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espanolPara la Gobernacion de Filipinas, la isla de Taiwan, supuso desde finales del siglo XVI una importante fuente de incertidumbre tanto en el ambito comercial como militar, que acabaria provocando la conquista de su extremo norte en 1626. Durante los siguientes anos, la Monarquia se enfrentaria al reto de encajar esta nueva pieza en el entramado defensivo y economico preexistente. Pero diversos cambios acontecidos en el continente favorecieron que los planes iniciales para este territorio fueran desestimados. En este articulo, intentaremos aproximarnos al papel de jugo Taiwan en el Asia hispanica y como diversas alteraciones regionales acabaron por dejar a esta plaza sin atribuciones defensivas y comerciales propias. EnglishFor the Government of the Philippines, the island of Taiwan represented an important source of uncertainty both in the commercial and military fields, which would end up causing the conquest of its extreme north in 1626. During the following years, the Monarchy was would face the challenge of fitting this new piece into the pre-existing defensive and economic framework. But various changes that occurred in the continent favored the initial plans for this territory to be rejected. In this article, we will try to get closer to the role of Taiwan in Hispanic Asia and how various regional alterations ended up leaving this place without its own defensive and commercial prerogatives.

The Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, announced in 2013 an ambitious two-trade corridors: The One Belt and the One Road (OBOR) initiatives to link the Chinese economy with its neighbors to the West and t...

En este texto se analizan las ideas sobre el salario justo expuestas por Francisco Suárez en sus Conselhos e pareceres. Los autores procuran mostrar que el Doctor Eximio revela una profunda preocupación por el aspecto humano-social del trabajo, acercándose en esta materia a algunos postulados del moderno derecho laboral. En este sentido, la posición de Suárez se diferencia de la sostenida por otros escolásticos de los siglos xvi-xvii, que se limitaron a discutir los problemas sobre la relación del trabajo y el salario justo dentro de un marco principalmente económico.

The study critically analyzes the root causal and consequential transnational human trafficking factors from the Balkan wars to the present, implying stigmatization discourse, gender-discriminatory climate, the role of masculinity by comprehensive bibliographic review, and insight into the socio-political and economic challenges by the participative observations and the BiH case study's, highlighting harmonization, improvement, and systemic transformation. It is a social phenomenon that requires a comprehensive (legal-social) approach, i.e., applying effective measures in terms of prevention, suppression, and the punishment of perpetrators with mandatory "regional "cooperation. Illegal economy, structural adjustment policies conditioned by international financial funds, systemic corruption, long-term transition, high unemployment, and economic migrations shape the region's economic climate and indirectly affect the state of phenomena. Ethnopolitical structures produce social (in)-stability, affecting the phenomena. Lack of political will and constant internal ethnopolitical conflicts impact the contrary course of initiatives to combat the phenomenon. Considerable attention to victims' social construction in judicial and social capital is critical due to the effects of destructive representation of misogyny elements on perpetuating sexist stereotypes that harm victims and further exploiting. Stigma in social justice significantly affects victimization dynamics, intertwining cultural, legal, conservative patterns, and structural violence continuation. The Western-Balkan states' legal double standards towards prostitution are discriminatory. Implementing adequate programs to reduce stigmatization while increasing institutional and general public exposure to victims who have made successful reintegration could be a productive aspect of the systemic transformation. Western-Balkan gender-discriminatory climate and masculinity's role in establishing an ethnonational political community based on conservative values ​​remain insufficiently explored. Given the challenges of the current migrant crisis, the political level can ensure a coherent and coordinated EU and Western Balkans strategy in harmonizing and improving the existing normative solutions.

Subject. This article discusses the prospects for the development of construction materials deposit mining in the mountain area of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Objectives. The article aims to identify and evaluate construction raw materials deposits on the balance sheet. Methods. For the study, we used statistical, predictive, and logical analyses, and the marginal costs and field research methods. Results. Based on the marginal and predicted individual cost methods, the article ranks raw materials sources for the feasibility and consistency of their involvement in operation. Conclusions. The article speaks about the feasibility of creating intra-valley complex production and raw materials hubs based on the processing of balance sheet reserves of construction raw materials for each mountain valley. In the medium term, production and raw materials hubs can become the supporting structural elements of the ecological and economic framework of the Republic's mountain area.

Policymakers are increasingly turning to insights gained from the experimental method as a means to inform large-scale public policies. Critics view this increased usage as premature, pointing to the fact that many experimentally tested programs fail to deliver their promise at scale. Under this view, the experimental approach drives too much public policy. Yet, if policymakers could be more confident that the original research findings would be delivered at scale, even the staunchest critics would carve out a larger role for experiments to inform policy. Leveraging the economic framework of Al-Ubaydli et al. (2019), we put forward 12 simple proposals, spanning researchers, policymakers, funders and stakeholders, which together tackle the most vexing scalability threats. The framework highlights that only after we deepen our understanding of the scale-up problem will we be on solid ground to argue that scientific experiments should hold a more prominent place in the policymaker's quiver.

Utilizing a political economic framework, this study investigates the development and expansion of independent media in Afghanistan, focusing on one of the largest private media companies in the co...

ZusammenfassungDer medizinisch-technische Fortschritt, die demografische Entwicklung und ein verändertes gesellschaftliches Verständnis von Gesundheit und Krankheit verändern die Anforderungen an die moderne hausärztliche Medizin. Parallel wächst der privat finanzierte sekundäre Gesundheitsmarkt. Die hausärztliche Tätigkeit ist durch die Vorgaben des Sozialgesetzbuches (wirtschaftlich, angemessen, notwendig, zweckmäßig), zunehmend auch von der ökonomischen Ausrichtung des sekundären Gesundheitsmarktes und von rechtlichen Fragestellungen geprägt. Um die Auswirkungen dieser Entwicklung zu erfassen, wurden deutsche niedergelassene Hausärzte zu den hieraus resultierenden Einstellungen und Konsequenzen befragt. An der vorliegenden Untersuchung nahmen 500 Hausärzte per Online-Umfrage zur ärztlichen Tätigkeit teil. Der verwendete Fragebogen wurde auf Grundlage halbstrukturierter Interviews entwickelt und vorgetestet. Er enthielt Items zur Einstellung gegenüber dem sekundären Gesundheitsmarkt sowie zu wirtschaftlichen und rechtlichen Konsequenzen. Die Stichprobe teilnehmender Hausärzte war, mit Ausnahme des Geschlechts, repräsentativ für niedergelassene Hausärzte in Deutschland. Jeder zweite Hausarzt lehnte eine private Honorierung von Gesundheitsleistungen ab. Der Einfluss medizinfremder Akteure auf ärztliche Maßnahmen wurde von 75% negativ wahrgenommen. Der Aussage, dass eine Integration innovativer Versorgungskonzepte durch die Digitalisierung die Patientenversorgung verbessert, stimmten nur 8% der Teilnehmer zu, während 37% diese Aussage ablehnten. 41% der Befragten befürworten eine stärkere rechtliche Überwachung wegen des zunehmenden negativen Einflusses der Privatisierung. Allerdings empfanden etwa zwei Drittel der Teilnehmer die aktuelle Gesetzgebung, darunter die Verabschiedung des Antikorruptionsgesetzes 2016, als unangemessen. Das Vertrauen von Hausärzten in die juristische Strafverfolgung medizinischer Tatbestände ist nur gering. Das hausärztliche Selbstverständnis wird sich durch eine stärkere Integration wirtschaftlicher und rechtlicher Aspekte ändern, welches für eine moderne Hausarztmedizin erforderlich ist. Eine kritische Diskussion zu möglichen Folgen der Wettbewerbsorientierung muss jegliche innovative Versorgung streng begleiten. Die Verknüpfung des klassischen Gesundheitssystems mit dem sekundären Gesundheitsmarkt bietet neben der Gefahr der Ökonomisierung einer Praxis auch Chance zur Verbesserung der medizinischen Versorgungsqualität.

European trade policy is under pressure to comply with sustainability demands. Trade policy can actively contribute to sustainable development, but under certain conditions, amongst them respect for the level of development, the point of departure of the respective countries and the inclusion of specific provisions for sustainability. Trade policy reaches its limitations in internal political and economic framework conditions in partner countries as well as other processes of globalization. This is also reflected in the trade relationship between the EU and African countries.

La política habitacional argentina puede dividirse en ocho etapas, en las que se produjeron cambios importantes en el uso de suelo residencial, especialmente en los espacios urbanos. El objetivo del ensayo es realizar una revisión de las políticas desde el año 1915 hasta la actualidad, que permitan, además, comprender el marco político y económico del país en cada momento. Para alcanzar el objetivo planteado se analiza bibliografía específica producida por investigadores argentinos y de otros países de América Latina, conocedores del tema. Para quienes estudian las políticas habitacionales, es de suma importancia conocer los escritos de los autores especialistas, lograr una síntesis que explique las etapas y características; paro también tener presente la influencia de los gobiernos de turno, como así de la situación socioeconómica. En el análisis se advierten periodos centrados en la vivienda como derecho social; y en otros en que su adquisición es solo mediante capacidad de pago. Los contenidos se organizan considerando tres apartados principales. En primer lugar, se explican los principales conceptos tales como política pública, vivienda y política habitacional. Seguidamente, y a modo de marco referencial, se presenta una síntesis de la generación de políticas habitacionales en América Latina. El último apartado del ensayo explica la situación en Argentina que abarca un poco más de cien años.

espanolEl proposito central de este trabajo consiste en demostrar como el marco institucional y economico del Estado ecuatoriano ha gene­rado garantias para que la poblacion colom­biana migre hacia este pais y para que, sobre todo, se genere una transicion del estatus de los refugiados colombianos en pro de su vin­culacion socioeconomica en Ecuador. Ante la creciente relevancia de la poblacion refugiada colombiana en Ecuador durante la ultima decada, desarrollada paralelamente con un crecimiento de la poblacion migrante regular, es de gran importancia el abordaje de este tema como un elemento crucial para la comprension de las migraciones hacia Ecuador. Mediante un ejercicio comparativo entre el desarrollo de las migraciones regulares con las poblacio­nes refugiadas, este trabajo busca estudiar la consolidacion de una politica de Estado en Ecuador en el marco de un analisis historico y economico de este fenomeno EnglishThe main objective of this work consists in showing how the economic and institutional framework of the Ecuadorian State has gener­ated guarantees for Colombian migrants to migrate to this country and, moreover, for them to transition away from their status as refugees and towards a socioeconomic adapta­tion in Ecuador. With the rising importance of the Colombian refugee population in Ecuador during the last decade, developed in parallel with the growth of the regular migrant popu­lation, it is very important for this issue to be understood as a crucial element in knowledge of migration flows to Ecuador. Through a comparison between the regular and irregular flows of migration, this work aims to analyze the creation of a national migration policy in Ecuador under a historical and economic framework of this phenomenon.

Policymakers are increasingly turning to insights gained from the experimental method as a means to inform large scale public policies. Critics view this increased usage as premature, pointing to the fact that many experimentally-tested programs fail to deliver their promise at scale. Under this view, the experimental approach drives too much public policy. Yet, if policymakers could be more confident that the original research findings would be delivered at scale, even the staunchest critics would carve out a larger role for experiments to inform policy. Leveraging the economic framework of Al-Ubaydli et al. (2019), we put forward 12 simple proposals, spanning researchers, policymakers, funders, and stakeholders, which together tackle the most vexing scalability threats. The framework highlights that only after we deepen our understanding of the scale up problem will we be on solid ground to argue that scientific experiments should hold a more prominent place in the policymaker’s quiver.

This chapter discusses the Peruvian photographic exhibition Yuyanapaq: Para Recordar (To Remember) as one of the first post-conflict public and official efforts created by Peru’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It argues that photography is a platform for transitional justice that facilitates, extends, and even challenges the work of official institutions. The Yuyanapaq photographs, first encoded as news in a variety of print outlets, have traversed the purpose for which they were initially made, becoming a tool that shapes collective remembrance as part of a larger historical, cultural, political, technological, and economic framework. In doing so, Yuyanapaq exemplifies how photojournalistic work can be repurposed within a transitional justice framework and be used as a political project for truth and reconciliation.

The development of viable partnerships with the business community is crucial for a sustainable development of universities in the current economic framework. The dialogue between academia and businesses may take place in different areas, like competences and skills needed to be developed for graduates, internships in companies, common research projects, trainings, funding a.s.o. The paper aims to present the experience of different universities across the world in developing successful partnerships and some of the success stories that can be identified in Romania, with the goal of proposing a framework for good practices within Romanian universities that will allow them to benefit from an appropriate dialogue with the business community in accordance with the European Union policies and that will foster their expansion.

In weighing Britain’s decision to seek membership of the European Economic Community Australian scholars have focussed attention on its adverse impact on Anglo-Australian and EU Australian relations, and the emphasis that Australia thereafter placed upon economic relations with Asia. This article identifies a consequence of Britain’s decision which has largely escaped attention: the part it played in stimulating Australia’s successful 1969 application for membership of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Although Australia’s interest in the increased access to West European decision-makers that the OECD would provide dates to the latter 1940s and 1950s, the British application for membership of the EEC added particular weight to those arguing that Australia should seek OECD membership. It led to an extension of Australian activities in Western Europe which was not extinguished by the growing emphasis on relations with the Asian region.

This article examines G.D.H. Cole's international thought. It focuses on Cole's treatment of the state as well as his contributions to the tradition of international functionalism. It argues that Cole's thought is unique in its unorthodox use of various intellectual traditions as well as its commitment to civic activism. His social theory, which rejected the state as a desirable form of political organisation, was inspired by Rousseau's republicanism and French syndicalism, and led Cole first to a variation of anarchist internationalism, and then, in light of the economic depression and Fascism, to a version of international functionalism. In the 1930s and 1940s, he accepted the state as an agent of constitutional reform and international planning as a means to bring about change in international relations within a broader supranational economic framework, even if he remained unwilling to attach any intrinsic value to the state. This article argues that Cole's thought still provides a vital resource for t...

espanolLa economia ecologica, centrada en la utilizacion, gestion y conservacion sostenible de los recursos naturales, renovables o no, supone la inclusion de restricciones ecologicas dentro del marco economico general. Pero el tratamiento de los problemas ambientales presenta un marcado caracter social, y cuya solucion implica modificaciones de la conducta personal. Sin embargo, el estudio del comportamiento ambiental individual, sus determinantes y su contrastacion empirica sigue siendo un campo de estudio abierto y con consecuencias relevantes para la planificacion de las politicas ambientales. Por ello, este trabajo presenta una breve revision bibliografica de la evolucion de los modelos de comportamiento ambiental, que pueda servir como contextualizacion de los retos que aun existen en este campo de la economia ecologica EnglishThe ecological economy focused on the use, management, and sustainable conservation of natural resources, renewable or not, implies the inclusion of ecological restrictions within the general economic framework. However, the treatment of environmental problems presents a marked social character, and whose solution implies modifications of personal behavior. Notwithstanding, the study of individual environmental behavior, its determinants, and its empirical testing remain an open field of study with relevant consequences for the planning of environmental policies. Therefore, this work presents a brief bibliographical review of the evolution of environmental behavior models, which can serve as a contextualization of the challenges that still exist in this field of ecological economics.

Este trabajo realiza una revision critica del concepto de constitucion economica, acunado por la doctrina alemana, analizando su contenido, alcance y su aplicacion al marco economico de la Union Europea. En este sentido, se planteara la relacion entre economia y Constitucion, el papel de la regulacion economica en el marco de la UE, su relacion con las previsiones constitucionales nacionales y, en ultimo termino, se centrara en los elementos de la constitucion economica de esta entidad supranacional sin perder de vista el marco nacional y los desafios que ello plantea. Para describir el contenido de la constitucion economica de la UE se recuperara parcialmente el viejo simil del templo griego de los tres pilares, adaptandolo a esta compleja materia. Finalmente, se concluye que la constitucion economica de la UE constituye un modelo unico que se inspira en los valores ordoliberales y que contiene elementos intervencionistas y persigue, en ultima instancia, desarrollar un autentico contenido social. This paper performs a critical review of the concept of economic constitution, coined by the German doctrine, analyzing its content, scope and its application to the economic framework of the European Union. In this regard, the relationship between the economy and the Constitution, the role of economic regulation within the framework of the EU, its relationship with national constitutional provisions and, ultimately, will focus on the elements of the economic constitution of this supranational entity without losing sight of the national framework and the challenges that this poses. To describe the content of the economic constitution of the EU, the old simile of the Greek temple of the three pillars will be partially recovered, adapting it to this complex matter. Finally, it is concluded that the economic constitution of the EU constitutes a unique model that is inspired by ordoliberal values and that contains interventionist elements and seeks, in the last instance, to develop an authentic social content.

This article reviews an abuse of dominance decision against the incumbent domestic airline in South Africa (SAA) taken in 2010 and upheld on appeal in 2011. This case placed significant emphasis on the economic impact of the abusive conduct, and it represents a clear example of the adoption of an effects-based approach to assess exclusionary behavior by a dominant firm. As this article sets out, given the features of SAA's conduct and of the relevant market context, it is also possible to identify a coherent economic framework that can explain why SAA's rivals could not profitably match its incentive schemes and were therefore foreclosed. The conceptual issues raised by the SAA case are similar to the ones at stake in the landmark judgments on British Airways. The lessons from this case are therefore relevant to the ongoing antitrust debate on loyalty discounts.

Watch the VIDEO of the presentation.Since the 1990s a wave of innovation has transformed media markets, including those involving scientific communication. Expectations that the internet might improve access to the scientific literature while lowering costs to users have only been partially fulfilled. Using a modern economic framework I identify the historical, structural sources of market power in publishing markets and discuss the role that OA can play on a stage populated by publishers, authors, readers, and institutional actors of various types. For example, efforts to “flip” journals from a reader to author pay basis can follow a number of paths. At least one of these paths is efficient, lower cost, and plausible.

This Regional NGO Master Plan for Sustainable Development of the Jordan Valley aims at identifying feasible interventions that will restore the valley’s environmental and ecological values within a realistic financial and economic framework, in which a future State of Palestine will be recognized as one of the three riparians, side by side with Israel and Jordan with all three nations entitled to an equitable share of the valley’s resources.

The research objective of this article is to examine both the socio-economic contexts in which the media in French-speaking Africa are evolving and the financing methods of these media outlets, notably by focusing on the issues of advertising, state subsidies and unconventional funding methods. This portrait of the African media from within an economic framework sets out to reveal features that may help explain the editorial content and growth difficulties of the media in French-speaking Africa.

This paper provides an analysis of the Commission’s Intel Decision and is structured as follows. Section II gives some introductory thoughts on the general legal and economic framework with respect to abuse of dominance cases. Section III goes on to describe the legal and economic framework of the Decision, whilst Section IV looks at certain issues relating to the Decision’s factual findings. Section V addresses a number of issues relating to the harm resulting from Intel’s conduct and Section VI then briefly examines the fine. Section VII concludes.

The global financial crisis highlighted the need for international institutions to change, adapt and learn. The New Approaches to Economic Challenges (NAEC) initiative provides an important example of a strategic response to the crisis by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). NAEC proposes new economic thinking, challenges traditional assumptions, promotes and supports the adoption of pluralism. Drawing on the framework used by Laybourn-Langton and Jacobs (2018), this paper argues that the OECD has slowly embraced pluralism in response to the crisis, and changes can be characterised as a partial paradigm shift. However, the impact of NAEC as assessed by the adoption of pluralism in country reviews and flagship publications has been uneven; and the OECD rather than pushing for a more radical reframing of economic policy is extending and modifying the existing economic framework.

We estimate the marginal benefits of increasing lifesavers and lifeguards for beach users in Australia and the United States. Visits, income, education, age, distance from a patrol, and willingness to swim on an unpatrolled beach explain willingness to pay but rivalry does not; snob and bandwagon effects prevail. By comparing benefits with costs, the levels of lifeguards and lifesavers in Australia were found to be underprovided, consistent with shared good theory. Increasing services provides greater net benefits to users but replacing volunteer lifesavers with paid lifeguards may not because volunteering brings broader social benefits.

Sommaire : En 1963, le ministere de l'Agriculture du Quebec mandate le Bureau d'amenagement de l'Est du Quebec (BAEQ) afin de realiser une experience inedite : l'elaboration d'un plan directeur d'amenagement pour les territoires pilotes du Bas-St-Laurent, de la Gaspesie et des Iles-de-la-Madeleine. Le BAEQ sollicitera la participation active des populations concernees afin d'etayer le rapport qu'il entend soumettre au gouvernement, pour attenuer l'ecart socio-economique qui separe l'Est du Quebec du reste de la «Belle province». Les travaux scientifiques portant sur le BAEQ auront ete fort prolifiques jusqu'au milieu des annees 1980. Depuis lors, la communaute scientifique boude cet objet de recherche, comme si un verdict irrevocable avait ete rendu a son egard. Le BAEQ aurait ete le plus retentissant echec de la Revolution tranquille, le prototype de la derive technocratique, l'illustration de la faillite de la planification centralisee du developpement. Une relecture du BAEQ nous permet pourtant d'apprecier comment cette experimentation politique laisse en heritage des innovations sociales qui, au fils du temps, se sont institutionnalisees dans les methodes de l'Etat. Vu sous cet angle, le BAEQ offre un nouveau visage : celui d'une etape cruciale dans l'histoire de l'administration publique quebecoise, dont les retombees ont profondement transforme la logique du developpement territorial au Quebec. Abstract : In 1963, the ministere de l'Agriculture du Quebec directed the Eastern Quebec planning bureau (Bureau d'amenagement de l'Est du Quebec – BAEQ) to accomplish an unprecedented task: to create a Master Development Plan for the pilot territories in the Lower St. Lawrence, Gaspe and Iles-de-la-Madeleine regions. The plan was innovative in its preparation, through both the philosophy that shaped it and its methodology. In fact, the BAEQ appealed for the active participation of the communities directly affected to support the report it planned to submit to the government, to lessen the socio-economic disparities between Eastern Quebec and the rest of “La Belle Province.” The BAEQ completed the project in June 1966, with the submission of a substantial report published in ten volumes and containing more than two hundred recommendations, including several proposals for a major reconfiguration of the political and economic framework in Eastern Quebec. The BAEQ was extremely prolific in its academic writings until the mid-1980s. Since then, sociologists, anthropologists and political scientists seem to have turned a blind eye to this research subject, as if an irrevocable verdict had been rendered against it. The BAEQ seems to have been the biggest failure of the Quiet Revolution, the prototype of the technocratic drift, the illustration of the failure of centralized development planning, and the embodiment of the government's lack of responsiveness towards citizens' demands. And yet, when we re-examine the BAEQ, we can now appreciate how this political experimentation left behind a legacy of social innovations that, over the years, have become an integral part of the government's processes. From this perspective, the BAEQ is seen in a different light : it is a crucial step in the history of public administration in Quebec, the direct and indirect fallout of which has profoundly re-shaped the logistics of territorial development in Quebec.

A policy course requires a set of evaluation tools to explore the effects of proposed and existing policy initiatives. This paper offers an economic approach for teaching health policy to students ...

Internationally, demands for greater certainty over the quality of higher education are multiplying. This article argues that convention theory offers insights for considering quality in higher education in an increasingly market‐based system. Examples from the Australian higher education system are used to show how quality conventions can be mapped at varying system levels and across varying actors and how the existing taxonomy of quality in higher education can be located in a wider social and economic framework. It is suggested that this approach assists in identifying those quality conventions which may become dominant across stakeholder groups.

© Karin Backstrand and Eva Lovbrand 2015. All rights reserved. This chapter provides an interdisciplinary analysis of the governing of climate change through markets and economies. In particular, it examines-using a range of case studies and examples-where new low carbon economies are being made: the sites and spaces within which new low carbon ways of doing have been forged. The chapter draws primarily on ideas from science and technology studies (STS) and Foucauldian scholarship in order to explore these themes, concluding with a call to encourage more attention to the hidden, professional and expert locales vital to the making of low carbon economies and markets.

Kenneth Boulding spent most of the rest of his 26 years in Boulder, Colorado. The first 13 years he spent as professor of economics connected to the Institute of Behavioral Science at the University of Colorado at Boulder. These were good, productive years and are the focus of this chapter. He did not necessarily have the same level of inspiration at the University of Colorado as he did at the University of Michigan, but his years at the University of Colorado are marked by a few important advancements in his thinking. First, he continued his work on conflict and peace. He refined his thinking and, with the help of his wife, Elise, developed a more well-rounded theory of peace. Second, he created what he called grants economics. Once his grants economics was well defined, Boulding could complete his bigger picture of the social system. Third, he developed his evolutionary economics that fit within the institutional economic framework. At the same time, Boulding helped finance the Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, which began circulation in 1978, and was on their editorial board for many years. The end of this chapter speculates on the degree to which Boulding falls into the Institutionalist and Post Keynesian schools of economic thought.

This paper outlines how regional development policy in New Zealand has attempted to reshape the organizational and institutional foundations of regional growth and innovation since the government initiated the implementation of growth and innovation-focused policies in 2000. Dealing with the governance and the economic dimension, the paper elaborates on the challenges encountered in different regional environments that range from metropolitan areas to remote rural regions. The paper outlines New Zealand's institutional and economic framework and the set of programmes used to foster regional development and innovation. Principal lessons from New Zealand's experience are the importance of the institutional set-up in regions, the need to tailor initiatives to different regional contexts, and insights into the complex relationship between regional development and regional innovation policy.

The problem of Internet diffusion in developing countries implies supply and demand aspects. In this paper, we focus on the supply aspects because decisions concerning the telecommunications sector have a great impact on the roll-out of networks, infrastructure and service diffusion. As the problems exist at the level of the sector, a micro-economic approach is justified, and we use game theory as a tool. The result is the description of a "story" and a "path", both consisting of successive stages. Ln the “story'', a succession of errors or decisions which are inadequate hinders the diffusion of telecommunications services in the country. In contrast, the "path" is a succession of efficient decisions. The "path" should be chosen. It allows us to obtain the roll-out of an efficient fixed network (allowing Internet services) and the existence of several mobile operators in competition. The main decisions in the "path" are privatisation and the creation of a regulation authority. Also, it is important to aim at the development affixed networks and mobile networks, together., La question posée a deux aspects, demande et offre. Dans ce texte nous insistons sur les aspects d'offre, parce que les décisions prises, concernant le secteur des télécommunications, ont un important impact sur les réseaux et la diffusion des services. Le sujet relevant d'une approche micro-économique, nous avons employé la théorie des jeux, comme méthode. Le résultat est une «histoire» et un «sentier», tous deux constitués de plusieurs étapes. L’«histoire» montre comment plusieurs décisions erronées peuvent gêner le développement des télécommunications dans un pays en développement. Le «sentier» consiste en une succession de décisions adéquates, permettant le développement de réseaux fixes et mobiles dans le pays. Le «sentier» devrait être choisi. Ses principales étapes sont la privatisation et la création d'une agence de régulation. Il est aussi important de développer les réseaux fixes et mobiles, en même temps., Lefebvre Olivier. How Internet diffusion is influenced by the political and economic framework in developing countries. In: NETCOM : Réseaux, communication et territoires / Networks and Communication Studies, vol. 17 n°3-4, december 2003. Geocyberspace Dynamics in an Interconnected World. pp. 149-157.

In the course of the last 20 or more years the intensity of economic exchange between the People's Republic of China (henceforth China) and the various European economies has increased dramatically. This development was triggered largely by the economic policy changes introduced by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. Since then, China has freed itself from its former self-imposed isolation and gradually integrated with the world economy. The market-oriented transformation process initiated in China in the late 1970s created the preconditions for the resumption of economic contacts that had been largely stagnant in the preceding years. The gradual establishment of a market-based economic framework has step-by-step allowed economic entities to exploit the comparative advantages of the economies concerned and enlarge the scope of division of labour with China.

In this article a contextualist framework is used for theoretical analysis, in which context, content and process are linked over time. Within this framework we begin with the contextual factors which appear to be significant in restructuring the electricity industry, then outline the pathway taken by reform in the United States of America, United Kingdom and Australia, before describing the principal changes to one organisation and the management issues which have arisen as a result of these changes.

This article explores the control of rural malaria shortly before and after World War II. During this period rural malaria moved from being an almost impossible problem to control to one which many believed could be eradicated. However, instead of rural development serving as an operational and economic framework for malaria control, as some had advocated before the war, malaria control moved toward independence in the form of a global eradication campaign. Whereas this transition is generally portrayed strictly in terms of the success of DDT, I document how various factors, the Cold War in particular, contributed to the "inevitability" of eradication.

The new human resources (HR) function represents a move away from an administrative, reactionary role towards a more strategic, proactive, planning position. The current research surveyed members o...

We summarize recent research that formulates life cycle models of migration which are estimated using longitudinal data. These models consider multiple destinations and multiple periods. The framework oers a unified view applicable to internal and international migration flows, however data limitations severely hinder studies of international migration. As is common in modeling life cycle decision‐making, strong assumptions are imposed. Yet, most critical assumptions are empirically testable. The primary advantage is that these models oer an interpretable economic framework for evaluating policy alternatives and other counterfactual thought‐experiments that oer insight on behavioral determinants and tools for improved policy making.

This paper seeks to clarify the understanding of value in the cultural context, using economics concepts. We develop an economic framework for thinking about value in the cultural context and discuss how well various valuation techniques are able to account for such values. We also discuss why actual outcomes for the production of cultural and heritage services may differ from what would be considered ‘optimal’ in the economic context. The aim is to outline a framework which can assist policy makers in the cultural sector to intervene more cost-effectively and be more conscious of trade-offs amongst different cultural values.

Economic reform in Vietnam has been pervasive. To date, there have been few studies of the wider implications of reform outside urban and lowland agricultural areas. This study of agrarian and environmental change in a mountainous commune in north‐western Vietnam shows some of the consequences of the transitional economy for more peripheral communities and ecosystems. The study focuses on some key aspects of change, notably large scale infrastructure development, decollectivisation and the emergence of a market economy. It also investigates recent initiatives such as forest land allocation and small‐scale irrigation development within a more decentralised administrative and economic framework.

Madmen, Intellectuals, and Academic Scribblers presents a simple, economic framework for understanding the systematic causes of political change. Wayne A. Leighton and Edward J. Lopez take up three interrelated questions: Why do democracies generate policies that impose net costs on society? Why do such policies persist over long periods of time, even if they are known to be socially wasteful and better alternatives exist? And, why do certain wasteful policies eventually get repealed, while others endure? The authors examine these questions through familiar policies in contemporary American politics, but also draw on examples from around the world and throughout history. Assuming that incentives drive people's decisions, the book matches up three key ingredients-ideas, rules, and incentives-with the characters who make political waves: madmen in authority (such as Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Margaret Thatcher), intellectuals (like Jon Stewart and George Will), and academic scribblers (in the vein of Friedrich Hayek and John Maynard Keynes). Political change happens when these characters notice holes in the structure of ideas, institutions, and incentives, and then act as entrepreneurs to shake up the status quo.

Italian abstract: L’articolo si propone di comprendere in base a quali condizioni sconti fedelta adottati da un’impresa dominante comportino effetti anticoncorrenziali. Gli schemi fidelizzanti, infatti, sebbene estremamente frequenti nelle transazioni di mercato, qualora applicati da un’impresa dominante, rischiano di essere giudicati illeciti per se, come comprovato dalla casistica giurisprudenziale finora emersa a livello europeo e dal severo scrutinio riservato delle autorita nazionali della concorrenza. Il lavoro dapprima fornisce una panoramica analitica delle pratiche fidelizzanti, concentrando in particolare l’attenzione sugli sconti retroattivi, ed approfondisce importanti implicazioni economiche, come gli effetti lock-in e suction. Successivamente vengono discusse le novita introdotte dalle linee guida per l’applicazione dell’Art. 102 TFUE, le quali richiedono un’analisi concreta degli effetti di mercato delle condotte escludenti. Alla luce di un estensivo studio dell’as-efficient competitor test, il nuovo approccio della Commissione Europea verso gli sconti fedelta viene analizzato in dettaglio con riferimento ad un caso antitrust recentemente esaminato a livello europeo (Tomra). In conclusione, viene sviluppato un approccio economico per l’analisi degli effetti, e dunque della legalita, degli schemi fidelizzanti, in conformita con una coerente teoria del danno per il consumatore. English abstract: In the paper, the fundamental question is under what conditions loyalty discounts and rebates adopted by a dominant firm cause anti-competitive effects. Fidelity schemes, although extremely frequent in the market, if applied by a dominant firm, are likely to be judged as illegal per se, as demonstrated by the EU case-law delivered so far and the severe scrutiny reserved by the national competition authorities. As a result, the paper first provides an analytical overview of loyalty structures, focusing in particular on retroactive rebates, and elaborates on important economic implications, such as the lock-in and the suction effect. The work then discusses the novelties introduced by the Guidance Paper on the Application of Art. 102 of the TFEU, which calls for an effects-based analysis of exclusionary abuses. Therefore, after an in-depth evaluation of the as-efficient competitor test, the new approach of the European Commission towards loyalty discounts and rebates is discussed in details with reference to a controversial antitrust case recently examined at EU level (Tomra). The paper finally proposes a systematic economic framework for analyzing the effects, and therefore the legality, of fidelity schemes, in the light of a consistent theory of consumer harm.

Research involving entrepreneurs and/or small enterprises would benefit from a common framework. As both are studied because of their role in economic activity, it is logical to expect that the major influences on a research framework should emanate from economics. Unfortunately, traditional economics has failed to provide an acceptable framework because it has relied on structured assumptions which ignore the individuality of the research subjects, and because it has fostered a false research environment which attempts to emulate the physical sciences. An alternative economic framework unfettered by structured assumptions and in which analytic rather than statistical generalisations are encouraged might be more appropriate for the field. Such a framework could have its nexus in Austrian economics.

L’objectif de cet article est de contribuer au developpement d’une troisieme generation de travaux centres sur la theorie historico-culturelle de l’activite. L’analyse porte sur des sujets (inter)agissants, lorsqu’ils sont impliques dans un travail conjoint situe aux frontieres de leurs systemes d’activite respectifs. L’article discute, de maniere theorique, les problematiques soulevees par ces situations, en analysant les pratiques observees lors d’interactions entre des pilotes et des controleurs aeriens. Les analyses portent sur la maniere dont les pratiques de travail sont mediees conjointement, lorsque des changements surviennent dans des systemes d’activite en interaction. Elles permettent de montrer de quelle maniere un changement apporte aux elements d’un systeme d’activite generent des tensions et des contradictions, et ce faisant, des opportunites de developpement dans les interactions quotidiennes entre les controleurs aerien et les pilotes de ligne. Sur cette base, l’article definit des problematiques cles a etudier lorsqu’il s’agit de concevoir des interventions dans ces environnements de travail, et contribue au developpement d’une troisieme generation de recherche sur la theorie historico-culturelle de l’activite.

Over the last several years, Afghanistan has once again floated in and out of television, radio, and front-page news stories. Much has been the cause of this media resurgence: the infamous Taliban emerged in 1994 and seized Kabul by 1996; the events of September 2001 highlighted Afghanistan’s status as a terrorist breeding ground; the U.S.-led invasion followed in October of the same year with a U.S.-backed interim government led by Hamid Karzai installed; the conferences held in Bonn in 2001, Tokyo in 2002, Berlin in 2004, and most recently London in 2006 to lay out a political and economic framework for the country; and national presidential and parliamentary elections held in 2004 and 2005 respectively. However, the Afghanistan experience only continues to become more complicated and increasingly difficult to understand due to the multifaceted nature of Afghanistan’s postconflict condition.