \times 0.057\lambda _{\mathrm {\mathbf {0}}}$ ) show a 4% isolation bandwidth between the two ports of the dual-circularly polarized antenna and a maximum gain of approximately 6.8 dBic. Good front-to-back ratios and low cross-polarization were achieved. These very compact and low profile antennas are suitable for 2.4 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) communication systems.

Rapid and precise manipulation of magnetic beads on the nano and micro scales is essential in many biosensing applications, such as separating target molecules from background molecules and detecting specific proteins and DNA sequences in plasma. Accurately moving magnetic beads back and forth requires at least two adjustable magnetic field gradients. Unlike permanent magnets, electromagnets are easy to design and can produce strong and adjustable magnetic field gradients without mechanical motion, making them desirable for use in robust and safe medical devices. However, using multiple magnetic field sources to manipulate magnetic beads presents several challenges, including overlapping magnetic fields, added bulk, increased cost, and reduced durability. Here, we provide a thorough analysis, including analytical calculations, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements, of using two electromagnets to manipulate magnetic beads inside a miniature glass cell. We analyze and experimentally demonstrate different aspects of the electromagnets&rsquo, design, such as their mutual influence, the advantages and disadvantages of different pole tip geometries, and the correlation between the electromagnets&rsquo, positions and the beads&rsquo, aggregation during movement. Finally, we have devised a protocol to maximize the magnetic forces acting on magnetic beads in a two-electromagnet setup while minimizing the electromagnets&rsquo, size. We used two such electromagnets in a small footprint magnetic modulation biosensing system and detected as little as 13 ng/L of recombinant Zika virus antibodies, which enables detection of Zika IgM antibodies as early as 5 days and as late as 180 days post symptoms onset, significantly extending the number of days that the antibodies are detectable.

We address design, implementation, and characterization of semiconductor strain gauges as stage displacement sensors with small footprint for piezo-driven nanopositioners in differential actuation mode. The results indicate that in this actuation mode, a differential sensing strategy provides much better accuracy than the conventional non-differential schemes. The proposed differential sensor has a large sensitivity of $4.4\frac{V}{{\mu {\text{m}}}},$ 3σ-resolution of 2.4 nm, and bandwidth of 4 kHz.

We report on the design of an ultra-compact integrated wavelength demultiplexer in echelle configuration for the optical O-band realized on silicon-on-insulator technology. The device has four channels with channel spacing of 800 GHz and a small footprint of 260 &times, 83 &mu, m2. Channel crosstalk lower than &minus, 28 dB across the four channels is experimentally demonstrated along with insertion losses of &minus, 1.5 dB.

Waveguides produced by ultrafast laser inscription (ULI) can realize highly efficient laser systems with a small footprint [1-4]. High repetition rate femtosecond (fs) lasers inscribe index modifications within a doped insulator host gain media. Dependent on the host, these modifications could be light guiding or anti-guiding (depressed cladding) to obtain a light confining core Refereed/Peer-reviewed

A compact folded patch is proposed for designing an on-body UHF RFID tag. Stretchable polymer such as PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) has been employed as a substrate to increase the flexibility of the antenna, and it allows conformal mounting on human body. It has small footprint ( $25\times 25\ \text{mm}^{2}$ ) and low profile (3 mm). For the proposed antenna design, its operating frequency can be easily tuned by adjusting the geometrical dimensions of the two shorting stubs. A ground layer has been incorporated into the design for achieving platform isolation. The proposed tag antenna has hemi-omnidirectional radiation patterns and it is able to achieve a maximum realized gain of −5 dBi when tested on a phantom that imitates human tissue.

We propose a novel, miniaturized NDIR CO2 sensor based on a 2D integrating cylinder, realized using deep RIE and wafer bonding on silicon. The sensor has a detection limit down to ∼ 250ppm, with a small footprint of only ∼ 5mm × 5mm.

Superluminescent diodes (SLDs) with high power spectral density present an appealing low cost, small footprint and relatively simple alternative to supercontinuum sources for spectroscopy applications that do not require extremely broad optical spectra1. Numerous approaches have been used to optimise the performance of SLDs in this respect. Here, we present a superluminescent diode under CW operation with a record-high power spectral density owing to its chirped quantum-dot active region, two-section contact layout and long tapered waveguide geometry.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising imaging modality for clinical. Its certain limitations such as size and complexity are rather challenging wherein exploiting integrated optics provide benefits over reduced size and lesser complexity. We have designed and reported a broadband and low loss linearly tapered directional coupler as a substitute to replace bulky beam splitter that are deployed currently in OCT systems. The reported structure has a small footprint and broadband over 100 ​nm bandwidth with an excess loss of 0.059 ​dB ​at 1330 ​nm central wavelength. The structure designed on silicon nitride platform upon integration with other components will provide a miniaturized OCT system.

A hybrid plasmonic modulator based on microdisk resonators enhanced with electro-optic polymers is presented. Modulation is achieved by dynamically controlling an electromagnetically induced transparency window using a push–pull driving configuration. The proposed device combines small footprint, high modulation depths, low insertion losses, and low power consumption. By properly selecting the voltage values and the microdisk radii, modulation at different wavelengths and tunable spectral filtering are achieved.

Microvalves are an essential component of microfluidic devices. In this work, a low-consumption (

Nano-antennas cannot handle high energy density (fluences) due to their small footprint. In this paper, we propose chromium based nano-antenna and experimentally show that it can handle 110 times higher fluence than gold (Au) counterpart without a significant reduction in their electrical field enhancement capacities.

We designed and fabricated a 4-channel silicon micro-ring modulator (MRM) assembly chip with arrayed grating couplers for space-division-multiplexed optical interconnection. Only 4 channels out of 7 have been utilized with the consideration of popular multi-source-agreements (MSA) compatibility with respect to a 7-core multi-core-fiber (MCF). Experimental modulations at 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gbps have been carried out for all the four channels with clearly opened eye-diagrams which indicates a single-fiber aggregate capacity of 100 Gbps with only one laser input for SDM optical interconnection. The silicon MRM assembly demonstrated in this work is advantageous for practical applications due to its simplified modulation solution (NRZ-OOK) with high capacity (100-Gbps), small footprint (0.45 mm2) and long reach (1 km).

A miniaturized radio-HPLC detector has been developed comprising a microfluidic device fabricated from plastic scintillator in combination with a silicon photomultiplier light sensor, and tested with samples containing a positron-emitting radionuclide, [18 F]fluoride. This cost-effective, small footprint analytical tool is ideal for incorporation into integrated quality control systems for the testing of positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals to good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards.

This paper presents a high gain ultra-compact Doherty PA design approach based on 28 V two-stage GaN MMICs. A 20 W asymmetric and 26 W symmetric Doherty amplifier operating in the 3.4–3.6 GHz band were designed into a small footprint 7×7 mm2 QFN plastic package for 5G massive MIMO base station applications. The use of package-integrated low-loss passive devices to realize the class-E like inverted Doherty combiner resulted in excellent final stage drain efficiencies of 60 % at 8 dB output power back-off and 65 % in saturation, to the best of the authors' knowledge the highest reported final stage drain efficiency for GaN MMIC based integrated Doherty PAs in the 3.5 GHz band. The full asymmetric PA board yields a measured line-up efficiency of 43 % with an associated gain of 26 dB at 35 dBm average power of a 20 MHz LTE signal, corresponding to 8 dB output power back-off.

We design and experimentally fabricate a 8×8 arrayed waveguide grating router(AWGR) with a channel spacing of400 GHz based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. The arrayed waveguide region of this device is horseshoe-shaped to realize a small footprint of 730 μm × 580 μm. Experimental results show good cyclic performance. The crosstalk and insertion loss are about −21 dB and 2.7 dB, respectively. This compact device can be used in optical interconnect systems.

We propose a novel structure to realize highly efficient polarization beam splitter (PBS) by using a slot waveguide. Simulation results show that the PBS has realizes extinction ratio larger than 24.6 dB from 1500 nm to 1600 nm for TM and larger than 20 dB from 1521 nm to 1584 nm for TE. The maximum of ER for TE is as high as 37.4 dB at 1552 nm. The insertion loss for TE and TM are under 0.06 dB and 0.33dB, respectively.

Photonic barcodes with a small footprint have demonstrated a great value for multiplexed high-throughput bioassays and tracking systems. Attempts to develop coding technology tend to focus on the generation of featured barcodes both with high coding capacity and accurate recognition. In this work, a strategy to design photonic barcodes is proposed based on whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) modulations in dye-doped microdisk resonant cavities, where each modulated photoluminescence spectrum constitutes the fingerprint of a corresponding microdisk. The WGM-based barcodes can achieve infinite encoding capacity through tuning the dimensions of the microdisks. These photonic barcodes can be well disguised and decoded based on the light controlled proton release and acidichromism of the organic materials, which are essential to fulfill the functions of anti-counterfeiting, information security, and so on. The results will pave an avenue to new types of flexible WGM-based components for optical data recording and security labels.

I will describe the effort of my research lab in creating flat optical devices that show record-breaking performance and new functionalities. These include small footprint integrated photonic devices, broadband achromatic flat lenses, flat optical modulators, and biomimetic radiative cooling coatings.

The all-fiber graphene modulator working as either an electro-absorption (EA) or phase modulator is proposed. Both electro-absorption and phase fiber modulators exhibit excellent performances such as small footprint and good integrated compatibility.

Four-wave mixing (FWM) in optical fibre is a leading technique for generating high-quality photon pairs. We report the generation of photon pairs by spontaneous FWM in photonic crystal fibre pumped by a 1.5 GHz repetition-rate vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL). The photon pairs exhibit high count rates and a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of over 80. The VECSEL's high repetition-rate, high average power, tunability, and small footprint make this an attractive source for quantum key distribution and photonic quantum-state engineering., Comment: 17 Pages, 5 Figures

We propose a new design of a silicon chip for (de)multiplexing three optical modes based on a tilted-branch bus structure using silicon waveguide. Input lights at fundamental, first-order, and second-order modes in three-dimensional space are simultaneously demultiplexed and converted to three fundamental modes at three individual output ports. The device is designed and optimized via numerical simulation using three-dimensional beam propagation method (3D-BPM). Successful three-mode demultiplexing can be achieved over 150 nm wavelength band of telecom winodws with insertion loss smaller than 1.45 dB and crosstalk below -16 dB. The proposed device also features with a small footprint (8 μm × 950 μm) and a large fabrication tolerance against chip-size variations while maintaining the desired optical performance.

© 2019 Optica Publishing Group. Users may use, reuse, and build upon the article, or use the article for text or data mining, so long as such uses are for non-commercial purposes and appropriate attribution is maintained. All other rights are reserved. Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are the ideal optical sources for data communication and sensing. In data communication, large data rates combined with excellent energy efficiency and temperature stability have been achieved based on advanced device design and modulation formats. VCSELs are also promising sources for photonic integrated circuits due to their small footprint and low power consumption. Also, VCSELs are commonly used for a wide variety of applications in the consumer electronics market. These applications range from laser mice to three-dimensional (3D) sensing and imaging, including various 3D movement detections, such as gesture recognition or face recognition. Novel VCSEL types will include metastructures, exhibiting additional unique properties, of largest importance for next-generation data communication, sensing, and photonic integrated circuits.

Bulk-heterojunction based organic photodetectors are fabricated by means of drop-on-demand inkjet printing with vertical topology, inverted structure, and small footprint (about 100 μm x 100 μm). Due to optimization of the deposition technique, an external quantum efficiency in excess of 80% at 525 nm and a -3dB bandwidth of a few tens of kHz is achieved.

Optomechanical crystals have attracted great attention recently for their ability to realize strong photon-phonon interaction in cavity optomechanical systems. By far, the operation of cavity optomechanical systems with high mechanical frequency has to employ tapered fibres or one-sided waveguides with circulators to couple the light into and out of the cavities, which hinders their on-chip applications. Here, we demonstrate larger-centre-hole nanobeam structures with on-chip transmission-coupling waveguide. The measured mechanical frequency is up to 4.47 GHz, with a high mechanical Q-factor of 1.4 × 103 in the ambient environment. The corresponding optomechanical coupling rate is calculated and measured to be 836 kHz and 1.2 MHz, respectively, while the effective mass is estimated to be 136 fg. With the transmission waveguide coupled structure and a small footprint of 3.4 μm2, this simple cavity can be directly used as functional components or integrated with other on-chip devices in future practical applications.

In this work we present the design and technology development for an integrated butt-coupled membrane laser in the IMOS (Indium Phosphide Membrane On Silicon) platform [1]. Laser is expected to have a small footprint (less than 50 μm2), 1 mA threshold current and a direct modulation frequency of 10 GHz.

A novel polymer-based bistable out-of-plane (OoP)-drive with electrothermal actuation for portable Braille area displays is presented. The drive consists of an OoP-actuator which moves a tactile Braille-pin out of the display surface and an in-plane (IP)-actuator which locks the pin position. The system is fabricated using UV-lithography of the epoxy based dry film photo resist SUEX. It has a small footprint of 10.7 × 2.5 mm2 and is suited for a 2.5 mm Braille grid. A high OoP-deflection up to 580 μm at 125 mW power consumption is achieved.

We review and discuss InP-based monolithically integrated optical devices, such as DP-IQ modulators and photodetectors integrated with the 90 degrees hybrid for 100/200 Gb/s coherent transceivers with small footprint and low-power dissipation.

Suspended polymeric waveguides of small footprint suitable for dense photonic integrated circuits were developed and evaluated. Low propagation and bending losses at 1550 nm reported. The waveguides are suitable for telecommunications applications.