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The mixed enzymes-assisted mechanical bio-extraction method was first used to extract polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale. Different parameters including the ratio of enzyme, the amount of enzyme, the grinding time, the extraction time and the solid/liquid ratio were investigated by single factor experiments and multifactorial experiments. Through the response surface methodology the optimal extraction conditions were obtained with the ratio of cellulase to pectinase was 2: 1 and total amount of enzyme was 0.23 mg, the grinding time of 11.48 min, the extraction time of 5.99 min. The obtained polysaccharide extracts were hydrolyzed and derivatized and then injected into high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF/MS) for monosaccharide composition analysis. After optimization of the chromatographic conditions (including mobile phase and column), twelve monosaccharides were successfully determined within 20 min. The proposed method provided satisfactory linearity with the correlation coefficients higher than 0.99, suitable recoveries (81.46–114.92 %), acceptable reproducibility ranging from 0.06 % to 4.77 %, low limits of detection (0.70–45.45 ng/mL). Compared with other methods, this method makes the extraction efficiency much higher and has the advantages of simple operation, environmental friendliness and mild extraction conditions. Therefore, this method can be used for the extraction of polysaccharides from plants and the determination of monosaccharides and has the potential to be used in more areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A mechanically assisted coamorphous dispersion extraction method was developed. • This method successfully extracted hydrophobic compounds from plant tea with water. • Environmental protection and higher extraction efficiency were achieved. This study aimed to establish a novel mechanically assisted coamorphous dispersion extraction (MADE) method for the extraction of hydrophobic compounds (hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeretin) from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium using water. The surface morphology, particle size distributions, phase states and functional groups of the coground product surface were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The parameters affecting the efficiency of extraction method were optimized by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The method showed good linear relationships in the range of 1–500 μg/mL with correlation coefficients (R2) ≥ 0.9990, low limits of detection ranging from 3.0 to 28.3 ng/mL, and acceptable recoveries ranging from 87.0 to 91.0%. Therefore, the proposed MADE method is a promising, efficient and organic solvent-free method for the extraction of hydrophobic compounds from plant tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A biosurfactant-assisted mechanical amorphous dispersion extraction was developed. • Salvia miltiorrhiza samples were mechanically ground with sodium chenodeoxycholate. • Simultaneous extraction of hydrophilic and hydrophobic analytes was achieved. • The method obtained high extraction efficiency under organic solvent-free conditions. A biosurfactant-assisted mechanical amorphous dispersion extraction (BA-MADE) procedure was established for the simultaneous capture of hydrophilic phenolic acids and hydrophobic tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Single-factor experiments and the response surface methodology were used to optimize and analyze the crucial parameters for the method, such as the type and amount of amorphous-dispersion extractants, grinding time, extraction time and solid-to-liquid ratio. The optimized parameter values for the BA-MADE process were 407.02 mg of sodium chenodeoxycholate, a grinding time of 4.87 min, an extraction time of 4.92 min, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.5:10 g/mL. The calibration curves of danshensu, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid A, dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, and tanshinone II A exhibited good linearity in the range of 1–500 μg/mL (R2 ≥ 0.9990). The limits of detection of nine analytes ranged from 5.46 to 130 ng/mL, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intraday and interday precision were less than 1.95 and 3.56%, respectively, and the recoveries of the real sample were in the range of 85–113%, with RSD% below 3.21%. The BA-MADE method was compared with previously reported methods, such as heating reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction and microwave-assisted micellar extraction, and the results demonstrated that the developed method has significant advantages in the simultaneous extraction of hydrophilic and hydrophobic active components from Salvia miltiorrhiza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An in-situ formation of ion pair assisted LLME method was developed. • This method was suitable for the separation of highly ionized basic compounds. • The proposed method was optimized by single-factor and multi-factor experiments. • Higher extraction efficiency, better reproducibility and environmental protection were achieved. A simple and rapid method for the determination of microsacle natural alkaloids, being based on the reaction of in-situ formation of ion pair assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (LLME) was established. Microsacle alkaloids and acid dyes formed ion pairs online, which were easily extracted by bonding reagent at an appropriate pH, so as to realize the enrichment and determination of alkaloids. The experimental parameters such as pH value, vortex time, dye types, amount of dye and solvent types were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, good linear relationships (R2 ≥ 0.9995) were obtained, the detection limits of the proposed method were between 8.9 and 16.7 ng/mL, and the average recoveries of four alkaloids ranged from 87.20 to 102.50%. These results demonstrated that the LLME procedure was a potential method for the separation and determination of alkaloids from natural medicinal materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid, efficient, and environmentally friendly matrix solid‐phase dispersion microextraction was established to determine and quantify terpenoids in Radix Curcumae using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. Various parameters affecting the extraction were investigated in detail, such as the grinding time, amount of adsorbent, type and concentration of elution solvent, and pH. The optimization of single‐factor and response surface methodology was performed to confirm the best conditions in this procedure. The final optimized conditions were obtained by applying 70 mg of cucurbituril as adsorbent, 149 s as the optimum grinding time, and 228 mM of 3‐(N,N‐dimethylpalmitylammonio)propanesulfonate aqueous solution (pH 6.5) as the optimal elution solvent. The validated method showed a satisfactory linear range of 0.10–10 µg/mL for curdione and furanodiene, 0.01–10 µg/mL for isocurcumenol and germacrone, and 0.05–10 µg/mL for furanodienone, while the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.9945 to 0.9970. The recoveries of the investigated analytes at two spiked concentration levels (0.1 and 1.0 µg/mL) ranged from 96.53 to 104.60%. In addition, this method displayed acceptable reproducibility (relative standard deviation ≤ 3.66%). The results showed that the newly proposed matrix solid‐phase dispersion microextraction method was successfully applied to analyze curdione, isocurcumenol, furanodienone, germacrone and furanodiene in Radix Curcumae samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An in situ effervescence reaction-assisted MCAE method is proposed. • Ganoderma lucidum samples are mechanically ground with solid acid-base reagents. • Ganoderic acids are extracted by water instead of an organic solvent. • The approach has the advantages of simple operation and high efficiency. The aim of this work was to develop a simple, green and low-consumption method for the extraction of ganoderic acids. An in situ effervescence reaction-assisted mechanochemical extraction method was proposed, and the effects of independent variations in terms of sodium bicarbonate concentration, milling time, and liquid/solid ratio (mL/g) were investigated by means of a response surface methodology (RSM) Box-Behnken design (BBD). The highest yields of ganoderic acids were achieved by grinding a Ganoderma lucidum sample with sodium bicarbonate (372.60 mg/g) and citric acid for 0.87 min with a water to material ratio of 10.58 mL. The linear calibration ranges were from 0.01–5 μg/mL for the six analytes and had good linearity with a correlation coefficient of determination higher than 0.9991. In addition, the obtained LODs of the six target analytes were 1.46 − 2.97 ng/mL, and the LOQs calculated as ten times the signal-to-noise ratio were 4.88 − 9.90 ng/mL. The proposed method was successfully applied to the Ganoderma lucidum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]