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This special issue is the first to systematically address the activity we call “normfare” - the assiduous development of norms of very different character (public and private, formal and informal, technically mediated and directly implemented) by different actors (platforms, standard-setters, states) as an answer to the wide range of challenges facing internet governance. We bring together contributions from leading anthropologists, technologists, political scientists, legal and communication scholars exploring how norms underpin the new ordering of the internet, whether in explicit or implicit forms. Through various theoretical lenses, contributions analyze the impact of platforms, states, civil society, expert groups and key individuals on restructuring the normative order of the internet, and present empirical evidence for instances of norm creation, legitimation, contestation and opposition. Valuable new insights for norm development processes come from case studies, ethnographies, legal and discourse analysis and interdisciplinary approaches locating agency and power plays. In this introduction, we define the key concepts applicable to norm entrepreneurship and discuss their interplay in internet governance debates, followed by an overview of the articles included in the special issue. In the final section, we reflect on the implications of our new research agenda.This special issue is the first to systematically address the activity we call “normfare” - the assiduous development of norms of very different character (public and private, formal and informal, technically mediated and directly implemented) by different actors (platforms, standard-setters, states) as an answer to the wide range of challenges facing internet governance. We bring together contributions from leading anthropologists, technologists, political scientists, legal and communication scholars exploring how norms underpin the new ordering of the internet, whether in explicit or implicit forms. Through various theoretical lenses, contributions analyze the impact of platforms, states, civil society, expert groups and key individuals on restructuring the normative order of the internet, and present empirical evidence for instances of norm creation, legitimation, contestation and opposition. Valuable new insights for norm development processes come from case studies, ethnographies, legal and discourse analysis and interdisciplinary approaches locating agency and power plays. In this introduction, we define the key concepts applicable to norm entrepreneurship and discuss their interplay in internet governance debates, followed by an overview of the articles included in the special issue. In the final section, we reflect on the implications of our new research agenda.

China's rapid urbanization process has pushed rural villages into an urban-rural integration movement. Several modes and approaches have been applied to remake space in rural China, which differ greatly in restructuring outcomes. In response, this article builds on the insights of regime theory to develop a conceptual framework to reveal the mechanism behind China's rural spatial restructuring and seeks to explore the underlying reasons that affect the outcomes. It is found that resource adequacy, the quality of resource coalition, and the effectiveness of implementation determine the rural regime's capacity to manage spatial restructuring. Case studies from Hua County, Chaohu City, and Shenzhen are used to illustrate the conceptual framework's application and facilitate a comparative analysis from the perspective of rural regime capacity. The findings provide a critical rethinking of the “sustainable remaking of rural space”, which could therefore shed light on the rural governance of countries in the global south generally.

In emerging and developmental state of Nigeria, the construct of federalism has continued to attract gamut of attentions due to its configuration and cosmetic nature. The Nigerian state since amalgamation of the 1914 and subsequent constitutional development that ushered in federalism, revenue allocations and transfers of resource control had become contending issues and debates that had propelled lingering questions on Nigerian federal practices. The witness is the persistent struggle for redrafting of revenue allocation parameters and quest for restructuring. The most worrisome is the power of government at the centre determining what constitutes revenue allocations and how it would be shared among the federating units. However, it is against this backdrop that the study appreciates the intergovernmental fiscal relations, institutions and measures aimed at controlling excesses and imbalances amongst the tiers of government in Nigeria. Methodologically, the study utilized documentary method and data were generated through the secondary sources and analyzed in content. The framework of analysis for the study was anchored on the power theory. The findings of the study had adequately revealed that components and federating units are engulfed with myriads of developmental challenges due to the nature and character of the fiscal and federal deficits. Therefore, the paper recommends the need for defined statutory role of each and culture of self reliant among the tiers of government.

Analysis of deindustrialisation remains dominated by studies of the OECD countries. The process has only recently been studied in newly industrialised countries and regions yet in a geographically constrained manner, dominated by macro-level, sectorial-based analytical frameworks. China so far has not featured highly in this emerging literature as its deindustrialisation is a more recent phenomenon overshadowed by ongoing industrialisation. This article contributes to an understanding of deindustrialisation in a microscopic empirical analysis of a China case. The microscopic approach is particularly relevant in China where state-owned, self-contained enterprises, or ‘danweis’, used to shape the industrial and social lives of urban Chinese, but it is also relevant to understanding processes of deindustrialisation elsewhere where these involve iconic, single industry or company communities. Adopting a case-study ethnographic approach, this study examines the transformation experienced by the iconic Wuhan Iron and Steel Company (WISCO) in Wuhan, Central China, and reveals variations in the pace of change in industrialisation and the ‘half-life’ of deindustrialisation as it is moderated by the institutionalisation and social life of danweis in China.

Public sector organizations frequently restructure due to shifting management trends, crises, and political developments. Earlier research indicates that the sometimes-drastic reforms implemented in government strongly affect employees, causing psychosocial effects such as frustration, stress, and negative work environments. This may in turn increase the likelihood of severe phenomena such as workplace bullying and harassment. It remains unclear, however, how public organizations can introduce changes while preventing side-effects such as bullying and harassment. The goal of this article is twofold. First, we test whether evidence on the relationship between workplace change and bullying and harassment holds when using a large, public sector-wide sample. Second, we investigate whether satisfaction with change management plays a mediating role. Using cross-sectional and strata-based panel data analyses on Australian data, results indicate a positive relationship between workplace change and workplace bullying and harassment, but also suggest that satisfaction with change management mitigates this effect.

Considerando a legislação e as atribuições regimentais no âmbito estadual, a Escola de Saúde Pública da Bahia (ESPBA) tem como finalidade desenvolver ações de qualificação, formação e educação permanente para os trabalhadores de saúde, em consonância com os princípios e diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e a Política Estadual de Gestão do Trabalho e Educação em Saúde. Com o cenário adverso durante a pandemia da Covid-19, a ESPBA teve que redobrar os esforços para atender, além das ações já planejadas, as necessidades de ações contingenciais impostas pelo novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2). Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir as mudanças do processo de trabalho da ESPBA e as ações realizadas no contexto da pandemia. As informações foram coletadas dos registros de trabalho de cada área técnica (dados secundários oriundos de fichas de inscrição, relatórios dos cursos e relação de certificados), que fazem parte da sistematização de dados, utilizando o software Microsoft Excel, para as devolutivas quadrimestrais nos relatórios. A ESPBA realizou um número significativo de ações educativas a partir da reorganização e reestruturação do processo de trabalho, com a adequação das ações presenciais para modalidades de ensino a distância e remoto, sendo possível descentralizá-las para trabalhadores de outros municípios. Dessa forma, proporciona articulação intra e interinstitucional nas ações educativas específicas para enfrentamento do novo coronavírus. Apesar do contexto, a pandemia foi um momento estratégico para a instituição, pois proporcionou oportunidade de se organizar e de identificar fragilidades quanto aos equipamentos e estruturas para incorporação da tecnologia da informação. Mesmo com os desafios e limitações, conclui-se que a ESPBA cumpriu com seu papel de ordenadora da formação no SUS.

The purpose of this study is to determine and substantiate the importance of deepening cooperation between the Russian Federation and the countries of the Asian region in modern conditions. The work emphasizes and substantiates the importance of the development of integration processes in the formation of a strategy for international cooperation of states in the context of global socio-economic and political restructuring. The general world tendencies influencing the Russian economy in the conditions of a gradual transition to a new world economic order are given. The article examines the policy pursued by the state that can influence its place within the framework of the new integral world economic order. The paper describes the transformation and structure of relations between the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) with the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the context of the emerging concept of the Greater Eurasian Partnership and the change in the world economic order.When preparing the work, first of all, we used a logical, factorial, statistical analysis, synthesis, a systematic approach.The scientific novelty of the work consists in defining and describing Russia’s potential within the framework of the transition to a new world economic order, taking into account a combination of factors, namely: its position in the Eurasian Economic Union, the implementation of the Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025, the development of cooperation with the SCO and ASEAN states, as well as conjugation of the EAEU and the One Belt, One Road project.

This paper examines the causes and consequences of legibility as an organizing principle in the design of digital agriculture (DA) systems in the United States. Legibility refers to systems of governance that use simplified understandings of a situation to control and direct action upon it. Legibility in digital agriculture systems occurs at the confluence of two traditions of legibility: the data-driven model common in the design of digital systems, and tactics for the control of nature and labor that have developed in the United States since the foundation of the colonies. Our argument draws from (1) a historical analysis of broader patterns of agricultural technology and racialized land dispossession in what is now the United States and (2) empirical fieldwork that examines the adoption and maintenance of digital agriculture systems in rural New York State. We describe the role that legibility historically has played in the development of agricultural systems in the US, and their consequences for who is able to farm and how. This history raises the questions: What is made legible to whom? In that process, what becomes illegible? While legibility promises transparent and environmentally beneficial control, in our fieldwork we find that the demands of legibility are also restructuring the physical landscape, creating additional invisible labor, producing systems that are brittle to real-world conditions on farms, and creating opaque systems that block people from adapting to their circumstances. In reading our fieldwork together with the historical case, we demonstrate the pressures that are shaping the stakes, subject, and objects of legibility in agricultural technology. As more data-driven systems are used for environmental contexts, the CSCW community needs to extend its ways to understand how data-driven systems impact land, labor, and resources.

Promote restructuring of rural workers has very important implications in the development of the potentials and strengths of the economy. Vietnam is a country with a starting point from agriculture, a large proportion of GDP. In recent years, although there has been a positive change in transformation, the process is still slow. To have a reasonable labor structure shortly, Vietnam can completely refer to the experience of several countries in the world with similar starting points. The article analyzes lessons learned from rural labor restructuring in some countries around the world, from which to draw reference lessons for Vietnam.

En este artículo se analizará, tanto desde la perspectiva de la ingeniería civil como de la arquitectura, la tradición «Las tres puertas de San Pedro» de nuestro querido Ricardo Palma, quien en este texto relata la creación de esta iglesia y cómo consiguieron realizar la construcción de su tercera puerta sin que sea una catedral. Por ello, identificaré los rasgos y las bases estructurales sobre la ingeniería civil y también mencionaré la arquitectura, ya que ambas carreras están relacionadas entre sí; esto queda demostrado en los relatos sobre su identificación, ubicación, reestructuración y licencias de construcción y fachada.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how adult education institutions have developed in close connection with the Danish welfare state and how structural reforms since the 1990s have changed the institutional structure and impacted accessibility. This involves analyses of the main functions linked to the different types of adult education institutions (VUCs) in Denmark and their development in relation to welfare state policies in the first instance and to globalization and competition state policies in the second. Thus, the paper provides a historical outline of the development of adult education institutions in two main areas, a vocational and a general, followed by an analysis of selected policy documents on structural reforms. Focusing on the reforms of 2000, 2007, and 2018, the analysis identifies external and internal limitations to accessing general adult education. In conclusion, the market orientation of the VUC entails limitations to both external and internal accessibility.

Este artículo examina los debates que sostienen los miembros de la comunidad académica colombiana con respecto a la reorganización de la investigación universitaria en Centros de Pensamiento, con el propósito de categorizar las tensiones que han emergido como resultado de este proceso y establecer qué aspectos de la actual organización deberían ser transformados. Para analizar estos debates se diseñó una aproximación metodológica cualitativa que atiende a los principales conceptos propuestos tanto por la sociología de la ciencia como por los estudios de redes. En primer lugar, se realizó una breve descripción del marco normativo que reestructuró el Sistema Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología a partir de los años noventa. Luego, se caracterizaron las tensiones surgidas alrededor de los cambios organizativos, documentándolas mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y ejercicios de observación etnográfica. Finalmente, se discutieron los obstáculos que deberían ser removidos por una reestructuración organizativa, a fin de que los productos de investigación tengan mayor incidencia social. Este trabajo concluye que la participación de los académicos en equipos de investigación heterogéneos se percibe ahora como un factor diferencial para ampliar el impacto del conocimiento universitario en la esfera pública.

The Italian insolvency and pre-insolvency frameworks have been reformed recently (2019, due to enter into force in September 2021 but now probably in 2022). This article recalls the intense period of reforms in Italian insolvency law, started in 2005 and culminated with the new ‘Code of enterprise crisis and of insolvency’. The Code introduces new rules for court-confirmed debt restructuring agreements (similar to schemes of arrangement) and judicial composition with creditors, as well as with regard to new rules for insolvency of groups, international jurisdiction and directors’ liability. The article addresses these novelties pointing out some unresolved issues. Finally, the article touches upon the compatibility of the new law with the Directive on restructuring and insolvency (Directive 2019/1023). Autonomy of sport, Private International Law, Public-private Governance, Corruption, Transnational Legal Order, Sports Economy, Legal Status of Sporting Organisations, Audit, Managerial Transparency, Economic Monitoring, International Sporting Convention

(Former) old industrial regions are a specific kind of lagging regions that suffer from long-term restructuring problems and deindustrialization. They are back in the focus of many researchers as well as media observers, because of the rise of populist parties in many of these regions in North America and Europe. Therefore, new policy options are discussed in the literature. In this paper, we critically discuss the effects of smart specialization as the most recent regional policy strategy in Europe on solving the restructuring problems and deindustrialization in (former) old industrial regions and we illustrate our analysis with a view on the Ruhr in Germany. Since smart specialization focuses on existing endogenous potential and entrepreneurial discovery processes from the region, vested interests in (former) old industrial regions might hinder necessary restructuring. Although potentially path transformation might be fostered in some cases, overall, smart specialization is certainly not a quick fix for solving long-term negative effects of restructuring and deindustrialization in (former) old industrial regions.

Issues related to the level of consumption by the population of the USSR in the “perestroika” period of its history are considered. In order to conduct an objective historical analysis of the problem, the authors used materials from the funds of three archives, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. It is emphasized that the second half of the 1980s was crucial for the Soviet Union, becoming the last five years in its difficult history. The results of a comparative analysis of food consumption by the population of the Sverdlovsk region in the study period are presented. A clear discrepancy between the level of consumption of a number of food products by the population of the Middle Urals and the norms of their scientifically grounded rational consumption is determined. The emphasis is made on the fact that in the diet of Soviet citizens there was always a very shortage of vegetables, melons, fruits and, to some extent, fish products. It is proved that the chronic underconsumption of these products was to a certain extent “compensated” by the increased consumption of sugar, confectionery and dairy products, and in the difficult 1940s–1950s — bakery products and potatoes. It is concluded that it is not necessary to overly dramatize the “material” factor in the development of disintegration processes that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Around the turn of the century IUPAC undertook a major restructuring. Commissions, which had been the heart of IUPAC’s scientific work for most of its 80-year history, were virtually eliminated and largely replaced with a system of peer-reviewed projects [1, 2, 3]. Brigitte Van Tiggelen asked Ted Becker, Secretary General in that key transition period (1996-2003) and a central figure in the restructuring effort, to reflect on the rationale for this significant change and to describe just what was done.

This paper discusses the importance of preserving traditional dwellings, especially those located within the boundaries of cities and old towns. It addresses the most important problems and obstacles that prevent the preservation of these buildings, as well as highlights cultural heritage and its importance in preservation process. This is done using a descriptive analytical approach; including documentation and questionnaires as its main tools. The study raises questions about maintaining building structure and its components of cultural significance without compromising its material and cultural essence. The study is focused on the Old City of Hebron and presents the difficulties that affect the livelihood and living conditions of people living within its boundaries. The study finds that there are necessary changes that are required to facilitate living in the Old City, including maintenance and re-fating, changing tiles and restructuring of plumping and sanitation facilities. These changes however, need to take preservation of the structural elements, and cultural heritage into account. The study concludes that there is a need for more studies to examine the structure and the identity of dwellings in the Old City which will help in future efforts to preserve the cultural essence of these dwellings and protecting them from structural changes, while making them inhabitable for people.

The first case of COVID-19 was reported in December 2019. However, in no time this local outbreak of the corona virus became a pandemic. Not only it has slowed down the intensity of economic activities across the globe, but it has also resulted in the restructuring of the economic space. Besides, it has also brought in the long term debate on the benefits of economic globalization. The article sketches the outlines for the re-examination of the economic space as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Five research themes are proposed for revisiting economic globalization, workers, inequality, neoliberal economic policies, and development. Studies on these themes will unfold our understanding of the ongoing economic changes from local to global level and we would be in a better position to explain the nature of emerging economic space.

This article focuses on the post-2016 military reforms and examines the meaning of civilian oversight and control that these reforms have brought. For almost two decades, the establishment of civil...

Os instrumentos legais destinados ao reconhecimento e a proteção e salvaguarda do Patrimônio Cultural Brasileiro sofreram mudanças ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento de políticas públicas destinadas ao tema. O presente artigo visa apresentar um resgate cronológico destes instrumentos legais, com destaque para as discussões envolvendo os conceitos de natureza e cultura, materialidade e imaterialidade, bem como instigar os gestores públicos e pesquisadores a incorporarem as condições sociais e ambientais nas discussões sobre esta temática. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa se deu por meio de um levantamento bibliográfico em publicações da área, como livros, legislações e documentos técnicos. Conclui-se a impossibilidade de trabalhar na atualidade com o tema do Patrimônio Cultural sem considerar as inter-relações entre os quatro conceitos chaves abordados neste artigo. Nesta linha, houve um avanço teórico-conceitual nas discussões sobre o tema, mas ainda é necessário que os órgãos governamentais da área reestruturarem-se a partir deste cenário.

Cryptocurrency as an economic narrative, on the one hand, is innovative and interesting for the information society, since it fully meets the requirements of the digitalization period, but, on the other hand, its revolutionary nature is puzzling for regulatory authorities due to the need for a full-scale restructuring of the established economic order. Popularizing the unregulated social phenomenon “cryptocurrency” requires an immediate response from government authorities. According to these trends, authors explore institutional changes in connection with the upcoming introduction of the digital ruble and develop recommendations for legitimizing the national currency in digital form. The authors conclude that the actions taken by the mega-regulator and authorities are not focused on creating a digital economy by organizing a shared digital space, the implementation of which is possible only on a common unified multifunctional digital platform, but on preserving traditional infrastructure.

This article chronicles the evolution of poverty in the formerly socialist economies of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The article is an analytical review covering the 30 years since the launch of market reforms with a reflection on the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The theoretical assumption in the 1990s of a seamless transition from a socialist, state‐led economy to a capitalist, market‐driven economy remained just that—an assumption. Many of the tangible improvements in living standards for the bulk of the population of the post‐socialist era have yet to materialize. Focusing on the smallest post‐socialist economies, with a bigger picture in mind, this study argues that a crisis of human well‐being has been lurking in the background—behind macroeconomic stabilization and growth since the early 2000s. This article contributes to the literature on socioeconomic resilience, restructuring, critical perspectives on poverty, and efforts to define and measure poverty holistically.

The Curie Institute exclusively cares for cancer patients, who were considered particularly "vulnerable" from the start of the SARS-CoV 2 pandemic. This pandemic, which took the medical world by surprise, suddenly required the Institute's hospital to undergo rapid and multimodal restructuring, while having an impact on everyone to varying degrees. We will examine here how this hospital has coped, with the concern for a new benefit-risk balance, in times of greater medical uncertainty and scarcity of certain resources, for these "vulnerable" patients but also for their relatives and staff. We will highlight by theme the positive aspects and difficulties encountered, and then what could be useful for other hospitals as the pandemic is ongoing.

This paper explores the impact of the decision by the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) in 1975 to revise its constitution to include elected reserved seats for women on its executive and other bodies. The analysis is situated within the context of women’s employment and trade-union representation in the UK at the time. Reserved seats for women were part of a wider restructuring of NUPE intended to extend democracy, incorporate the emergent system of shop stewards formally into its structure and government, provide for more effective representation and mobilization of different sections of members, and increase the accountability of full-time officials to lay members and their representatives. The initiative was successful; and although women’s participation in NUPE did increase, this was uneven. This was not entirely unexpected given the limited change initiated in just one haltingly democratizing trade union and the wider social and economic forces that constrain women.

The current economy transcends the boundaries of sustainability, threatens the quality of life on Earth and, ultimately, of the man himself, which requires its restructuring to a sustainable one. The unsustainability of the development of society, which causes the development of the economy in a global environment, is revealed by theoretical research based on qualitative analysis of texts and documents. Subsequently, the need to change the paradigmatic basis of economic theory is explained and a new model of economy – sustainable economy – is outlined. Using logical methods and comparison of basic axioms, postulates and based on the prediction of further development, the study emphasizes that moving towards a more sustainable future presupposes the replacement of neoclassical paradigm by a new paradigm – the paradigm of sustainable development. Restructuring the economy into a sustainable one will be based on this paradigm, as confirmed by some of the outlined new economic theories and initiatives.

Land is a key input in economic production and production-waste sink. This links land to the causes of and responses to climate change. The dominant climate action ideas are based on the concept of ‘land tenure security’ which, in a global context marked by land-based inequities, means ratifying what already exists. This reinforces undemocratic social structures and institutions that themselves contribute to climate change. A restructuring of global land politics is called for, without which any analyses of and responses to climate change are at best superficial, and at worst, flawed and self-defeating. What is needed is to acknowledge the pervasive land-based social inequities in the world, and to end such inequities by pursuing a redistribution of a range of access to a range of land and resources in ways that categorically benefit the working people.

Este artigo procura demonstrar as reações políticas dos trabalhadores às transformações tecnológicas e organizacionais, isto é, à reestruturação do processo de produção e de prestação de serviços, que acompanha as transformações do cenário histórico mundial, como frutos dos seus condicionantes tecnocientíficos, econômicos, políticos, sociais, culturais, nacionais e internacionais. Embora não se abrace a tese do dedterminismo tecnológico, as novas condições de trabalho são aqui consideradas como um dos fatores determinantes das formas de resistência dos trabalhadores e da orientação política dos movimentos sindicais em todos os países do mundo. Surge dessa compreensão, com fundamento na vasta literatura sobre os movimentos sindicais no Brasil, a relação entre taulorismo;fordismo e sindicalismo de confronto; toyotismo e sindicalismo de negociação; quarta revolução tecnológica e tendência à independência dos sindicatos e das centrais sindicais, graças aos meios tecnológicos de comunicação direta entre os pares, para a apresentação, organização e luta por novas reivindicações.

This article has a twofold purpose: to describe the social and economic situation in the countries of the Central American subregion prior to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and to provide a comparative analysis of the macroeconomic policies introduced by the governments of these countries in response to this health crisis. As a central part of that analysis, it looks at the main structural policy challenges for the enhancement of social protection and reactivation of production activity and employment to be met by these countries during and after the pandemic. The need for a national compact around a new development agenda is explored, with special emphasis on external elements that should be coupled with national policies, such as regional coordination, international cooperation and finance, and a restructuring of financial and lending institutions.

The peculiarities of the appearance of faculties of physical education at pedagogical and classical higher educational institutions of socialist Romania are considered. The reasons for the government's choice of those 12 higher educational institutions in which in the 60's of the twentieth century. faculties of physical education and sports were opened, the motives of the then authorities for active support of the newly formed training network were singled out, and demonstration at the international level of successes in training a high-level athlete was singled out as a priority. The author notes that foreigners entered the faculties of physical education at the universities of communist Romania - more than 10% (144 people) were foreigners from Cyprus, Colombia, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Libya, Portugal, Syria, Sweden and Tunisia (University of Cluj-Napoca). The changes in higher education in the field that took place in the 70s of the XX century are analyzed: the restructuring of the faculties of physical education and sports in the structure of pedagogical faculties is determined, and later their replacement by sections; changes in the duration of training - reduction to 3 years and further introduction of the year of specialization. It is proved that in 1983 all departments were liquidated and training for children's and youth schools and sports clubs, educational institutions of all levels, physical culture and sports societies was entrusted only to the Institute of Physical Education and Sports of Bucharest.

PurposeOrganizational scholars are intrigued about stakeholders who propose multiple and conflicting ideas about what is good for their organization. Such contradictions are called paradoxical tensions. Although researchers have singled these out for analysis, focusing only on individual tensions prevents scrutiny of multiple paradoxical tensions that simultaneously emerge and how effectively organizations can manage them. In complex environments – especially during an organizational restructuring – multiple and interrelated tensions occur. Therefore, the objective in this paper is to investigate how organizations create multiple paradoxical tensions and how the combined effect of such tensions can constrain organizations during restructuring. The authors thus aim to help managers think reflectively and to plan interventions to deal with issues arising from restructuring through the lens of paradox theory.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopted purposive sampling for an archival research-based case study of a major restructuring of a leading IT firm in India in the decade 2009–2019. This study focused on the types of paradoxes created and the response of the organization to these during the restructure. The authors identified key events using public documents and news reports from that decade. They drew on two sources of data: mainstream media coverage and third-party documents about the company. The latter included monographs and academic publications written by critics, business historians and design and management scholars.FindingsThe findings address the gaps in the literature about how reorganizing during a restructure shapes the contradictions that lead to tensions and coexisting conflicting dualities, creating paradoxes. This study provides the reader with deeper insights into belonging, organizing, learning and performing tensions – core to paradox theory – along with their short- and long-term implications for organizational restructuring. The study demonstrates organizational responses to paradox and its practical implications for managers. The paradoxical nature of cultural–structural tensions in Indian organizations continues to be researched but, by focusing on paradox theory, the authors have opened doors for future research.Originality/valueAlthough there is no dispute that effective management of tensions can facilitate organizational performance, contradictory demands that lead to tensions have only intensified as organizational environments become more global, dynamic and competitive. Paradox theory is thus valuable for understanding tensions between equally valid principles, inferences and insights. Although this paper is based on a case study, the framework proposed here can form the basis for theoretical generalizability within certain limitations. Because organizations face similar paradoxical situations under competing demands during restructuring and because paradoxes are becoming increasingly prevalent in organizations, the authors expect their propositions to apply in other cases of restructuring. However, the authors would like to caution that the model developed here should be tested and refined in other contexts to more fully establish its validity and generalizability.

PurposeThis article outlines the challenges faced by the next Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) in 2022 – the need to address economic problems resulting from Hong Kong’s slow growth; its inability to restructure its economy to broaden job opportunities and improve upward mobility for young people; and the government’s belated attempt to deploy innovation and technology.Design/methodology/approachThis article is based on the author’s in-depth analysis of the current situation and insights on the challenges faced by the next Chief Executive.FindingsTensions are inherent in the concept of “One Country, Two Systems”. Back in November 2012, Deputy Director of the Hong Kong and Macao Office Zhang Xiaoming already reminded Hong Kong of the need to manage well three sets of relationships: (1) maintaining the “One Country” principle while preserving the SARs’ “separate systems”; (2) upholding Central Authority while preserving the SARs’ “high degree of autonomy”; and (3) unleashing the economic potential of mainland China while raising the competitiveness of the SARs. These three sets of relationships represent three fundamental difficulties in implementing “One Country, Two Systems”. However, Hong Kong kept ignoring Beijing’s advice and failed to resolve the tension between the mainland and Hong Kong SAR, culminating in the riotous events of 2019, which morphed into a dangerous, anti-China insurgency.Originality/valueThe next Chief Executive needs to mediate between the constitutional requirements of the Central Authority while preserving Hong Kong SAR’s “high degree of autonomy”, its unique character and lifestyle. He or she also needs to deal with continuity and change. Hong Kong cannot stand still, and should not allow itself to be lulled by the “50 years no change” mantra into overlooking the need to move with the times. Much reform needs to be implemented by the next Chief Executive to give people hope, faith in “One Country, Two Systems” and true love of the country.

Federations thrived where levels of government exist and function based on shared rule and self-rule concurrently. Thus, a key defining feature of federalism is the assignment of responsibilities between component units such that each unit is assigned specific responsibilities within its jurisdiction. However, in Nigeria, the disproportionate distribution of responsibilities and resources amongst the component units had resulted in a dysfunctional federation. By virtue of the provision of section 7 of 1999 Constitution, Supreme Court's judgements and extra-judicial pronouncements, local governments are under the "supervisory control" of the State Governments (SGs). However, the extent to which this supervisory control is exercised has been at the front burner of every discourse on Nigerian politics and particular governance challenges. While examining state-local governments relations from both legal and operational viewpoints, this paper illustrates how the SGs wore away the intent of the framers of the Constitution, which is to institute a system of local government that is properly organised, monitored supervised by the SGs. A qualitative research approach was used. Data was collected via official documents, relevant literature, and interviews from officials of the SGs and local governments and experts selected purposively and conveniently. The paper established that local governments are failing simply because the SGs have failed to perform their responsibilities per the spirit of the Constitution and other extant laws. The article finally advocates for an efficient and effective local government system premise on the federal decentralise system. In doing that, it is important to stress that the existing legal aspect does require slight adjustment especially granting the Houses of Assembly of State and state judiciary reasonable autonomy to checkmate the excesses of the SGs. Moreover, accomplishing this will significantly restructure and improve the operational aspect of the relationship for a virile local government system.

O estudo a seguir busca identificar o contexto de aprovação da Emenda Constitucional nº 97/2017, analisando a dinâmica imposta pelas escolhas do constituinte originário, quais sejam: o sistema eleitoral de representação proporcional com lista aberta, os distritos eleitorais de alta magnitude e o regime presidencial, que resultaram no presidencialismo de coalização. Sob esse aspecto, compreende-se a recente Emenda Constitucional nº 97/2017 como uma tentativa de aprimoramento do sistema vigente, sem alterações significativas no modo de escolha do Parlamento. Superada a análise contextual, passa-se à concepção da alteração constitucional, indicando dois elementos essenciais: a implementação da cláusula de desempenho e o fim das coligações partidárias nas eleições proporcionais. Diante dessas modificações, faz-se uma análise de suas consequências nas eleições gerais de 2018, quando teve início a aplicação da cláusula de desempenho, assim como nas eleições municipais de 2020, no momento em que entrou em vigor o fim das coligações. Verifica-se, ao final, que a Emenda Constitucional nº 97/2017 tem atendido às expectativas geradas, com uma tendência de redução do número de partidos existentes e uma reestruturação, ainda tímida, das agremiações partidárias, com possibilidades futuras de melhora do sistema de partidos.

Privatisation is a strategic policy restructuring the relationship between the state and the market, the public and the private, and hence, the political and the economic. It opens non-capitalist spaces to capital accumulation and creates new markets for international competition. Privatisation alters a society’s relationship to public goods, services and rights by commodification practices, and turns into a highly controversial reform in economic restructuring. This paper discusses how privatisation gained priority in Greece with the economic crisis. It incorporates the concept of depoliticisation to offer a new perspective on the analysis of the economic plans, programmes and documents that Greece signed with international creditors for the sake of its economic recovery. It claims that depoliticisation functioned as a strategy for putting privatisation policies onto the agenda by simply reproducing the elusive separation between the political and the economic. The paper argues that introducing extensive privatisation policies through internationally agreed-upon documents confirms the attempt to erode the political character of the process in order to (i) present such policies as a technical, economic imperative, (ii) externalise political decisions, and (iii) limit public discontent. The depoliticisation and privatisation processes reinforce each other in widening the state-market divide.

European colonialism and apartheid in South Africa included the alienation of land just as the restructuring of customary tenure. The reconstructed customary tenure vested title to land in the colonial and apartheid state in this way, merging sovereignty and property. The merger encouraged authoritative control of rural society. Customary tenure was argued to be communal and excluded individual rights. Regardless of the official rendition, customary tenure was dynamic, recognized individual use rights and “facilitated accumulation and differentiation.” In the present-day, customary tenure is perceived as unregulated capital, holding back the ability of the poor people to prosper. Thus, the relevance and place of customary tenure is in dispute. This article aims to examine the efficacy for preserving customary tenure, using Vhembe district as a case study. The article uses the exploratory qualitative approach to collect data.

There has been an unmistakable confluence of authoritarian restitution with the re-adoption of neoliberal economic measures in post-2013 Egypt. However, unlike earlier neoliberal restructuring in the 1980s and 1990s, both processes of political and economic restructuring happened against a crisis-ridden neoliberal global order. How have both phenomena been related? This article argues that authoritarian restitution in Egypt allowed the country’s re-insertion into the neoliberal global order in a time of prolonged and multifaceted crises, both domestically and globally. Sustained repression of the opposition and civil society became the primary condition for accessing badly-needed borrowing from IFIs and international bond markets, on relatively favorable terms for the regime (lower rates) and foreign investors (lower risks). The process has been multi-scalar where domestic developments were relatively autonomous yet deeply interrelated with regional and global actors, dynamics and flows with a considerable overlap and interpenetration between geopolitics and economics.

This paper analyzes how industrial agricultural production and an exclusionary immigration regime produce an embodied form of precarity among an undocumented immigrant labor force in the New York dairy industry, a much-celebrated engine of rural economic growth. In this industry, immigrant workers settle for years at a time, forming ethnic enclaves from which employers source workers for low-wage, exhausting, dangerous, year-round jobs. While much of the literature on migrant worker precarity has focused on temporary, insecure, flexible, and informal workers, this paper adds to this literature by analyzing how the permanence and regularity of dairy farming shape the embodied dimensions of worker precarity. The analysis shows how ‘everyday deportability’ (De Genova in Migrant “illegality” and deportability in everyday life. Annu Rev Anthropol 31(1):419–447, 2002), a weak regulatory structure, and the particularities of the production process combine to shape severe forms of physical risk to immigrant working bodies in the dairy industry. Findings are based on a qualitative study with current and former Latino/a dairy farmworkers between 2011 and 2015. This paper contributes to theorizing worker precarity in agricultural workplaces under the ongoing neoliberal restructuring of the global agri-food system.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has ravaged the globe in the past year, demanding shifts in all aspects of life including health profession education. The New York City area was the first major United States epicenter and is home to four genetic counseling graduate programs. We set out to explore the multifaceted programmatic changes required from the four institutions in an early pandemic epicenter, providing the longest time horizon available for assessing the implications of this restructuring on graduate education in the profession. Using practitioner‐based enquiry, our iterative reflections identified three phases of COVID‐19 response within our programs from March through December 2020. The spring months were marked by significant upheaval and reactivity, with a focus on stabilizing our programs in an unstable environment that included a significant medical response required in our area. By summer, we were reinvesting time and energy into our programs and prioritizing best practices in online learning. Relative predictability returned in the fall with noticeable improvements in flexibility and proactive problem‐solving within our new environment. We have begun to identify changes in both curricula and operations that are likely to become more permanent. Telehealth fieldwork, remote supervision, simulated cases with standardized clients, and virtual recruitment and admission events are some key examples. We explored early outcome measures, such as enrollment, retention, course evaluations, and student academic and fieldwork progress, all indicating little change from prior to the pandemic to date. Overall, we found our programs, and genetic counseling graduate education more broadly, to be much more resilient and flexible than we would ever have realized. The COVID‐19 pandemic has awakened in us a desire to move ahead with reduced barriers to educational innovation.

O estudo apresentado tem por objetivo levantar questões quanto a percepção de produtores criativos e de sua capacidade em participar e se adaptar ao modelo de economia emergente, pautada no desenvolvimento de criatividade e processos autorais de criação de produtos. Para tanto, levou-se em consideração as transformações observadas ao longo da última década, e que apresentaram Lisboa com uma cidade com potencial para tornar-se expoente em inovação e empreendedorismo criativo. A partir de levantamentos documentais de índices econômicos recentes e identificação de iniciativas, marcas e produtores autorais, foram verificados alguns dos fatores que favoreceram o desenvolvimento do setor. Os dados que compõem a pesquisa foram fundamentados em entrevistas com designers empreendedores, cujos discursos forneceram material para posterior análise. A análise da perspectiva dos profissionais participantes na pesquisa aponta para fatores responsáveis pelos processos que contribuíram para a reestruturação da economia.

The worrying welfare and political risks of expanding informal economies have put concerns about economic inclusion at the heart of contemporary development thinking — concerns further intensified in the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Amid a collective ‘will to include’, this Debate adopts an infrastructural lens to decipher the distributive and governance implications of the complex institutional, financial and digital linkages through which informal workers and consumers are being included in the circuits of contemporary market economies. Looking beyond imaginaries of seamless linkages, the articles in this Debate examine the specific processes through which these inclusive connections engage with informal actors, focusing on how they work and for whom. Articles focus on various types of inclusive infrastructures that connect deprived communities to jobs, resources and social citizenship, ranging from social protection systems to employment linkages and services for hard‐to‐reach populations. With a view to cutting through the ideological blurring of inclusive discourses, this Introduction will examine the strategies of legibility and regulatory restructuring effected through inclusive infrastructures. It reveals the hidden politics of inclusive linkages, reflects on the techniques of governance operating through socio‐technical connections, and examines processes of resistance and failed connections reworking inclusive infrastructures from below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Development & Change is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of greater strains imposed by the post-2008 global financial crisis, it has become more commonplace for young people to live with their parents for extended periods. Beyond a domination of Anglophone research, far less is known about whether these experiences of living with parents vary in countries with different economic and cultural contexts. This article focuses on young women in contemporary Greece – a society undergoing radical social restructuring in the wake of the post-2008 economic crisis. Drawing on qualitative interviews with young university-educated women in urban Greece (n=36), the article argues that the current fiscal crisis alongside long-standing patriarchal norms place a significant burden on the lives of these young women. It concludes that evaluation of the impact of financial crisis on the living arrangements of young people should carefully assess the interaction of the gender and cultural aspects of family lives.

The article shows that during the two decades of the 21st century, a new reality of trade and economic relations between the Russian Federation and Latin America (Latin-Caribbean America – LCA) has been formed and filled with concrete content, which, it can be argued, has passed the test of complementarity, and in a number of cases reached the level of large-scale partnership. According to the author, these relations are not artificially done geoeconomic construction, but a consequence of both objective factors that bring Russia and the LCA closer together (including in approaches to achieving the sustainable development goals and restructuring of the existing system of world economic relations), and the efforts of state bodies, business circles, representatives of the expert community interested in the development of Russian-Latin American cooperation. Of course, over the past decades the dynamics of trade and economic relations between Russia and Latin America has not always been stable, at some point it was largely lost, there was some pullback and “surrender” of some significant positions. This happened in large part because in the conditions of increased turbulence in the international markets and rapid global changes, the parties sometimes lost a promising vision of the future of Russian-Latin American economic cooperation, did not find opportunely new areas of cooperation attractive to both sides. In fact, positive introductory approaches to strengthening relations on the principles of strategic partnership have been periodically tested, especially in times of renewed international instability that has eroded the established world order. But each time the parties mobilized existing internal reserves and offered extraordinary areas of interaction. An example of the most recent time is the Russian vaccine Sputnik V, which has crossed political boundaries on the map of Latin-Caribbean America, became the core of the so called “vaccine diplomacy” and opened a “second breath” in the relationship between Russia and the LСA in the key area of business cooperation.

End State Anti-Robbery Squad (#EndSARS) protests represent symptoms of systemic issues in Nigeria. Those issues range from ideological differences of the various ethnic nationalities to the constitutional and structural imbalance in the political and economic equation. This paper attempts to put in perspective the implications of the over-centralisation of both political and economic powers. To do this, this research examines the events leading up to the #EndSARS protest, as well as the various signs and symbols emanating from the #EndSARS movement. Semiotics Theory is employed as conceptual framework and methodology to highlight the factors that ail Nigeria at the systemic level. Semioticians engage in a search for deep structures underlying the surface features of phenomena. With Semiotic theory as framework, this paper takes seriously the social conditions that led to the #EndSARS Protests, not neglecting the role of ideologies. The research has the potential to make useful contributions to both academic and socio-political cum economic knowledge for a meaningful national dialogue among contesting ethnic groups in Africa.

The research is focused on seeing the causes of the low performance of lecturers and students in Christian Religious Colleges (PTKK). The three main things that were discussed and analyzed as the root of the problem were the lack of publication awareness, lack of support for infrastructure and funds, and minimal research awareness. Therefore, if PTKK does not immediately present a solution for these three aspects, PTKK will be left behind and eliminated from global competition. PTKK is required to carry out restructuring and repositioning regarding policies and actions to overcome these three things. All of this research based on a literature review and is presented descriptively—data taken from secondary sources, i.e., web, research reports, and books, including data processed from Sinta and GARUDA.

Nigerian political system much as other nations across the globe has been set up on a particular structure, which covertly dictates the rules for the manipulations of powers and the access to available resources. The understanding of this structure has enabled some groups (especially the political elites and ethnic cum religious majorities) to chart their way out of group related challenges while the ignorance of the structure has made other groups (the electorates and minority groups) in the same system vulnerable to the inordinate ambitions of other groups. Hierarchies of governments in Nigeria such as federal, state and local governments reflect in their nature, opportunities and vulnerabilities for different categories of people of which if properly understood and utilised, will be more service oriented than theoretical assumption. This paper examines the ideal political structures of Nigerian political system, considering the roles of the elements in these structures, their pragmatic implications to the hope of the masses in Nigeria and the harmony of the Nigerian political system. This was carried out with the aid of structural functionalism and game theoretical models. Standing on the angle of utilitarian values of structures, the paper recommends the populists' approach to the Nigerian political structure by the common citizens for the reconciliation of the challenges of multi-ethnic cum religious interests and the crises of the political elites in Nigerian political system