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Una de las aplicaciones habituales dentro de los sistemas multi-robot es la percepción distribuida. Este mecanismo de cooperación permite que cada robot sea capaz de modelar su entorno, más alla de lo que percibe a través de sus propios sensores, apoyandose en las observaciones de otros robots del equipo. Las técnicas probabilísticas de fusión sensorial pueden emplearse para combinar percepciones de varios robots y obtener una única estimación global. En este artículo se presentan dos aproximaciones al problema de la percepción distribuida de la pelota dentro del escenario de la RoboCup

In this article we want to discuss the skills required for human teleoperators of mobile robots. We show the classical problems related with teleoperation but focus our discussion in not specialized operators. We want to show how a proposal based on augmented reality interfaces can improve the performance of operators controlling the robot. We present the validation of our solution in two experiments: one in a controlled circuit and another one in a real environment. To carry out our experiments we use a low cost robotic surveillance platform

P. 708-715 This paper presents a visual based localization mechanism for a legged robot. Our proposal, fundamented on a probabilistic approach, uses a precompiled topological map where natural landmarks like doors or ceiling lights are recognized by the robot using its on-board camera. Experiments have been conducted using the AIBO Sony robotic dog showing that it is able to deal with noisy sensors like vision and to approximate world models representing indoor of ce environments. The two major contributions of this work are the use of this technique in legged robots, and the use of an active camera as the main sensor SI

Mobile robots need to be able to communicate among them, and with other hosts participating in a given task. Traditional wired networks are obviously not suitable for mobile robots. Current wireless networks are usually based on a fixed network infrastructure (base stations) to route packets. The best alternative for mobile robots are Ad-Hoc networks, which are wireless networks that do not need a fixed infrastructure. This paper describes PERA, an adaptation of an adhoc routing protocol that runs on Eyebot mobile robots. By using PERA, a robot can send messages to other robots or hosts that are not directly reachable through its radio antenna, by routing messages through intermediate mobile robots. The design, implementation and lessons learned in the initial tests of PERA are presented in this paper

En la Inteligencia Artificial, desde sus orígenes, han existido dos corrientes básicas, la simbólica y la subsimbólica. Estas dos aproximaciones han tenido gran influencia también en la robótica. En este artículo queremos presentar un enfoque menos conocido, el de la etología, y en concreto su aplicación a la generación de comportamiento autónomo en robots móviles. Para ello presentamos los fundamentos de la "Jerarquía Dinámica de Esquemas", una arquitectura para el control de robots móviles, basada en la composición de unidades simples denominadas "esquemas" siguiendo las teorías etológicas de Arbib. Igualmente se presentan experimentos preliminares que validan esta aproximación y se discute su viabilidad y se presentan los trabajos previstos para continuar investigando en esta línea

Research on Mobile robotics is in our opinion more focused on generating autonomous behaviors than on the development of basic technologies (locomotion, localization, navigation, etc.). However, this issue is really a complex problem where many technologies converge: artificial perception, electronics, even philosophy and there are no general theories generally accepted in the research community. Historically, Cybernetics was the first subjacent theory, then artificial intelligence techniques were the dominant paradigm used to try the solve the problem, in the 90s the focus turned to biology based systems, nowadays ethology has emerged again as the most promising theories to generate autonomous behavior. In this paper we want to present the most relevant concepts borrowed from ethology that have been successfully used in mobile robotics, such as the use of ethograms in robotic pets or the ideas of schemes, or the use of fixed actions patterns to implement reactivity

Position estimation is one of the classic problems in mobile robotics. The goal of this paper is to compare two probabilistic localization methods based on local vision for a mobile robot. The experimental set up is based on the Aibo league of the RoboCup, where the robotic dogs major sensor is the on-board camera. Two localization algorithms, Bayesian and Montecarlo (MCL), have been implemented and compared, and their behaviour studied in several situations using a simulator

116 p. El comportamiento de un robot autónomo viene determinado por el programa que gobierna sus actuaciones. La creación de programas para robots debe cumplir con ciertos requisitos específicos frente a la programación en otros entornos más tradicionales, como el ordenador personal. En este artículo planteamos que el software de los robots se estructura actualmente en tres niveles: sistema operativo, plataforma de desarrollo y aplicaciones concretas. En los últimos años, han surgido con fuerza plataformas de desarrollo con la idea de facilitar la construcción incremental de estas aplicaciones robóticas. Más allá del acceso básico a los sensores y actuadores, las plataformas suelen proporcionar un modelo para la organización del código y bibliotecas con funcionalidades comunes. En este artículo se identifican y analizan esos tres niveles, describiendo desde esta perspectiva los entornos de desarrollo de los robots reales más extendidos, y las tendencias más recientes

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la aplicación de técnicas desarrolladas en el campo de la robótica móvil al terreno de los vehículos pesados. En concreto, se presenta la aplicación de sensores y algoritmos de origen robótico a un sistema de adelantamiento entre vehículos pesados. Con este sistema se persigue agilizar esta maniobra aumentando la fluidez del tráfico y mejorando la seguridad. El sistema descrito utiliza una serie de sensores distribuidos por el vehículo y un procesador para identificar el inicio y fin del adelantamiento, elevando en esas situaciones el umbral máximo de velocidad permitida al vehículo. En este artículo justificamos la utilidad de este sistema, establecemos los requisitos que debe cumplir, describimos el prototipo realizado y detallamos las pruebas llevadas a cabo con él para verificar su funcionamiento

142 p. Los paises de nuestro entorno han detectado con antelación un problema que ahora se empieza a producir en España. el descenso de matrícula en las carreras técnicas, en especial en las ingenierías. El motivo es la percepción social de la dureza de estas carreras y su supuestamente aburrido desarrollo, a lo que se añade una proyección social en decadencia. Muchas iniciativas para promocionar estas carreras han decidido utilizar los robots como medio para acercar las disciplinas técnicas a los alumnos de educación secundaria. Además de la componente tecnológica, la robótica tiene una componente académica muy importante. En el marco de la Enseñanza Secundaria, tanto la ESO como el bachillerato, los robots sencillos suponen una herramiente idónea para aplicar los conceptos teóricos de asignaturas como Tecnología, Informática, Física, etc.. Conceptos centrales de la asignatura de Tecnología, como mecánica, electricidad y programación encuentran en los robots una plataforma para ponerlos en práctica y aprender de modo experimental.

P. 307-320 Mobile robots need to be able to communicate among themselves, as well as with hosts participating in the task that they are all involved in. Wired networks are obviously not suitable for mobile robots. Current wireless networks based on a fixed infrastructure (GSM, WiFi, etc.) to route packets may not be suitable because this infrastructure does not cover every place and the requirements of its resources. The best choice for mobile robots are Ad-Hoc networks, which are wireless and do not need a fixed infrastructure. This article describes PERA, a complete communications library including link, net, and transport layers for mobile robots with reduced communications capacity. The network layer is based on a well-known ad-hoc routing protocol adapted to limited devices. This protocol has been implemented and tested on EyeBot mobile robots. Robots using PERA can send messages to other robots or hosts that are not directly reachable through their radio antenna range, by routing messages through intermediate mobile robots also running PERA. The design, implementation, testing and lessons learned in the development of PERA are presented in this article SI

Mobile robots need to represent obstacles in their surroundings, even moving ones, to make right movement decisions. For higher autonomy the robot should automatically build such representation from its sensory input. This paper compares the dynamic character of several gridmap building techniques: probabilistic, fuzzy, theory of evidence and histogramic. Two criteria are defined to rank such dynamism in the representation: time to show a new obstacle and time to show a new hole. The update rules for first three such techniques hold associative property which confers them static character, inconvenient for dynamic environments. Major contribution of this paper is the introduction of two new approaches are presented to improve the perception of mobile obstacles: one uses a differential equation to update the map and another uses majority voting in a limited memory per cell. Their dynamisms are also evaluated and the results presented.

This paper presents a visual based localization mechanism for a legged robot in indoor office environments. Our proposal is a probabilistic approach which uses partially observable Markov decision processes. We use a precompiled topological map where natural landmarks like doors or ceiling lights are recognized by the robot using its on-board camera. Experiments have been conducted using the AIBO Sony robotic dog showing that it is able to deal with noisy sensors like vision and to approximate world models representing indoor office environments. The major contributions of this work is the use of an active vision as the main input and localization in not-engineered environments

This paper describes a method to estimate the position of a mobile robot in an indoor scenario using the odometric calculus and the WiFi energy received from the wireless infrastructure. This energy will be measured by wireless network card on-board a mobile robot, and it will be used as another regular sensor to improve position estimation. The Bayes rule will be used to accumulate localization probability as the robot moves on. In this paper several experiments in a university building are shown. The two major contributions of the presented work are that the self-localization error achieved is bounded, and that no significant degradation is observed when the theoretical WiFi energy at each point is taken from radio propagation model instead of an a priori experimental intensity map of the environment

When facing the problem of teaching the basis of robot control programming to computer science students, apart from the syllabus of the course, some other requirements have to be taken into account. For instance, which are the most appropriate robotic platforms, and which are the best programming tools for teaching it. In this paper we describe the platforms and programming environments chosen for different senior and graduate robotic courses at Rey Juan Carlos University, focusing on the reasons under our choices. We also point out the practical assignments demanded on the courses. Finally, we will present the results along four years, the feedback from our students, and the lessons we have learned

217 p. El Workshop Hispano-Luso de Agentes Físicos pretende ser un foro de encuentro que permita el intercambio de información y experiencias relacionadas con la aplicación del concepto de agente en entornos físicos, especialmente en el control y coodinación de sistemas autónomos: robots, robots móviles, procesos industriales o sistemas complejos