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Tree recruitment models are important for predicting the dynamics of uneven-aged forests. Previous studies of recruitment of European beech, Norway spruce and silver fir have shown different ecological amplitudes of these species. However, recruitment in uneven-aged stands and the values of environmental factors at which the greatest and poorest recruitment can be expected remain poorly explained. The main objectives of this study were to 1) explain how 39 stand, site and climatic factors and their interactions influence the number of recruited trees in uneven-aged forests; 2) determine the optimal and critical ranges of influential factors, including stand basal area, number of trees, proportion of tree species, shade casting, soil pH, site productivity, temperature and precipitation; and 3) estimate the maximum expected response of recruitment to changes in stand density while controlling for the effect of other limiting factors. A Tobit censored regression model was used to consider that the observed range of the number of recruited trees is censored at zero. The models were parametrized and validated using 30,963 forest inventory plots (200 m2 each) in uneven-aged forests in Slovenia. The models, which used 9 stand, 6 site and 3 climatic factors, explained 15 %, 10 % and 8 % of the total variation of the number of recruited spruce, fir and beech, respectively. Stand structure was the most important factor, with stand basal area (BA) and the proportion of the studied species having the greatest effect. Site factors including soil pH and rockiness were important for fir recruitment. The number of recruited beech and spruce was positively influenced by decadal precipitation. Higher temperatures decreased recruitment of spruce. Beech was the only species sensitive to shade casting. Recruitment of beech was higher if shade was imposed by tree species other than beech. The optimal and critical ranges of limiting factors differ between species. The model suggests that the optimal stand basal area for recruitment of beech is ≤ 19 m2/ha, which is higher than that for spruce (≤ 16 m2/ha) but lower than that for fir (≤ 28 m2/ha). The maximum predicted response of the studied species to changes in stand basal area shows that stand density control is efficient for regulating recruitment of spruce and beech, but not for fir. The suggested sensitivities and threshold values may be used in individual tree growth models or simulation–optimization studies in support of forest management decisions. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 5. 12. 2022. Bibliografija: str. 11-13.

Norway spruce (Picea abies) is one of the most important commercial conifer species naturally distributed in Europe. In this paper, the composition and abundance of essential oil and hydrosol from the needles and branches of P. abies were investigated with an additional evaluation of changes related to different times of the year, annual shoots and branches, and differences in composition under different microenvironments. Essential oils and hydrosols obtained via hydrodistillation were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), where 246 compounds in essential oil and 53 in hydrosols were identified. The relative amounts of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes in essential oil changed significantly during the year, with the highest peak of monoterpenes observed in April (72%), the highest abundance of sesquiterpenes observed in August (21%), and the highest abundance of diterpenes observed in June (27%). The individual compound with the highest variation was manool, with variation from 1.5% (April) to 18.7% (June). Our results also indicate that the essential oil with the lowest allergenic potential (lowest quantity of limonene and linalool) was obtained in late spring or summer. Location had no significant influence on composition, while the method of collection for distillation (whole branch or annual shoots) had a minor influence on the composition. All nine main compounds identified in the hydrosol samples were oxygenated monoterpenes. The composition of P. abies hydrosol was also significantly affected by season. The method of preparing the branches for distillation did not affect the composition of P. abies hydrosol, while the location had a minor effect on composition.

Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 3. 2. 2023.

We present xylem formation in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in 2015 at Panška reka, near Ljubljana, Slovenia (ca. 46°00'N, 14°40'E, 400 m a.s.l.) with a temperate climate. The research was a part of a long-term project, which involves different sites and tree species. We measured the widths of cambium and the formation of xylem growth rings with differentiating cells in postcambial (PC) and secondary wall formation (SW) phases, and mature cells (MT). The results for 2015 were compared with those for previous years (2009%2011) in the same species and site, and with the published data from wood formation studies in conifers from all over Europe. The latter were used in two-factor regression models which confirmed the effects of latitude and altitude on the critical dates of onset, end, and duration of xylem production. The models thus helped us to predict/reconstruct phenology of wood formation in conifers in Europe Študija prikazuje nastajanje lesa smreke (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) v rastni sezoni 2015 na rastišču Panška reka v bližini Ljubljane (pribl. 46°00'N, 14°40'E, 400 m n.v.). Raziskava je del večletnega projekta spremljanja nastajanja lesa več drevesnih vrst na različnih rastiščih. V okviru raziskave smo spremljali širino kambijeve cone ter nastajajoče branike lesa, kjer smo ločili celice v fazah postkambialne rasti (PC) in nastajanja sekundarne celične stene (SW) ter zrele (MT) celice. Rezultate smo primerjali z ugotovitvami študije, opravljene na smreki z istega rastišča v rastnih sezonah 2009%2011 ter s podatki, objavljenimi za več vrst iglavcev z različnih rastišč po Evropi. Primerjave smo uporabili za izdelavo regresijskih modelov z dvema neodvisnima spremenljivkama. Modeli so potrdili vpliv zemljepisne širine in nadmorske višine na kritične datume začetka in konca ter na trajanje nastajanja lesa. Modeli so omogočili rekonstrukcijo fenologije nastajanja lesa iglavcev po Evropi

Premena čistih smrekovih sestojev je eden poglavitnih gojitvenih izzivov v Evropi. Človek je z gozdno pašo, oglarjenjem in golosečnim sistemom s sadnjo smreke močno spremenil tudi gozdove v Alpah, za katere pogosto mislimo, da so naravni. Naravna obnova zasmrečenih gozdov je marsikje zelo težavna, uspeh obnove pa je ključni element trajnosti gozda in vseh njegovih funkcij. Raziskavo smo izvedli v zasmrečenih predalpskih jelovo-bukovih gozdovih v raziskovalnih območjih Jelendol in Krašica. Meritve so bile izvedene leta 2003 in 2008 na 18 objektih v Jelendolu in leta 1993, 1998 in 2010 na 32 objektih na Krašici. Vpliv ekoloških dejavnikov na uspešnost naravnega pomlajevanja smo proučili s pomočjo linearnih mešanih modelov in posplošenih linearnih mešanih modelov. Na obeh raziskovalnih objektih smo ugotovili sukcesijski razvoj v smeri večjega deleža listavcev, v Jelendolu se poleg smreke v mladju uveljavlja bukev in na Krašici gorski javor. Drevesne vrste imajo različne potrebe po ekoloških dejavnikih, ki se dodatno spreminjajo z višinskim razvojem mladja. Za pomlajevanje bukve je temeljnega pomena bližina semenskih dreves. Najboljša nasemenitev se razvije pod sestojem in v malih vrzelih, vendar je za preživetje zadostnega števila klic potrebna predvsem zadostna količina difuznega sevanja, ki jo dosežemo šele z oblikovanjem srednje velikih vrzelih. V obeh območjih potrebuje mladje za nadaljnjo rast več svetlobe, pri čemer je na niže ležeči Krašici dovolj že vrzel premera ene drevesne višine, medtem ko mora biti vrzel v Jelendolu večja. Razvoj pomlajevanja v Jelendolu je bistevno počasnejši kot na Krašici. V obeh območjih obnovo značilno zavira velika rastlinojeda divjad. Conversion of pure Norway spruce stands is one of the principal silvicultural challenges in Europe. With forest grazing, charcoaling, and clear-cutting for spruce planting, man has severely altered Alpine forests that we often deem to be natural. Natural regeneration of forests replaced by spruce is often rendered difficult and the success of regeneration is the key element of sustainability of the forest and all of its functions. The study was carried out in subalpine fir-beech forests replaced by spruce in the study areas Jelendon and Krašica. Measurements were carried out in 2003 and 2008 on 18 plots in Jelendol, and in 1993, 1998 and 2010 on 32 plots in Krašica. The impact of ecological factors on success of natural regeneration was studied with linear mixed models and generalised linear mixed models. In both study areas we established successional development towards a greater share of broadleaves spruce and beech are being recruited in Jelendol and spruce and sycamore maple in Krašica. Tree species have different needs with regard to ecological factors and the ecological requirements change depending on the height of regeneration. The presence of seed trees is the key factor for beech regeneration. Establishement of seedlings is best below closed canopies and in small gaps, but survival of sufficient number of seedlings requires sufficient amount of diffuse radiation, which is not available until gaps are medium-sized. In both study areas regeneration required more light for continued growth in the lower-altitude Krašica, gaps the size of one tree height are sufficient, while in Jelendol gaps must be larger. Development of regeneration is significanty slower in Jelendol. In both sites regeneration is strongly affected by overbowsing.

Po ţledolomu 2014 je v gozdovih ostalo veliko poškodovanih, a ţivih dreves. Ker znanja o dogajanju v poškodovanih drevesih primanjkuje, smo v Arboretumu Volčji Potok izvedli raziskavo na drevesih, ki so v ţledolomu utrpela poškodbo krošnje. Izbrali smo 14 bukev in 12 smrek, jih razvrstili v 4 razrede glede na stopnjo poškodovanosti krošnje (K % nepoškodovana, A % do 50 %, B % med 50 in 75 %, C % več kot 75 % poškodovana krošnja), v dvotedenskih intervalih na njih odvzemali mikroizvrtke z orodjem Trephor in opazovali spremembe v krošnjah. Iz mikroizvrtkov smo pripravili mikroskopske preparate lesa, kambija in skorje in jih analizirali s svetlobnim mikroskopom in sistemom za analizo slike. Poškodovanost krošnje ni vplivala na čas olistanja pri bukvi in pojav mladih poganjkov pri smreki. Bukve so revitalizirale svoje krošnje različno uspešno ne glede na stopnjo poškodbe krošnje. Smreke še niso revitalizirale svojih krošenj. Poškodovane bukve so proizvedle od 20 do 95 %, poškodovane smreke pa 35 % oţje ksilemske branike kot nepoškodovane. Manjši je bil tudi prirastek floema. Produkcija lesa se je v poškodovanih bukvah začela in zaključila prej kot v nepoškodovanih, na drugi strani se je v poškodovanih smrekah začela kasneje in zaključila prej kot v nepoškodovanih. Izmed štirih razredov poškodovanosti so se pri bukvi največje razlike v kambijevi aktivnosti pokazale med razredoma A in B, pri smreki pa med razredoma K in A. After the severe ice storm of 2014 a high number of damaged trees were not removed from forests. Due to lack of general knowledge about processes occurring in damaged trees, a study involving 14 European beech and 12 Norway spruce trees was conducted in Arboretum Volčji Potok. Trees were categorized by crown injury injury class K % undamaged, A % damaged less than 50 %, B % damaged between 50 and 75 % or C % damaged more than 75 %. During the 2014 growth season microcores were collected every fortnight using a Trephor tool. Changes in crowns were also observed and noted. Transverse sections of microcores were prepared and observed using light microscopy and a picture analysis system. Crown injury had no effect on leaf unfolding date in beech and young sprouts occurrence in spruce. Success of crown restoration in beech differed from tree to tree regardless of severity of crown injury. No crown restoration was seen in spruce. On average, xylem rings were 20 to 95 % narrower in damaged beech trees and 35 % narrower in damaged spruce trees compared to the undamaged trees. Damaged trees also produced narrower phloem rings. In damaged beech trees xylogenesis started and finished sooner than in undamaged ones. On the other hand xylogenesis started later and finished sooner in damaged spruce trees compared to the undamaged ones. The biggest differences in cambial activity in beech appeared between class A and class B, and in spruce between class K and class A.

V diplomski nalogi je analizirana rast smreke (Picea abies) in bukve (Fagus sylvatica) na strmih legah v Bohinju. Smreke in bukve so bile izbrane na različnih naklonih, nadmorskih višinah ter legah. Skupaj je bilo analiziranih 60 dreves smreke in 60 dreves bukve, ki so se uvrščale zlasti v vladajočo ali sovladajočo plast sestojev. Na vsakem drevesu sta bila odvzeta dva izvrtka, in sicer na panju ter na prsni višini (1,3 m od tal). Smreka je ob nižji povprečni starosti dosegala višje višine kot bukev. Povprečni debelinski in višinski prirastki smreke so bili večji v primerjavi z bukvijo. Na priraščanje je v največji meri vplivala starost drevja. Sproščene smreke so imele širše branike, bukve pa ne. Odvisnost širin branik od klimatskih spremenljivk je bila praviloma statististično neznačilna, nekoliko v tem pogledu izstopajo avgustovske temperature. In this work the growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) on steep slopes in Bohinj was analysed. Spruce and beech tree were selected at different inclinations, elavations and aspects. In total, 60 spruce trees and 60 beech trees mostly of dominant and co-dominant social layer were analysed. On each tree two increment cores were taken, on the stump and at the breast height (1,3 meter above ground). The spruce trees were on average higher and a bit younger. Average diameter and height increments of beech were lower in comparison with spruce. The strongest effecton growth rates had tree age. Spruce trees with released crowns had wider tree-rings, what does not hold true for beech trees. The dependence of tree-ring width on climate variables was mainly statistically nonsignificant, with the small exception of August temperatures.

V diplomski nalogi je analizirano priraščanje smreke (Picea abies) glede na starost, utesnjenost krošenj in rastne razmere na območju Pokljuke in Jelovice. V ta namen je bilo postavljenih 18 ploskev. Na vsakem izmed analiziranih dreves je bil odvzet izvrtek na prsni višini (1,3 m od tal), in sicer za prirastek v zadnjih 30 letih. Petim dominantnim drevesom na vsaki ploskvi pa je bil odvzet izvrtek do stržena. Rezultati so pokazali, da med razvojnimi fazami pri debelinskem prirastku praktično ni razlik in da se tudi odrasla smreka (debeljaki) odziva na redčenje s povečanim prirastkom. Za nobeno razvojno fazo kot tudi za vse smreke strehe sestoja nismo ugotovili razlik v debelinskem prirastku pri različni utesnjenosti. Prav tako so rezultati pokazali, da tekoči volumenski prirastek sestoja upada linearno glede na sklep sestoja in da se s starostjo odzivnost temeljničnega prirastka glede na jakost konkurence celo povečuje. This undergraduate thesis analyses the increment of Norway spruce (Picea abies) depending on age, canopy density and growth conditions in the Pokljuka and Jelovica area. In order to do this we set up 18 research plots. Each of the analysed trees was bored at breast height (1.3 m from the ground) to analyse the growth in the last 30 years. Five dominant trees per plot, on the other hand, had a sample taken to the pith. The results showed that there are hardly any differences between the developmental phase regarding diameter increment and that adult spruces (mature tree stands) respond to thinning by increasing growth, as well. There were no differences in the diameter increment for varying degrees of crown density in any of the developmental phases or for the whole stand canopy population. The results also demonstrated that the current increment in the volume of the stands decreases linearly depending on the density of the tree canopy stand and that the responsiveness of the basal area increment on the degree of competition from other trees actually increases with age.

The aim of the long standing forest ecosystem research was to asses the physiological state of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on the basis ofthe needle biochemical parameters in the area infl uenced by sulphur emissions from the Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant (ŠTPP). The total sulphur content, photosynthetic pigments, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and f -tocopherol(vitamin E) were analysed in current and one year old needles from the seventh whorl from the top in fi ve 60-100 year old spruce trees in autumn every year; the results of current needles are presented in this paper. Ten differently polluted sampling plots were selected in profile: Lajše, Topolšica, Laze, Veliki Vrh, Graška gora, Zavodnje, Brneško sedlo, Kramarica, Kope and Smrekovec. Dominant air pollutants were sulphur dioxides,nitrogen oxides and ozone. Results show that the condition of Norway spruce has improved since 1995 and particularly since 2000 due to installation of desulphurization devices on Units 4 and 5 of the TPPŠ, part ofunexplained fl uctuations in investigated parameters are most probably consequences of variations in climatic conditions. Z dolgoletnimi raziskavami gozdnega ekosistema smo želeli oceniti fi ziološko stanje smreke (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) na osnovi meritev fizioloških parametrov v iglicah smrek vplivnega območja Termoelektrarne Šoštanj (TEŠ). V članku prikazujemo rezultate meritev celokupnega žvepla, fotosintetskih pigmentov, askorbinske kisline (vitamin C) in ?-tokoferola (vitamin E) v iglicah tekočega letnika sedmega vretena 60- do 100-letnih smrek, vzorčenih v jesenskem obdobju tekočega leta. Izbranih je bilo 10 različno onesnaženih vzorčnih mest: Lajše, Topolšica, Laze, Veliki Vrh, Graška gora, Zavodnje, Brneško sedlo, Kramarica, Kope in Smrekovec, izpostavljenih predvsem imisijam žveplovega dioksida, dušikovega oksida in ozonu. Rezultati so pokazali, da se stanje smreke izboljšuje zaradi zgrajenih čistilnih naprav na bloku 4 (1995) in 5 TEŠ (2000). Del nepojasnjenih nihanj vrednosti preučevanih parametrov je po vsej verjetnosti posledica delovanja klimatskih razmer v tem obdobju.

Pri proučevanju propadanja gozdnega drevja na območju Slovenije so sodelavci Inštituta za gozdno in lesno gospodarstvo začeli l. 1985 nabirati vzorce iglic smreke, črnega in rdečega bora na točkah 16x16 km bioindikacijske mreže. Arhivirani rastlinski material smo uporabili za splošno oceno preskrbljenosti gozdnega drevja z mineralnimi hranili na točkah mreže za obdobje od 1987 do 1991 leta. V enoletnih iglicah smo poleg skupnih vsebnosti žvepla določili še vsebnosti glavnih rastlinskih hranil: dušika, magnezija, fosforja, kalija in kalcija. Ocena je pokazala slabo preskrbljenost gozdnega drevja z dušikom in fosforjem. Vsebnosti magnezija so v petih letih nihale od dobre (preskrbljenosti na večini bioindikacijskih točk) do slabše preskrbljenosti, razmeroma ugodne pa so prehranske razmere glede vsebnosti Ca in K.

Norway spruce trees from the subalpine stand are exposed not only to high UV-B radiation but also to a complex of other environmental factors, suchas high photosynthetically active radiation, extreme temperature conditions, deficient water and mineral supply, which might cause stress responses. Current year needles from the subalpine stand exhibited lower photochemical efficiency and total chlorophyll content compared to samples from lower altitudes. The result suggested that young needles were most vulnerable to stress factors, since the protective mechanisms were not fully developed. Current+1 year needles from the subalpine stand exhibited lower ETSvalues and higher total UV-B absorbing compounds, which may be interpreted as most successful protection against UVB radiation of current+1 year needles among the three needle age classes. Despite the obtained results, the effect of a single stress factor on spruce could not be easily drawn out. Still, we may assume that the spruce is quite tolerant to high UV-B radiation and other extreme environmental factors in the mountains. Rastline, ki uspevajo v gorah, so pogosto izpostavljene stresnim razmeram, predvsem povečani jakosti sevanja UV-B, skrajnim temperaturnim razmeram ter pomanjkanju vode in hranil. Odziv smreke na okoljske razmere je kompleksen. Pri enoletnih iglicah v visokogorju smo izmerili manjšo fotokemično učinkovitost in vsebnost klorofilov, kar kaže na občutljivost mladih iglic, kjer zaščitni mehanizmi še niso dokončno razviti. Pri starejših iglicah razlika ni bila več statistično značilna, zato sklepamo, da se poškodbe v drugem in tretjem letu preprečijo ali popravijo. Pri dveletnih iglicah smreke z visokogorskega rastišča je bil dihalni potencial značilno manjši in vsebnostUV-B absorbirajočih snovi značilno večja, kar pojasnjujemo s tem, da so dveletne iglice z visokogorskega rastišča med tremi starostnimi razredi najbolj odporne proti UV-B sevanju. Iz rezultatov sicer ne moremo sklepati, v kolikšni meri je k odzivu rastline prispeval posamezni stresni dejavnik, vendar lahko trdimo, da je smreka razmeroma dobro prilagojena na velike jakosti UV-B sevanja in stresne razmere, kakršne vladajo v visokogorju.

Reliability of growing stock estimation using tariffs in forest with varied micro site conditions was analysed in case of high karst fi r-beech forest fora spruce tree. Reference bole volumes were calculated with Swiss's three parametric volume functions. Adequate tariffs were selected with standard method, using mean tree diameters and heights, which were calculated from adapted height curves. Adequate tariffs for single sampling plots are different for up to 3 tariff's classes. Difference between growing stock calculated by tariffs and reference growing stock for a spruce tree's stand is-2.8%, whereas for single sampling plots the differences are greater, from -7.0 to 8.6%. The hitherto used tariffs underestimated growing stock by -18.1%in the presented case. Our conclusion is that if tariff for a defi ned area (forest stand or compartment) is representative, with correct method used, the reliability of growing stock estimation is good regardless the varied micro site conditions. Representative selection of tariffs is provided for with measuration on sampling plots that well represent the defi ned area. V mikrorastiščno pestrem visokokraškem jelovo-bukovem gozdu smo na primeru drevesne vrste smreke ugotavljali zanesljivost ocenjevanja lesne zaloge s tarifami. Referenčne volumne dreves smo ugotovili s pomočjo švicarskih trovhodnih volumenskih funkcij. Ustrezno tarifo smo izbrali po ustaljeni metodi, na podlagi srednjega premera in srednje višine, ki smo jo odčitali iz prilagojene višinske krivulje. Razlike med tarifami posameznih vzorčnih ploskev so do 3 tarifne razrede. Odstopanje med lesno zalogo, ugotovljeno s tarifami in referenčno lesno zalogo za smrekov sestoj, je -2,8 %; pri posameznih ploskvah pa so odstopanja večja, od -7,0 do 8,6 %. Dosedanje (prenizko izbrane) tarife dajo v konkretnem primeru za -18,1 % prenizko oceno lesne zaloge. Sklepamo lahko, da v primeru, če je tarifa za površino (odsek, sestoj) izbrana korektno in reprezentativno, dobimo z njo dobro oceno lesne zaloge tudi na mikrorastiščno pestri površini. Reprezentativni izbor tarife zagotovimo z meritvami na vzorčnih ploskvah, ki dobro predstavljajo površino.

Forest damages caused by red deer and some other large herbivore species occasionally feeding on tree bark, are a grave ecological and economic problem in many parts of the world. Winter supplemental feeding is commonly used to mitigate the problem, but its effects are poorly known. This study, carried out at Pohorje (Slovenia) and including over 2,300 trees, used binary logistic regression to analyse the effects of supplemental feeding and many other factors on the probability of bark stripping on spruce. The probability of bark stripping depends on distance from the forest edge, density, age and tree species diversity of stands, slope and aspect of terrain, and red deer density contrary to expectations, it is not related to distance from feeding places. As much as 35% of spruce trees were damaged. The damage was the highest in younger, denser pure spruce stands, whose favourable protective and microclimatic conditions (thinner snow cover, higher effective temperatures) make them a preferred winter habitat for red deer. They contain,however, little other food but bark. To prevent / diminish bark stripping we propose a stronger thinning of such stands. Supplemental feeding may reduce damage only in exceptional cases, when animals are lured and concentrated in less sensitive areas, but in general we advise against the use of this measure due to its other negative effects. Poškodbe gozdov, ki jih zaradi hranjenja z drevesno skorjo povzročajo jelenjad in nekatere druge vrste velikih rastlinojedov, so v mnogih delih sveta resen ekološki in ekonomski problem. Pogosto se ga skuša reševati z zimskim dopolnilnim krmljenjem, katerega učinki pa niso preučeni. V raziskavi,ki je potekala na Pohorju in je zajemala prek 2.300 dreves, smo z logistično regresijo analizirali vplive krmljenja in številnih drugih dejavnikov na pojavljanje poškodb smreke zaradi lupljenja. Pojavljanje poškodb je odvisno od oddaljenosti od gozdnega roba, gostote, starosti in vrstne pestrosti sestojev, nagiba in ekspozicije terena in gostote jelenjadi, proti pričakovanjem pa ne od oddaljenosti od krmišč poškodovanih je bilo kar 35 % smrek. Zlasti so poškodovani mlajši, čisti, gosti smrekovi sestoji, saj so zaradi ugodnih varovalnih in mikro-klimatskih razmer (plitvejša snežna odeja, višje efektivne temperature) priljubljen zimski habitat jelenjadi, v katerem pa razen skorje skoraj ni hrane. Za preprečevanje poškodb zato svetujemo močnejša redčenja takih sestojev. S krmljenjem je verjetno škode mogoče zmanjšati le izjemoma, kadar z njim živali odtegnemo na manj občutljiva območja, sicer pa rabo tega ukrepa zaradi drugih negativnih učinkov v splošnem odsvetujemo.

Navadna smreka (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) je zaradi svoje razširjenosti, zgradbe lesa in dolge življenjske dobe razmeroma pogost objekt dendrokronoloških raziskav. Doslej objavljene slovenske smrekove kronologije so bile sestavljene na podlagi širin branik, prispevek pa predstavlja prve denzitokronologije v Sloveniji in opisuje metodo določanja maksimalne gostote kasnega lesa branike (MXD). Raziskava je potekala na dveh različnih smrekovih rastiščih - Pokljuki in Sorškem polju. Na obeh lokacijah smo v vzorec zajeli po 13 dreves. Rezultati, dobljeni na Sorškem polju, so pokazali višje vrednosti MXD in manjše število značilnih let. Analiza je pokazala tudi pozitivno korelacijo med MXD in temperaturami v avgustu in septembru. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is frequently the object of dendrochronological research owing to its distribution, wood structure and longevity. The Norway spruce chronologies published in Slovenia so far have been based on tree-ring widths. This article presents the first density chronologies and describes the method of determining maximum latewood density (MXD). Two different sampling sites were selected (Pokljuka and Sorško polje) and 13 sampling cores were taken from each site. The results showed positive correlation between MXD and temperatures in August and September. Furthermore,higher MXD values and less pointer years were observed at the lowland Sorško polje site.

Seasonal dynamics of xylem formation were studied at a cellular level in Norway spruce (Picea abies) from the lowland forests Sorsko polje (350 m a.s.l.) and the sub-alpine site Pokljuka (1200 m a.s.l.) in Slovenia during the growing season 2003. Th e pinning technique and sampling of intact tissue were performed at weekly intervals to assess the usefulness of both methods for examining wood formation. Pinning induced desiccation of diff erentiated xylem, necrosis of cambial cells and undiff erentiated xylem derivatives, and formation of callus, traumatic resin canals and wound-wood. Th e border between cambial cells and radially expanding cells located inside the callus was a reliable mark for defi ning the xylem increment reached from the time of wounding. Intact tissue sampling was superior for precise investigations of cambial activity, various developmental stages of tracheids, and for secondary phloem formation.

Primerjali smo različne volumenske funkcije za ocenjevanje volumnov dreves. S pomočjo sekcijskih meritev (Newtonova metoda) smo izračunali prave ocene volumnov dreves 88 posekanih smrek na Pokljuki. Te smo uporabili za izdelavo regionalnih trovhodnih volumenskih funkcij, (dvovhodnih) deblovnic in tarif. Standardna napaka ocene povprečne vrednosti volumna drevesa je najmanjša pri trovhodnih volumenskih funkcijah (5,0 %), nato pri deblovnicah (11,7 %) in največja pri tarifah (15,1 %). Zanesljivost in uporabnost izdelanih regionalnih ter drugih volumenskih funkcij smo preverili na dveh hektarskih raziskovalnih ploskvah. Ugotovili smo, da s prirejenimi nemškimi deblovnicami smrekam določimo previsoke volumne. Ker volumne iz teh deblovnic uporabljamo tudi pri določanju prirejenih tarif na Slovenskem, je s takim postopkom določen tarifni razred z vsaj za 5 % previsokimi volumni dreves. Various volume functions used for tree volume estimations were compared by the authors. Using section measurements (Newtonʼs method), they calculated the real tree volumes of 88 felled spruce trees on the Pokljuka plateau. The real tree volumes were used to form regional three-entry volume functions, (two-entry) volume tables, and tariff functions. The standard error of the average tree volume estimation is the lowest for three-entry volume functions (5.0%), then for volume tables (11.7%), and the highest for tariffs (15.1%). The reliability and applicability of the developed regional and other volume functions was verified on two one-hectare research plots. It was established that by applying the adapted German volume tables, the measured spruce volumes were too high. As the volumes measured in this manner are used when determining the adapted tariffs in Slovenia, this procedure results in a tariff class of at least 5% too high tree volumes.

Predstavljen je pregled zgradbe, lastnosti in rabe lesa jelke (Abies alba Mill.), ki ima neobarvano jedrovino, srednjo gostoto, relativno dobre mehanske lastnosti in je uporaben za številne namene. Vrednost in uporabnost lesa zmanjšujejo predvsem slaba odpornost proti različnim škodljivcem ter pojav mokrega srca in kolesivosti. Lastnosti lesa in uporaba lesa jelke so podobne kot pri smreki (Picea abies Karst.). Jelovina ima prednost predvsem tam, kjer smola ni zaželena, kjer je zaželena odpornost na kisline in baze, ter za vodne konstrukcije. Na primeru dendrokronološko datiranega lesa iz arheoloških in zgodovinskih objektov v Sloveniji smo ugotovili, da so jelovino v preteklosti uporabljali pogosteje kot smrekovino. Dokaz za to so številne do 500 let stare konstrukcije in ostrešja zgodovinskih stavb. Na celičnem nivoju je les jelke sestavljen predvsem iz traheid in parenhimskih celic trakov. V zadnjih letih so bile v Sloveniji opravljene podrobnejše raziskave nastajanja lesa pri jelki, ki so pomembne za fiziologijo drevja in razumevanje lastnosti lesa kot materiala. Opravljenih je bilo tudi več raziskav sekundarnega floema, ki je ključnega pomena za preživetje dreves. Podajamo pregled in glavne ugotovitve teh raziskav. We present the structure, properties and use of European silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) wood, which is known for its uncoloured heartwood, medium density,relatively good mechanical properties and the fact that it can be used for a great variety of products. The value and usefulness of fir wood are reduced due to low resistance against decay and deterioration, and frequent occurrence of wet heart, and ring shakes. The properties of fir wood are comparable to those of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.). Fir is favoured where resin is not desired, where durability against acids and bases is important, and for water constructions. We present some examples of wooden constructions in archaeological or historical objects in Slovenia. The dendrochronologically dated wood was up to 500 years old. In the past centuries, fir was used more frequently than Norway spruce. On the cellular level, the wood of fir consists of tracheids and parenchyma cells. In Slovenia, several studies of wood formation have been conducted e in recent years, which are important for a better understanding of the physiology of trees and quality of wood as material. Secondary phloem, which is particularly important for the survival of trees, has been studied as well. We review some main results of such studies.

Leta 2007 smo ponovno izmerili drevesa na dveh raziskovalnih ploskvah na Pokljuki, ki so jih postavili v začetku petdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja. Vsakemu drevesu smo izmerili prsni premer in ocenili razvojno težnjo, vitalnost, dolžino krošnje, poškodbe ter osutost krošenj. Na ploskvah smo izmerili tudi količino odmrlega lesa. Lesna zaloga na ploskvah je višja za 1/5 od povprečja v rastiščnogojitvenih razredih subalpinska smrekovja in smrekovja mrazišč v prisojnih legah. Na ploskvi 40 je zgradba sestoja enomernain se ni spremenila od prvega merjenja. Zgradba sestoja na ploskvi 70 se je v zadnjih petdesetih letih spremenila iz raznomerne v enomerno. Poškodbe vplivajo na vitalnost dreves. Mehanske poškodbe, osutost in dolžina krošnje močno vplivajo na debelinski prirastek. In 2007 we have repeated the measurement of trees on two research plots on Pokljuka, which were established in early fifthies of the previous century. We have measured diameters of trees and assessed their development tendency, tree vitality, crown lenght, crown defoliation and damages. On research plots we have also measured the quantity of dead wood. Growing stock on plots is 20 % higher than the average in the same forest management class in the Pokljuka forest management unit. On a research plot number 40 the composition of the stand remains uniform since the first measurement. The composition of the stand on a research plot number 70 has changed from uneven-aged to uniform. Damages on trees are effecting vitality. Damages, defoliation and crown lenght have an influence on the intensity of the diameter increment.

V nalogi smo preizkusili dve metodi za izračun volumna in površine krošenj pribukvi in smreki. Prva metoda temelji na pripomočku, imenovanem krošnjemer, s pomočjo katerega smo volumne in površine krošenj izračunali po sekcijah, druga pa na izračunu volumnov in površin krošenj na osnovi geometrijskih teles. V vzorec smo zajeli 60 dreves bukve in 40 dreves smreke. Izračune volumna in površine na osnovi geometrijskih telesih smo primerjali z izračuni pridobljenimi po sekcijah drevesa. Ugotovili smo velika odstopanja v izračunih, predvsem pri bukvi v sončni krošnji, katerega krošnja ponazarja kubični paraboloid. Pri smreki se izračuni bolje ujemajo. Pri obliki krošnje smo uporabili kazalce njene oblike, za katere smo predpostavili, da se z debelino dreves spreminjajo. To se je pokazalo pri večini kazalcev, pri vseh pa ne. Pri ugotavljanju odvisnosti med debelinskim prirastkom in parametri krošnje smo ugotovili, da pri bukvi senčna krošnja pomembneje vpliva na debelinski prirastek, kot pa sončna krošnja, pri smreki pa je ravno nasprotno.V nalogi smo primerjali tudi dejanske višine dreves z višinami, izmerjenimi s krošnjemerom in višinomerom Sunnto ter ugotovili, da se napaka znaraščanjem višine dreves povečuje, odvisna pa je tudi od mikroreliefa. We tested two methods for measurement of the volume and surface of beech and pine tree crowns. The first method is based on an instrument called crown window, by means of which the volumes and surfaces of crowns were measured in sections, whereas the measurement according to the other method is based on geometric shapes. The sample comprised 60 beech and 40 spurce trees. The measurements of the volume and surface on the basis of geometric shapes were compared with the measurements made by the sections of the tree. We found major discrepancies in the measurements, especially with the upper, sun-exposed part of the beech tree crown, which is illustrated by a cubical paraboloid. The measurements tally to a greater extent with the pine tree. We assumed that the indicators of the shape of the crown that were used would change with the thickness of the tree however, this is only true of certain indicators. When establishing the interdependence of the increment and the crown parameters, we realized that with the beech tree the upper, sun-exposed crown more strongly influences the increment than the lower, shady part of thecrown, whereas it is just the opposite with the spurce tree. We also compared the actual heights of the trees with the heights measured with the crown window and height meter Suunto and we found out that the differencies gets bigger with the growing height of the tree the mistake also depends on the microrelief.

Leta 2007 smo ponovili meritve na dveh raziskovalnih ploskvah na Pokljuki, obeploskvi sta veliki 1 ha, v razvojni fazi starejšega debeljaka. Na podlagi podatkov o zaporednih merjenjih dreves smo ocenili razvoj gozdnih sestojev na obeh ploskvah. Izmerili smo premere in višine dreves ter ocenili njihove kakovostne znake. Lesne zaloge so visoke, na prvi ploskvi znaša 794,6 m3/ha, na drugi pa 825,7 m3/ha. Zgradba sestoja je v zadnjih petdesetih letih ostala enomerna. Na obeh ploskvah najbolj priraščajo najdebelejša drevesa, in sicer okrog 3 mm na leto. Poškodbe vplivajo na vitalnost dreves. Osutost, socialni položaj ter dolžina krošnje vplivajo na debelinski prirastek. Stopnje osutostise po slojih razlikujejo. Povprečna osutost pri jelki je 5 % manjša kot pri smreki. In 2007 we repeated the measurements on two research plots on Pokljuka plateau, both measuring 1 ha, in the timber-phase of development. Based on thedata of successive tree measurements, we assessed the forest stand development on both plots. We measured the diameters and heights of the trees and evaluated their quality features. The growing stock is high, amounting to 794,6 m3/ha on the first plot and 825,7 m3/ha on the second. During the last 50 years, the structure of the stand remained even-aged. On both plots, the trees with the largest diameter have the highest increment, namely about 3 mm per year. Damages affect the tree vitality. Defoliation, social position and crown length affect the diameter increments. The degree of defoliation varies according to layers. The average defoliation of fir is 5% lower than that of spruce.

Norway spruce trees from the subalpine stand are exposed not only to high UV-B radiation but also to a complex of other environmental factors, suchas high photosynthetically active radiation, extreme temperature conditions, deficient water and mineral supply, which might cause stress responses. Current year needles from the subalpine stand exhibited lower photochemical efficiency and total chlorophyll content compared to samples from lower altitudes. The result suggested that young needles were most vulnerable to stress factors, since the protective mechanisms were not fully developed. Current+1 year needles from the subalpine stand exhibited lower ETSvalues and higher total UV-B absorbing compounds, which may be interpreted as most successful protection against UVB radiation of current+1 year needles among the three needle age classes. Despite the obtained results, the effect of a single stress factor on spruce could not be easily drawn out. Still, we may assume that the spruce is quite tolerant to high UV-B radiation and other extreme environmental factors in the mountains. Rastline, ki uspevajo v gorah, so pogosto izpostavljene stresnim razmeram, predvsem povečani jakosti sevanja UV-B, skrajnim temperaturnim razmeram ter pomanjkanju vode in hranil. Odziv smreke na okoljske razmere je kompleksen. Pri enoletnih iglicah v visokogorju smo izmerili manjšo fotokemično učinkovitost in vsebnost klorofilov, kar kaže na občutljivost mladih iglic, kjer zaščitni mehanizmi še niso dokončno razviti. Pri starejših iglicah razlika ni bila več statistično značilna, zato sklepamo, da se poškodbe v drugem in tretjem letu preprečijo ali popravijo. Pri dveletnih iglicah smreke z visokogorskega rastišča je bil dihalni potencial značilno manjši in vsebnostUV-B absorbirajočih snovi značilno večja, kar pojasnjujemo s tem, da so dveletne iglice z visokogorskega rastišča med tremi starostnimi razredi najbolj odporne proti UV-B sevanju. Iz rezultatov sicer ne moremo sklepati, v kolikšni meri je k odzivu rastline prispeval posamezni stresni dejavnik, vendar lahko trdimo, da je smreka razmeroma dobro prilagojena na velike jakosti UV-B sevanja in stresne razmere, kakršne vladajo v visokogorju.

V diplomski nalogi smo ocenili sestojno zgradbo v nižinskih gozdovih Dobrave, ki se nahaja v GGE Plešivec. Zgradbo gozdnih sestojev smo ocenjevali z metodo hitre ocene temeljnice. V 118 odsekih smo postavili stojišča na 100 metrski vzorčni mreži in na njih ocenili sestojno temeljnico s kotnoštevno metodo (k=2). Na podlagi zbranih podatkov smo ocenili sedanjo zgradbo gozdnih sestojev v Dobravi. Za gospodarska razreda gozdov na revnejših rastiščih smreke in jelke ter borovih gozdov na silikatu smo ugotovili razlike v vrstni in debelinski zgradbi. Ocenjena pestrost sestojne zgradbe in delež listavcev je bil večji v prvem gospodarskem razredu. Ravno tako tudi delež skupne lesne zaloge, ki je znašal 330 m3/ha. Pri primerjavi višinskih krivulj za smreko in rdeči bor nismo odkrili značilnih razlik v zadnjem desetletju. In graduation thesis we have evaluated stand structure in lowland forest of Dobrava, which was situated in the forest management unit Plešivec. Stand structure and the basal area per hectare were estimated using angle count sampling and the relascope with a basal factor slope. In the 118 forest sections, a sampling grid was set up in the form of a systematic sampling net of 100x100 m. Based on data from the forest management plans and from our field sampling we estimated the development of forest stands. In the forest ofspruce and fir the stand structure was different from the stand structure ofspruce and pine forest. The estimation of mean growing stock in the spruce and fir forest was 330 m3/ha and the share of broadleaves was greater. The differencies in the height curves were not significant in the last decade.

Na Pokljuki smo leta 2007 na raziskovalni ploskvi številka 197, ki je velika 0,80 ha, ponovili polno izmero premerov dreves, vzorčno izbranim drevesom smo izmerili višine ter ocenili njihove kakovostne znake (dolžina krošnje, vitalnost, razvojna težnja, poškodovanost in osutost krošnje). Na podlagi pridobljenih podatkov smo ocenili razvoj gozdnega sestoja, čistega smrekovega mlajšega debeljaka z enomerno zgradbo in lesno zalogo 703,8 m3/ha. Napredujočadrevesa smreke na raziskovalni ploskvi so bolje priraščala, njihovekrošnje pa so bile manj osute kot pri spremljajočih ali celo zaostajajočih drevesih. In 2007, the research plot (0,8 ha) number 197 in Pokljuka spruce forest was remeasured (diameter and height of trees, quality signs of tree vitality, development tendency, damages, defoliation). The composition of spruce large timber stand remains uniform, the average growing is 703,8 m3/ha. As expected the defoliation and developmental tendency of trees have had an influence on the intensity of the diameter increment.

Poškodbe gozdov, ki jih zaradi hranjenja z drevesno skorjo povzročajo jelenjad in nekatere druge vrste velikih rastlinojedov, so v mnogih delih sveta resen ekološki in ekonomski problem. Pogosto se ga skuša reševati z zimskim dopolnilnim krmljenjem, katerega učinki pa niso preučeni. V raziskavi,ki je potekala na Pohorju in je zajemala prek 2.300 dreves, smo z logistično regresijo analizirali vplive krmljenja in številnih drugih dejavnikov na pojavljanje poškodb smreke zaradi lupljenja. Pojavljanje poškodb je odvisno od oddaljenosti od gozdnega roba, gostote, starosti in vrstne pestrosti sestojev, nagiba in ekspozicije terena in gostote jelenjadi, proti pričakovanjem pa ne od oddaljenosti od krmišč poškodovanih je bilo kar 35 % smrek. Zlasti so poškodovani mlajši, čisti, gosti smrekovi sestoji, saj so zaradi ugodnih varovalnih in mikro-klimatskih razmer (plitvejša snežna odeja, višje efektivne temperature) priljubljen zimski habitat jelenjadi, v katerem pa razen skorje skoraj ni hrane. Za preprečevanje poškodb zato svetujemo močnejša redčenja takih sestojev. S krmljenjem je verjetno škode mogoče zmanjšati le izjemoma, kadar z njim živali odtegnemo na manj občutljiva območja, sicer pa rabo tega ukrepa zaradi drugih negativnih učinkov v splošnem odsvetujemo. Forest damages caused by red deer and some other large herbivore species occasionally feeding on tree bark, are a grave ecological and economic problem in many parts of the world. Winter supplemental feeding is commonly used to mitigate the problem, but its effects are poorly known. This study, carried out at Pohorje (Slovenia) and including over 2,300 trees, used binary logistic regression to analyse the effects of supplemental feeding and many other factors on the probability of bark stripping on spruce. The probability of bark stripping depends on distance from the forest edge, density, age and tree species diversity of stands, slope and aspect of terrain, and red deer density contrary to expectations, it is not related to distance from feeding places. As much as 35% of spruce trees were damaged. The damage was the highest in younger, denser pure spruce stands, whose favourable protective and microclimatic conditions (thinner snow cover, higher effective temperatures) make them a preferred winter habitat for red deer. They contain,however, little other food but bark. To prevent / diminish bark stripping we propose a stronger thinning of such stands. Supplemental feeding may reduce damage only in exceptional cases, when animals are lured and concentrated in less sensitive areas, but in general we advise against the use of this measure due to its other negative effects.

Leta 2006 je orkan porušil 125 hektarjev enomernih smrekovih debeljakov na planoti Jelovica (GGE Jelovica, GGO Bled). Raziskava naj bi pokazala: 1) uspešnost naravne obnove na vetrolomni površini in 2) vpliv izbranih rastiščnih in sestojnih dejavnikov na pojavnost in gostoto pomladka drevesnih vrst. Na terenu je bila zakoličena mreža 81 stalnih vzorčnih ploskev (4 x 4 m)z gostoto 100 x 200 m, na katerih so bile opisane rastiščne in sestojne razmere ter analizirano število, sestava in višinska struktura pomladka (dbh

V mesecu juniju leta 2008 smo na dveh raziskovalnih ploskvah na Pokljuki izvedli izmero dreves, da bi dopolnili analizo razvoja sestojev na ploskvah. Vsem drevesom na dveh raziskovalnih ploskvah smo izmerili premer, kakovostne znake, naključno izbranim pa tudi višino. Prva merjenja na dveh ploskvah so bila izvedena v letih 1949 in 1963. Raziskovalni ploskvi sta bili veliki 1 ha in 0,8 ha in pripadata razvojni fazi starejšega in mlajšega smrekovega debeljaka. Lesna zaloga je visoka, na prvi raziskovalni ploskvi znaša 737,8 m3/ha, na drugi pa 1028,6 m3/ha. Zgradba sestojev se v zadnjih desetletjih ni spremenila in ostaja enomerna. Osutost iglic in dolžina krošnje dreves vplivata na debelinski prirastek. Glavni nosilec prirastka so najdebelejša drevesa. Glede na sloj, ki ga drevesa zasedajo, se spreminja dolžina krošenj, stopnja osutosti in vitalnost. Na vitalnost dreves pa vplivajo tudi poškodbe debla. In June 2008 we have carried out the measurements on two research plots on Pokljuka in order to complement the analysis of the forest stand development on research plots. We have measured diameters of trees, their quality signs and on for randomly chosen trees also the height. The first measurements on these two plots were carried out in years 1949 and 1963. The size of each plot was 1 and 0,8 hectares. They belong to the older and younger spruce largetimber stand stage of development. The growing stock is on a high level: on the first research plot it amounts to 737,8 m3/ha and on the second one 823,1 m3/ha. The composition of the stands did not change in the last 50 years, it still remains even-aged and uniform forest structure. As expected the defoliation and lenght of crown have had an influence on the intensity ofthe diameter increment. The main carriers of the diameter increment are the thickest trees. The lenght of crown, the degree of defoliation and vitality differ according to social status.Vitality of trees has also been effected by the damages.

Dendrochronological analyses were made in two violins from private collectionsin Slovenia with an aim to date the wood of their resonance boards,to assess the time of their fabrication, to define the provenance of the wood, and to establish whether the labels of the instruments were original. The origin, the history and the exact age of the instruments had previously not been known. Tree-ring measurements were done on the surface of the bellies. In violin 1, it was made of one radial board, in violin 2 of two radial boards of Norway spruce (Picea abies). In violin 1, we measured 248 tree-rings and the year of the youngest ring was 1808. The dating was confirmed with more than 20 tree-ring chronologies from Austria, Germany, and Italy. The maximal value of the cross-dating parameter t-value after Hollstein(TH) was 12.4. In violin 2, we measured 141 and 137 tree-rings on each side of the belly, and the year of the youngest ring was 1640. The dating was also obtained by cross-dating with over 20 chronologies and confirmed with statistically significant TH up to 9.2. The year of the last ring in both cases corresponded with the terminus post quem, which indicated that the belly (instrument) was fabricated after the year of formation of the youngest ring. There is no evidence about the duration of seasoning and storage of the lumber, or how many tree-rings were removed when the instrumentwas manufactured. Our dendro-provenance study showed that the violin 1 most likely originated from Austria or southern Germany. The wood for the belly of the violin 2 possibly originated from Austria and the sequence significantly matched a chronology built from the instruments made by Jacob Stainer. In both instruments, the dendrochronological dating did not confirm the inscriptions on the labels on the inside of the instrument. The presented investigation was performed in 2008 and 2009 and is to our knowledge the first dendrochronological dating of music instruments in Slovenia. Opravili smo dendrokronološko analizo dveh violin iz zasebnih zbirk v Sloveniji. Cilj naloge je bil datirati branike na resonančnih deskah, ugotoviti, kdaj sta bili violini izdelani, od kod je izviral les in ugotoviti,ali so etikete na instrumentih originalne. Izvor, zgodovina in natančna starost inštrumentov niso bili znani. Meritve širin branik so bile opravljene na pokrovih (resonančnih ploščah) obeh violin. Pokrov je bil pri violini 1 narejen iz ene in pri violini 2 iz dveh radialnih desk smreke (Piceaabies). Na violini 1 smo izmerili 248 branik, najmlajša branika pa je nastala v letu 1808. Datiranje je bilo opravljeno z več kot 20 kronologijami širin branik smreke iz Avstrije, Nemčije in Italije. Najvišja t-vrednost po Hollsteinu (TH) je znašala 12,4. Pri violini 2 smo izmerili 141 oz. 137 branik, in to ločeno na vsaki strani pokrova. Datum najmlajše branike je bil 1640. Tudi ta datum smo ugotovili s sinhroniziranjem z več kot 20 kronologijami in ga potrdili s statistično značilnimi vrednostmi TH do 9,2. Leto zadnje branike v obeh primerih ponazarja terminus post quem, kar pomeni,da je bil pokrov (in najverjetneje tudi instrument) izdelan po danem letu. Ne vemo, kako dolgo so sušili in skladiščili les, preden so inštrumenta izdelali, niti koliko zunanjih branik (gledano v drevesu) so odstranili pri obdelavi. Študija je pokazala, da les za pokrov violine 1 najverjetneje izviraiz Avstrije ali južne Nemčije, les violine 2 pa najverjetneje iz Avstrije, saj se je zaporedje širin branik najbolje ujemalo s kronologijo instrumentov, ki jih je izdelal Jacob Stainer. Pri nobenem od inštrumentov datiranje ni potrdilo napisov na etiketah v notranjosti inštrumenta. Raziskavista bili opravljeni v letih 2008 in 2009 in sta po nam znanih podatkih prvi dendrokronološki datiranji glasbenih inštrumentov v Sloveniji.

Dendrochronological analyses were made in two violins from private collectionsin Slovenia with an aim to date the wood of their resonance boards,to assess the time of their fabrication, to define the provenance of the wood, and to establish whether the labels of the instruments were original. The origin, the history and the exact age of the instruments had previously not been known. Tree-ring measurements were done on the surface of the bellies. In violin 1, it was made of one radial board, in violin 2 of two radial boards of Norway spruce (Picea abies). In violin 1, we measured 248 tree-rings and the year of the youngest ring was 1808. The dating was confirmed with more than 20 tree-ring chronologies from Austria, Germany, and Italy. The maximal value of the cross-dating parameter t-value after Hollstein(TH) was 12.4. In violin 2, we measured 141 and 137 tree-rings on each side of the belly, and the year of the youngest ring was 1640. The dating was also obtained by cross-dating with over 20 chronologies and confirmed with statistically significant TH up to 9.2. The year of the last ring in both cases corresponded with the terminus post quem, which indicated that the belly (instrument) was fabricated after the year of formation of the youngest ring. There is no evidence about the duration of seasoning and storage of the lumber, or how many tree-rings were removed when the instrumentwas manufactured. Our dendro-provenance study showed that the violin 1 most likely originated from Austria or southern Germany. The wood for the belly of the violin 2 possibly originated from Austria and the sequence significantly matched a chronology built from the instruments made by Jacob Stainer. In both instruments, the dendrochronological dating did not confirm the inscriptions on the labels on the inside of the instrument. The presented investigation was performed in 2008 and 2009 and is to our knowledge the first dendrochronological dating of music instruments in Slovenia. Opravili smo dendrokronološko analizo dveh violin iz zasebnih zbirk v Sloveniji. Cilj naloge je bil datirati branike na resonančnih deskah, ugotoviti, kdaj sta bili violini izdelani, od kod je izviral les in ugotoviti,ali so etikete na instrumentih originalne. Izvor, zgodovina in natančna starost inštrumentov niso bili znani. Meritve širin branik so bile opravljene na pokrovih (resonančnih ploščah) obeh violin. Pokrov je bil pri violini 1 narejen iz ene in pri violini 2 iz dveh radialnih desk smreke (Piceaabies). Na violini 1 smo izmerili 248 branik, najmlajša branika pa je nastala v letu 1808. Datiranje je bilo opravljeno z več kot 20 kronologijami širin branik smreke iz Avstrije, Nemčije in Italije. Najvišja t-vrednost po Hollsteinu (TH) je znašala 12,4. Pri violini 2 smo izmerili 141 oz. 137 branik, in to ločeno na vsaki strani pokrova. Datum najmlajše branike je bil 1640. Tudi ta datum smo ugotovili s sinhroniziranjem z več kot 20 kronologijami in ga potrdili s statistično značilnimi vrednostmi TH do 9,2. Leto zadnje branike v obeh primerih ponazarja terminus post quem, kar pomeni,da je bil pokrov (in najverjetneje tudi instrument) izdelan po danem letu. Ne vemo, kako dolgo so sušili in skladiščili les, preden so inštrumenta izdelali, niti koliko zunanjih branik (gledano v drevesu) so odstranili pri obdelavi. Študija je pokazala, da les za pokrov violine 1 najverjetneje izviraiz Avstrije ali južne Nemčije, les violine 2 pa najverjetneje iz Avstrije, saj se je zaporedje širin branik najbolje ujemalo s kronologijo instrumentov, ki jih je izdelal Jacob Stainer. Pri nobenem od inštrumentov datiranje ni potrdilo napisov na etiketah v notranjosti inštrumenta. Raziskavista bili opravljeni v letih 2008 in 2009 in sta po nam znanih podatkih prvi dendrokronološki datiranji glasbenih inštrumentov v Sloveniji.

Stable isotopes in tree rings are an important tool in climate reconstruction and in studies of tree response on environmental factors in the past, similar like maximum latewood density, tree ring width and other tree ring parameters.In this article we present stable carbon isotopes physiology and the first two Slovenian d13C chronologies for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growing at two sites with different ecological conditions. Five trees were sampled at Pokljuka alpine site and three at Sorško polje lowland plantation. d13C values were compared with CRU TS 1.2 meteorological data-set,which provides information on climate in Europe for the 1901-2000 period at a 10ć spatial resolution. Results of correlation analysis for both sites revealed similar average d13C values, which are in strong negative correlation with amount of precipitation and positive correlation with temperatures in the growing period. Temporal stability of the correlation between precipitation and d13C values in July is significant for both sites, where as the stability of d13C - temperature relationship is significant only for the Sorško polje site. Stabilni izotopi v branikah dreves so, tako kot širine branik, maksimalna gostota kasnega lesa in drugi parametri branike, pomembno orodje pri rekonstrukciji klime v preteklosti in preučevanju odziva dreves na okoljske dejavnike. V prispevku predstavljamo fiziologijo stabilnih ogljikovih izotopovin prve slovenske d13C-kronologije smreke (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) nadveh lokacijah z različnimi ekološkimi razmerami. Na visokogorskem rastišču Pokljuka smo odvzeli vzorce petih, v nižinskem nasadu na Sorškem polju pa trehdreves. Vrednosti d13C smo primerjali s podatki CRU TS 1.2 meteorološke baze, ki vsebuje podatke o klimi za obdobje 1901-2000 v Evropi, s prostorsko ločljivostjo10ć. Rezultati korelacijske analize so pokazali, da je na obeh rastiščih povprečna d13C-vrednost podobna in v močni negativni korelaciji s količino padavin ter v pozitivni korelaciji z visokimi temperaturami v vegetacijski sezoni. Stabilnost korelacijske povezanosti med padavinami v juliju in d13C je značilna za obe lokaciji, medtem ko se stabilnost odnosa d13C- temperature kaže le na Sorškem polju.