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How do the curators of science and technology collections represent the daily realities of doing science? Through the acquisition of Professor Stephen Hawking's office by the Science Museum, this paper will explore what is involved in making major acquisitions for national collections. How do curators consider what to preserve from the eclectic range of items found in the working spaces of scientists? What do the personal artefacts of a scientist's life represent, and what do acts of curatorial choices say about the narratives that are foregrounded -- and those that are not -- in positioning that life historically? And how do those choices illuminate the considerations involved in the way science and technology is represented in our national collections? By going beyond the glass case, we consider what it takes to bring an object into a collection: the intellectual considerations of how its stories are preserved for a nation and the practical considerations required so that items can even be considered for future display. The paper illuminates the formal and informal networks around scientists' collections, and the processes and judgements that science and technology curators make every day when choosing what could be important for defining our history. Using the Stephen Hawking office as a case study the article explores the representation of scientific practice in museum collections, the relationship of some collections with celebrity and disability, and some of the challenges posed by science and technology acquisitions compared to other types of museum object. The paper explores how knowledge is generated in museum collections, through the act of acquiring a new collection. It asks fundamental questions, which are essential to the fields of museology and science and technology studies, about the contribution to knowledge made by personal scientific objects. It goes beyond the study of collections as artefacts of display in exhibitions and galleries, providing a detailed analysis of a routine but oftenneglected aspect of behind-the-scenes museum work: the acquisition of a collection. Arguing that a large and complex collection is a vital tool for understanding the complexity of science, the paper uses the 'museum as method' (Thomas, 2016) which prioritises simple curatorial questions and the use of the objects in exploration; this enables scholars and curators to respond to material evidence of scientific knowledge, and identify narratives that are prioritised, and others that are obscured, in the historic record. In doing so, it suggests that curators are uniquely placed to provide insights into the roles of human and non-human actors in the construction of scientific knowledge, demonstrating how the Hawking collection allows us to explore the nature of scientific practice, the creation of scientific celebrity, and the potential to give visibility to disability within the history of science whilst de-centring the myth of the scientific genius in museum narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology has posed a challenge to the conventional way in which scientific knowledge was disseminated and validated within the scientific system. Scientific knowledge has interfered into the mass media system through online platforms and social media networks. This tendency tremendously expanded after the Covid-19 pandemic, which challenged scientific community around the world to search for more effective ways of communicating scientific evidence. Meanwhile, recent studies show that trust towards science has globally increased since the pandemic. Moreover, it is a key driving force behind people's attitudes and has predictable impact on their pandemic-related behavior. Despite the widespread dissemination of scientific knowledge, it is often misrepresented, oversimplified, or distorted. People trust science globally, yet scientific knowledge is disseminated through the widely-used yet least trusted medium of social media. This paper aims to analyze the interconnection between scientific and mass media systems and its effects on communicating scientific knowledge on social media. For this purpose, the logic of digital media platforms is explored, and Luhman's system theory is viewed as an essential theoretical background for the analyses of the spread and exposure of scientific knowledge across social media. Theoretical analyses, along with secondary data analysis of recent global studies on news consumption and trust towards the media and science, are used to analyze the structural coupling of the mass media and scientific systems. The author concludes that it is essential to interconnect scientific and mass media systems, taking into account trust towards the medium, message, and source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs Michel Foucault's History of Sexuaity: Confessions of the Flesh to shed light on the perplexing phenomenon of vaccine (mandate) resistance. It argues that vaccine (mandate) resistance, while seemingly irresponsible and selfish, is entangled with the same modes of 'truth-telling' that have been part of the basic structure of modern Western governance for centuries. The paper begins by introducing the problem of vaccinate (mandate) resistance as a pedagogical problem for educators who want to teach social responsibility as informed by sound scientific knowledge and research. It then outlines the triad of knowledge/science, power/governance, and subjectivity/being at the heart of Foucault's research as a necessary frame for understanding the sociopolitical and historical entanglements of science in modern Western governance. Lastly, the paper traces Foucault's study of early Christian writers such as St. Augustine in terms of how they help establish basic practices of truth-telling that still impact how subjects relate to power today. The ultimate goal of the paper is to show how exploration of the social, historical, and political realities of science related issues are vital for understanding issues of collective existence today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production and reception of scientific papers in the academic-industrial complex have been neglected in sociology. In this article the social processes which influence the nature of the scientific paper in that complex are explored in depth by taking a number of controversial medical papers as case studies. The empirical evidence is collected and discussed in the light of sociological theories of normative ethos, paradigm development, reward-induced conformity and social interests in science. It is concluded that within the medical-industrial complex conformity to industrial interests can be a major criterion in defining the kind of reception given to a scientific paper and the professional autonomy of the authors in the paper's production, rather than an ethos of scientific scepticism or commitment to paradigmatic conventions. This is seen to have implications for the production of scientific knowledge -- implications that might be in conflict with the public interest. Consequently, the desirability of current British Government proposals to intensify its policy of making science more responsive to the needs of industry may have significant drawbacks, hitherto unacknowledged in official circles, and in need of more extensive sociological investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Translational science has gained prominence in medicine, but there is still much work to be done before scientific results are used optimally and incorporated into everyday health practice. As the main focus is still on generating new scientific data with financial resources primarily available for that purpose, other activities that are necessary in the transition from research to community benefit are considered less needy. The European Statistical Office of the European Commission has recently reported that 1.7 million people under 75 years of age died in Europe in 2016, with around 1.2 million of those deaths being avoidable through effective primary prevention and public health intervention. Therefore, Academia Europaea, one of the five Pan-European networks that form SAPEA (Science Advice for Policy by European Academies), a key element of the European Commission's Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM), has launched a project to develop a model to facilitate and accelerate the utilisation of scientific knowledge for public and community benefit. Methods: During the process, leaders in the field, including prominent basic and clinical researchers, editors-in-chief of high-impact journals publishing translational research articles, translational medicine (TM) centre leaders, media representatives, academics and university leaders, developed the TM cycle, a new model that we believe could significantly advance the development of TM. Results: This model focuses equally on the acquisition of new scientific results healthcare, understandable and digestible summation of results, and their communication to all participants. We have also renewed the definition in TM, identified challenges and recommended solutions. Conclusion: The authors, including senior officers of Academia Europaea, produced this document to serve as a basis for revising thinking on TM with the end result of enabling more efficient and cost-effective healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information concerning the scientific research paper in the U.S. Throughout its long history, the original research paper has served researchers well in science. However, one needs to recognize that a scientific research paper is a literary device with its own conventions. The modern scientific research paper in which the author describes an original contribution has evolved from letters written by individual investigators to the Royal Society or the Royal Academy and later the American Philosophical Society.

In this paper I present the position of two philosophers associated with the hermeneutic tradition, Gianni Vattimo and Charles Taylor, about the status of scientific knowledge in our contemporary world. Through a brief exposition of the fundamental features of their respective ontologies and epistemologies, I seek to offer a critical comparison. In the conclusion, I defend the superiority of Taylor's formulation, inasmuch it allows to put in question the primacy of the natural science model without abandoning a realist conception of the world and of the category of truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the development of a critical thought that recognizes interculturality and social complexity, for the promotion of heterogeneity as an alternative to a homogenizing education in hegemonic capitalism. In this, the reflection on the instrumentalization of scientific knowledge for economic purposes is prioritized and the question is formulated about the opening of the school towards other knowledge, that propitiation a critical position on the prevailing model, exposing the school as the place in which the possibility of collective construction of a future society that promotes human well-being begins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents several review papers of Vol. 36, 37 and 38 of the "Journal of Material Science."

Scientific epistemology is a topic that has sparked centuries of philosophical discourse. In particular, understanding the role that scientists play in the creation and perpetuation of scientific knowledge is a subject that continues to be hotly debated. A relative new-comer to scientific epistemology is the field of virtue epistemology, which positions knowledge creation as integrally linked to specific character traits held by the scientist. Positioning scientific research as a distinct practice, virtue epistemologists strive to understand what virtues foster robust knowledge creation. Examinations of current scientific virtue epistemology, however, reveal how framings of "the scientist" tend to be highly individualistic and position the individual scientist as an actor with a high level of agency and autonomy. Such approaches, while following more conventional scientific epistemology discourse, contrast significantly with a growing body of social science literature that emphasizes the group nature of scientific research and education. This paper makes use of this social science literature to critically examine current deficits in narratives of scientific virtue epistemology. It highlights the need for the prioritization of virtues that enable scientists to work and learn in social environments through social processes. In particular, it discusses how the virtue of docility, best understood as being "open to learning", is a key virtue for training new scientists and for establishing robust processes of knowledge creation. By identifying current deficits in the manner in which science is taught, it demonstrates the considerable epistemic consequences of training scientists who do not embody docility in all aspects of their research activities. The paper concludes by discussing how docility may be considered a key factor in an alternate understanding of the current reproducibility crisis in modern science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of Hara Tanzan 原坦山 (1819–1892) in the transformation of Buddhism into an "experiential religion" during the Meiji period. Scholars such as Sharf have argued that this transformation is due to Western influence on figures such as DT Suzuki. Japanese language scholarship has instead shown that in the early 1900s, the notion of Buddhism as experiential religion was already widespread, considering Tanzan as a predecessor of this discourse. I argue that Tanzan was among the first to discover the importance of "experience" in the confrontation with science, yet interpreted it as an empirical standard for both religious and scientific knowledge. However, Tanzan did not yet establish the separation of science and religion characteristic of the modern understanding of both terms. I conclude that Tanzan was one starting point in a dialectic that is integral to the indigenous genealogy of "religious experience" in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will attempt to determine the essence of philosophical thinking with respect to a closelyrelated form of spiritual culture - scientific knowledge. The purpose of the study is to identify the possibility or impossibility of defining philosophy as one of the sciences belonging to the humanitarian sphere. The pro arguments of the scientific status of philosophy and the arguments rejecting the possibility of defining philosophy as a science are discussed. Nevertheless, philosophy per se is significantly wider than its purely scientific segment, creating fundamentally new ways of understanding reality, and thereby leaving the limits of concrete scientific knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will discuss what specific traits distinguish sciences from other historical institutions. First I will review several philosophies conceiving sciences having in mind constitutive, but generic, features. This is the case when sciences are understood as explanation, as comprehension, as knowledge, as description, as representation, as construction, as cultural institution, as experimentation and elaboration of hypotheses, as theory, and as instrument of domination and intervention on reality. I put forward certain specific traits of theorems and scientific fields that allow us to distinguish sciences from other historical formations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, after presenting three challenges that any knowledge-based demarcation between science and non-science should meet, namely, the skeptical, triviality, and mimicry challenges, I show how a recent contender in epistemology, viz., presuppositional epistemic contextualism, allows these challenges to be met, hence pointing toward a novel solution to the perennial demarcation problem.Conceiving of scientific knowledge from the vantage point of contextualism forces us to consider science as being first and foremost a distinctive epistemological context, which has the peculiarity of coming with a very high degree of stringency for the truth conditions of putative knowledge attributions. The fact that science imposes particularly stringent norms on knowledge is measured by the extension of the set of counterpossibilities that science is (i) in the business of eliminating on the basis of available evidence and (ii) ready to take seriously (insofar as they are consistent with the scientific community’s pragmatic presuppositions at a given time and place). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at globalization as a cultural construct that is neither homogeneous nor inclusive of a broad range of perspectives. It does so by analyzing the process of how knowledge claims are legitimated within international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), showing how political globalization likely limits the ability of global civil society to effectively facilitate diverse knowledge, values, and styles of reasoning. Sustainable hunting is the topical focus for understanding what scientific knowledge is promoted by environmental INGOs, how knowledge is legitimated, and what that legitimation process means for globalization and civil society. This exploratory, qualitative analysis of four environmental INGOs identifies the mechanisms for knowledge legitimation, including funding and several aspects of trust. This paper discusses how contradictory conditions of these mechanisms make inclusive and effective decision-making difficult, which may help explain problems INGOs have in adaptively working with local peoples and environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of unequal territorial integration in the Argentinean Patagonia has been widely studied. This article analyzes the interactions between national and scientific rhetorics in the understanding and design of the Patagonian territory, which allows for the interpellation of scientific technical knowledge from the perspective of its political significance. The paper seeks to broaden the academic register and further the critique of the scientific discourse that grounded the development model for the Argentinean Patagonia from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th. It discusses the historiographical background that linked knowledge to utilitarian logic, based on a cross-referenced analysis of writings by naturalists and emblematic figures of planning of the appropriation and Patagonian development during the analyzed period. It shows the strong impact of scientific production on the social and moral planning of a territory that was incorporated late and unequally into the organization of the State. In Patagonia, the national rhetoric describes its progress in terms of a future promise, defining everything that exists there, persons, plants, and animals, as obstacles to the fulfillment of that promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The status of scientific knowledge in political liberalism is controversial. Although Rawls argued that the noncontroversial methods and conclusions of science belong to the kind of reasons that citizens can legitimately call forth in public deliberation, critics have observed that the complexity and elaborateness of scientific arguments drive them away from the spirit of public reason, i.e., that which should reflect judgments that are the product of general beliefs and forms of reasoning found in common sense. In other words, scientific claims remain as inaccessible as esoteric or religious reasons. This paper contends that this objection can be met by introducing a crucial assumption, drawn from W. V. O. Quine and the 'naturalized epistemology' tradition: that scientific reasoning and everyday reasoning are not two different epistemic categories but rather form a continuum. The former is just a filtered or refined version of the latter. Accordingly, evidence-based scientific reasoning is common to all citizens, regardless of their actual acceptance of specific scientific claims. Following the Quinean Assumption, political liberals may argue that, unlike religious or esoteric sources of knowledge, scientific reasoning is the expression of a cognitive operation that is fundamentally shared across comprehensive doctrines and politically reasonable individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the epistemological tensions generated due to the search for legitimization of scientific knowledge. It stems from the discussion about science seen through "nomothetic" and "ideographic" standpoints, coming to the conclusion that there is a tendency to theorize from a vision that comes from an organizational order, putting on the back burner, to a large extent, the legitimizer tension that occurs in the socialization of scientific knowledge. The paper also values possibilities to analyze social sciences from Bourdieu's scientific field concept, who breaks up certain inertias about the official positions that theorize about science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a theory of scientific study which is regarded as a social learning process of (working) scientific knowledge creation, revision, application, monitoring (e.g., confirmation) and dissemination (e.g., publication) with the aim of securing good quality, general, objective, testable and complete scientific knowledge of the domain. The theory stipulates the aim of scientific study that forms the basis of its principles. It also makes seven assumptions about scientific study and defines the major participating entities (i.e., scientists, scientific knowledge and enabling technical knowledge). It extends a recent process model of scientific study into a detailed interaction model as this process model already addresses many issues of philosophy of science. The detailed interaction model of scientific study provides a common template of scientific activities for developing logical (data) models in different scientific disciplines (for physical database implementation), or alternatively for developing (domain) ontologies of different scientific disciplines. Differences between research and scientific studies are discussed, and a possible way to develop a scientific theory of scientific study is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper is an examination of science, as it is understood and contested between conservationists and developers in an application to construct a salt mine in Western Australia. If the salt mine were to go ahead, it would have become the largest salt mine in the world, adjacent to a World Heritage Area. Thus, the application triggered significant local interest in the potential environmental impacts on surrounding ecological systems. As the only means for the public to have an impact on decision-making is through the environmental approvals process, much of the debate revolved around the validity and legitimacy of knowledge gained through ecological science. This paper focuses on the ways in which the conservationists and developers moulded and shaped scientific knowledge to fit their opposing beliefs, values, and aims. However, rather than focus on the overtly political manipulation of science, I examine why particular interpretations of science are considered legitimate by some participants in the dispute, while others are not. In particular, I ask, what does it take for particular scientific 'facts' to be considered legitimate? To do so, I examine how the conservationists and developers came to conceptualise and frame science within the dispute. I argue that for members of either group to consider any scientific knowledge legitimate, it is first judged on its ability to resonate with their own worldviews, experiences, and aim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karl Popper and Michael Polanyi grew up in central Europe and, having escaped from Nazism, went on to pursue academic careers in Britain where they wrote prolifically on science and politics. Popper and Polanyi corresponded with each other, and met for discussions in the late 1940s and early 50s, but they seldom referred to each other in their publications. This article examines their correspondence so as to produce a picture of their intellectual relations. The most important of the letters was one that Popper wrote in 1952, which we reproduce in its entirety, indicating his dissatisfaction with ideas that Polanyi had expressed in a paper of that year, ‘The Stability of Beliefs’. In this paper, Polanyi used the example of the framework of Zande witchcraft to shed analogical light on science and other systems of belief, arguing that ‘frameworks of belief’ equip their adherents with intellectual powers whose use reinforces commitment to the framework, inoculating adherents against criticism. Polanyi’s 1952 paper and his 1951 and 1952 Gifford Lectures (to which that paper is intimately tied) are the first articulation of Polanyi’s sharp rejection of the modern critical philosophical tradition that by implication included Popper’s philosophical ideas. The 1952 paper is also part of Polanyi’s constructive philosophical effort to set forth a fiduciary philosophy emphasizing commitment. Popper regarded Polanyi’s position as implying cognitive relativism and irrationalism, and from the time of Polanyi’s 1952 paper their personal relationship became strained. Discord between them became publicly manifest when Polanyi subtitled his book Personal Knowledge (1958), Towards a post-critical philosophy, and Popper lambasted the idea of a ‘post-critical’ philosophy in his Preface in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1959). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In spite of solid scientific evidence that anthropogenic climate change will affect the conditions for life on earth, little climate action is taking place. This paper discusses this apparent paradox. The main message is that lack of climate action has to do with the ways in which climate change interlinks with society. Climate change is representative of what in the paper is defined as 'modern environmental problems'. Unlike 'traditional' environmental problems, 'modern' environmental problems are 'internal' to society and are 'societal' problems as much as they are environmental problems. The paper discusses how climate change must be understood in an overlapping interface between nature and society, and based on this theoretical analysis the paper discusses a number of contradictions and paradoxes illuminating the problems of linking knowledge and climate action. The concluding section calls for new methodological approaches to linking knowledge and climate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last twenty years a new branch of Marxist scholarship has developed, one that relocates the locus of inquiry away from capitalist production relations to a study of relations between the natural and the social. Often referred to as ecological Marxism, or eco-socialism, this new branch of Marxist scholarship aims to synthesize traditional Marxian political economy with an ecologically focused global perspective that calls for the integration of social theory with materially grounded, empirical knowledge emerging from the natural sciences. While ecological Marxism has been adopted by scholars of environmental political economy, its broader potential remains largely unexplored. This paper explores the potential use ecological Marxist epistemology could have in opening new lines of inquiry in studies of reproductive relations, where modern scientific knowledge and technology play a central role. This paper concludes that in the study of science and technology in the context of reproduction, ecological Marxism, via its emphasis on dissolving the gap between the social and the material, can provide a uniquely suited epistemological instrument for active engagement with scientific knowledge, one that is capable of accounting for the unique intersection of social and material that occurs in the process of scientific knowledge creation, practice, and development of technology in the context of human reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper engages with the debate in the British Psychological Society about the place of history of psychology in the curriculum. It tries to outline an argument for thinking historical knowledge a necessary part of scientific understanding and not just optional, if sometimes useful. There are two principal reasons: some kind of historical understanding is constitutive of meaning; and there is reflexive 'looping' between psychological knowledge and its subject matter. A discussion of 'perspective' provides an accessible route into these matters. The paper, for didactic purposes, then illustrates what is at stake by bringing in the history of psychological categories. It concludes by remarking on the relationship between sensitivity to 'perspective' and openness to different forms of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper under review delineates the scenario, perspective and the future trends of science-Driven Entrepreneurship in the Islamic world. It digs out the factors causing the sluggishness and suggests the plan of action for the renaissance of indigenous science -driven entrepreneurship with grafting of the modern scientific high tech marketing techniques on it. The paper highlights that entrepreneurship is both the cause and consequence of economic growth, technological advancement and conceptual innovations and they are interknitted, interconnected and interwoven with one-another. The economic, political, social and religious components of the society influence the science driven entrepreneurship in the Islamic World. It depicts the present situation and flashes back on the glaring Islamic era when Islamic Civilization was a beacon light and an icon scientific innovation, technological advancement and an improved entrepreneurship of that time, for the rest of the world. It was the time when almost the important seats of scientific centers were filled with Muslim Scientists and the world was hovered over with the lucrative Muslim trading networks. The paper diagnoses the pitfalls that caused the Islamic World lagging behind and provides food for the thoughts of scientists and experts pertaining to the Entrepreneurship Research and Policy Networks, the world over. It points out that all leading Muslim Scientists should have been more conscious and committed to commercializing their scientific and technological productions. It is high time for the Muslim Think Tank to synergize the efforts for the promotion and development of scientific knowledge, technological advancement and an improved entrepreneurship. The paper concludes by suggesting a tetra-pod model for the social reengineering process to improve the science driven entrepreneurship in the World of Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new prominence given to science for economic growth and industry comes with an increased policy focus on the promotion of commodification and commercialization of academic science. This paper posits that this increased interest in commodification is a new steering mechanism for governing science. This is achieved by first outlining what is meant by the commodification of scientific knowledge through reviewing a selection of literatures on the concept of commodification. The paper concludes with a discussion of how commodification functions as a means for governing science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores a female conception of knowledge and attempts to reveal the need to incorporate the gender perspective into the educational world with the purpose of removing the effects of inequity discrimination in the training of women. Its main focus lies in the theory of gender that has sustained extensive criticism of the Western way of thinking and of the construction style of scientific knowledge from an androcentric viewpoint. It argues that gender epistemology differs from the classical epistemology - adopted by most of the scientific and philosophical literature- which tries to negate its ideological content to project an image of scientific universality and neutrality. he paper attempts to relate the nature-culture and male-female dualism that falls within the framework of the traditional epistemological approach with gender pedagogy and the exclusion and invisibilization of women in scientific production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific paper focuses the problem of classification of methods of scientific research. Probably covered in theoretical research, not just what they have been awarded scientific knowledge that it is obtained, but also the method by which it is obtained. Is there any chance that supports logical methodological consistency of classification methods in this science are instituted? What reason attends the defense of the idea, that the methodology of scientific research stands through empirical methods, where, regardless of the empirical constitutes the above to the scientific level, the theoretical and the empirical are exclusive natures of knowledge? What arguments invoked in order to demonstrate the falsity of the thesis in which I become identical knowledge and methods according to their scientific nature? Why cling undoubtedly the medieval universal educational thought to absolute canons and the concept of method as a way or path holding?, we would not be far from the scientificity that he quintessential definition and it should be given? The basal idea is to defend and to subsume questions formulated above is to be irrevocably dialectical relationship between the method and theory, which necessarily comes first classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a few ideas, reflections and interrogations regarding education and its relationship with science, in a knowledge-based society, seeking possible answers to questions such as: (1) Is education possible without cognition (scientific knowledge)? Or vice versa? The access to authentical knowledge can be achieved from outside the school? (2) What is the place and role of education and cognition in the contemporary society? (3) How can the school, as a fundamental institution of education, production and knowledge transmitter, be more attractive? (4) What should education (through school) offer beyond the release and assimilation of knowledge? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we maintain that twenty-first century science is, fundamentally, a relational process in which knowledge is produced (or co-produced) through transactions among researchers or among researchers and public stakeholders. We offer an expanded perspective on the practice of twenty-first century science, the production of scientific knowledge, and what community psychology can contribute to these developments. We argue that: (1) trends in science show that research is increasingly being conducted in teams; (2) scientific teams, such as transdisciplinary teams of researchers or of researchers collaborating with various public stakeholders, are better able to address complex challenges; (3) transdisciplinary scientific teams are part of the larger, twenty-first century transformation in science; (4) the concept of heterarchy is a heuristic for team science aligned with this transformation; (5) a contemporary philosophy of science known as perspectivism provides an essential foundation to advance twenty-first century science; and (6) community psychology, through its core principles and practice competencies, offers theoretical and practical expertise for advancing team science and the transformation in science currently underway. We discuss the implications of these points and illustrate them briefly with two examples of transdisciplinary team science from our own work. We conclude that a new narrative is emerging for science in the twenty-first century that draws on interpersonal transactions in teams, and active engagement by researchers with the public to address critical accountabilities. Because of its core organizing principles and unique blend of expertise on the intersection of research and practice, community psychologists are well-prepared to help advance these developments, and thus have much to offer twenty-first century science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language is of absolutely crucial role in how a person thinks, often without knowing it was explicitly aware of. The paper shows some aspects of the philosophy of language, which are screened in the special sciences. It aims to show what is the meaning of the adequacy of concepts to reality and effect of this relationship to build up the whole scientific world view. Presents both classical approaches, as well as Chomsky's universal grammar and analyzes its relationship to science and scientific knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the importance of modern science, the appearance of the notion of Chaos in ancient Greek cosmogonies and philosophical thought and the evolution of its meaning has been studied in this paper. In addition, a comparison has been made with the meaning of this important notion in modern Theory of Chaos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates enrolment, attainment and drop-out rates for two different English pre-university advanced mathematics, AS-level, courses, a 'traditional' and an innovative 'Use of Mathematics' pre-university course. Very different student profiles were found for those enrolled on each course, and a model of attainment at the pre-university level showed a relatively complex relationship with prior achievement at the end of compulsory schooling. Although those pupils who had relatively high prior achievement tended also to achieve relatively highly on the pre-university courses, this relationship was not evident for lower scores. Those pupils with 'mid-range' prior attainment tended to make the smallest gains. Taking prior attainment into account, the difference in attainment outcomes between the two courses is small. However, these courses do differ with respect to the number of students retained, with the 'Use of Mathematics' course retaining a significantly higher proportion of the students. Contextual factors are discussed, suggesting implications for policy and practice in mathematics education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a deeper insight into institutionally given opportunities for and limitations to reflexive, dialogue-centered, and risk-sensitive knowledge exchange between scientific experts and agro-political decision makers, especially under the conditions of a significant degree of complexity, far-reaching uncertainties and potential impacts. It focuses on the practical orientations, guiding expectations and selection criteria shaping expertise in processes of science policy consulting. In doing so, two perspectives will be discussed: first the orientation of the knowledge production process by different concepts of ''usable knowledge.'' Second, the influence of specific constellations on different stages of the political process, which shape the institutional conditions for the transfer and the use of scientific knowledge within the policy consulting process. Both perspectives help to come to a closer understanding of the demanding and very heterogeneous process of science policy consulting, which - if successful - leads to the interactive production of a very special form of ''orientational knowledge.'' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the final results of an investigation (UBACYT F157) that determined the scientific production indicators of the Facultad de Filosofía y Letras of the Universidad de Buenos Aires for 2007. Quantitative procedures were applied to analyze the data recorded in a database created ad hoc. Preferences of researchers to disseminate their findings through the production of journal articles, conference papers, book chapters and books, audiovisual and electronic productions were determined. Among the different bibliographic formats, the following variables were studied: language, types of journals, scope of the conferences, authors, types of publishers. Of the three hypotheses stated the one that presupposed the existence of various strategies for dissemination of knowledge among different disciplines has been refuted. The other two were confirmed: preference for printed over digital media and almost non-existent use of electronic resources for dissemination, and preference for certain semi-formal channels of dissemination such as conferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public Communication of Technoscience (PCTS) is a complex activity highly dependent on context. In spite of the fact that it includes a wide variety of contents, strategies, formats, values, intentions and functions, in practice and in general, attempts have been made to reduce it to a mere mechanism of linear transmission of original knowledge from a domain of authority (the scientific), which selects and spreads strategic content to a lay domain (the public), which in turn receives the scientific information in an undifferentiated and passive way. This "dominant view" of PCTS has not only been generated, supported and managed by scientists and scientific institutions, but it has been reproduced by science journalists and communicators. This paper asserts that the practice of popularizing science is a political strategy for scientists and scientific institutions and it tries to reveal the purpose of this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is the exploration of Heidegger's interpretation of the phenomenon of technology against the background of his new vision of reality. It can be said that in this context sin which was formerly moral and religious became in our age, as it were, technological. Because man has distanced himself from the Nature, he finds himself at the same time alienated and guilty, contemplating, like a child brazen in the brainlessness of what he has done and waiting in anguish the imminent punishment of a mother who does not forgive. Cum multis aliis, it is not only ugliness with which Heidegger reproaches technoscience but aggressiveness as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper analyses the gynaecological literature on endometriosis, particularly endometriosis classification, to evaluate the epistemological concepts it uses. A qualitative content analysis was conducted on a sample of gynaecological literature published between 1985 and 2000, a period that witnessed the explosion of both evidence-based and patient-centred models of medicine, with their duelling emphases on science and experience. It was found that the discourse of science is used strategically in this literature as a formal epistemology to lend weight to authors'' claims and to guide medical thinking and research. However, gynaecologists also use the notion of experience to assert their own credibility and to question the credibility of other experts. In fact, accounts of their own experience and the experiential accounts of their patients are foundational to gynaecologists'' claims-making activities, including their engagement with scientific research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Natural resource management decisions can be based on incomplete knowledge when they lack scientific research, monitoring, and assessment and/or simultaneously fail to draw on local ecological knowledge. Many community-based forestry organizations in the United States attempt to address these knowledge gaps with an integrated ecological stewardship approach that balances ecological, social, and economic goals. This paper examines the use and integration of local knowledge and conventional science in ecological stewardship and monitoring by seven community-based forestry demonstration projects. Through document reviews and interviews with both participants and partners of all of these communitybased organizations, we found that all the community-based forestry groups incorporated local ecological knowledge into many aspects of their management or monitoring activities, such as collaboratively designing monitoring programs with local ranchers, forest workers, and residents; involving local people in collecting data and interpreting results; and documenting the local ecological knowledge of private forest landowners, long-time residents, and harvesters of nontimber forest products. We found that all the groups also used conventional science to design or conduct ecological assessments, monitoring, or research. We also found evidence, in the form of changes in attitudes on the part of local people and conventional scientists and jointly produced reports, that the two types of knowledge were integrated by all groups. These findings imply that community-based forestry groups are redistributing the power of conventional science through the use of diverse knowledge sources. Still, several obstacles prevented some local, traditionally underrepresented groups from being significantly involved in monitoring and management decisions, and their knowledge has not yet been consistently incorporated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There may exist among the university students a true motivation toward science and technology, as these symbolize progress. On the contrary, their attachment to religious values does not discourage their motivation for science and technology. Their critical appreciation of the role of science and technology is related mostly to the ethical and ecological judgments and not to traditional values. The globalization process increasingly shapes this worldview of students. The main approach of this paper comes from a constructivist perspective of science and technology. The empirical data are based on a recent national survey conducted among a sample of students drawn from 25 main Chilean universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) applications meet many of the software needs of high school science classrooms. In spite of the availability and quality of FOSS tools, they remain unknown to many teachers and utilized by fewer still. In a world where most software has restrictions on copying and use, FOSS is an anomaly, free to use and to redistribute without restrictions. Using FOSS instead of the ubiquitous proprietary applications most commonly used can seem as heretical and as impossible as did Copernicus's suggestion that the Earth was not the center of the universe. This paper suggests one of the factors that keeps schools from adopting--or even considering--FOSS is that its very existence can be written off as an anomaly. Additionally, it shows similarities between the development of FOSS and the development of scientific knowledge. Moreover, it provides examples of FOSS for high school science classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: By constructing suitable Lyapunov functional and using matrix theory, the global asymptotic stability of delay bi-directional associative memory neural networks with impulses are studied. This paper gives a sufficient condition which is independent with the delayed quantity for the global asymptotic stability of the neural networks. An illustrative example is given to validate the effectiveness of the obtained results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we consider a nonlinear reaction–diffusion–chemotaxis model for the description of the spatiotemporal evolution of the bacteria of the type Paenibacillus dendritiformis on a thin layer of agar in a Petri dish. We perform a traveling wave analysis for the model equation showing the existence of traveling wave solutions, in particular, the sharp wave front type solutions with minimum speed. Further, we present numerical investigations for a special case. The minimum speed is estimated and the profile of the traveling wave solution is calculated and compared for different numerical methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Normally inventory models of deteriorating items, such as food products, vegetables, etc. involve imprecise parameters, like imprecise inventory costs, fuzzy storage area, fuzzy budget allocation, etc. In this paper, we aim to provide two defuzzification techniques for two fuzzy inventory models using (i) extension principle and duality theory of non-linear programming and (ii) interval arithmetic. On the basis of Zadeh’s extension principle, two non-linear programs parameterized by the possibility level α are formulated to calculate the lower and upper bounds of the minimum average cost at α-level, through which the membership function of the objective function is constructed. In interval arithmetic technique the interval objective function has been transformed into an equivalent deterministic multi-objective problem defined by the left and right limits of the interval. This formulation corresponds to the possibility level, α =0.5. Finally, the multi-objective problem is solved by a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). The model has been illustrated through a numerical example and solved for different values of possibility level, α through extension principle and for α =0.5 via MOGA. As a particular case, the results have been obtained for the inventory model without deterioration. Results from two methods for α =0.5 are compared. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For a signalized road network with expansions of link capacity, the maximum possible increase in travel demands is considered while total delays for travelers are minimized. Using the concept of reserve capacity of signal-controlled junctions, the problem of finding the maximum possible increase in travel demand and determining optimal link capacity expansions can be formulated as optimization programs. In this paper, we present a new solution approach for simultaneously solving the maximum increase in travel demands and minimizing total delays of travelers. A projected Quasi-Newton method is proposed to effectively solve this problem to the KKT points. Numerical computations and comparisons are made on real data signal-controlled networks where obtained results outperform traditional methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The object of this paper is to analyse the status of opinion (doxa) within Aristotle's theory of scientific knowledge, taking as a starting-point the text of APo. I 33. In the course of the discussion, we show that science (episteme) and opinion can have the same object and even coincide in the selection of the same properties of the same object (both necessary and contingent), because the fundamental difference between science and opinion is not one of object. The fundamental difference between science and opinion is that science knows as a necessary truth what opinion states as a contingent fact. Incidentally, this conclusion implies that Aristotle subscribes the distinction between sentence and proposition (which is normally regarded as a discovery of the Stoics), since we can only make sense of Aristotle's theory by recognising that, for such a theory, science and opinion express different propositions even when they pronounce the same sentence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A closed form analytical solution is obtained for a three-dimensional transport theory problem, namely that of a line source in a half-space in one-speed transport theory with an internally reflecting surface. The theory is developed by using Fourier transforms in the transverse directions and a Laplace transform in the axial direction, together with the Wiener–Hopf technique. Both specular and diffuse internal reflection are considered and it is shown that a closed form solution is not available for the specular case but is available for the diffuse case. The surface particle scalar intensity and current are obtained and their sensitivity to absorption and the reflection coefficient are assessed. We also obtain a number of analytic asymptotic estimates for the intensity valid at large distances from the source. Diffusion theory is also employed and compared numerically with the transport solution. In general, diffusion theory gives very satisfactory results within its regions of limitation. We also offer this paper as an exercise in analytical transport theory; an aspect of reactor physics which is not often seen in recent times. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The chemical form of polonium in lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) is an important issue, considering the problem of polonium contamination in nuclear systems that use LBE as a coolant and/or an irradiation target. It has been thought that polonium exists as lead polonide in LBE. Polonium forms compounds with several metals, some of which decompose at high temperatures. Thermal decomposition of lead polonide was not confirmed experimentally, but the temperature of decomposition was foreseen to be around 600°C. In this paper, the thermal decomposition of lead polonide and its decomposition temperature were confirmed using neutron-irradiated LBE. Neutron-irradiated LBE ingots containing polonium-210 were heated at temperatures of 550±10°C or 630±10°C in a vacuum. Polonium, lead and bismuth evaporated from the LBE ingots, and were deposited onto the surface of type 316 stainless steel (316SS) plates at various controlled temperatures between 220±20°C and 450±20°C. After heating, the number of alpha particles emitted from polonium-210 deposited on 316SS plates was measured. The experimental results showed a clear difference in the alpha particle count rate, which indicated that lead polonide decomposed at a temperature between 550±10°C and 630±10°C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Secure safety, resistance to weapons material proliferation and problems of long-lived wastes remain the most important “painful points” of nuclear power. Many innovative reactor concepts have been developed aimed at a radical enhancement of safety. The promising potential of innovative nuclear reactors allows for shifting accents in current reactor safety “strategy” to reveal this worth. Such strategy is elaborated focusing on the priority for intrinsically secure safety features as well as on sure protection being provided by the first barrier of defence. Concerning the potential of fast reactors (i.e. sodium cooled, lead-cooled, etc.), there are no doubts that they are able to possess many favourable intrinsically secure safety features and to lay the proper foundation for a new reactor generation. However, some of their neutronic characteristics have to be radically improved. Among intrinsically secure safety properties, the following core parameters are significantly important: reactivity margin values, reactivity feed-back and coolant void effects. Ways of designing intrinsically secure safety features in fast reactors (titled hereafter as Intrinsically Secure Fast Reactors – ISFR) can be found in the frame of current reactor technologies by radical enhancement of core neutron economy and by optimization of core compositions. Simultaneously, respecting resistance to proliferation, by using non-enriched fuel feed as well as a core breeding gain close to zero, are considered as the important features (long-lived waste problems will be considered in a separate paper). This implies using the following reactor design options as well as closed fuel cycles with natural U as the reactor feed: [•] Ultra-plate “dense cores” of the ordinary (monolithic) type with negative total coolant void effects. [•] Modular type cores. Multiple dense modules can be embedded in the common reflector for achieving the desired NPP total power. The modules can be used also independently (as a small power NPP) then giving an attractive flexibility to the prospective NP. For both above-mentioned ISFR options, which possess the stabilized reactivity at equilibrium, void effects in all reactor types have been favourably corrected: positive void effects in sodium cooled reactors have been radically reduced from 5 to 8$$ (the range of values for the best traditional and some innovative projects) down to $/3. As for the modular core options, all void effects in sodium cooled reactors became negligible. Besides, all void effects in lead cooled ISFR can be “designed” in a “harmonious” way: they became modest and favourably negative thus significantly increasing their natural self-protection against severe accidents. These concepts imply using hard neutron spectra in the “dense” reactor cores identifying fast reactors with: dense fuel (mono-nitride, carbides or metallic alloys similar to known projects like BREST, IFR), elevated fuel in-core fractions (where parasitic neutron capture is significantly depressed), and optimal core-blanket configurations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]