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[EN] We report herein the design of a strip-based rapid test utilizing bio-inspired hybrid nanomaterials for the in situ and at site detection of the drug scopolamine (SCP) using a smartphone for readout, allowing SCP identification in diluted saliva down to 40 nM in less than 15 min. For this purpose, we prepared a nanosensor based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with a fluorescent reporter (rhodamine B) and functionalized with bethanechol, a potent agonist of recombinant human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M-2 (M-2-AChR). M-2-AChR interaction with the anchored bethanechol derivative leads to capping of the pores. The sensing mechanism relies on binding of SCP to M-2-AChR resulting in pore opening and delivery of the entrapped rhodamine B reporter. Moreover, the material was incorporated into strips for lateral-flow assays coupled to smartphone readout, giving fast response time, good selectivity, and exceptional sensitivity. In an attempt to a mobile analytical test system for law enforcement services, we have also developed a dualplex lateral flow assay for SCP and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) also known as the so-called "cannibal drug"., This research was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (Spanish Government), the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI), the European Union (projects RTI2018-100910-B-C41 and RTI2018-101599-B-C22-AR (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, EU), the Conselleria de Innovacion, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEO 2018/024) and the German Research Foundation (DFG; CL 761/1-19). E. G. is grateful to the Spanish MEC for her FPU grant (FPU16/02464).

[DE] Mit DNA verschlossene und mit Farbstoff beladene mesoporöse Siliciumdioxid-Nanopartikel wurden zum Nachweis von Mycoplasma bis zu einer Nachweisgrenze von ca. 70 genomischen DNA-Kopien pro mu-L in real kontaminierten Zellkulturmedien ohne die Hilfe von PCR-Techniken eingesetzt., Diese Arbeit wurde durch die Spanische Regierung (MAT2009-14564-C04-01 und SAF2010 15512) und die Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2009/016 und 2010/005) unterstützt. E.C. dankt dem Spanischen Bildungsministerium für ein Stipendium

The coupling of gated-indicator delivery with highly specific biochemical recognition is an innovative strategy for the detection of DNA sequences, able to compete with classical methods which need PCR amplification, in important areas such as point-of-care diagnostics or detection of specific biological contaminations with pathogens. Such comparatively simple and cheap yet highly selective and sensitive assays hold promise for use in less-developed areas of the world., Financial support from the Spanish Government (MAT2009-14564-C04-01 and SAF2010 15512), the Generalitat Valenciana (PROM-ETEO/2009/016 and 2010/005) is gratefully acknowledged. E. C. thanks the Ministerio de Educacion for a fellowship. L. M. thanks Generalitat Valenciana for her Post-Doc VALI + D contract.

[EN] A novel nanodevice consisting of mesoporous nanoparticles loaded with vancomycin and capped with epsilon-poly-L-lysine (epsilon-PL) was prepared and its interaction with different Gram-negative bacteria studied. A remarkable improvement in the efficacy of the antimicrobial drug epsilon-PL and a broadening of the antimicrobial spectrum of vancomycin is demonstrated., The authors thank the Spanish Government (project MAT2012-38429-C04-01) the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO/2009/016) and the CIBER-BBN for their support. N.M. also thanks the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for her FPI grant. L.M. also thanks Generalitat Valenciana for her post-doc VALI+D contract.

[EN] The synthesis of capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) conjugated with an antibody (AB) as a gatekeeper has been carried out in order to obtain a delivery system able to release an entrapped cargo (dye) in the presence of a target molecule (antigen) to which the conjugated antibody binds selectively. In particular, MSN loaded with rhodamine B and functionalized on the external surface with a suitable derivative of N-(t-butyl)- 3-oxo-(5a,17b)-4-aza-androst-1-ene-17-carboxamide (finasteride) have been prepared (S1). The addition of polyclonal antibodies against finasteride induced capping of the pores due to the interaction with the anchored hapten-like finasteride derivative to give a MSN¿hapten¿AB nanoparticle S1-AB. It was found that the addition of capped material S1-AB to water solutions containing finasteride resulted in displacement of the antibody, pore uncapping and entrapped-dye release. The response of the gated material is highly selective, and only finasteride, among other steroids, was able to induce a significant uncapping process. Compared with finasteride, the finasteride metabolite was able to release 17% of the dye, whereas the exogen steroids testosterone, metenolone and 16-b-hydroxystanozolol only induced very little release of rhodamine B (lower than 10%) from aqueous suspensions containing sensing solid S1-AB. A detection limit as low as 20 ppb was found for the fluorimetric detection of finasteride. In order to evaluate a possible application of the material for label-free detection of finasteride, the capped material was isolated and stored to give final sensing solid S1-AB-i. It was found to display a similar behavior towards finasteride as to that shown by freshly prepared S1-AB; even after a period of two months, no significant loss of selectivity or sensitivity was noted. Moreover, to study the application for the detection of finasteride in biological samples, this ¿aged¿ material, S1-AB-i, was tested using commercially available blank urine as matrix. Samples containing 70 and 90% blank urine were spiked with a defined amount of finasteride, and the concentration was determined using capped S1-AB-i. Recovery ranges from 94% to 118% were reached., Financial support from the Spanish Government (project MAT2009-14564-C04-01) and the Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) (projects PROMETEO/2009/016 and PROMETEO/2010/008) is gratefully acknowledged. E. C. thanks the Minesterio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN, Spain) for her fellowship.

The design of comparatively simple and modularly configurable artificial systems able to communicate through the exchange of chemical messengers is, to the best of our knowledge, an unexplored field. As a proof-of-concept, we present here a family of nanoparticles that have been designed to communicate with one another in a hierarchical manner. The concept involves the use of capped mesoporous silica supports in which the messenger delivered by a first type of gated nanoparticle is used to open a second type of nanoparticle, which delivers another messenger that opens a third group of gated nanoobjects.We believe that the conceptual idea that nanodevices can be designed to communicate with one another may result in novel applications and will boost further advances towards cooperative systems with complex behavior as a result of the communication between simple abiotic individual components., Financial support from the Spanish government (project MAT2012-38429-C04-01) and the Generalitat Valencia (project PROMETEO/2009/016) is gratefully acknowledged. E.A. thanks the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (project SP20120795) for support. C.G. is grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for a grant. E.C. is grateful to the Adolf-Martens-Fonds for a fellowship. We are indebted to M. Dinter (LTB Lasertechnik Berlin GmbH) for assistance with the graphics.

Das Design von vergleichsweise einfachen und modular konfigurierbaren k nstlichen Systemen, die ber den Austausch von chemischen Botenstoffen miteinander kommunizieren kçnnen, ist unseres Wissens ein bislang unerforschtes Gebiet. In einer grundlegenden Arbeit pr sentieren wir hier eine Serie von Nanopartikeln, die in hierarchischer Art und Weise miteinander kommunizieren kçnnen. Das Konzept beruht auf gedeckelten mesoporçsen Silikat-Tr gern, bei denen der aus einem ersten Typ von gesteuerten Nanopartikeln freigesetzte chemische Botenstoff einen zweiten Typ von gedeckelten Nanopartikeln çffnet, welche wiederum einen anderen Botenstoff freisetzen, die eine dritte Gruppe von gesteuerten Nanoobjekten çffnen. Dieses Konzept, das nanoskopische Objekte so aufgebaut werden kçnnen, dass sie miteinander Informationen austauschen, kann unserer Meinung nach zu einer Reihe neuartiger Anwendungen f hren und wird Fortschritte im Bereich kooperativer Systeme mit komplexen Eigenschaften, die auf der Kommunikation einfacher individueller abiotischer Komponenten basieren, befçrdern.

An aptamer-capped mesoporous material for the selective and sensitive detection of &-thrombin in human plasma and serum has been prepared and characterised., The authors thank the Spanish Government (project MAT2012-38429-C04-01, CTQ2010-20541) the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO/2009/016) and the CIBER-BBN for their support. C. C. thanks the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV PAID-06-11) for support. M.O. is grateful to the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for her grant.

This critical review is focused on examples reported in the year 2009 dealing with the design of chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors or reagents for anions (264 references).

[EN] Antibodygated MSNs that are loaded with a rhodamine dye and that can be used for the determination of the presence of peroxide-based explosive TATP with a lateral-flow fluorescence reader have been designed and prepared, thereby allowing for detection limits in the lower ppb range. The mechanism of the detection relies on a displacement of the antibody from the surface of the hybrid material because of highly affine antibody-TATP interactions, which release a much larger number of entrapped dye molecules from the pores than antibodies are displaced. The high selectivity of the antibody is retained in the gated material, thus allowing for a remarkable discrimination against H2O2. System design and optimization led to straightforward integration into a lateral-flow assay without further treatment or conditioning of the test strips while guaranteeing fast overall assay times of minus or equal 10 min. Moreover, besides showing a remarkable robustness, the inherent architecture of the assay relies on a single-step immunochemical reaction, that is, it can dispense with secondary (labeled) antibodies and enables ratiometric signal assessment in the presence of the analyte by simple comparison of the fluorescence signals in two zones. Because of the modularity of the approach, the concept is easily generalizable and applicable for many small-molecule analytes. For instance, assays can be imagined that contain various hybrids of S1-AB(n) type, for which each material capped with a certain antibody is loaded with a different dye, thus envisioning multiplexed analysis with such simple assays., Financial support from the Spanish Government (MAT2009-14564-C04-01), the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2009/016), the Innovationsfonds (BAM/Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Technologie), and BAM's PhD Program (M.A.W.) is gratefully acknowledged. E.C. thanks the Ministerio de Educacion for a fellowship. We are indebted to J. Schenk, BAM-1.0, for help with the piezo dispenser and S. Fischer and W. Weigel, Scienion AG, Berlin, for support with the spotter.

Hybrid nanoparticles with a large specific surface area are a particularly exciting vehicle for delivery applications. Such highly porous or container-like structures, usually prepared from silica and frequently from gold, can incorporate a large number of chemical substances such as drug and/or indicator molecules. When equipped with a chemically or physically addressable gating function at the openings of the voids, the release of the cargo can be controlled at will. Because many more molecules can be stored as cargo in the pores of the support than there are functional groups as anchoring sites for the gating entities attached to the outer surface (for efficient pore capping), the systems possess inherent features of (signal) amplification. The present article will introduce various design strategies for different types of physical (light, temperature, magnetism) and chemical (pH, metal ions, anion, small organic molecules, enzymes) stimuli in connection with drug and indicator release. We will highlight exciting aspects of combining both features in theranostic applications and will stress which requirements still have to be met by many of the systems to be readily applicable in a sensory context., Financial support from the Innovationsfonds (BAM/Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Technologie), the Spanish Government (project MAT2012-38429-C04-01) and the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO/2009/016) is gratefully acknowledged.

The present study reports a novel approach for the chromogenic sensing of CO2 using silica nanoparticles N1 functionalized with amino and thiol moieties. The reaction of CO2 present in air with the hybrid silica nanoparticles controlled the access of a squaraine dye to the surface of nanoparticles, due to formation of carbamates between amino groups and carbon dioxide. This competitive reaction results in a simple chromogenic response to CO2. By using these bifunctionalized nanoparticles CO2 detection was achieved using suspensions of N1 in phosphate buffer or by using N1 directly in contact with air containing CO2. The use of nanoparticles that can be easily functionalized with two or more individual groups that are able to react with dyes and CO2, and the possible use of a wide range of different dyes (for signalling), makes this approach highly appealing and versatile for the design of chromo¿fluorogenic dosimeters for the evaluation of the accumulative exposure to CO2 in different environments, Financial support from the Spanish Government (project MAT2012-38429-C04-01) and the Generalitat Valencia (project PROMETEO/2009/016) is gratefully acknowledged. A. A. thanks the Generalitat Valencia for a Santiago Grisolia fellowship. M. E. M. is grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for an FPU grant.

A hybrid nanoscopic capped mesoporous material, that is selectively opened in the presence of nerve agent simulants, has been prepared and used as a probe for the chromo-fluorogenic detection of these chemicals. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry., Financial support from the Spanish Government (project MAT2009-14564-C04-01 and -02) and Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO/2009/016) is gratefully acknowledged. I. C. thanks the UPV for her Fellowship. SCSIE (Universidad de Valencia) is gratefully acknowledged for all the equipment employed.

A new chromo-fluorogenic sensing protocol for anionic surfactants in aqueous environments using silica functionalised nanoparticles containing imidazolium and thiol groups has been developed. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry., Financial support from the Spanish Government (project MAT2009-14564-C04-01) and the Generalitat Valencia (project PROMETEO/2009/016) is gratefully acknowledged. E. C. and C. G. thank the MICINN and the UPV for fellowships.

Silica nanoparticles containing polyamines and thiol groups have been used as probes for the selective detection of Tetryl. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry., Financial support from the Spanish Government (project MAT2009-14564-C04-01) and Generalitat Valencia (project PRO-METEO/2009/016) is gratefully acknowledged. Y.S. is grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for a grant.