Search

The wild, edible mushroom Rugiboletus extremiorientalis has an excellent taste and also medicinal effects, and is very popular in China. In this study, hot water extraction is used to isolate polysaccharides from R. extremiorientalis fruiting bodies, and response surface methodology is used to optimize the extraction conditions in terms of temperature, liquid–solid ratio, and time. The crude extract (REP) is purified in turn by DEAE‐52 chromatography and Sephadex G‐100 chromatography, resulting in three fractions (REP‐1, REP‐2, and REP‐3) with recovery rates of 16.7%, 57.65%, and 6.63%, respectively. In vitro antioxidant activity is highest for REP‐2, and the subsequent research is therefore focused on that fraction. High‐performance liquid chromatography reveals that REP‐2 is comprised of fucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, and mannose. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy of REP‐2 indicates the presence of functional groups typical for polysaccharides. High‐performance gel filtration chromatography indicates the REP‐2 has a molecular weight of 342.4 kDa. The results of this study provide a foundation for future research concerning the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides in R. extremiorientalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) is used as herbal medicine and new food resource in China, which is nontoxic and harmless, and can be used as common food. Polysaccharide as one of the main bioactive components in D. officinale , mainly composed of glucose and mannose (Man p : Glc p = 2.01:1.00-8.82:1.00), along with galactose, xylose, arabinose, and rhamnose in different molar ratios and types of glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides of D. officinale exhibit a variety of biological effects, including immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, gastro-protective, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and vasodilating effects. This paper presents the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, bioactivities, structure-activity relationships and analyzes gaps in the current research on D. officinale polysaccharides. In addition, based on in vitro and in vivo experiments, the possible mechanisms of bioactivities of D. officinale polysaccharides were summarized. We hope that this work may provide helpful references and promising directions for further study and development of D. officinale polysaccharides. • D. officinale polysaccharides are purified by anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. • D. officinale polysaccharides possess diverse structures and configurations. • D. officinale polysaccharides exhibit diverse biological activities. • Structure-activity relationship of D. officinale polysaccharides should be addressed in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platycodonis Radix is widely used as homology of medicine and food in China; polysaccharides are thought to be one of its functional constituents. In this study, a pectic polysaccharide, PGP-I-I, was obtained from the root of the traditional medicine plant Platycodon grandiflorus through ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. This was characterized being mainly composed of 1,5-α-L-arabinan and both arabinogalactan type I (AG-I) and II chains linked to rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) backbone linked to longer galacturonan chains. In vitro bioactivity study showed that PGP-I-I could restore the intestinal cellular antioxidant defense under the condition of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) treatment through promoting the expressions of cellular antioxidant genes and protect against oxidative damages. • A pectic polysaccharide PGP-I-I was purified from Platycodon grandiflorus. • PGP-I-I contains long HG regions and AG side chains, with Mw of 27.9 kDa. • PGP-I-I promotes antioxidant defense of the intestinal porcine epithelial cells in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitraria sibirica Pall is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and rich in polysaccharides. The Xinjiang district of China is rich in Nitraria sibirica resources. Numerous preparations containing Nitraria sibirica have been used to treat various diseases in TCM. However, the relevant studies lack systematicness in both chemistryand pharmacodynamics, and the effective substances are still not clear. They are facing the crisis of "insufficient scientific interpretation of drug theory" and "unclear sourceof medicinal materials", which leads to the lack of scientific methods and indicators for the quality control of Nitraria sibirica or its preparations. Therefore, it is essential to systematically study genuine medicinal materials to solve the problems such as the confusion of medicinal materials, the lack of related literature, andtheoretical basis. In this paper, the isolation and bioactivity evaluation of polysaccharides from the Nitraria sibirica medicinal material was systematically discussed, which laid an important basis for elucidating the theoretical basis of its medicinal substances. The main findings are as follows: The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Nitraria sibirica polysaccharides (NSP) was optimized by response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimum conditions were liquidsolid ratio 33 mL/g, ultrasonic power 430 W, ultrasonic temperature 60 ℃ and ultrasonic time 70 min. At this condition, the yield of NSP wasup to 14.63 ± 0.21%. Four homogenous polysaccharides, namely NSP-a, NSP-b1, NSPb2, and NSP-c, were obtained through purifying by AB-8 macroporous resin, dialysis, DEAE-650M anion exchange, and Sephadex G-150 gel permeation chromatography. Among them, NSP-a was a neutral polysaccharide, and acidic polysaccharides for the others, with the purity 91.12 ± 1.15%, 94.02 ± 2.18%, 95.71 ± 2.56%, 94.30 ± 0.87%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A capsular polysaccharides (CPS) producer Bacillus velezensis SN-1 (B. velezensis SN-1) was isolated in Da-jiang, China. We used ultrasonic extraction to obtain CPS from a culture of B. velezensis SN-1 at a yield of 755 mg/L. Using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), CPS was separated into a single peak with a molecular weight of 1.46 × 105 Da. Its structures were characterized by gas chromatography (GC), methylation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The CPS was identified as a polysaccharide with a highly branched main chain of mannose with (1 → 3) connections. Moreover, our results revealed that CPS has the capacity to scavenge DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, ABTS radical and oxygen radical in a manner that relied on concentration. Anti-neoplastic analysis showed that CPS displayed significant anti-tumor activity towards HepG-2 tumor cells. Above findings indicate that CPS generated by B. velezensis SN-1 may be adapted for use as a natural antioxidant in foodstuffs and as an anti-tumor drug. Unlabelled Image • A purified cell-bound exopolysaccharides (CPS) were extracted from Bacillus velezensis SN-1 in Da-jiang. • The primary structure of CPS was identified by GPC, FT-IR, GC–MS, NMR. • The CPS exhibited potent antioxidant activity in vitro. • The CPS had significant antitumor activities on HepG-2 tumor cells in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achyranthes bidentata has been traditionally used in China as a nature remedy for osteoporosis; however, little is known about the osteoprotective effects of its polysaccharides. The crude A. bidentata polysaccharide (AB70) was prepared by hot water extraction- ethanol precipitation method and a homogeneous fructan (ABW70-1) was purified from AB70 by ion-exchange and gel filtration column chromatography. Structural analysis indicated that ABW70-1 was composed of (2 → 1)-linked- β - d -fructofuranosyl (Fru f), (2 → 6)-linked- β - d -Fru f and (2 → 1,6)-linked- β - d -Fru f residues, and terminated with fructose and glucose residue. AB70 treatment for 13 weeks has shown a therapeutic effect on ovariectomized rats by restoring bone mineral content and biomechanical properties of the femur. Moreover, such osteoprotective effects of AB70 on bone mass were accompanied by improving trabecular bone microarchitecture and decreasing serum levels of bone turnover biomarkers. Furthermore, ABW70-1 stimulated the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells by promoting cell proliferation, ALP activity, mineral nodules formation and the gene expression of Osx , Ocn and Bsp. These results suggest that A. bidentata polysaccharides have a great potential in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Unlabelled Image • Water soluble crude polysaccharide (AB70) was extracted from Achyranthes bidentata. • AB70 improved bone mineral content and biomechanical properties in OVX rats. • A homogeneous fructan, ABW70-1, was purified from AB70. • ABW70-1 stimulated osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. • ABW70-1 upregulated gene expression of Osx , Ocn and Bsp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides with multiple biological activities and health benefit effects are usually considered as one of the major function components in food and medicine dual purposes Chinese herbs (FMDPCH). With the increasing interest in the utilization of FMDPCH, their quality control is very important for ensuring their safety and efficacy. To date, there is no report focus on the analysis of polysaccharides in FMDPCH. Herein, advanced development for quality control approaches, including sample preparation, separation and fraction, qualitative and quantitative analysis, of polysaccharides in MPDPCH were reviewed and discussed. Especially, discrimination and quantification of polysaccharides, respectively, based on novel saccharide mapping and universal refractive index increment were focused. Besides, the perspective for the characterization of polysaccharides has also been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The polysaccharide of Opuntia ficus indica Mill. was isolated by water, and purified by Sephacryl S-400 HR column. The purity of polysaccharide was evaluated by HPLC coupled with gel permeation chromatography. Results showed that the neutral monosaccharide composition of O. ficus indica polysaccharide was rhamnose, arabinose, and glucose in a molar ratio of 1.00:2.98:2.57, with an average molecular weight of about 172,591Da. Further, its antioxidant capacities in vitro were respectively evaluated by the assays of inhibition of pyrogallol autoxidation, scavenging hydroxyl radical, and liver lipid peroxidation inhibiting. The crude water-soluble polysaccharide and purified polysaccharide showed notable free radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical-induced liver lipid peroxidation inhibiting ability, suggesting that O. ficus indica polysaccharide may be considered as a potential candidate for the natural antioxidants and possible health-promoting functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparison of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) from different geographical origins in China (Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Sichuan, Shaanxi) was performed using high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector (HPSEC-MALLS-RID), saccharide mapping based on polysaccharide analysis by using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE) and combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Based on the results of HPSEC-MALLS/RI, the relative content of SMPs showed a significant difference between different geographical origins, however, the molecular weight of SMPs showed almost no significance. SMPs can be discriminated as five regions after PACE coupled with OPLS-DA models analysis of endo-1,5- α -arabinanase hydrolysates. Moreover, all the PACE fingerprint indicated that 1,4- β -D-Galp, 1,5- α -Araf, 1,4- α -D-GalAp and 1,4- β -D-Glcp linkages existed in SMPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polysaccharides from nine species of Polygonatum were firstly compared. • Enzymatic digestion followed by HPGPC saccharide mapping were used. • Polysaccharides from most Polygonatum spp. consisted of pectins and fructans. • Polysaccharides from P. macropodium were mainly composed of fructans. • Both pectins and fructans were related to antiglycation activity. Multiple species of Polygonatum are used as "Huangjing" in China and polysaccharides are the main effective constituents of "Huangjing". However, there is a lack of systematic comparison of polysaccharides from Polygonatum spp., and little work concerning on the polysaccharides from unofficial species. This paper conducted a comparison study on the characterization, high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) saccharide mapping and antiglycation assay of polysaccharides and their enzymatic hydrolysates from nine species of Polygonatum. The results showed that polysaccharides from P. macropodium were mainly composed of fructans (3.3 × 103 Da); while polysaccharides from other eight Polygonatum spp. contained both fructans (2.5 × 103-4.1 × 103 Da) and pectins (more than 4.1 × 105 Da). Antiglycation assay showed that polysaccharides from Polygonatum spp. could significantly inhibit the formation of AGEs, and degradation of pectins and fructans could result in loss of activity. The results are helpful to the rational usage and quality control of Polygonatum spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]