1. Chemical and in vitro bioanalytical assessment of drinking water quality in Manhiça, Mozambique
- Author
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Iro Evlampidou, Fernando Goñi-Irigoyen, Ariel Nhacolo, Lourdes Arjona, Arsenio Etxeandia, Valdemiro Escola, Beatriz Lazaro, Cristina M. Villanueva, Tamara Grummt, Jose Muñoz, Berta Grau-Pujol, Jochen Kuckelkorn, and Enrique Ulibarrena
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Cadmium ,Haloacetic acids ,Epidemiology ,Population ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,chemistry.chemical_element ,030501 epidemiology ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Pollution ,Ames test ,Mercury (element) ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,medicine ,Water quality ,0305 other medical science ,education ,Fluoride ,Genotoxicity ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background The chemical quality of drinking water is widely unknown in low-income countries. Objective We conducted an exploratory study in Manhica district (Mozambique) to evaluate drinking water quality using chemical analyses and cell-based assays. Methods We measured nitrate, fluoride, metals, pesticides, disinfection by-products, and industrial organochlorinated chemicals, and conducted the bioassays Ames test for mutagenicity, micronuclei assay (MN-FACS), ER-CALUX, and antiAR-CALUX in 20 water samples from protected and unprotected sources. Results Nitrate was present in all samples (median 7.5 mg/L). Manganese, cobalt, chromium, aluminium, and barium were present in 90-100% of the samples, with median values of 32, 0.6, 2.0, 61, 250 μg/l, respectively. Manganese was above 50 μg/l (EU guideline) in eight samples. Arsenic, lead, nickel, iron, and selenium median values were below the quantification limit. Antimony, cadmium, copper, mercury, zinc and silver were not present. Trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles and haloketones were present in 5-28% samples at levels ≤4.6 μg/l. DDT, dieldrin, diuron, and pirimiphos-methyl were quantified in 2, 3, 3, and 1 sample, respectively (range 12-60 ng/L). Fluoride was present in one sample (0.11 mg/l). Trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene were not present. Samples were negative in the in vitro assays. Significance Results suggest low exposure to chemicals, mutagenicity, genotoxicity and endocrine disruption through drinking water in Manhica population. High concentration of manganese in some samples warrants confirmatory studies, given the potential link to impaired neurodevelopment.
- Published
- 2021