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The private security industry has come to play a major role in Sweden and has become subject to a wide range of regulations. While these regulations give a sense of the role played by private secur...

Heavy policing remains ‘a chronic feature of public order operations’ (Waddington PAJ (1994) Liberty and Order: Public Order Policing in a Capital City. London: UCL Press), both in the form of officer numbers and in the proportionality of tactics employed. This paper argues that at the heart of this lies the assessment of threat and risk and how police commanders perceive, predict and manage the potential for disorder. It reports on the findings of a mixed-methods study, combining data from observations of three separate public order events, with in-depth interviews of seven high-level, police public order commanders from five different UK police forces. Analysis suggests that commanders construe ‘risk’ in very broad terms, seeking to mitigate not only physical harm but also abstract consequences such as reputational damage and loss of public confidence. Structured models central to the task of threat and risk assessment give the appearance of a quantitative and objective process. However, the actual appraisal of threat and risk, both before and during public order operations, is almost entirely heuristic. Furthermore, the analysis suggests commanders’ decision-making is acutely affected by the pressure of accountability. It is argued that at a tacit level, their threat and risk assessments reflect this and a direct consequence is the deployment of additional police resources. At a time when the police service is under intense pressure to do more with less, this paper discusses how refining the assessment of threat and risk may prove to be a critical factor in the delivery of cost effective and proportionate public order policing.

مستخلص کثر في السنوات الأخيرةفي مصر البناء العشوائي والتعدي علي الاراضي الزراعية، وعلي املاک الدولة، وتعددت حالات مخالفة القواعد القانونية المتعلقة بالمحافظة علي النظام العام، وأظهر ذلک أن هناک ضعف في الإشراف علي الوحدات المحلية المختصة بتنفيذ هذه القواعد، لذا صدر قانون يسمح بتعيين مستشار عسکري بکل محافظة وعدد کاف من المساعدين، للمساهمة في المتابعة الميدانية الدورية للخدمات المقدمة للمواطنين، والمشروعات الجاري تنفيذها.واستهدفت هذه الدراسة تحديد الوضع الحالي لدور المحافظين والأقاليم الاقتصادية في المتابعة والإشراف علي الوحدات المحلية والتخطيط الإقليمي والعمراني، والتعرف علي الدور الاشرافي والتخطيطي للأقاليم الکبرى في بعض الدول والإستفادة من هذه التجارب في تحديد الأسلوب الأکثر فعالية للمحافظة علي النظام العام بالوحدات المحلية والإشراف علي أنشطتها. وأوصت الدراسة بتغيير دور الأقاليم الاقتصادية والمحافظين وبناء وحدات إدارية إقليمية (فروع للسلطة التنفيذية المرکزية) تختص بالإشراف علي الوحدات المحلية، ومتابعة تنفيذ القواعد المتعلقة بالمحافظة علي النظام والأمن العام، وذلک بدلا من تعيين مستشار عسکري والذي قد يواجه بالنقد المحلي والدولي . کلمات مفتاحية: الأقاليم الاقتصادية – المحافظة علي النظم العام – الإشراف الرقابة علي الوحدات المحلية -المستشار العسکري بالمحافظات- البناء العشوائي – التعدي علي الأراضي الزراعية. Abstract: In recent years, there has been a lot in Egypt of random construction and encroachment on agricultural lands, and there have been many cases of violating legal rules. This showed that there is a weakness in the supervision of local administration units competent to implement these rules, so a law was issued allowing the appointment of a military advisor in each governorate to follow up the projects being implemented and the public services provided to citizens, this study aimed to identify the experiences of developed countries in the supervision and control of local administration. And discuss the current situation of the role of governors and economic regions in the follow-up and supervision of local administrative units. The study recommended the establishment of regional administrative units (branches of the central executive authority) specialized in supervising local units, and following up on the implementation of laws regulating public order, instead of appointing a military advisor who may criticize locally and internationally.

This study aims to describe, analyze, and interpret the implementation of local regulation no. 7 of 2017 concerning public order, especially social order by the Tomohon Civil Service Police Unit [1]. The results showed that: a) lack of understanding of the community regarding what are the benefits, goals and objectives of local regulations regarding social order, the community does not know because of the lack of socialization carried out by the implementor, so far the socialization has been carried out only in oral form, b) that the process of taking preventive measures has been carried out in the form of conducting patrols by the Tomohon Civil Service Police Unit with a schedule of 1 x 24 hours for 2 patrol groups and, c) Whereas the enforcement process is based on the element of what mistakes he has committed. If it is related to population problems to be resolved or processed, whether it is a Certificate of Domicile (SKD) or the issuance of an Identity Card (KTP). For matters of immorality and alcoholic drinks, an investigation is made in the form of an Investigation Report (BAP) and then issues a Statement Letter as a form of guidance, d) That legal enforcement is not following the mandate of Perda No. 7 of 2017 concerning Public Order because there are no cases that have been continued until the trial of minor criminal acts.

The purpose of the article is to study the issues of improving the protection of public order during the preparation and conduct of elections of senior officials of Russia by all participants in the electoral process within the competence defined by law.

Administrative procedures in the field of entrepreneurial activity should be introduced in order to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens, property, ethics, public order and safety of citizens and the environment, and the effective organization of public administration in this area.The article analyzes the procedures for liberalization, licensing and permitting of administrative procedures in the field of entrepreneurship.

The subject of the article are the issues concerning the enactment by local self-government bodies in Poland of a special category of acts of local law, i.e. public order regulations. Public order regulations belong to the sources of universally binding law in Poland. Not only government administration bodies, but also local self-government may adopt them. By means of public order regulations, such values as: life, health, property of citizens, environment, public order, peace and public security are protected. The status of public order regulations in the Polish legal order, which are bodies of local self-government units to protect the life or health of citizens and to ensure public order, peace and security, is not the subject to clear legislation or consent among scholars in the field and in relevant case-law. Therefore, the aim of the article is to determine the legal status of local law acts in the form of public order regulations in Poland and to define their role in the performance of tasks in the field of public security by local self-government. The author refers also to relevant legal solutions applicable in other member states of the Visegrad Group. The main thesis of the article is a statement that acts of local law in the form of public order regulations are a desirable manifestation of the law-making decentralisation of the state, which is necessary for the effective performance of tasks in the field of public security by local self-government bodies.

The publication aims to analyze public security and public order in conceptual and institutional terms as an analytical category of security sciences. The legislator defines neither public security nor public order. So far, they have been treated mainly as categories of administrative law. It is therefore important to assign them analytical content in the new scientific discipline. The research results allowed for the presentation of the thesis that public security and public order are mainly connected with protection against pathological phenomena occurring in the public space, which are minimized by institutions established to ensure it. These categories should constitute the research field (subject) of the security sciences. The research problem formulated in the form of the question: How are public security and public order treated in definitional and institutional terms? The problem was solved based on a critical analysis of the literature. The paper uses theoretical research methods, including analysis of literature and phenomena occurring in society and inference – as a cognitive factor of the subject of analysis. A critical analysis of the literature on this issue played a large role in the cognitive process.

In part I, the article presents the characteristics of non-military crisis situations, including natural threats and technical failures, terrorist threats, hybrid activities and disturbance of public order. The specified crisis situations imply specific actions of the public administration, which carries out its mission on the basis of national and international legal regulations. However, the forces and resources of the civil administration are not always able to provide assistance to all victims of crisis situations, in accordance with the applicable procedures. The implementation of procedures for providing aid and liquidating the effects of crisis situations requires specific, logistically prepared forces and resources. The legal regulations introduced on the basis of experience, including Poland's membership in NATO, enable the use of military forces to provide logistical support to the administration in crisis situations, under the so-called crisis logistics. Hence, the second part of the article presents the legal basis for the use of the Armed Forces in the logistic support of the civil administration, with particular emphasis on engineering troops and their support components, prepared for the liquidation of the consequences of crisis situations.

The article provides a comparative analysis of administrative legal norms of the Russian Federation and Finland that regulate the participation of citizens in the protection of public order. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the fact that the human rights activities of law enforcement agencies, their importance in the fieldof public law enforcement, personal and public security is often unproductive, especially in the context of the global economic crisis, in which the functioning of law enforcement agencies alone is obviously not enough to protect human rights and freedoms and maintain public law and order. It is known that public tension in the state, including in Russia and Finland, increases sharply in emergency situations: during man-made disasters, epidemics, social crises, and terrorist activities. In such situations, the existence of public organizations whose activities guarantee the protection of public order and the elimination of negative consequences of emergency situations is extremely necessary. The Author considers the concept of public order, reveals its essence and content. The definition of the term “protection of public order” is formulated. It defines the legal regulation of citizens’ participation in public order protection in the Russian Federation and Finland. Common and similar features of such regulation are highlighted. The main legal acts regulating the participation of citizens in the protection of public order in Russia and Finland are analyzed in detail. According to the Author, strict centralization, as well as the lack of proper interaction of law enforcement agencies with society, is one of the key problems of enforcement and protection of public order in the law enforcement system of Russia and Finland. The issue of voluntary national teams functioning both in Russia and Finland is being considered. Attention is drawn to their specific features. In the end, the author concludes that at present, both for Russia and Finland, the issue of protecting citizens who take part in the protection of public order is a difficult one. It can be stated that in comparison with the Russian Federation, Finland provides a much smaller amount of guarantees for the protection of citizens who participate in the protection of public order.

The article attempts to substantiate the expediency of changing the principles and methods of protection of public order by the police of Ukraine during mass events on the basis of European experience. The activities of the police to ensure public safety are considered in line with the application of three main practices (models): a) classical; b) an improved model of crowd behavior; c) models of «good practice». A detailed review of the models allowed us to trace the evolution of approaches to policing to ensure public order and security. The paper analyzes the research of scientists who have studied the «psychology of the crowd», analyzes the experience of the police of European countries during mass events and riots. The necessity of changes in the principles of work of the National Police of Ukraine on protection of public order has been determined. The concept of public safety and policing should be based on four key principles: 1) knowledge – possession of verified information about different groups of participants, their in-tentions, purpose, values and means of achieving the goal, as well as information about persons who may be considered as a source of risk; 2) assistance – a strategy of the police, aimed primarily at assisting the organizers and participants of the peaceful assembly in achieving their legal goal in a lawful manner; 3) communication – communication between the police and the organizers and participants of the peaceful assembly at all stages of its preparation and conduct to prevent conflicts, as well as the occurrence of possible offenses; 4) differentiation – consideration of participants in a peaceful assembly not as a crowd, but as a set of individuals who may have different views, objectives, goals and ways to achieve them.

This article is devoted to the problem of theory and practice of public administration in modern conditions. Actualization is carried out by searching for a new paradigm approach in order to determine the starting points regarding optimization and increasing the efficiency of the corresponding sphere of public relations. The self-organizational approach, developed as a synergistic-information approach, corresponding to the methodological principles of the modern postnonclassical paradigm of scientific rationality, which was the result of the development of ideas of cybernetics, tectology, theory of systems and theory of dissipative structures, represents a special (different from the “classical” (mechanistic)) view on the relations of organization and management of state processes. It is established that the process of organization is aimed at revealing new socially constructive qualities of the becoming systemic form and provides fixation and completion of the corresponding self-organizing structures of the state mechanism. Self-organization is included in the organizational process, providing flexibility and adaptive capacity of purposefully created structures. However, in this process, at the same time, there are stable structures of static importance, forming subsystems of management, designed to preserve the static form, regardless of their social value. The objective conservatism of these formations stagnates the creative renewal of the way of activity of social individuals, thus closing the process of formation of society as a whole and turning it into a system of final type. In this case, self-organization manifests itself as an opposing party to such a state and on a historical scale destroys the rigid structures of public administration, with their inherent anomalies of the state apparatus. In the synergistic-informational understanding of the meaning of the state, its administrative purpose is to provide conditions for the dynamic formation of society capable of overcoming extreme, crisis processes. As a result, it is possible to consider the provision on the unity of forms of public order - self-organization, organization and means of their provision - public administration. The latter is considered not only as a function of organization and manifestation of self-organization, but as a means of implementing public order in both forms. This implies overcoming the mismatch between the interests of the people and the system of power in the state policy. Since the formation of such a policy of the state is associated with the transition from the power base of regulation of public relations to the information one, this process acquires an objective meaning and cannot but form the basis for the development of the strategy of socio-economic and socio-political development of the country, all socially significant administrative projects.

Are governments able to continuously boost economic growth by spending for decades? Can the state be a more efficient user of income by improving the structure of public spending? The paper analyses the correlation between various types of public expenditures and GDP growth in different countries of the EU. The database was composed from the Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG) classification of public spending, which contains data of 25 EU economies in the period 1996–2017. Three econometric models were applied in accordance with the empirical practice found in the literature: first-differences general method of moment (GMM), fixed effects panel and ordinary least squares (OLS) models. The expenditures on social protection proved to have a negative, statistically significant and robust impact on GDP growth. The results are similar for general public spending, and while spending on public order also has a significant and robust coefficient, its sign is ambiguous. The novelty of the article relate to the findings on lagged education and health spending, which have a positive impact on GDP growth.

The Indonesian Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP) appears as an institution established by the government as a regional apparatus that its existence has a strategic position in the administration of regional government in order to create order, security, and obedience to local communities to regional regulations. Therefore, the function of the Satpol PP is to enforce regional regulations, one of which is the enforcement of local regulations regarding green line areas, but their implementation has encountered various obstacles. To help overcome this, a scientific study has a position to fill in the gap in the form of the absence of efforts to reveal the major function of Satpol PP and the legal obstacles to implementing its activities. To reveal this, the present study was designed using a normative legal research method design. Data were collected using a document study technique and analysed using a legal argumentation technique. The results showed that the function of SatPol PP in enforcing green line area regulations in Klungkung Regency is the functions of guidance, control function and supervision of the implementation of public order related to the green line area. The realisation of the SatPol PP function in enforcing the green line regulation has not been maximally executed because there are still several obstacles, such as the Klungkung Regency SatPol PP has not been able to take full action in enforcing the green line regulation law in the Klungkung Regency area, the lack of personnel carrying out structuring, the limited coaching and controlling activities, and lthe ack of public awareness of applicable regulations related to green line areas.

The article Peculiarities of application of administrative restrictive measures by law enforcement agencies to ensure public order and safety during public events The system of principles of protection of public order and safety consists of socio-legal and organizational-legal principles. Practical measures on the passport system in the areas where the public event is held, ie inspections of compliance with the rules of the passport system in the administrative area served, enterprises, organizations, institutions, railways, bus stations, car farms, hotels, camping, sanatoriums , control over the application of the passport-visa system in tourist bases. Taking into account the implementation of measures to restrict and prohibit traffic in public places to ensure public order and safety, the issue of restricting or stopping traffic in public places is carried out on the basis of a decision of the local government on the proposal of law enforcement agencies. The powers and rights of khokims set forth in Article 25 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Local Government" of September 2, 1993 should include the organization and control of compliance with security requirements for the organization and organization of public events, wedding venues.

Congestion, inconvenience of road users, garbage dumped arbitrarily causes unpleasant odors to disturb public peace. Control of people who trade as street vendors by Satpol-PP is a procedure for law enforcement. This study aims to explore and obtain a description of policy implementation, inhibiting factors for policy implementation, and efforts to control street vendors. Researchers used exploratory and qualitative design research methods with an inductive approach where the research informants consisted of elements from government and society. Collecting data using interview and documentation techniques. To analyze the research data using Edward III theory in Sobarsono (2020: 92) and a normative approach. The results of this study are that so far the implementation of policies regarding public policing and public order in controlling street vendors by Satpol-PP has not been optimal, and is still constrained in several ways such as: Apparatus Resources, Lack of public awareness. Suggestions to the Regional Government to be able to handle it by guiding and arranging rigid traders five.

Despite the plethora of its available studies at local level, the historiographic production on the Democratic Sexennial presents significant gaps in terms of Madrid's evolution. This article will seek to cover some of those gaps by focusing on the study of the dynamics that the local authorities of that city, subject to a democratising experience, developed throughout that period. Based on the research of the urban police documentation of Madrid City Council between 1868 and 1873, we will delve into the intervention policies of a municipal government renewed in its ideals, in relation to the change of scale that Madrid had reflected during the last decades of the monarchical era. More specifically, we will study the local initiatives concerning the implementation of good governance mechanisms in the city. Mechanisms that, in fact, covered up the attempt to reconfigure the urban space, in order to make it more legible and transparent with regard to its uses and social practices on a daily basis. Pese a la riqueza que evidencia en sus análisis locales, la producción historiográfica sobre el Sexenio Democrático presenta vacíos significativos en lo que respecta a la evolución de Madrid. El presente artículo buscará cubrir algunos de ellos centrándose en el estudio de las dinámicas que a lo largo de ese período advirtieron los poderes locales de la ciudad, sometidos a una experiencia democratizadora. A partir de la consulta de la documentación de policía urbana del Ayuntamiento de Madrid, se abordarán las políticas de intervención de un gobierno municipal renovado en sus idearios con relación al cambio de escala que había reflejado la urbe en las últimas décadas del período monárquico. De manera específica, se estudiarán las iniciativas concernientes a la implementación de unos mecanismos de «buen gobierno» en la ciudad, los cuales, en realidad, encubrían la pretensión de reconfigurar el espacio urbano para hacerlo legible y transparente en cuanto concernía a sus usos y prácticas sociales cotidianas.

This research is motivated by awareness and concern for public order, especially in tourist areas. This study aims to determine the policy actions of the West Manggarai Regency Government in managing parking in order to create orderly traffic and to find out the factors that hinder the parking arrangement in order to create orderly traffic in Labuan Bajo City, West Manggarai Regency. This research was designed using a qualitative descriptive method. The techniques used in collecting data are through interviews and documentation. The results show that the government's policy actions in managing parking in the city of Labuan Bajo have not run according to the regulations in the Labuan Bajo city area. Then, there was a mistake between the content of the policy and the implementation in the field. In addition, there is still a lack of awareness from the public to obey traffic regulations, especially parking and a lack of complete facilities where there are 2 areas that are at the center of congestion, namely Jl Soekarno Hatta and Jl. Mirror Stone Market. So this situation makes the people become a habit and low awareness in conducting parking arrangements in the city of Labuan Bajo. Therefore, through this research it is hoped that the Labuan Bajo City Government will increase the parking area in the shopping and market areas so as not to cause congestion. Then, the government is expected to be more assertive in providing guidance to parking attendants in order to comply with applicable regulations.

Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja merupakan organisasi perangkat daerah dalam penegakan Perda dan menyelenggarakan ketertiban umum sebagaimana yang tertuang dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 tahun 2010 tentang Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja mempunyai kewenangan untuk bertindak berupaya dalam melaksanakan suatu penertiban nonyustisial bagi masyarakat atau badan hukum yang bepotensi melakukan pelanggaran atas Peraturan Daerah dan Peraturan Kepala Daerah. Rumusan masalah yang dapat dipergunakan untuk penelitian ini yaitu adalah: (1) Apa saja yang menjadi tugas dan wewenang Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja dalam penegakan Peraturan Daerah dengan berlakunya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 6 Tahun 2010 di Kabupaten Badung; (2) Faktor-faktor apa saja mungkin yang menjadikan kendala dalam Penegakan Peraturan Daerah di Kabupaten Badung yang dilaksanakan oleh Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif. Adapun sumber dan jenis bahan penelitian ini adalah primer yaitu melihat dari perundang-undangan dan bahan sekunder tulisan para ahli dan hasil para ilmuwan kemudian diolah dan dianalisis secara deskriptif guna mendapatkan suatu kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa petugas Satpol PP adalah bagian dari Aparatur Perangkat Daerah yang mengemban tugas dan kewenangan sesuai dengan ketentuan perundang-undangan yaitu dalam Pasal 148 UU Nomor 23 Tahun 2014, bahwa kendala yang dihadapi oleh Satopl PP Kabupaten Badung banyaknya toko-toko modern yang belum memenuhi persyaratan perijinan secara lengkap sebagaimana yang menjadi ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan oleh Kabupaten Badung, sehingga dalam pelaksanaan tugasnya Satpol PP sering mengalami benturan dengan instansi terkait dan masyarakat. Saran yang diberikan penulis diharapkan ada sinergi antara Satpol PP dengan dinas terkait sehingga dalam hal menegakan peraturan dan ketertiban akan berjalan dengan baik sehingga kesan arogansi dari petugas Satpol PP dalam menjalankan tugasnya tidak berkembang dimasyarakat.

The article is devoted to a less studied topic — research of the main directions of activity of mining police of the beginning of the 20th century in the East of Russia. Far Eastern and East Siberian mining-police units were headed by the mining police chiefs (ispravniki), who were subordinate in their activities — the Irkutsk and Priamursk governorates-general. In the East of Russia, the mining police at the beginning of the 20th century carried out activities to protect public order, monitor compliance with criminal, labour and commercial legislation in the zone of mountain districts. The article deals with the structure of the mining police, the powers of the mining police. Normative legal acts regulating the regular construction of mining police in the region under study are being studied. The materials of the study were articles of scientists, norms of legislation of the Russian Empire, departmental acts of the Ministry of State Property, archival documents. The methodological basis of the study is a set of popular scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, and special methods — historical-legal, systemic-structural, comparative-legal. The result of the study was an analysis of the process of gradual change of the legislation of the Russian Empire in terms of the description of the functions of the mining police in the zone of mines of the Irkutsk and Priamursk governorates-general.

The results of the study showed problems relating to Law No.23 of 2014 concerning regional government. The village head had carried out his duties well in carrying out government activities. The Lurah has carried out various government activities that are regulated in legislation and the Lurah has followed various rules that were put in place in the implementation of community empowerment. The Lurah has carried out community empowerment in his territory and one of the collaborations that can be done with the community is by carrying out activities that are in direct contact with the community. The Lurah has led all the village officials very well and the Lurah has also ensured that the services performed to the community are running properly. Maintenance of peace and public order. The Lurah has also carried out his duties in maintaining order in his territory, this needs to be done so that the people can live in peace and peace. Maintenance of infrastructure and public service facilities. The Lurah has carried out his duties in maintaining various facilities around the area.

The Police Academy in Szczytno has a long and very variable history. Over the years, in place of existing militia schools of a military nature, new ones have been created, which were to meet the didactic needs of the then Civic Militia. Political changes from the early 1990s brought a wave of reforms in various areas of social and political life in The Republic of Poland. Serious reforms also concerned the security and public order authorities, including the newly appointed Police. A number of major changes were introduced to the level of police education, and in particular in the newly established Police Academy in Szczytno. These were not only formal changes, but ones that actually diametrically changed the profile and functioning of the academy. It was on the wave of these changes that the academy boldly started, and in the following years intensively developed, cooperation with Polish security and public order formations, to an extent that had not been done here until then. In this article, the author wishes to demonstrate, in a synthetic way, the participation of the academy in the process of improving the staff of the Polish security and public order system through intensively conducted cooperation in this field, not only in the didactic dimension, but also in scientific research

The corpus of law texts surviving from tenth-century England reveals a society that sought to maintain public order without anything resembling a police force. Rather than envisioning order as the product of state coercion, the kingdom’s upper-elite legislators understood society to attend to its own ordering on a local scale through a mix of individual action and communal self-regulation. This tenth-century idealized legal order is unlikely to hold much appeal today; it combined alarmingly libertarian assumptions about the legitimacy of lethal male violence with a harshly punitive communitarian approach to theft, involving both routinized execution and theft-prevention measures that intruded heavily on the lives of the ordinary people. Yet there is much to suggest that this vision of order was rarely realized, and that communal control meant this culture’s cruel fantasies of retributive justice often ended up yielding in the face of the more humane sentiments embedded in local interpersonal networks.

The subject of this article is the current legislation of the Russian Federation pertaining to establishment and potential implementation of the norms on the functions of protection of public order by the municipal authorities. Based on the conducted analysis, the authors determine problematic issues in legal regulation of application of these norms, explore foreign experience in the sphere of protection of public order, and consider the prospects for application of this experience in the Russian Federation. The main conclusions of the study consist in proposals on creation of an independent institution of municipal police, prospects for further work within the framework of development of the project of Federal Law “On Municipal Police in the Russian Federation”, taking into account delineation of authority of municipal police and the centralized apparatus of police sub-branches of internal affairs departments; complete transfer of the police patrol functions to the municipal authorities on protection of public order; formation of the mechanism of interaction between the internal affairs authorities and municipal police. The original conclusions made in this research are aimed at helping in preparation of the normative legal framework pertaining to legal position and organization of the work of municipal authorities on protection of public order, as well as formation of the mechanism of interaction between the internal affairs authorities and municipal police.

This article is devoted to the analysis of legal regulations constituting the basis for the Police cooperation with the State Forests National Forest Holding. The paper explains the concept of “cooperation” based on the doctrine of administrative law. The cooperation is aimed at facilitating and improving the implementation of assigned tasks and achieving joint objectives in ensuring safety and public order in forest areas. Greater effects can be achieved by both entities only if they cooperate with each other, conducting joint activities, providing mutual assistance in conducting official activities and exchanging information, than when each of those units would operate independently.

The article deals with topical issues of ensuring public order at the local government level in the light of the constitutional reform of 2020 and the adjustment of legislation in this area. The article substantiates the significance of this function of the state at the level of local self-government. Based on statistical data and analysis of the activities of internal Affairs bodies to ensure public order in the context of the pandemic, it is concluded that it is important to preserve not only the function, but also the constitutional consolidation of the independence of local self-government bodies to ensure public order in close contact with state bodies called upon to perform law enforcement activities. It is concluded that today it is difficult to assess the results of changes in the constitutional provision regarding the role of local self-government bodies in ensuring the protection of public order, since legislative changes have not yet affected the practice of implementing this function of local authorities

Since 2014, Federal legislation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of public order protection, including the regulation of the activities of people's vigilantes and public associations, has been developing very actively. The subject of the research of the manuscript is the legislation of the Russian Federation on the participation of citizens in the protection of public order and the normative legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with it. The article analyzes the adopted Federal law of 02.04.2014 No. 44-FZ "on participation of citizens in the protection of public order" for the possibility of implementing its individual provisions. The author considers the author's position in terms of strengthening guarantees to persons involved in the protection of public order in administrative legislation on the example of the Kaluga, Penza and Lipetsk regions and the Republic of Crimea and Dagestan. Specific recommendations are proposed to increase the prestige of citizens ' participation in the protection of public order

In a dynamic world, the protection of public order during the period of mass events requires the involvement of new actors to ensure it. New rights and responsibilities are given to existing state authorities and public associations of law enforcement. On an ongoing basis, the civil society of the Russian Federation and the authorities monitor the administrative and legal regulation of public order actors, calling for the optimization of the legislative regulating their activities, promptly correcting the identified shortcomings. This article discusses the involvement of private security organizations in ensuring public order during mass events. An analysis of certain provisions of the regulations governing the activities of private security organizations to ensure public order has been carried out. Based on the materials of the questionnaires of employees of private security organizations during the XXIX World Winter Universiade 2019 in Krasnoyarsk, the authors propose ways to solve the emerging problems, focusing on the trends of development institute of private security organizations’ participation in the protection of public order during mass events

Traditionally, public order clashes between police and protesters in Australia were intermittent and erratic, but police responses were often repressive and violent. By the 1990s, most police leadership was advocating a low-key strategy: one of communication and dialogue, negotiated management, and a less coercive approach to large-scale protests. This article argues that policing of demonstrations responds to the dynamics of differing protest contexts and behaviours. It explores the policing of some significant contemporary demonstrations in Australia ranging from industrial disputes to anti-globalization protests (1998 national waterfront dispute, 2007 Sydney Asia-Pacific Economic Corporation summit, and the 2014 G20 mega event in Brisbane). Although the policing approaches were markedly diverse, these case studies involved limited confrontation. Despite some notable exceptions, modern-day policing of protest in Australia has usually been non-confrontational, partly the result of police–protester liaison and dialogue. The psychological threat of police force, rather than its actual implementation, has restricted potential protest participation and limited violent clashes. A delicate and fragile balance exists between the police maintenance of order and security and the facilitation of a peaceful protest.

The paper addresses problems of the position of the local government of the commune level in the space of security and public order. The commune pursues tasks in this area besides other public tasks and ensuring security and public order falls within the category of fundamental tasks, the fulfilment of which requires considerable effort, including financial effort. The commune as a basic unit of local government is to respond to threats most immediately and neutralise them with its own resources and means, or if this is not possible, to prevent them from spreading. This is the main objective of the commune to be pursued in this area of running public administration.

El objetivo de este trabajo se concentró en la revuelta del movimiento estudiantil en Tlatelolco, México, que alteró el orden público en 1968. Las solicitudes de los estudiantes de diversas instituciones educativas, como las Vocacionales 5 y 2 del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), la Preparatoria Isaac Ochoterena incorporada a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), a las autoridades, terminaron en un suceso desdichado y violento, privando de la vida y lesionando a numeroso grupo de estudiantes, con la participación de las autoridades de seguridad pública(ejército mexicano, policía de gendarmería y policía federal), quienes recibieron órdenes del estado mexicano de reprimir dicha revuelta, con los resultados conocidos, estimándose que la ocupación de las diferentes corporaciones de seguridad pública en las universidades es violatoria de su autonomía, así como de las instituciones educativas en general, violatoria de los derechos humanos.

The purpose of this paper is to better understand and know what are the main tasks and functions of the Civil Service Police Unit, especially the police officers at the district level. As is known together, Satpol PP is an agency in the area that was formed to enforce Regional Regulations and Regulations of the Head of Region, to carry out public order and peace and to protect the community. The position of the district Satpol PP is under the Regent and administratively and operationally responsible to the Regent. In this paper the author will focus on the task of Satpol PP as protection of the community. Each region has different characteristics and experiencesdifferent disaster problems, ranging from floods, landslides, fires, droughts and so on. Disasters can be in the form of disasters caused by humans or because of nature and these events occur almost every year, even in some areas known as flood-subscribed areas. Writing this script is the result of a conceptual study, so the results of this writing are expected to be useful especially for readers so that they understand better what the Satpol is. Instruments for retrieving data are taken from several reference sources, electronic media and direct observations of the results of the author’s experience in the area. Keywords: Satpol pp, Community Protection and Disaster Mitigation