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Tylenchorhynchus clarus Allen, 1955 (Figure 5, Table 4), Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on page 435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Allen, M. W. (1955) A review of the nematode genus Tylenchorhynchus. University of California Publications in Zoology, 61, 129 - 165."]}

Tylenchorhynchus microconus Siddiqi, Mukherjee and Dasgupta, 1982 (Figurs 6, Table 4), Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on page 439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Siddiqi, M. R., Mukherjee, B. & Dasgupta, M. K. (1982) Tylenchorhynchus microconus n. sp., T. crassicaudatus leviterminalis n. subsp. and T. coffeae Siddiqi and Basir, 1959 (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Systematic Parasitology, 4, 257 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00009626"]}

Trophurus ussuriensis Eroshenko, 1981 (Figure 7, Table 4), Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on page 440, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Eroshenko, A. S. (1981) Plant parasitic nematodes of underwood; families Tylenchorhynchidae and Hoplolaimidae (Nematoda). In: Svobodnozhivuschie I fitopatogennye nematody fauny Dal'nego Vostoka Biol. Pedolog. Inst. of Far Eastern Research Center of USSR Academic Science Vladivostok, pp. 22 - 27 + 85 - 92."]}

2. Nothotylenchus hexaglyphus Khan & Siddiqi, 1968 (Figure 5) 3 females: L = 751 ± 159 (568–851) µm; stylet = 7.3 ± 0.2 (7–7.5) µm; pharynx = 114 ± 11 (103–125) µm; tail = 55.6 ± 5.4 (50.5–61.5) µm; a = 35.7 ± 4.7 (31.9–41.0); b = 6.5 ± 0.9 (5.5–7.4); c = 13.5 ± 2.2 (11.2–15.5); c′ = 4.1 ± 0.4 (3.7–4.5); V = 82.8 ± 1.4 (81.6–84.3); V′ = 89.6 ± 0.4 (89.2–90.1); PUS/VBW = 1.1 ± 0.3 (0.8–1.3); PUS/V-A = 28.4 ± 7.3 (21.9–36.3) %; V-A/T = 1.3 ± 0.2 (1.1–1.5). 2 males: L = 683, 922 µm; stylet = 7, 7.5 µm; pharynx = 103, 157 µm; tail = 57, 64.5 µm; a = 41.9, 56.2; b = 6.6, 5.9; c = 12.0, 14.3; c′ = 4.5, 4.2; spicules = 21, 20.5 µm. Diagnosis and relationships. Nothotylenchus hexaglyphus is characterised by its medium-sized body, six lateral field incisures, delicate stylet with very small knobs, pyriform or slightly elongated and offset or slightly overlapping basal pharyngeal bulb, posterior position of vulva, very short PUS, long spicules, and rounded tail terminus. Studied populations of N. hexaglyphus are similar to N. affinis, N. geraerti, N. medians, N. taylori and N. tuberosus, and can be distinguished from all of these species by the very small stylet knobs (Brzeski 1991). It differs from N. affinis, N. geraerti and N. medians by its longer spicules (20.5–21 vs. 15–17, 14–17.5 and 15–18 µm, respectively), and from N. taylori and N. tuberosus by smaller PUS/VBW ratio (0.8–1.3 vs. 1.8–3.0 and 2.0–2.4, respectively).

Nothotylenchus brzeskii n. sp. (Figures 1 & 2) Measurements: Table 1. Female: Body slightly or completely curved ventrally. Cuticular annulation distinct, 1–1.5 µm wide; lateral fields with four incisures, 5.5–7.5 µm wide and 18.8–33.3% of the body width, two outer ones sometimes crenate. Head wide and low, 1.5–2.5 µm high and 6.5–7.5 µm wide, with rounded edges and two or three fine annuli, not offset. Cephalic skeleton weak, the outer margin of basal plate extending two annuli into body. Stylet delicate, conus 33.3–40.0% of total stylet length, knobs small and rounded, 1.5–2 µm wide. DGO 1–1.5 µm posterior to stylet knobs. Median bulb elongated and fusiform, slightly wider than procorpus, 5–6 µm wide, without thickenings of lumen walls. Isthmus cylindrical and more slender than procorpus. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus near middle or in its posterior half, sometimes at the junction of isthmus and basal pharyngeal bulb, 90 (84–93) µm from anterior end. Hemizonid two to three cuticular annuli long, 112 (109–117) µm from anterior end, one to three annuli anterior to S-E pore. S-E pore opposite the anterior or posterior half of the basal bulb. In one specimen two pairs of hemizonid and S-E pore were observed. The first pair located opposite the anterior half and the second pair near the end of basal pharyngeal bulb. Deirids at the level of S-E pore. Basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform and offset from intestine or with slight overlap, up to 7.5 µm, 2.1 times (1.6–2.8) longer than wide, with the two anterior-most intestinal cells appearing hyaline. Reproductive system characteristic of Nothotylenchus: reproductive tract mono-prodelphic, oocytes in single row, cylindrical, inline spermatheca filled with large rounded sperms or sometimes empty, uterus quadricolumellar, vagina 6.5–9.5 µm in length and 25.6–46.6% of VBW. PUS short, 16.5–24 µm long, 0.9 (0.6–1.2) of VBW or 28.1 (20.2–35.3) % V-A and 1.3 (0.9–1.8) ABW. Post-vulval body length 8.3 (7.6–8.9) ABW. Tail thick, conical and narrowed gradually from anus, ventrally arcuate at the end, with rounded to sometimes dull terminus. Male: General morphology, stylet, pharynx and tail shape similar to females. Spicules slightly or completely ventrally arcuate, gubernaculum simple and crescent-shaped, bursa 27–36.5 µm long and enveloping 51.2–74.1% of tail length. Tail with rounded terminus. Habitat & locality. Type population collected in 2014 from rhizosphere of alfalfa in Darab region, Fars province, Iran (GPS coordinates: 28°41.167′N, 54°16.056′E, elevation 1367 m.). Type material. Female holotype, two female paratypes and two male paratypes on three glass slides kept in the nematode collection of the Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, and two female paratypes and two male paratypes on two glass slides deposited in the Nematode Collection of the Plantenziektenkundige Dienst, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Diagnosis and relationships. Nothotylenchus brzeskii n. sp. is characterised by a body length of 774–922 µm, lateral fields with four incisures, delicate, short stylet (7–8 µm) with small rounded knobs, pyriform, offset from intestine or slightly overlapping basal pharyngeal bulb, posterior vulva position (V = 83.4–84.4), short PUS (16.5–24 µm), spicules 20.5–23 µm in length, and thick tail with rounded to dull terminus. N. brzeskii n. sp. resembles N. basiri, N. cylindricollis Thorne, 1941, N. cylindricus Khan & Siddiqi, 1968, N. singhi Das & Shivaswamy, 1980, N. thornei Andrássy, 1958 and N. websteri Kumar, 1983. It differs from N. basiri by longer spicules (20.5–23 vs. 13–15 µm), from N. cylindricollis by different tail terminus (rounded to dull vs. pointed) and different basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform vs. elongate and cylindroid), from N. cylindricus by the longer spicules (20.5–23 vs. 14 µm), and different basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform vs. elongate and cylindroid), from N. singhi by longer spicules (20.5–23 vs. 13–15 µm) and lower PUS/VBW ratio (0.6–1.2 vs. ˃ 1.5), from N. thornei by different tail terminus (rounded to dull vs. mucronate) and lower c′ value (3.3–4.0 vs. 7.6–9.0) and from N. websteri by longer spicules (20.5–23 vs. 11–13 µm) and different tail terminus (rounded to dull vs. pointed). Etymology. The species is named in honor of Dr. Michal W. Brzeski for his outstanding contributions to the science of nematology., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2020, New and known species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Iran with an updated list of species, pp. 482-500 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on pages 483-487, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3752014, {"references":["Thorne, G. (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidae which do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb. Great Basin Naturalist, 2, 37 - 85.","Khan, A. M. & Siddiqi, M. R. (1968) Three new species of Nothotylenchus (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) from north India. Nematologica, 14, 369 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529268 X 00048","Das, V. M. & Shivaswamy, V. (1980) Paurodontus brassicae n. sp. and Nothotylenchus singhi n. sp. from south India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Parasitology, 1, 62 - 65.","Andrassy, I. (1958) Erd-und Susswassernematoden aus Bulgarien Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 4, 1 - 88.","Kumar, P. (1983) Nothotylenchus websteri n. sp. (Nematoda: Neotylenchoidea) from Lucknow. Indian Journal of Parasitology, 7, 105 - 107."]}

2. Nothotylenchus hexaglyphus Khan & Siddiqi, 1968 (Figure 5) 3 females: L = 751 ± 159 (568–851) µm; stylet = 7.3 ± 0.2 (7–7.5) µm; pharynx = 114 ± 11 (103–125) µm; tail = 55.6 ± 5.4 (50.5–61.5) µm; a = 35.7 ± 4.7 (31.9–41.0); b = 6.5 ± 0.9 (5.5–7.4); c = 13.5 ± 2.2 (11.2–15.5); c′ = 4.1 ± 0.4 (3.7–4.5); V = 82.8 ± 1.4 (81.6–84.3); V′ = 89.6 ± 0.4 (89.2–90.1); PUS/VBW = 1.1 ± 0.3 (0.8–1.3); PUS/V-A = 28.4 ± 7.3 (21.9–36.3) %; V-A/T = 1.3 ± 0.2 (1.1–1.5). 2 males: L = 683, 922 µm; stylet = 7, 7.5 µm; pharynx = 103, 157 µm; tail = 57, 64.5 µm; a = 41.9, 56.2; b = 6.6, 5.9; c = 12.0, 14.3; c′ = 4.5, 4.2; spicules = 21, 20.5 µm. Diagnosis and relationships. Nothotylenchus hexaglyphus is characterised by its medium-sized body, six lateral field incisures, delicate stylet with very small knobs, pyriform or slightly elongated and offset or slightly overlapping basal pharyngeal bulb, posterior position of vulva, very short PUS, long spicules, and rounded tail terminus. Studied populations of N. hexaglyphus are similar to N. affinis, N. geraerti, N. medians, N. taylori and N. tuberosus, and can be distinguished from all of these species by the very small stylet knobs (Brzeski 1991). It differs from N. affinis, N. geraerti and N. medians by its longer spicules (20.5–21 vs. 15–17, 14–17.5 and 15–18 µm, respectively), and from N. taylori and N. tuberosus by smaller PUS/VBW ratio (0.8–1.3 vs. 1.8–3.0 and 2.0–2.4, respectively)., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2020, New and known species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Iran with an updated list of species, pp. 482-500 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on page 491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3752014, {"references":["Khan, A. M. & Siddiqi, M. R. (1968) Three new species of Nothotylenchus (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) from north India. Nematologica, 14, 369 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529268 X 00048","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Review of the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Revue de Nematologie, 14, 9 - 59."]}

1. Nothotylenchus geraerti Kheiri, 1971 48 females: L = 742 ± 122 (506–1172) µm; stylet = 7.3 ± 0.3 (6.5–8) µm; pharynx = 127 ± 17 (96.5–167) µm; tail = 59.6 ± 8.1 (43.5–77) µm; a = 37.6 ± 4.9 (28.7–50.0); b = 5.8 ± 0.6 (4.6–7.6); c = 12.3 ± 1.4 (9.3–15.6); c′ = 4.9 ± 0.6 (3.7–6.1); V = 81.0 ± 2.3 (74.8–84.6); V′ = 88.3 ± 2.3 (82.0–95.8); PUS/VBW = 1.8 ± 0.4 (1.1–3.0); PUS/V-A = 42.9 ± 11.7 (14.8–77.0) %; V-A/T = 1.3 ± 0.2 (0.9–2.2). 10 males: L = 609 ± 75 (493–738) µm; stylet = 7.2 ± 0.2 (7–7.5) µm; pharynx = 122 ± 17 (98–154) µm; tail = 57.1 ± 7.5 (46.5–68.5) µm; a = 38.5 ± 2.6 (34.7–42.6); b = 4.9 ± 0.2 (4.6–5.3); c = 10.8 ± 1.6 (8.2–13.3); c′ = 5.0 ± 0.8 (4.1–6.3); spicules = 16.9 ± 1.1 (15.5–18.5) µm. Diagnosis and relationships. Nothotylenchus geraerti is characterised by its medium-sized body, six lateral field incisures, delicate stylet with posteriorly-sloping knobs, pyriform or slightly elongate and offset or slightly overlapping basal pharyngeal bulb, posterior vulva position, medium-sized spicules, and variable tail terminus shape (rounded to pointed). The studied populations of N. geraerti are similar to N. affinis, N. hexaglyphus, N. medians, N. taylori and N. tuberosus. The species differs from N. hexaglyphus by its more developed stylet and knobs, greater PUS/VBW ratio (1.1–3.0 vs. 0.5–1.1) and shorter spicules (15.5–18.5 vs. 19–22 μm). The four other species are very similar to N. geraerti, and, as their differentiation is so difficult, we think that these four species may all be synonymous. However, according to other published studies (Kheiri 1971, Husain & Khan 1974, Brzeski 1991, Zeidan & Geraert 1991), N. geraerti differs from N. affinis by its shorter stylet (6.5–8 vs. 8–9 μm), higher head, and greater PUS/VBW average (˃1.5 vs. ˂1.5), from N. medians by higher head, posteriorly slopping knobs (vs. rounded) and less-thick tail (vs. thick), from N. taylori by its relatively shorter spicules (maximum length ˂ 19 vs. ˃ 19 μm), and from N. tuberosus by shorter uterus length/VBW ratio (˂ 3 vs. 3–4) and basal bulb shape (mostly pyriform and offset vs. slightly overlapping). All of the features used to differentiate these four species display inter-population variation, making further studies on their type specimens necessary., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2020, New and known species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Iran with an updated list of species, pp. 482-500 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on page 491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3752014, {"references":["Kheiri, A. (1971) Two new species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 from Iran and a redescription of N. affinis Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda, Neotylenchidae) with a key to the species of the genus. Nematologica, 16 (1970), 591 - 600. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00810","Husain, S. I. & Khan, A. M. (1974) Three new species of neotylenchid nematodes from north India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 4, 81 - 87.","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Review of the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Revue de Nematologie, 14, 9 - 59.","Zeidan, A. B. & Geraert, E. (1991) The Genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 in Sudan (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 1, 5 - 14."]}

Nothotylenchus siddiqii n. sp. (Figures 3 & 4) Measurements: Table 2. Female: Body straight or slightly curved ventrally. Cuticular annulation distinct, about 1 µm wide; lateral fields with six to nine incisures, 5–7 µm wide and occupying 31.2–42.1% of body width. Head low, with rounded margins, not offset, with two or three fine annuli, 1.5–2 µm high and about 5.5 µm wide. Cephalic skeleton moderately developed, outer margin of basal plate extending two to three annuli inside body. Stylet delicate, conus 26.3–39.7% of total stylet length, knobs medium-sized or small and rounded, 1–2 µm wide. DGO 0.5–1 µm posterior to stylet knobs. Median pharyngeal bulb elongated and spindle shape, wider than procorpus, 4.5–6 µm wide, valveless. Isthmus cylindrical and more slender than procorpus. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus almost at its middle, 69 (65.5–71.5) µm from anterior end. Hemizonid about two to three cuticular annuli long, 82 (79.5–88.5) µm from anterior end, two annuli anterior to S-E pore. S-E pore located from posterior half of isthmus to junction of isthmus and basal bulb. Deirids at the level of S-E pore. Basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform to slightly elongate and offset from intestine, length to width ratio 2.3 (1.8–2.8), with the two anterior-most intestinal cells appearing hyaline. Oocytes in single row, spermatheca elongate, filled with round sperms or empty, uterus quadricolumellar, sometimes with a valve between spermatheca and uterus, vagina 4–6 µm in length, 27.0–34.9% of VBW. PUS well developed, 26.5–40 µm, 2.2 (1.9–2.4) VBW, 54.2 (46.3–61.3) % V-A and 3.1 (2.6–3.6) ABW. Post-vulval body length 10.6 (10.5–10.9) ABW. Tail conical with usually rounded or seldom dull terminus. Male: General morphology, stylet, pharynx and tail shape similar to females. Spicules ventrally arcuate, gubernaculum simple and crescent-shaped, bursa 12–23.5 µm long and enveloping 25.7–48.6% of tail length. Tail conical with rounded terminus. Habitat & locality. Type population collected in 2014 from rhizosphere of alfalfa in Darab region, Fars province, Iran (GPS coordinates: 28°41.167′N, 54°16.056′E, elevation 1367 m.). Type material. Female holotype, three female paratypes and six male paratypes on six glass slides kept in the nematode collection of the Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, and two female paratypes and three male paratypes on two glass slides deposited in the Nematode Collection of the Plantenziektenkundige Dienst, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Diagnosis and relationships. Nothotylenchus siddiqi n. sp. is characterised by its short body, 573–645 µm in length, six to nine lateral field incisures, short, delicate stylet (6.5–7.5 µm) with rounded knobs, pyriform or slightly elongate and offset basal pharyngeal bulb, posterior vulva position (V = 79.3–81.0), PUS = 26.5–40 µm, short spicules, 14.5–16.5 µm long, and tail with rounded terminus. N. siddiqii n. sp. resembles N. affinis, N. hexaglyphus, N. persicus, N taylori Husain & Khan, 1974; N. geraerti and N. medians. But it can be distinguished from all these species by having 6–9 incisures in lateral fields (vs. 6). Moreover N. siddiqii n. sp. differs from N. affinis by greater PUS/VBW ratio (1.9–2.4 vs. 1.1–1.3), from N. hexaglyphus by shorter spicules (14.5–16.5 vs. 19–22 μm) and greater PUS/VBW ratio (1.9–2.4 vs. 0.5–1.3), from N. taylori by relatively shorter spicules (14.5–16.5 vs. 16.5–20 μm) and from N. persicus by shorter spicules (14.5–16.5 vs. 21–22 μm), position of the S-E pore (posterior half of isthmus to its junction with basal pharyngeal bulb vs. after basal pharyngeal bulb) and the tail terminus shape (rounded vs. pointed). Etymology. The species is named in honor of Dr. Mohammad Rafiq Siddiqi for his outstanding contributions to the science of nematology., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2020, New and known species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Iran with an updated list of species, pp. 482-500 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on pages 487-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3752014, {"references":["Husain, S. I. & Khan, A. M. (1974) Three new species of neotylenchid nematodes from north India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 4, 81 - 87."]}

Updated list, identification key and tabular compendium of Nothotylenchus characteristics Lists of Nothotylenchus species were published by Siddiqi (1986, 2000) and Andrássy (2007). In this study, an upto-date species list of the genus Nothotylenchus includes 41 valid species; species that have been synonymized with other species, transferred to other genera, or considered as species inquirendae, species incertae sedis and nomina nuda are compiled in separate lists. Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 = Boleodoroides Mathur, Khan & Prasad, 1966 = Boleodorus (Boleodoroides Mathur, Khan & Prasad, 1966) (Khera, 1970) ....Continued next page Tail tip: D = dull, Fili = filiform, FR = finely rounded, m = mucronate, P = pointed, R = rounded;? = no information available; [] = obtained from measured drawing and not given in description;> = slightly more than; Remark: In this table, Bursa/tail% that has been used previously (Brzeski, 1991, 1998; Sturhan & Brzeski, 1991), has been removed, because we observed that this feature is very variable even within a population and it can only be used in case of great differences between species (e.g., species with bursa reaching tail tip vs. adanal forms). Diagnosis (emended after Siddiqi, 2000). Anguinidae. Body vermiform, mature females not or slightly swollen. Body size between 0.4 and 1.2 mm. Cuticle finely striated. Lateral fields usually with four or six (occasionally two, five or more than six) incisures, which may be indistinct. Lip region usually low and flattened, continuous or slightly offset; cephalic framework of six equal sectors, not or slightly sclerotized. Stylet 5–14 µm long with conus less than half its total length, weak to moderately-developed, knobs rounded. Median pharyngeal bulb non-muscular, non-valvate; isthmus not separated from basal bulb by a constriction; pharyngeal glands enclosed in a basal bulb of variable shape and size, offset from intestine or overlapping it for a shorter or longer distance. Vulva at 57–86% of body length. Spermatheca elongate-axial. Post-vulval uterine sac one body width or more long. Tails of both sexes similar, elongate-conoid, rarely filiform, tip pointed to rounded, rarely mucronate or clavate. Deirids present. Phasmids absent. Bursa leptoderan, arising near head of spicules and generally extending to middle of tail, rarely adanal, exceptionally reaching tail end. Type species Nothotylenchus acris Thorne, 1941 Other species Nothotylenchus acutus Khan, 1965 = N. allii Khan & Siddiqi, 1968 = N. srinagarensis Fotedar & Mahajan, 1974 = N. indicus Saxena, Chhabra & Joshi, 1973 = N. paramonovi Gagarin, 1974 N. adasi Sykes, 1980 N. affinis Thorne, 1941 N. andrassy Jalalinasab, Nassaj Hosseini & Heydari, 2018 N. antricolus Andrássy, 1961 N. attenuatus Mulvey, 1969 N. basiri Khan, 1965 N. brzeskii n. sp. N. bhatnagari Tikyani & Khera, 1969 N. bhattii (Das & Bajaj, 2005) comb. n. = Ditylenchus bhattii Das & Bajaj, 2005 N. boroki Gagarin, 1999 N. citri (Varaprasad, Khan & Lal, 1981) Siddiqi, 1986 = Paurodontus citri Varaprasad, Khan & Lal, 1981 N. clavatus Dhanachand & Gambhir, 1991 N. cylindricollis Thorne, 1941 N. cylindricus Khan & Siddiqi, 1968 = N. elongatus Husain & Khan, 1974 N. danubialis Andrássy, 1960 N. drymocolus Rühm, 1956 N. fotedari Mahajan, 1977 N. geraerti Kheiri, 1971 N. goldeni Maqbool, 1982 N. hexaglyphus Khan & Siddiqi, 1968 N. loksai Andrássy, 1959 N. medians Thorne & Malek, 1968 N. oryzae (Mathur, Khan & Prasad, 1966) Siddiqi, 1986 = Boleodoroides oryzae Mathur, Khan & Prasad, 1966 N. persicus Esmaeili, Heydari, Castillo & Palomares-Rius, 2016 N. petilus Massey, 1974 N. phoenixae Esmaeili, Heydari & Ye, 2017 N. siddiqii n. sp. N. similis Thorne & Malek, 1968 N. singhi Das & Shivaswamy, 1980 N. solani (Varaprasad, Khan & Lal, 1981) Siddiqi, 1986 = Paurodontus solani Varaprasad, Khan & Lal, 1981 N. taylori Husain & Khan, 1974 N. tenuis Gagarin, 1999 N. thornei Andrássy, 1958 N. truncatus Eliashvili & Vacheishvili, 1980 N. tuberosus Kheiri, 1971 N. turfus (Yokoo, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 = Neotylenchus turfus Yokoo, 1968 N. uniformis Truskova & Eroshenko, 1977 N. utschini Gagarin, 1974 N. websteri Kumar, 1983 Species inquirendae N. atypicus (Khera & Chaturvedi, 1977) Siddiqi, 1986 = Boleodorus atypicus Khera & Chaturvedi, 1977 N. buckleyi Das, 1960 N. compactus Massey, 1974 N. exiguus Andrássy, 1958 N. longistylus (Khera & Chaturvedi, 1977) Siddiqi, 1986 = Boleodorus longistylus Khera & Chaturvedi, 1977 N. major Thorne & Malek, 1968 N. montanus Kiknadze & Eliashvilli, 1988 N. parasimilis Massey, 1974 N. petilus Massey, 1974 N. typicus (Husain & Khan, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 = Boleodorus typicus Husain & Khan, 1968 Ditylenchus robustus Das & Bajaj, 2005 (see remark 1) Ditylenchus triticus Das & Bajaj, 2005 (see remark 2) Species incertae sedis Neotylenchus nitidus Massey, 1969 = N. nitidus (Massey, 1969) Siddiqi, 1986 Nomina nuda N. callidus Izatullaeva, 1967 N. strictus Kapoor, 1982 Species transferred to other genera N. innuptus Andrássy, 1961, to Boleodorus Remarks on some species inquirendae Remark 1: Ditylenchus robustus is described by lateral fields with indistinct incisures, fusiform non-valvate median bulb, elongated, narrow spermatheca, genital tract coiled before crustaformeria, and short PUS. But drawings (Fig. 4A, C & D) show the spermatheca as not elongate and that it seems to be offset and pouch-like, considered by the authors as coiling of genital tract before crustaformeria (Das & Bajaj 2005). Therefore, reexamination and redescription of the species is necessary to determine its taxonomic position. Remark 2: D. triticus is characterised by indistinct lateral fields, fusiform and valveless median bulb, elongateoval spermatheca, filled with large sperms, looped genital tract near spermatheca, and short PUS. The elongated, bipartite and offset spermatheca, filled with small sperms shown in Fig. 3A & C (Das & Bajaj 2005) excludes this species from Ditylenchus or Nothotylenchus, and the disagreement between the description and drawings require it to be considered as species inquirenda. Key for identification of species 1- Lateral fields with two incisures; stylet length = 7.5 µm; V = 76; spicule length = 14 µm..................... N. petilus - Lateral fields with four or more incisures.................................................................. 2 2- Lateral fields with four incisures......................................................................... 3 - Lateral fields with five or more incisures................................................................. 22 3- Average stylet length ˂ 10 µm........................................................................... 4 - Average stylet length> 10 µm.......................................................................... 18 4- Basal pharyngeal bulb always long and cylindrical.......................................................... 5 - Basal pharyngeal bulb usually pyriform or short cylindrical................................................... 9 5- Tail terminus pointed.................................................................................. 6 - Tail terminus rounded; basal pharyngeal bulb cylindrical...................................................... 8 6- V = 90, vagina oblique; V-A about two times VBW; basal pharyngeal bulb cylindrical.................. N. cylindricollis - V = 71–77; vagina perpendicular to body axis; V-A longer.................................................... 7 7- Stylet length = 6.5–7 µm; PUS/VBW = 0.3–0.4.................................................... N. antricolus - Stylet length = 9–10 µm; PUS/VBW> 2........................................................ N. attenuatus 8- Basal pharyngeal bulb without projection; PUS/VBW = 0.8; spicule length = 17–19 µm................... N. bhatnagari - Basal pharyngeal bulb with a small cardiac projection; PUS/VBW = 1.5–2; spicule length = 14 µm.......... N. cylindricus 9- PUS/VBW = 3.4–5.7; tail terminus pointed; bursa covering 1/6 tail................................... N. danubialis - PUS/VBW ≤ 3...................................................................................... 10 10- Spicule length = 20.5–23 µm; V = 83.3–84.4; PUS/VBW = 0.6–1.2; tail thick and usually with rounded tip.. N. brzeskii n. sp. - Spicule length V = 67%; PUS/VBW = 0.6; tail terminus rounded..................................................... N. loksai - V ˃ 70%........................................................................................... 12 12- PUS/VBW = 0.6; tail terminus mucronate.......................................................... N. thornei - PUS/VBW = 1.3–3.0; tail terminus not mucronate.......................................................... 13 13- Body length ≥ 700 µm; tail terminus pointed.............................................................. 14 - Body length ≤ 650 µm; tail terminus variable, pointed, dull or rounded......................................... 15 14- Bursa nearly reaching tail terminus (~100%)......................................................... N. turfus - Bursa extending slightly past middle of tail........................................................... N. acris 15- Spicule length = 11–13 µm; V = 80–82; tail terminus pointed.......................................... N. websteri - Spicule length ≥ 13 µm; V N. acutus - Spicule length = 13–15 µm; tail terminus rounded or dull.................................................... 17 17- Stylet length = 6–8 µm; L = 350–500 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform.................................. N. basiri - Stylet length = 9 µm, L = 630 µm, basal pharyngeal bulb short cylindrical.................................. N. singhi 18- PUS/VBW N. clavatus - PUS/VBW> 1; tail terminus rounded, dull or pointed....................................................... 19 19- V = 57–66................................................................................. N. truncatus - V = 68–83......................................................................................... 20 20- Spicule length = 13–15 µm; V = 75–79; basal pharyngeal bulb cylindrical................................ N. utschini - Spicule length = 17–24 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform.................................................. 21 21- V = 68–76.8; spicule length = 21–24 µm............................................................ N. adasi - V = 80.2–83; spicule length = 17–21 µm............................................................ N. bhattii 22- Lateral fields with five incisures; stylet length = 11–12 µm; V = 81–85%; spicule length = 18–21 µm....... N. drymocolus - Lateral fields with six (or more) incisures................................................................. 23 23- Stylet length = 11–12 µm; V = 82–83, PUS/VBW = 0.5–0.7; spicule length = 20–21 µm..................... N. goldeni - Stylet length ≤ 10 µm................................................................................ 24 24- Basal pharyngeal bulb with extension.................................................................... 25 - Basal pharyngeal bulb without extension................................................................. 26 25- Stylet length = 6–8 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb extension short; tail terminus rounded......................... N. solani - Stylet length = 8–10 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb extension long; tail terminus pointed.......................... N. citri 26- Tail terminus clavate; basal pharyngeal bulb cylindrical, set off from the intestine........................... N. oryzae - Tail terminus pointed, dull or rounded................................................................... 27 27- Tail terminus always pointed........................................................................... 28 - Tail terminus rounded, dull or rarely pointed.............................................................. 32 28- Tail terminus filiform; spicule length = 13–14 µm; V = 71–76............................................ N. tenuis - Tail terminus pointed; spicule length ≥ 18 µm; V > 76 µm.................................................... 29 29- Stylet length = 5–7 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform; PUS/VBW ≤ 1......................................... 30 - Stylet length = 8–9 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb cylindrical; PUS/VBW> 1.2 (two similar species, probably synonymous)..................................................................................................... 31 30- S-E pore located posterior to basal pharyngeal bulb.................................................. N. persicus - S-E pore located at the level of anterior third part of basal pharyngeal bulb.............................. N. phoenixae 31- PUS/VBW = 1.2–1.4; male unknown............................................................ N. uniformis - PUS/VBW = 1.4–2.4; male known............................................................... N. andrassy 32- Stylet length = 10 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb always cylindrical.......................................... N. similis - Stylet length ≤ 9 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb mostly pyriform................................................. 33 33- Maximum spicule length> 19 µm...................................................................... 34 - Maximum spicule length V = 75–80; PUS/VBW = 1.8–3; spicule length = 16.5–20 µm........................................... N. taylori - V = 81.6–86.0; PUS/VBW = 0.5–1.3; spicule length = 19–22 µm.................................... N. hexaglyphus 35- Lateral fields with six to nine incisures; V = 79.3–81.0; PUS/VBW = 1.9–2.4; spicule length = 14.5–16.5 µm.................................................................................................... N. siddiqii n. sp. - Lateral fields with six incisures......................................................................... 36 36- V = 84–86; PUS/VBW N. fotedari - V usually ≤ 84...................................................................................... 37 37- Basal bulb always cylindrical; PUS/VBW = 1.1–1.8; tail terminus finely rounded............................ N. boroki - Basal bulb mostly pyriform or slightly overlapping (four similar species)........................................ 38 38- Uterus length/VBW = 3–4, basal bulb slightly overlapping........................................... N. tuberosus - Uterus length/VBW usually ˂ 3; basal bulb mostly pyriform and offset......................................... 39 39- Head high, stylet knobs sloping posteriorly........................................................ N. geraerti - Head low, stylet knobs rounded......................................................................... 40 40- Stylet length = 8–9 µm, PUS/VBW = 1.1–1.3, tail not thick............................................. N. affinis - Stylet length = 6.5–8 µm, PUS/VBW = 1.3–2.6, tail thick............................................. N. medians, Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2020, New and known species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Iran with an updated list of species, pp. 482-500 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on pages 491-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3752014, {"references":["Siddiqi, M. R. (1986) Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough, 645 pp.","Siddiqi, M. R. (2000) Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 833 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851992020.0000","Andrassy, I. (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary, II (Nematoda errantia). Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, 496 pp.","Thorne, G. (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidae which do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb. Great Basin Naturalist, 2, 37 - 85.","Mathur, V. K., Khan, E. & Prasad, S. K. (1966) Boleodoroides oryzae n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Boleodorinae) from Bihar, India. Nematologica, 12, 448 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529266 X 00950","Khera, S. (1970) Nematodes from the banks of still and running waters. 8. Order Tylenchida. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Calcutta, 23, 53 - 65.","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Review of the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Revue de Nematologie, 14, 9 - 59.","Brzeski, M. W. (1998) Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and Temperate Europe. Muzeum i Instytutu Zoologii, Polska Akademia Nauk (MiIZ PAN), Warszawa, 396 pp.","Sturhan, D. & Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus spp. In: Nickle, W. R. (Ed.), Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, pp. 423 - 464.","Khan, S. H. (1965) Nothotylenchus acutus n. sp. and N. basiri n. sp. (Nematoda: Nothotylenchinae) from North India. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 32, 90 - 93.","Khan, A. M. & Siddiqi, M. R. (1968) Three new species of Nothotylenchus (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) from north India. Nematologica, 14, 369 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529268 X 00048","Fotedar, D. N & Mahajan, R. (1974) Two new nematode species (Nothotylenchidae) from Kashmir. Indian Journal of Nematology, 2 (1972), 169 - 172.","Saxena, P. K., Chhabra, H. K. & Joshi, R. (1973) Nothotylenchus indicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Nothotylenchinae) from rhizosphere of peach trees in the Punjab (India). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 190, 140 - 142.","Gagarin, V. G. (1974) Two new species of the genus Nothotylenchus (Nothotylenchidae: Nematoda) and description of males of Tylocephalus auriculatus and Chronogaster typicus. Trudy Gelan, 24, 30 - 35. [in Russian]","Sykes, G. B. (1980) A new species of Nothotylenchus (Nematoda: Neotylenchoidea) from England. Systematic Parasitology, 1, 237 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00009848","Jalalinasab, P., Nassaj Hosseini, M. & Heydari, R. (2018) Nothotylenchus andrassy n. sp. (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Northern Iran. Journal of Nematology, 50, 219 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.21307 / jofnem- 2018 - 025","Andrassy, I. (1961) Zur Taxonomie der Neotylenchiden. Nematologica, 6, 25 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529261 X 00243","Mulvey, R. H. (1969) Nematodes of the family Neotylenchidae (Tylenchida: Nematoda) from the Canadian high Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 1261 - 1268. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 69 - 198","Tikyani, M. G. & Khera, S. (1969) Nothotylenchus bhatnagari n. sp. from the rhizosphere of great millet (Sorghum vulgare Pers). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 182, 87 - 91.","Das, D. & Bajaj, H. K. (2005) New and known species of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 from Haryana, India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 35, 11 - 23.","Gagarin, V. G. (1999) [Nematode fauna in rotten wood of birch, aspen, and pine in Borok (Yaroslavl' district, Central Russia)]. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 78, 146 - 157. [in Russian]","Varaprasad, K. S., Khan, E. & Lal, M. (1981) Paurodontus solani n. sp. and P. citri n. sp. (Nematoda: Neotylenchoidea) with a key to the species of Paurodontus Thorne, 1941. Indian Journal of Nematology, 10, 182 - 188.","Dhanachand, C. & Gambhir, R. K. (1991) One new and two known species of Tylenchida from Manipur, India. Current Nematology, 2, 33 - 38.","Husain, S. I. & Khan, A. M. (1974) Three new species of neotylenchid nematodes from north India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 4, 81 - 87.","Andrassy, I. (1960) Beitrage zur kenntnis der freilebenden Nematoden Chinas. Annales Musei Historico-naturalis Hungarici, 52, 201 - 216.","Ruhm, W. (1956) Die Nematoden der Ipiden. Parasitologische Schriftenreihe. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 437 pp.","Mahajan, R. (1977) Scutellonema petersi n. sp. and Nothotylenchus fotedari n. sp., two new nematodes from India. Rivista di Parassitologia, 38, 334 - 337.","Kheiri, A. (1971) Two new species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 from Iran and a redescription of N. affinis Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda, Neotylenchidae) with a key to the species of the genus. Nematologica, 16 (1970), 591 - 600. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00810","Maqbool, M. A. (1982) Three new species of the superfamily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Pakistan. Journal of Nematology, 14, 317 - 323.","Andrassy, I. (1959) Freilebende nematoden aus Rumanien. Annales Universitatis Scientarum Budapestensis de Rolando Eotvos Nominate, Sectio Biologica, 2, 3 - 27.","Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 31, 1 - 111.","Esmaeili, M., Heydari, R., Castillo, P. & Palomares-Rius, J. E. (2016) Nothotylenchus persicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Kermanshah province, Iran. Nematology, 18, 29 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00002940","Massey, C. L. (1974) Biology and taxonomy of nematode parasites and associates of bark beetles in the United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 446. Department of Agriculture, Washington, 233 pp.","Esmaeili, M., Heydari, R. & Ye, W. (2017) Description of a new anguinid nematode, Nothotylenchus phoenixae n. sp. (Nematoda: Anguinidae) associated with palm date trees and its phylogenetic relations within the family Anguinidae. Journal of Nematology, 49, 268 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.21307 / jofnem- 2017 - 072","Das, V. M. & Shivaswamy, V. (1980) Paurodontus brassicae n. sp. and Nothotylenchus singhi n. sp. from south India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Parasitology, 1, 62 - 65.","Andrassy, I. (1958) Erd-und Susswassernematoden aus Bulgarien Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 4, 1 - 88.","Eliashvili, T. S. & Vacheishvili, L. A. (1980) [A new species of the nematode Nothotylenchus truncatus sp. nov. (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Eastern Georgia]. Soobshcheniia Akademii nauk Gruzinskoi SSR, 98, 177 - 180. [in Russian]","Yokoo, T. (1968) Nematological studies on the yellow patch of green grass of the golf link: II. On the nemic-fauna in the green grass of International Golf Link of Isahaya, Nagasaki Prefecture, with descriptions on new species of Neotylenchus (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae). Agricultural Bulletin, Saga University, 26, 9 - 19.","Truskova, G. M. & Eroshenko, A. S. (1977) [The nematode fauna of herbaceous and ligneous plants in the pine plantations of the Primor'yal]. Trudy Biologicheskogo Instituta Novosibirsk Seriya, 47, 35 - 49. [in Russian]","Kumar, P. (1983) Nothotylenchus websteri n. sp. (Nematoda: Neotylenchoidea) from Lucknow. Indian Journal of Parasitology, 7, 105 - 107.","Khera, S. & Chaturvedi, Y. (1977) Nematodes from tea plantations of Dhera Dun, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 72, 125 - 152.","Das, V. M. (1960) Studies on the nematode parasites of plants in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh, India). Zeitschrift fur Parasiten- kunde, 19, 553 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00260158","Husain, S. I. & Khan, A. M. (1968) Paurodontella n. gen. and three new species of nematodes from North India (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae). Nematologica, 13 (1967), 493 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529267 X 00274","Massey, C. L. (1969) New species of tylenchs associated with bark beetles in New Mexico and Colorado. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 36, 43 - 52.","Izatullaeva, R. I. (1967) [The helminth fauna of certain flower crops in Kazakhstan]. Materialy Nauchnoy Konferentsii Vsesoyuznogo Obshchestva Gel'mintologov, 5 (1966), 175 - 179. [in Russian]","Kapoor, M. (1982) Taxonomic studies on nematodes of some medicinal and aromatic plants of North India. Thesis, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 418 pp."]}

4. Ditylenchus equalis Heyns, 1964 8 females: L = 749 (602–861) µm; stylet = 7.4 (7–8) µm; pharynx = 118 (98–145) µm; tail = 73.5 (51–91) µm; a = 44.8 (35.6–57.5); b = 6.4 (5.4–8.2); c = 10.4 (9.1–12.3); c′ = 6.6 (4.2–8.5); V = 80.6 (78.9–82.6); V′ = 89.3 (88.1– 90.5); PUS / VBW = 1.2 (1.0–1.4; in one specimen = 2.1); PUS /V-A = 30.6 (20.9–58.4) %; V-A/T = 1.0 (0.8–1.2). 4 males: L = 537 (494–565) µm; stylet = 7.3 (7–8) µm; pharynx = 116 (104–134) µm; tail = 51.2 (50–53) µm; a = 44.1 (39.1–48.7); b = 4.6 (4.2–4.9); c = 10.5 (9.7–11.1); c′ = 5.1 (4.6–5.5); spicules = 14.9 (14–16) µm. Diagnosis. D. equalis is characterised by four lateral field incisures, unstriated head, delicate, short stylet with rounded knobs, basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform to elongate and usually offset, sometimes with a slight overlap (up to 2 µm), posterior position of vulva, short post-vulval uterine sac, tail tip usually pointed and sometimes rounded, and short spicules. D. equalis is similar to D. deiridus Thorne & Malek, 1968, D. emus Khan, Chawla & Prasad, 1969, D. exilis Brzeski, 1984, D. filimus Anderson, 1983, D. parvus and D. terricolus. It differs from D. deiridus by having PUS (vs. PUS absent), and from D. emus and D. exilis by different shape of tail tip (usually pointed vs. rounded). It can be distinguished from D. filimus by shorter spicules (14–16 vs. 29 μm) and lower V index (78.9–82.6 vs. 81–85), from D. parvus and D. terricolus by greater V index (78.9–82.6 vs. 71–77) and lower PUS/VBW ratio (1.0–1.4 vs. 1.8–4.3 and 2.1–3.2, respectively)., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Heyns, J. (1964) Aphelenchoides helicus n. sp. and Ditylenchus equalis n. sp., two new soil inhabiting nematodes. South African Journal of Agricultural Science, 7, 147 - 150.","Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 31, 1 - 111.","Khan, E., Chawla, M. L. & Prasad, S. K. (1969) Tylenchus (Aglenchus) indiens n. sp. and Ditylenchus emus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from India. Labdev Journal of Science and Technology, 7 B, 311 - 314.","Brzeski, M. W. (1984) Three new species of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936, and comments on Basiroides longimatricalis Kazachenko, 1975 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Nematologica, 29, 380 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529283 X 00267","Anderson, R. V. (1983) An emended description of Ditylenchus valveus Thorne & Malek, 1968 and description of D. filimus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from mushroom compost in Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61, 2319 - 2323. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 83 - 306"]}

7. Ditylenchus myceliophagus Goodey, 1958 348 females: L = 734 (481–1108) µm; stylet = 7.7 (6–9) µm; pharynx = 119 (87–162) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 127 (87–187) µm; tail = 56.0 (33–85) µm; a = 38.1 (22.8–56.0); b = 6.2 (4.3–8.8); c = 13.2 (8.5–18.9); c′ = 4.6 (2.8–7.2); V = 80.8 (73.9–85.3); V′ = 87.6 (82.1–92.5); PUS / VBW = 2.1 (0.8–3.7); PUS /V-A = 45.5 (17.3–69.6) %; V-A/T = 1.5 (0.8–2.4). 201 males: L = 701 (426–939) µm; stylet = 7.7 (6.5–9) µm; pharynx = 120 (86.5–168) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 126 (92–168) µm; tail = 52.8 (39.5–76) µm; a = 40.6 (27.8–56.7); b = 5.9 (3.7–8.4); c = 13.4 (8.6–18.7); c′ = 4.5 (3.2–6.5); spicules = 18.9 (14.5–23.5) µm. Diagnosis. D. myceliophagus is distinctive because of its thin to stout body, six lateral field incisures (sometimes with one to three additional lines), refractive, short crescentic cephalic skeleton, delicate, short stylet with rounded or posteriorly sloping knobs, variable shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform, cylindrical or elongate), basal pharyngeal bulb offset or with slight to long overlap, up to 66 µm, variable vuvla position and length of postvulval uterine sac, a usually thick tail that suddenly narrows from about half to the last two thirds, with a usually rounded, sometimes dull, tip, and variable spicule length. Unlike the original description of D. myceliophagus (Goodey 1958), the head of different populations in this study was striated. The general shape of tail in the Iranian populations was more diverse than the Brzeski populations (1998) (usually thick and sometimes narrow vs. always thick). The Iranian populations of D. myceliophagus are close to D. acutatus, D. anchilisposomus, D. apus, D. dauniae, D. elegans, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis, D. silvaticus, D. tenuidens, D. triformis and D. valveus. D. myceliophagus can be distinguished from all of these species by its crescentic and refractive cephalic skeleton. In addition, it differs from D. acutatus with a lower PUS / VBW ratio (2.1 (0.8–3.7) vs. 3.5 (2.8–4.1)) and different tail shape (usually thick, with rounded tip vs. thick, with pointed tip), from D. apus by greater PUS / VBW ratio (0.8–3.7 vs. 0.2–0.4) and different shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform to elongate and offset or with overlap vs. elongate with long overlap), from D. elegans by its shorter body (481–1108 vs. 1030–1370), shorter tail (33–85 vs. 111–149 μm), relatively greater V (73.9–85.3 vs. 71–77), lower PUS / VBW ratio (0.8–3.7 vs. 3.2) and different tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. narrow with pointed tip), from D. medicaginis to some extent by tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. narrow with often pointed to dull tip), from D. silvaticus by different tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. thick with pointed or rounded tip with mucron), from D. tenuidens by striated head (vs. smooth) and different tail tip (usually rounded vs. sharply pointed), from D. triformis by longer spicules (14.5–23.5 vs. 13–15 µm) and six incisures vs. four at anus region, and from D. valveus, to some extent, by tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. narrow with often dull to rounded terminus). In the case of individuals with offset basal pharyngeal bulb or slight overlap over intestine, the basal plate of the cephalic skeleton is the only difference between D. myceliophagus and D. dauniae and D. geraerti, also if there are individuals with long basal bulb overlap over intestine, this feature is again the only difference between D. myceliophagus and D. anchilisposomus., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on pages 94-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Goodey, J. B. (1958) Ditylenchus myceliophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Nematologica, 3, 91 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529258 X 00166"]}

10. Ditylenchus valveus Thorne & Malek, 1968 9 females: L = 739 (638–907) µm; stylet = 7.2 (7–8) µm; pharynx = 123 (106–153) µm; tail = 66.4 (55–92) µm; a = 38.3 (29.3–51.7); b = 6.1 (5.2–8.0); c = 11.5 (9.8–14.4); c′ = 5.5 (4.5–7.4); V = 80.4 (79.0–82.7); V′ = 88.3 (84.9–89.8); PUS / VBW = 2.0 (1.1–2.6); PUS /V-A = 46.2 (23.5–68.4) %; V-A/T = 1.2 (1.0–1.8). 2 males: L = 625, 816 µm; stylet = 7, 8 µm; pharynx = 122, 128 µm; tail = 59, 74 µm; a = 44.5, 54.1; b = 5.1, 6.4; c = 10.5, 11.1; c′ = 5.4, 6.3; spicules = 18.5, 19 µm. Diagnosis. D. valveus is characterised by six lateral field incisures, delicate, short stylet with round knobs, usually pyriform, but sometimes cylindrical, basal pharyngeal bulb that is usually offset and sometimes with slight overlap (up to 2 µm), posterior position of vulva, usually long post-vulval uterine sac, usually dull and rounded, but sometimes mucronate, tail tip, and spicule length. The Iranian population of D. valveus comes close to D. acutatus, D. apus, D. dauniae, D. elegans, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis, D. myceliophagus, D. silvaticus, D. tenuidens and D. triformis. It can be distinguished from D. acutatus by its lower PUS / VBW ratio (1.1–2.6 vs. 2.8–4.1) and different tail tip (rounded to dull vs. pointed), from D. apus by having greater V and PUS / VBW ratio (79.0–82.7 and 1.1–2.6 vs. 75–76 and 0.2–0.4, respectively) and also by the shape of the basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform and usually offset vs. elongate with long overlap), from D. dauniae by lower V (79.0–82.7 vs. 83–84) and greater c ′ index (4.5–7.4 vs. 3.2–4.1), from D. elegans by shorter body and tail length (638–907 and 55–92 vs. 1030–1370 and 111–149 µm), greater V (79.0–82.7 vs. 71–77), lower c ′ ratio (4.5–7.4 vs. 7.2–11.3) and different tail tip shape (rounded and dull vs. pointed), from D. geraerti by tail shape (narrow with rounded to dull tip vs. thick with rounded tip) and greater c′ index (4.5–7.4 vs. 3.5–5), from D. myceliophagus by different cephalic skeleton development (moderate vs. crescentic and refractive), from D. silvaticus by different tail shape (narrow with rounded to dull terminus vs. thick with pointed or rounded tip with mucron), from D. tenuidens by striated (vs. smooth) head, position of S-E pore (located between posterior half of isthmus and anterior half of basal bulb vs. half of isthmus), shape of basal bulb (pyriform vs. elongate) and tail tip (rounded to dull vs. pointed), and from D. triformis by longer spicules (18.5–19 vs. 13–15 μm) and having six incisures at anus region (vs. four). The closest species to D. valveus is D. medicaginis (see D. medicaginis diagnosis)., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 31, 1 - 111."]}

9. Ditylenchus triformis Hirschmann & Sasser, 1955 (Figure 4) 9 females: L = 621 (493–729) µm; stylet = 7.0 (7–8) µm; pharynx = 118 (97–131) µm; tail = 56.9 (44–66) µm; a = 39.3 (34.7–46.1); b = 5.3 (4.6–6.0); c = 10.9 (9.1–12.7); c′ = 5.4 (4.7–6.6); V = 78.3 (76.2–80.2); V′ = 86.2 (83.3–88.3); PUS / VBW = 1.7 (1.3–2.7); PUS /V-A = 32.6 (22.2–48.2) %; V-A/T = 1.4 (1.1–1.8). 2 males: L = 462, 581 μm; stylet = 6.5, 7 μm; pharynx = 97, 117 µm; tail = 51, 56 µm; a = 42.4, 44.7; b = 4.8, 5.0; c = 9.0, 10.3; c ′ = 6.9, 5.6; spicules = 14, 16 µm. Diagnosis. D. triformis is characterised by six lateral field incisures that reduced to four at anus level, delicate, short stylet with rounded knobs, elongate basal pharyngeal bulb that is usually offset and sometimes slightly overlapping (up to 6 µm), posterior position of vulva, rather long post-vulval uterine sac, usually rounded, seldom dull or pointed, tail tip, and short spicules. The Iranian population of D. triformis is close to 11 species, including D. acutatus, D. dauniae, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis, D. myceliophagus, D. silvaticus, D. valveus, D. virtudesae, D. apus, D. elegans and D. tenuidens. It differs from all of these species by the reduction of lateral field incisures at the anus region to four. In addition, it can be distinguished from D. virtudesae by longer spicules (14–16 vs. 11 μm), from D. acutatus and D. elegans by lower PUS / VBW ratio (1.3–2.7 vs. 2.8–4.1, 3.2, respectively) and different tail tip shape (usually rounded vs. pointed or dull), and from D. apus by greater PUS / VBW ratio (1.3–2.7 vs. 0.2–0.4) and the nature of the basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform to elongate, offset or with slight overlap vs. elongated and with long overlap). It differs from D. myceliophagus by different basal plate of cephalic skeleton (weak to moderate vs. refractive and crescentic), from D. silvaticus and D. tenuidens by striated (vs. smooth) head and different tail tip shape (usually rounded vs. pointed), and from D. valveus by shorter spicules (14–16 vs. 16–23 µm). The only difference between D. triformis and the three remaining species is the number of incisures at the anus region., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Hirschmann, H. & Sasser, J. N. (1955) On the occurrence of an intersexual form in Ditylenchus triformis, n. sp. (Nematoda, Tylenchida). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 22, 115 - 123."]}

1. Ditylenchus anchilisposomus (Tarjan, 1958) Fortuner, 1982 7 females: L = 660 (615–708) µm; stylet = 8.4 (7.5–9) µm; pharynx = 117 (107–139) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 144 (114–170) µm; tail = 55.8 (51–66) µm; a = 42.1 (37.3–46.9); b = 5.7 (4.4–6.5); c = 11.9 (10.6–13.2); c′ = 5.3 (4.8–5.7); V = 80.1 (77.5–82.0); V′ = 87.5 (85.3–88.7); PUS / VBW = 2.0 (1.4–2.6); PUS /V-A = 40.4 (29.2– 46.2) %; V-A/T = 1.4 (1.2–1.7). 3 males: L = 620 (610–632) µm; stylet = 7.8 (7–8) µm; pharynx = 110 (103–114) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 138 (135–139) µm; tail = 55.4 (50–64) µm; a = 44.5 (41.5–47.3); b = 5.7 (5.4–6.0); c = 11.3 (9.9–12.1); c′ = 5.3 (4.7–6.6); spicules = 15.5 (15–16) µm. Diagnosis. D. anchilisposomus is characterised by six lateral field incisures, head with rounded margins and weak cephalic skeleton, delicate medium-sized stylet with small rounded to posteriorly sloping knobs, usually long (seldom pyriform) basal pharyngeal bulb overlapping intestine and measuring 7–41 µm and seldom pyriform, posterior position of vulva, long post-vulval uterine sac, rounded to dull tail tip and short spicules. The Iranian population of D. anchilisposomus is similar to D. dauniae Brzeski & Marinari, 1991, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis Wasilewska, 1965, D. myceliophagus Goodey, 1958, D. silvaticus Brzeski, 1991, D. tenuidens Gritzenko, 1971, D. triformis and D. valveus Thorne & Malek, 1968. It can be distinguished from all of these, except some specimens of D. myceliophagus, by having a long pharyngeal lobe overlapping intestine. The only difference between D. anchilisposomus and D. myceliophagus is the cephalic skeleton (weak to medium and extending two annuli into the body vs. short, crescentic and with refractive margins)., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Tarjan, A. C. (1958) A new genus, Pseudhalenchus (Tylenchinae: Nematoda), with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 25, 20 - 25.","Fortuner, R. (1982) On the genus Dilylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Revue de Nematologie, 5, 17 - 38.","Wasilewska, L. (1965) Ditylenchus medicaginis n. sp., a new parasitic nematode from Poland (Nematoda, Tylenchidae). Bulletin de l'Academie polonaise des Sciences. Classe II. Serie des Sciences Biologiques, 13, 167 - 170.","Goodey, J. B. (1958) Ditylenchus myceliophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Nematologica, 3, 91 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529258 X 00166","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Review of the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Revue de Nematologie, 14, 9 - 59.","Gritzenko, V. P. (1971) Ditylenchus tenuidens n. sp. and Aphelenchoides curiolis n. sp. (Nematoda, Tylenchidae and Aphelenchoididae) from Kirgizia. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 50, 1402 - 1405.","Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 31, 1 - 111."]}

3. Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936 191 females: L = 1140 (878–1510) µm; stylet = 10.5 (9–13) µm; pharynx = 177 (143–221) µm; tail = 77.6 (53–105) µm; a = 46.1 (29.5–62.5; in one specimen = 18.5); b = 6.5 (5.0–8.4); c = 14.8 (11.5–25.7); c′ = 5.4 (3.7–7.7); V = 80.4 (75.8–87.3; in one specimen = 69.6); V ′ = 86.3 (74.1–93.9); PUS / VBW = 2.6 (1.5–3.6); PUS /V-A = 43.4 (25.6–77.8) %; V-A/T = 1.8 (0.8–2.4; in one specimen = 3.9). 134 males: L = 1103 (877–1346) µm; stylet = 10.5 (9.5–12) µm; pharynx = 175 (130–210) μm; tail = 76.5 (58–99) μm; a = 48.4 (33.8–66.5); b = 6.3 (5.2–8.1); c = 14.5 (12.0–18.3); c′ = 5.1 (3.5–7.4); spicules = 23.7 (20–28) µm. Diagnosis. D. dipsaci is distinguished by its long, slender body, four lateral field incisures (sometimes with one to three additional lines), well-developed cephalic skeleton, moderately large stylet with distinct rounded knobs, moderately-developed median bulb with distinct valve, variable shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (usually long and cylindrical, sometimes pyriform and shorter, sometimes with a short stem), basal pharyngeal bulb usually with slight intestinal overlap, averaging 5 µm (seldom up to 29 µm) and sometimes offset, posterior position of vulva, long post-vulval uterine sac, thick tail with usually pointed, but sometimes dull tip, and long spicules. The Iranian populations of D. dipsaci are similar to D. angustus (Butler, 1913) Filipjev, 1936, D. gigas Vovlas, Troccoli, Palomares-Rius, De Luca, Liébanas, Landa, Subbotin & Castillo, 2011, D. laurae Skwiercz, Kornobis, Winiszewska, Przybylska, Obrępalska-Stęplowska, Gawlak & Subbotin, 2017, D. solani, D. sturhani Mirbabaei Karani, Eskandari, Ghaderi, Heydari, & Miraeez, 2017 and D. weischeri Chizhov, Borisov & Subbotin, 2010. They differs from D. angustus by relatively longer spicules (20–28 vs. 16–21 μm), less bursa/tail% (24.8–85.2 vs. approximately 100%), different shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (long and cylindrical vs. clavate). It can be distinguished from D. laurae by shorter body (878–1510 vs. 1523–2095 μm), shorter tail (53–105 vs. 104–127 μm), less a index (18.5–62.5 vs. 72.5–103) and PUS / VBW (1.5–3.6 vs. 4.3–5.6), shorter basal pharyngeal bulb (length/width = 1.9–5.8 vs. approximately 10) and the shape of tail tip (usually pointed vs. mucronate), from D. solani by having longer spicules (20–28 vs. 18–20 μm), the shape of basal pharyngeal bulb and tail tip (long and cylindrical and usually pointed vs. pyriform and dull to rounded, respectively), from D. sturhani with longer body 878–1510 vs. 656–865 μm), longer spicules (20–28 vs. 18.5–20.5 μm), greater PUS / VBW (2.6 (1.5–3.6) vs. 1.4 (1.0–1.9)) and different shape of tail tip (usually pointed vs. usually dull), from D. weischeri with greater c′ index (5.4 (3.7–7.7) vs. 3.7 (2.9–4.8)). In the description of D. weischeri, other differences with D. dipsaci such as shorter tail and spicules, greater c index, V-A, V-A/T and PUS length are also noted, that falls within the range of variation of different D. dispaci populations in the present study and are not useful. The closest species to D. dipsaci is D. gigas, which is distinguished only with shorter body length (878–1510 vs. 1270–1932 μm)., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Kuhn, J. (1857) Uber Das Vorkommen von Anguillulen in erkrankten Bluthenkopfen von Dipsacus fullonum L. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 9, 129 - 137.","Filipjev, I. N. (1936) On the classification of the Tylenchinae. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 3, 80 - 82.","Butler, E. J. (1913) Disease of rice: An eelworm disease of rice. Bulletin Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, Bulletin, 34, 1 - 37.","Vovlas, N., Troccoli, A., Palomares-Rius, J. E., De Luca, F., Liebanas, G., Landa, B. B., Subbotin, S. A. & Castillo, P. (2011) Ditylenchus gigas n. sp. parasitizing broad bean: a new stem nematode singled out from the Ditylenchus dipsaci species complex using a polyphasic approach with molecular phylogeny. Plant Pathology, 60, 762 - 775. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3059.2011.02430. x","Skwiercz, A. T., Kornobis, F. W., Winiszewska, G., Przybylska, A., Obrepalska-Steplowska, A., Gawlak, M. & Subbotin, S. A. (2017) Ditylenchus laurae n. sp. (Tylenchida: Anguinidae) from Poland-a new species of the D. dipsaci complex associated with a water plant, Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Nematology, 19, 197 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00003040","Chizhov, V. N., Borisov, B. A. & Subbotin, S. A. (2010) A new stem nematode, Ditylenchus weischeri n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida), a parasite of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. in the Central Region of the Non-Chernozem Zone Russia. Russian Journal of Nematology, 18, 95 - 102."]}

9. Ditylenchus triformis Hirschmann & Sasser, 1955 (Figure 4) 9 females: L = 621 (493–729) µm; stylet = 7.0 (7–8) µm; pharynx = 118 (97–131) µm; tail = 56.9 (44–66) µm; a = 39.3 (34.7–46.1); b = 5.3 (4.6–6.0); c = 10.9 (9.1–12.7); c′ = 5.4 (4.7–6.6); V = 78.3 (76.2–80.2); V′ = 86.2 (83.3–88.3); PUS / VBW = 1.7 (1.3–2.7); PUS /V-A = 32.6 (22.2–48.2) %; V-A/T = 1.4 (1.1–1.8). 2 males: L = 462, 581 μm; stylet = 6.5, 7 μm; pharynx = 97, 117 µm; tail = 51, 56 µm; a = 42.4, 44.7; b = 4.8, 5.0; c = 9.0, 10.3; c ′ = 6.9, 5.6; spicules = 14, 16 µm. Diagnosis. D. triformis is characterised by six lateral field incisures that reduced to four at anus level, delicate, short stylet with rounded knobs, elongate basal pharyngeal bulb that is usually offset and sometimes slightly overlapping (up to 6 µm), posterior position of vulva, rather long post-vulval uterine sac, usually rounded, seldom dull or pointed, tail tip, and short spicules. The Iranian population of D. triformis is close to 11 species, including D. acutatus, D. dauniae, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis, D. myceliophagus, D. silvaticus, D. valveus, D. virtudesae, D. apus, D. elegans and D. tenuidens. It differs from all of these species by the reduction of lateral field incisures at the anus region to four. In addition, it can be distinguished from D. virtudesae by longer spicules (14–16 vs. 11 μm), from D. acutatus and D. elegans by lower PUS / VBW ratio (1.3–2.7 vs. 2.8–4.1, 3.2, respectively) and different tail tip shape (usually rounded vs. pointed or dull), and from D. apus by greater PUS / VBW ratio (1.3–2.7 vs. 0.2–0.4) and the nature of the basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform to elongate, offset or with slight overlap vs. elongated and with long overlap). It differs from D. myceliophagus by different basal plate of cephalic skeleton (weak to moderate vs. refractive and crescentic), from D. silvaticus and D. tenuidens by striated (vs. smooth) head and different tail tip shape (usually rounded vs. pointed), and from D. valveus by shorter spicules (14–16 vs. 16–23 µm). The only difference between D. triformis and the three remaining species is the number of incisures at the anus region.

8. Ditylenchus parvus Zell, 1988 19 females: L = 690 (541–813) µm; stylet = 7.2 (6.5–8) µm; pharynx = 121 (110–141) µm; tail = 70.6 (53–102); a = 41.5 (35.3–49.6); b = 5.7 (4.8–6.9); c = 9.9 (6.9–11.0); c′ = 6.3 (4.8–7.9); V = 73.5 (70.8–75.2); V′ = 81.9 (80.4– 83.0); PUS / VBW = 2.7 (1.0–3.6); PUS /V-A = 35.6 (17.8–45.8) %; V-A/T = 1.6 (1.1–1.9). 7 males: L = 595 (442–717) µm; stylet = 7.0 (6.5–7.5) µm; pharynx = 111 (95–128) µm; tail = 63.9 (44–87.5) µm; a = 44.7 (34.7–57.8); b = 5.3 (4.4–6.0); c = 9.5 (8.2–10.3); c′ = 6.2 (4.6–8.2); spicules = 14.6 (12–17). Diagnosis. D. parvus is characterised by four lateral field incisures, delicate, short stylet with rounded knobs, pyriform basal pharyngeal bulb that is offset or slightly overlapping (up to 4 µm), position of vulva, variable length of post-vulval uterine sac, usually pointed and sometimes mucronate tail tip, and short spicules. The Iranian populations of D. parvus in this study in comparison to those of Brzeski (1998) have a slightly overlapping basal pharyngeal bulb (vs. offset) and stylet knobs sometimes sloping backwards (vs. rounded). D. parvus is similar to D. emus, D. equalis, D. exilis and D. terricolus. It can be distinguished from D. emus by the lower V value (70.8–75.2 vs. 79–81) and pointed tail tip (vs. rounded), from D. equalis by lower V (70.8–75.2 vs. 77–84) and shorter range of spicule length (12–17 vs. 14–25 μm), and from D. exilis by lower V (70.8–75.2 vs. 77–81) and greater PUS / VBW ratio (1.0–3.6 vs. 0.6–1.0). D. parvus bears the most resemblance to D. terricolus. The differences between these two species are the structure of median and basal pharyngeal bulbs and the shape of the tail tip (Brzeski 1991). The median bulb is more elongated in the second species, although intermediate forms were seen in individuals of some populations in this study. Also, the basal pharyngeal bulb slightly overlaps the intestine in the second species, which was observed in this study’s populations and another Iranian population (Karegar et al. 1995). On the other hand, according to Brzeski (1991), the tail tip in the first species is pointed, and in the second species is variable, with a thick terminus, while in the populations of this study, a wide variety of tail shapes, from rounded to pointed or mucronate, was observed. Since the populations of this study were generally more similar to D. parvus, they are retained under this name until further investigations can be made. It should be noted that two individuals from one population, in the present study have characteristics outside the range of other populations, which include a longer tail (91–102 vs. 53–80 μm), as well as lower PUS/VBW and PUS/V-A ratios (1.0–1.3 and 17.8–23.4 % v s. 1.7–3.6 and 28.7–45.8 %, respectively). In terms of characteristics, these two individuals were more similar to D. equalis, but due to the value of V (70.8–71.6) being similar to D. parvus and the greater stability of this character, they were placed in D. parvus., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Zell, H. (1988) Nematodes eines Buchenwaldbodens 11. Die Anguiniden (Nematoda, Anguinoidea). Carolinea, 46, 99 - 114.","Brzeski, M. W. (1998) Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and temperate Europe. Muzeum i Instytutu Zoologii, Polska Akademia Nauk (MiIZ PAN), Warszawa, 396 pp.","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Review of the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Revue de Nematologie, 14, 9 - 59."]}

Cacopaurus pestis Thorne, 1943 Gharakhani et al. 2007: 4♀: L = 186 (183���190) ��m; a = 11.3 (10.2���12.7); b = 1.6 (1.5���1.7); St = 81.3 (78���89) ��m; V = 90 (88���91) 7♂: L = 246 (227���274) ��m; a = 30.5 (25.7���36.3); b = 3 (2.7���3.5); Spicules = 15.7 (13���17) ��m Associated plants & localities: Poplar from West Azarbaijan (Sturhan 1977), white poplar and walnut from Mazandaran and Zanjan; pine from Mazandaran (Barooti 1992), pear, walnut, hazelnut and poplar from East Azarbaijan and Ardabil (Barooti 1998), junipers from Qazvin (Razzaz Hashemi 2002, Razzaz Hashemi & Kheiri 2003), walnut from central and northern provinces of Iran (Barooti 2006), walnut from Kerman (Gharakhani et al. 2007 [F]), walnut from Kurdistan (Bahmani et al. 2012, 2013), walnut from West Azarbaijan (Ahmadi et al. 2014), Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil & Hesar, Abbas Mokaram, 2019, An updated and annotated checklist of the Tylenchulidae (Nematoda: Criconematoidea) of Iran, pp. 205-229 in Zootaxa 4545 (2) on page 206, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4545.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2618787, {"references":["Thorne, G. (1943) Cacopaurus pestis n. g., n. spec. (Nematoda: Criconematidae), a destructive parasite of the walnut, Juglans regia. Linn. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 10, 78 - 83.","Gharakhani, A., Pourjam, E. & Karegar, A. (2007) Some plant parasitic nematodes (Criconematoidea and Longidoridae) in Kerman province orchards. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 43, 372 - 397.","Sturhan, D. (1977) First record of the Persian sessile nematode, Cacopaurus pestis Thorne, in Iran. Nematologia Mediterranea, 5, 125 - 126.","Barooti, S. (1992) Distribution and host range of Cacopaurus pestis from Iran. Nematologica, 38, 399.","Barooti, S. (1998) The plant nematode fauna of cultivated soil of East-Azarbaijan, Ardabil and Moghan. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 66, 32 - 35. [79 - 98, in Persian with English summary]","Razzaz Hashemi, S. R. (2002) Identification of important parasitic nematodes of some of the forest trees and shrubs in Qazvin province. Proceedings of 15 th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Uol. II. Plant diseases and weeds, Kermanshah, Iran, 2002, 263 - 264.","Razzaz Hashemi, S. R. & Kheiri, A. (2003) Identification of nematodes of parasite in Aras forest province of Qazvin. The Journal of Research and Development of Protection of forests and rangelands, 1, 37 - 57. [in Persian]","Barooti, S. (2006) Identification of plant parasitic and predator nematodes fauna of walnut trees in north and central of Iran. Proceedings of 17 th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Uol. II. Plant diseases and weeds, Karadj, Iran, 2006, 320.","Bahmani, J., Khozeini, F., Barooti, S. & Rezaee, S. (2012) Identification of nematode fauna associated with walnut in Sanandaj. Proceedings of 20 th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Uol. II. Plant diseases and weeds, Shiraz, Iran, 2012, 747.","Bahmani, J., Khozeini, F., Barooti, S., Rezaee, S. & Ghaderi, R. (2013) Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with walnut in the Sanandej region of west Iran. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 53, 404 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / jppr- 2013 - 0060","Ahmadi, B., Niknam, G., Pachide, A. & Kheiri, A. (2014) Report of Cacopaurus pestis and Trophotylenchulus asoensis from West Azarbaijan and Kurdistan provinces, Iran. 21 th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Uol. II. Plant diseases and weeds, Urmia, Iran, 2014, 318."]}

Telotylenchus paaloofi Tikyani & Khera, 1970 (Figs 7 & 8) Measurements. See Table 2. Female. Body almost straight to slight ventrally curved after fixation. Cuticle annuli about 1 ��m wide at midbody. Each lateral field with four incisures near mid-body, not areolated; 30���38 % of the corresponding body diameter. Lip region hemispherical, offset from the body by a distinct constriction, 4���5 ��m high and 7���8 ��m wide at base; with six or seven distinct annuli. Perioral disc slightly raised on lip region and cephalic framework moderately developed. Stylet robust, 2.6���2.8 times the cephalic region diameter at base, conus 10���11 ��m and about half of the stylet; basal knobs directed slightly backward. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice 1���2 ��m from stylet base. Median bulb rounded to slightly oval, 83���91 ��m from anterior end. Nerve ring situated slightly anterior to the middle of the isthmus, 117 ��m from the anterior end. Hemizonid three annuli wide, five annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Deirids were not observed. Pharyngeal glands elongated, extending over intestine laterally by 2���3 times of the corresponding body diameter. Pharyngo-intestinal valve pyriform, usually shifted centrally. Intestinal fasciculi inconspicuous. Vulva a transverse slit, cuticle around vulval region with normal thickness; vagina shorter than half of the corresponding body diameter, spermatheca indistinct. Post-anal intestinal sac absent. Tail broadly conical, with rounded and annulated terminus. Phasmids 22 ��m posterior to anus, near middle of tail. Male. Not found. Remarks. The morphological and morphometric characters of our population fit well with those of T. paaloofi from India (Tikyani & Khera, 1970), except for having a slightly shorter tail (46���47 vs. 56 ��m; c' = 2.5���2.8 vs. 3��� 4) and a longer pharynx (134���141 vs. 115 ��m). Our population also shares several characters with T. avaricus Kleynhans, 1975, T. brevicaudatus Mirzoyants, 1996, T. elongatus Sultan, Singh & Sakhuja, 1989, T. flaccidus Baydulova, 1984 and T. ventralis Loof, 1963, but can be separated from these by differences in certain diagnostic characters: our Iranian population differs from T. avaricus in having a longer body (984���1039 vs. 630���740 ��m) and non-areolated lateral field (vs. all three bands areolated). In our population, the tail is broadly conical with annulated terminus and 26���32 ventral annuli, while T. brevicaudatus has a sharply conical tail with smooth terminus and 16���20 ventral annuli. T. elongatus, has a shorter body (720���750 ��m), fewer head annuli (5���6) and smooth tail terminus. In T. flaccidus, the stylet is slightly shorter (17.5���19 vs. 20���21 ��m), the tail has more ventral annuli (42���57 vs. 26���32), and the cuticle is thickened around vulva (vs. undifferentiated). Our population can be distinguished from T. ventralis by its annulated (vs. smooth) tail terminus and 26���32 tail annuli (vs. 48���52). Also, the stylet is slightly shorter (16���19 ��m) and the lateral field is areolated in T. ventralis. This population was collected many years ago by the well-known nematologist, Dr. Dieter Sturhan, from the rhizosphere of an unknown plant in Ahvaz county, Khuzestan province, south-western Iran. Sturhan (1974) listed 26 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes, including Telotylenchus, from Iran, but identification to species level was not undertaken in that survey. The present study reports the first species of the genus Telotylenchus from Iran., Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil & Hashemi, Kobra, 2017, Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera, pp. 571-588 in Zootaxa 4300 (4) on pages 583-584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/839278, {"references":["Tikyani, M. G. & Khera, S. (1970) A new species of Telotylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Labdev Journal of Science and Technology, 8 B, 27 - 29.","Kleynhans, K. P. N. (1975) Some Tylenchoidea (Nematoda) from South Africa. Phytophylactica, 7, 97 - 104.","Mirzoyants, S. N. (1996) Telotylenchus brevicaudatus sp. n. (Tylenchida: Telotylenchinae) a new species of nematodes in the South Karakum. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenistana Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk, 4, 67 - 69. [in Russian]","Sultan, M. S., Singh, I. & Sakhuja, P. K. (1989) Plant parasitic nematodes of Punjab, India V. Merlinius communica n. sp. with key to species of the genus and Telotylenchus elongatus n. sp. Indian Journal of Nematology, 18 (1988), 44 - 48.","Baydulova, L. A. (1984) Tylenchorhynchus flaccidus. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Series Biology, 5, 34 - 36.","Loof, P. A. A. (1963) A new species of Telotylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 9, 76 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529263 X 00151","Sturhan, D. (1974) Nematodes and nematode problems of Iran. Second Plant Medicine Congress of Iran, Tabriz, 1974, 1 - 2."]}

Telotylenchus paaloofi Tikyani & Khera, 1970 (Figs 7 & 8) Measurements. See Table 2. Female. Body almost straight to slight ventrally curved after fixation. Cuticle annuli about 1 µm wide at midbody. Each lateral field with four incisures near mid-body, not areolated; 30–38 % of the corresponding body diameter. Lip region hemispherical, offset from the body by a distinct constriction, 4–5 µm high and 7–8 µm wide at base; with six or seven distinct annuli. Perioral disc slightly raised on lip region and cephalic framework moderately developed. Stylet robust, 2.6–2.8 times the cephalic region diameter at base, conus 10–11 µm and about half of the stylet; basal knobs directed slightly backward. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice 1–2 µm from stylet base. Median bulb rounded to slightly oval, 83–91 µm from anterior end. Nerve ring situated slightly anterior to the middle of the isthmus, 117 µm from the anterior end. Hemizonid three annuli wide, five annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Deirids were not observed. Pharyngeal glands elongated, extending over intestine laterally by 2–3 times of the corresponding body diameter. Pharyngo-intestinal valve pyriform, usually shifted centrally. Intestinal fasciculi inconspicuous. Vulva a transverse slit, cuticle around vulval region with normal thickness; vagina shorter than half of the corresponding body diameter, spermatheca indistinct. Post-anal intestinal sac absent. Tail broadly conical, with rounded and annulated terminus. Phasmids 22 µm posterior to anus, near middle of tail. Male. Not found. Remarks. The morphological and morphometric characters of our population fit well with those of T. paaloofi from India (Tikyani & Khera, 1970), except for having a slightly shorter tail (46–47 vs. 56 µm; c' = 2.5–2.8 vs. 3– 4) and a longer pharynx (134–141 vs. 115 µm). Our population also shares several characters with T. avaricus Kleynhans, 1975, T. brevicaudatus Mirzoyants, 1996, T. elongatus Sultan, Singh & Sakhuja, 1989, T. flaccidus Baydulova, 1984 and T. ventralis Loof, 1963, but can be separated from these by differences in certain diagnostic characters: our Iranian population differs from T. avaricus in having a longer body (984–1039 vs. 630–740 µm) and non-areolated lateral field (vs. all three bands areolated). In our population, the tail is broadly conical with annulated terminus and 26–32 ventral annuli, while T. brevicaudatus has a sharply conical tail with smooth terminus and 16–20 ventral annuli. T. elongatus, has a shorter body (720–750 µm), fewer head annuli (5–6) and smooth tail terminus. In T. flaccidus, the stylet is slightly shorter (17.5–19 vs. 20–21 µm), the tail has more ventral annuli (42–57 vs. 26–32), and the cuticle is thickened around vulva (vs. undifferentiated). Our population can be distinguished from T. ventralis by its annulated (vs. smooth) tail terminus and 26–32 tail annuli (vs. 48–52). Also, the stylet is slightly shorter (16–19 µm) and the lateral field is areolated in T. ventralis. This population was collected many years ago by the well-known nematologist, Dr. Dieter Sturhan, from the rhizosphere of an unknown plant in Ahvaz county, Khuzestan province, south-western Iran. Sturhan (1974) listed 26 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes, including Telotylenchus, from Iran, but identification to species level was not undertaken in that survey. The present study reports the first species of the genus Telotylenchus from Iran.

Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil, Hashemi, Kobra (2017): Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera. Zootaxa 4300 (4): 571-588, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6

Pratylenchoides leiocauda Sher, 1970 (Figs 5 & 6) Measurements. See Table 2. Female. Body almost straight with slight ventral curvature after fixation. Cuticle annuli about 1 ��m wide at mid-body. Lateral field usually with six (rarely four) incisures near mid-body, the two inner ones obscure at the level of deirids and at the posterior end. Outer bands incompletely areolated on some parts of the body, typically on the tail. Labial region continuous with the body contour, anteriorly flattened, 5���6 ��m high and 9���11 ��m wide at base, with three or four distinct annuli. Cephalic framework well developed, with posterior margin extending over two annuli. Stylet robust, twice as long as cephalic region diameter at base, conus 8���10 ��m and slightly shorter than half of the stylet (m = 45���48), basal knobs directed laterally or slightly sloping backward. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice 2���4 ��m from stylet base. Median bulb oval with distinct valve apparatus, 63���69 ��m from anterior end. Nerve ring situated slightly anterior to mid-isthmus, 76���85 ��m from the anterior end. Hemizonid two annuli wide, two to three annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Deirids present within the four lateral lines, two to five annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally, 2���4 times the corresponding body diameter. Pharyngo-intestinal valve pyriform, usually shifted ventrally. The dorsal pharyngeal gland nucleus and one of the subventral gland nuclei level with or slightly anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve; the second subventral gland nucleus posterior to the valve. Intestinal fasciculi indistinct. Vagina shorter than half of the corresponding body diameter. Spermathecae round, axial, with irregular rounded to spindle-shaped sperm. Tail cylindrical or sub-cylindrical, with rounded terminus, mostly smooth, or occasionally coarsely annulated. Tail with distinct hyaline region, but without refractive inner cuticular layer. Phasmids 15���26 ��m posterior to anus, usually near middle of tail. Male. Body almost straight after heat fixation. Cephalic region truncate-conoid, higher and narrower than that of female. Stylet slightly shorter and more slender than in female, with smaller basal knobs. Median bulb and pharyngeal glands weakly-developed, nuclei obscure. Caudal alae with crenate margins, arising at level of spicules and extending to tail terminus. Spicules slightly curved ventrad, gubernaculum simple. Tail tapers gradually to a conoid terminus. Remarks. Our population fits with the original description of P. leiocauda (Sher 1970), except that the pharyngeal glands overlap a longer portion of the intestine (2���4 vs. 1���2 times the corresponding body diameter), tail is slightly longer (c = 12���17 vs. 17���22), having more annuli (21���26 vs. 16���21). The Iranian population also comes close to P. crenicauda, but has a longer overlap of the pharyngeal glands over the intestine and has a usually smooth tail terminus. Ghaderi & Karegar (2014b) mentioned that the prviously-reported population from Iran appears to be P. crenicauda; that population has a short pharyngeal gland overlap of the intestine (less than half of corresponding body diameter), 27 tail annuli and a striated tail terminus. Therefore, the present study can be considered the first report of P. leiocauda from Iran. This population was collected from the rhizosphere of apple trees in Gorgan county (Golestan province), northern Iran. range); measurements are in ��m). Character\Species Pratylenchoides leiocauda Telotylenchus paaloofi, Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil & Hashemi, Kobra, 2017, Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera, pp. 571-588 in Zootaxa 4300 (4) on pages 578-579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/839278, {"references":["Sher, S. A. (1970) Revision of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 37, 154 - 165."]}

Key to species of Nagelus 1. Female stylet length 10���14 ��m.................................................................... N. gerriae - Female stylet length 18���19 ��m................................................................... N. exacutus, Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil & Hashemi, Kobra, 2017, Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera, pp. 571-588 in Zootaxa 4300 (4) on page 585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/839278

Geocenamus paniculoides (Vovlas & Esser, 1990) Brzeski, 1998 (Table 2; Figs 2, 5 K��� O, 6 F���J, 8 E) A population of G. paniculoides was collected during the present study (Table 2) with morphological and morphometric characters that fit well with the original description (Vovlas & Esser, 1990). Geocenamus paniculoides can be distinguished from the closely related species G. t a r t u e n s i s by a smaller number of annuli between the stylet knob base and the lip constriction (8���9 vs. 21), shorter stylet (19���21 vs. 24 ��m), presence of males and higher c' value (2.2���2.8 vs. 1.9). It is pointed out (Vovlas & Esser 1990) that the population studied by Brzeski (1968) is not conspecific with G. tartuensis. Subsequently, Brzeski (1991), after Present study Character\P��pulati��n v��vlas & Esser 1990 (p��megranate, N��urabad-Shiraz r��ad, Fars pr��vince) 24 ♀ Cv 6 ♂ 30 ♀ 20 ♂ studying paratypes of both species plus several other populations, concluded that G. paniculoides should be considered as a junior synonym of G. t a r t u e n s i s. However, our results based on morphological characters (see below) and phylogenetic analysis (Ghaderi et al. 2014) support the validity of G. paniculoides as a separate species. This taxon differs from G. tartuensis by its hemispherical and distinctly off-set head with a deep constriction (vs. conoid-truncate, usually narrower than the adjacent body and continuous or slightly off-set by a shallow groove); weakly developed cephalic framework (vs. more developed framework showing longer outer extensions); relatively shorter stylet (18.0��� 21.8 vs. 20.6���24.1 ��m); and less distinct refractive inner cuticle layer at tail terminus (vs. more distinct and thicker). The other species, G. siddiqii, shows some affinities with G. paniculoides in the shape of cephalic region, refractive basal ring of the cephalic framework and tail shape, but it can be distinguished from G. paniculoides by having wider cuticular annuli, bi-lobed spermatheca, annulated tail terminus, relatively longer body and larger spicules. However, few specimens with bi-lobed spermatheca and annulated tail terminus were also observed in the population of G. paniculoides from Iran., Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza & Karegar, Akbar, 2016, One new and three known species of Geocenamus Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Merliniidae) from Iran, pp. 151-178 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on pages 155-158, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1050577, {"references":["Vovlas, N. & Esser, R. P. (1990) Merlinius paniculoides n. sp. from Italy (Tylenchina: Belonolaimidae). Journal of Nematology, 22, 79 - 85.","Brzeski, M. W. (1998) Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and Temperate Europe. Muzeum I Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa, 397 pp.","Brzeski, M. W. (1968) Plant parasitic nematodes associated with cabbage in Poland. I. Systematic studies. Annales Zoologici Warszawa, 26, 249 - 279.","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Taxonomy of Geocenamus Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae). Nematologica, 37, 125 - 173. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529291 X 00169","Ghaderi, R., Karegar, A., Niknam, G. & Subbotin, S. A. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Telotylenchidae Siddiqi, 1960 and Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Iran, as inferred from the analysis of the D 2 - D 3 expansion fragments of 28 S rRNA gene sequences. Nematology, 16, 863 - 877. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00002815"]}

Geocenamus paniculoides (Vovlas & Esser, 1990) Brzeski, 1998 (Table 2; Figs 2, 5 K– O, 6 F–J, 8 E) A population of G. paniculoides was collected during the present study (Table 2) with morphological and morphometric characters that fit well with the original description (Vovlas & Esser, 1990). Geocenamus paniculoides can be distinguished from the closely related species G. t a r t u e n s i s by a smaller number of annuli between the stylet knob base and the lip constriction (8–9 vs. 21), shorter stylet (19–21 vs. 24 µm), presence of males and higher c' value (2.2–2.8 vs. 1.9). It is pointed out (Vovlas & Esser 1990) that the population studied by Brzeski (1968) is not conspecific with G. tartuensis. Subsequently, Brzeski (1991), after Present study Character\Pοpulatiοn vοvlas & Esser 1990 (pοmegranate, Nοurabad-Shiraz rοad, Fars prοvince) 24 ♀ Cv 6 ♂ 30 ♀ 20 ♂ studying paratypes of both species plus several other populations, concluded that G. paniculoides should be considered as a junior synonym of G. t a r t u e n s i s. However, our results based on morphological characters (see below) and phylogenetic analysis (Ghaderi et al. 2014) support the validity of G. paniculoides as a separate species. This taxon differs from G. tartuensis by its hemispherical and distinctly off-set head with a deep constriction (vs. conoid-truncate, usually narrower than the adjacent body and continuous or slightly off-set by a shallow groove); weakly developed cephalic framework (vs. more developed framework showing longer outer extensions); relatively shorter stylet (18.0– 21.8 vs. 20.6–24.1 µm); and less distinct refractive inner cuticle layer at tail terminus (vs. more distinct and thicker). The other species, G. siddiqii, shows some affinities with G. paniculoides in the shape of cephalic region, refractive basal ring of the cephalic framework and tail shape, but it can be distinguished from G. paniculoides by having wider cuticular annuli, bi-lobed spermatheca, annulated tail terminus, relatively longer body and larger spicules. However, few specimens with bi-lobed spermatheca and annulated tail terminus were also observed in the population of G. paniculoides from Iran.

Geocenamus tartuensis (Krall, 1959) Brzeski, 1991 (Table 5; Fig. 4, 5 P���T, 6 K��� O, 8 A���D) Two populations of this species were identified (see Table 5). This species comes close to G. paniculoides and G. siddiqii in having refractive basal extensions of the cephalic framework (see G. paniculoides for differences). List of Geocenamus species G. tenuidens Thorne & Malek, 1968 (type species) = Tylenchorhynchus polonicus Szczygiel, 1970 = Merlinius polonicus (Szczygiel, 1970) Tarjan, 1973 = Geocenamus polonicus (Szczygiel, 1970) Sturhan, 1982 = Tylenchorhynchus arcticus Mulvey, 1969 = Geocenamus arcticus (Mulvey, 1969) Tarjan, 1973 = Merlinius arcticus (Mulvey, 1969) Sturhan, 1982 = Geocenamus uralensis Baydulova, 1983 G. baluchiensis (Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985) Brzeski, 1991 = Scutylenchus baluchiensis Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985 G. boghiae Choi & Geraert, 1994 = Scutylenchus boghiae (Choi & Geraert, 1994) Siddiqi, 2000 G. brevicaudatus (Peng & Hunt, 1995) Brzeski, 1998 = Scutylenchus brevicaudatus Peng & Hunt, 1995 G. conicaudatus n. sp. = Merlinius rugosus apud Hashim, 1980 Phasmid/tail % 20.1���35.3 20.4���35.6 29.2���42.3 26.5���38.2 23.0��� 41.3 21.0��� 29.8 20.2���34.2 21.7���38.9 ������continued on the next page forest trees (Eghlid���Shiraz road, Fars); (2) apple (Eghlid, Fars); (3) eucalyptus (Basht, Kohgiloyeh and Boyer���Ahmad); (4) henna (Lamerd, Fars); (5) walnut (Yasouj���Shiraz road, Kohgiloyeh and Boyer���Ahmad); (6) unknown tree (Yasouj���Shiraz road, Kohgiloyeh and Boyer���Ahmad); (7) wild grapevine (Uramanat, Sarvabad, Kurdistan); (8) wheat (Kerman��� Sirjan road, Kerman); (9) unknown forest shrub (Dasht���e���Arzhan village, Shiraz, Fars); (10) wheat (Joyum village, Jahrom���Shiraz road, Fars); (11) citrus (Fasa���Darab road, Fars); (12) ���vetch (Asepas village, Eghlid���Shiraz road, Fars); (13) wheat (Hormuj village, Jahrom���Shiraz road, Fars); (14) barley (Khash, Sistan and Baluchistan); (15) wheat (Runiz, Estahban,); (16) meadow (Gachsaran, Kohgiloyeh and Boyer���Ahmad); (17) alfalfa (Kaftarak, Shiraz, Fars); (18) wheat (Shiraz���Jahrom road, Fars); (19) including 12 other populations as follows: wheat (Genaveh���Boushehr road, Boushehr); tamarind (Sarbaz, Sistan and Baluchistan); turfgrass (Badjgah, Shiraz, Fars); grapevine (Shiraz���Nourabad road, Fars); corn Nourabad, Fars); corn (Eghlid, Fars); oak (Nourabad���Shiraz road, Fars); wheat (Ghaemieh���Nourabad road, Fars); wheat (Marvdasht, Fars); wheat (Yasouj���Sisakht road, Kohgiloyeh Boyer���Ahmad); oak (Yasouj���Shiraz road, Kohgiloyeh and Boyer���Ahmad) and tomato (Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan). Ivan��va 1968 Andrassy 1980 Character\P��pulati��n Present study Siddiqi 1963 L����f 1978 Mulk 1978 G. cylindricaudatus G. apricus 188 ♀ 2 ♂ 3 ♀?♀ 20 ♀ 5 ♀?♀ 815 (622-1022) 680-740 800-900 770-900 730-940 840-1030 660-710 30.5 (24.2-41.3) 30.2 - 30.2 30-32 28-32 - 31-36 30-32 5.3 (4.3-6.4) 5.8 -6.0 4.4-5.1 5.0- 5.8 - 5.4-6.1 4.1-4.8 15.7 (12.8-19.1) 14.4-14.9 15.5 14-16 - 15.0- 17.5 12.4 -13.0 2.9 (2.2-4.1) 3.0- 3.2 3.0 - 2.6-3.1 2.6-3.1 3.7 -4.0 56.2 (51.5-60.4) - 55-56 57-60 52-58 52-56 53-55 Stylet 22.0 (20.0- 25.8) 17.5 - 17.5 23 22-24 20-23 22-23 20-22 51.0 (44.7-55.9) 47.4-48.6 - - - - - Pharynx 153 (126-183) 117-123 - - 143-168 172-178 - - 46.9-48.6 - - 43-47 42-44 - E. p��re 127 (107-151) 99-102 - - - - - length 52.1 (39.1-67.4) 45.6-51.4 - - 43-59 - - 26.9 (19.7-33.2) 22.5-24.5 - - 23-37 - - annuli 26.2 (20-35) - - - 19-28 22-31 33-35 Phasmid���tail % 30.0 (17.9-42.4) 32.2-42.8 - - 30-35 - - Spicules - 21.6-22.8 - - - - - Gubernaculum - 7.1-9.4 - - - - - ������continued on the next page Character\P��pulati��n Present study Brzeski 1968 Brzeski 1991 Naseri et al. 2008 22 ♀ 12 ♂ 12 ♀ 10 ♂ 37 ♀ 14 ♂ 15 ♀ 5 ♂ ������continued on the next page LFI: number of incisures in each lateral field; LS: number of longitudinal striae (UN: longitudinal striae are present, but unknown in number; + and ��� after data mean ���more than��� and less than���, respectively); Tail terminus shape (BR: bluntly rounded; H: hemispherical; NR: narrowly rounded; SH: subhemispherical); TTS: tail terminus striation (S: striated; IS: irregularly striated; N: non���striated). G. deserticola (Ivanova & Shagalina, 1983) Fortuner & Luc, 1987 = Hexadorus deserticola Ivanova & Shagalina, 1983 G. dongtingensis Xu, Xie, Zhao, Zhang & Su, 2012 G. hexincisus (Jairajpuri & Baqri, 1968) Brzeski, 1991 = Scutylenchus hexincisus (Jairajpuri & Baqri, 1968) Siddiqi, 1979 = Tylenchorhynchus hexincisus Jairajpuri & Baqri, 1968 = Merlinius hexincisus (Jairajpuri & Baqri, 1968) Siddiqi, 1970 G. khashanicus Volkova, 1995 G. koreanus (Choi & Geraert, 1971) Brzeski, 1991 = Scutylenchus koreanus (Choi & Geraert, 1971) Siddiqi, 1979 = Merlinius koreanus Choi & Geraert, 1971 G. laminatus (Wu, 1969) Brzeski, 1991 = Scutylenchus laminatus (Wu, 1969) Anderson & Ebsary, 1982 = Tylenchorhynchus laminatus Wu, 1969 = Merlinius laminatus (Wu, 1969) Siddiqi, 1970 = Scutylenchus laminatus (Wu, 1969) Siddiqi, 1986 G. lenorus (Brown, 1956) Brzeski, 1991 = Scutylenchus lenorus (Brown, 1956) Siddiqi, 1979 = Tylenchorhynchus lenorus Brown, 1956 = Merlinius lenorus (Brown, 1956) Siddiqi, 1970 G. longus (Wu, 1969) Tarjan, 1973 = Tylenchorhynchus longus Wu, 1969 = Scutylenchus longus (Wu, 1969) Skwiercz, 1984 = Merlinius longus (Wu, 1969) Sturhan, 1982 = Pathotylenchus longus (Wu, 1969) Eroshenko & Volkova, 1987 = Geocenamus longus (Wu, 1969) Brzeski, 1991 G. mamillatus (Tobar Jim��nez, 1966) Brzeski, 1991 = Scutylenchus mamillatus (Tobar Jim��nez, 1966) Jairajpuri, 1971 = Tylenchorhynchus mamillatus Tobar Jim��nez, 1966 = Merlinius mamillatus (Tobar Jim��nez, 1966) Anderson, 1977 G. myungsugae Choi & Geraert, 1994 = Scutylenchus myungsugae (Choi & Geraert, 1994) Siddiqi, 2000 G. ordinarius Volkova, 1993 G. paniculoides (Vovlas & Esser, 1990) Brzeski, 1998 = Merlinius paniculoides Vovlas & Esser, 1990 = Scutylenchus paniculoides (Vovlas & Esser, 1990) Siddiqi, 2000 G. patternus Eroshenko & Volkova, 1987 G. quadrifer (Andr��ssy, 1954) Brzeski, 1991 = Tylenchorhynchus quadrifer Andr��ssy, 1954 = Merlinius quadrifer (Andr��ssy, 1954) Siddiqi, 1970 = Scutylenchus quadrifer (Andr��ssy, 1954) Siddiqi, 1979 = Tylenchorhynchus ornatus Allen, 1955 = Merlinius ornatus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 = Scutylenchus ornatus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1986 G. rugosus (Siddiqi, 1963) Brzeski, 1991 = Tylenchorhynchus rugosus Siddiqi, 1963 = Merlinius rugosus (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1970 = Scutylenchus rugosus (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1979 = Tylenchorhynchus cylindricaudatus Ivanova, 1968 = Scutylenchus cylindricaudatus (Ivanova, 1968) Siddiqi, 1979 = Merlinius cylindricaudatus (Ivanova, 1968) Siddiqi, 1970 = Scutylenchus apricus Andr��ssy, 1980 = Merlinius apricus (Andr��ssy, 1980) Fortuner & Luc, 1987 = Scutylenchus quettensis Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984 = Merlinius quettensis (Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984) Brzeski, 1991 = Geocenamus quettensis (Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984) Brzeski, 1991 = Scutylenchus fici Farooq & Fatema, 1994 = Geocenamus fici (Farooq & Fatema, 1994) Brzeski, 1998 G. seonunensis Choi & Kim, 2001 G. siddiqii (Mulk, 1978) Brzeski, 1991 = Merlinius siddiqii Mulk, 1978 = Scutylenchus siddiqii (Mulk, 1978) Skwiercz, 1984 G. s o b o l ev i (Mukhina, 1970) Brzeski, 1991 = Tylenchorhynchus sobolevi Mukhina, 1970 = Merlinius sobolevi (Mukhina, 1970) Tarjan, 1973 = Scutylenchus sobolevi (Mukhina, 1970) Siddiqi, 1979 G. sphaerocephalus (Ivanova, 1982) Brzeski, 1991 = Scutylenchus sphaerocephalus Ivanova, 1982 = Merlinius sphaerocephalus (Ivanova, 1982) Fortuner & Luc, 1987 G. squamatus Eroshenko & Volkova, 1988 G. stegus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Brzeski, 1991 = Tylenchorhynchus stegus Thorne & Malek, 1968 = Merlinius stegus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1970 = Scutylenchus stegus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1979 G. tartuensis (Krall, 1959) Brzeski, 1991 = Tylenchorhynchus tartuensis Krall, 1959 = Merlinius tartuensis (Krall, 1959) Siddiqi, 1970 = Scutylenchus tartuensis (Krall, 1959) Siddiqi, 1979 G. tessellatus (Goodey, 1952) Brzeski, 1991 = Tylenchorhynchus tessellatus Goodey, 1952 = Merlinius tessellatus (Goodey, 1952) Siddiqi, 1970 = Scutylenchus tessellatus (Goodey, 1952) Siddiqi, 1979 G. thomasi (Skwiercz, 1984) Brzeski, 1991 = Scutylenchus thomasi Skwiercz, 1984 = Merlinius thomasi (Skwiercz, 1984) Fortuner & Luc, 1987 G. tumensis (Skwiercz, 1984) Brzeski, 1991 = Scutylenchus tumensis Skwiercz, 1984 = Merlinius tumensis (Skwiercz, 1984) Fortuner & Luc, 1987 G. variabilis (Ivanova & Shagalina, 1983) Brzeski, 1991 = Scutylenchus variabilis Ivanova & Shagalina, 1983 = Merlinius variabilis (Ivanova & Shagalina, 1983) Fortuner & Luc, 1987 G. v a r i a n s (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Brzeski, 1991 = Tylenchorhynchus varians Thorne & Malek, 1968 = Merlinius varians (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1970 = Merlinius varians (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Khan & Saeed, 1988 = Nagelus varians (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 = Scutylenchus varians (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Khan & Saeed, 1988, Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza & Karegar, Akbar, 2016, One new and three known species of Geocenamus Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Merliniidae) from Iran, pp. 151-178 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on pages 158-175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1050577, {"references":["Krall, E. L. (1959) New and rare nematodes (Nematoda, Tylenchida) with description of hermaphroditism in the genus Aphelenchoides. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Estonia, SSR, 8, 190 - 197.","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Taxonomy of Geocenamus Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae). Nematologica, 37, 125 - 173. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529291 X 00169","Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the Northern Great Plains Part I. Tylenchida [Nemata: Secernentea]. South Dakota University, Brookings, 111 pp.","Szczygiel, A. (1970) Tylenchorhynchus polonicus sp. n. and Helicotylenchus pseudodigonicus sp. n. (Nematoda, Tylenchoidea) from Poland. Bulletin de lʼAcademie Polonaise des Sciences, Class V 17 (1969), 685 - 690.","Tarjan, A. C. (1973) A synopsis of the genera and species in Tylenchorhynchinae (Tylenchoidea, Nematoda). Proceedings of the Helmintological Society of Washington, 40 (1), 123 - 144.","Sturhan, D. (1982) Studies on Geocenamus species from Germany (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae). Nematologica, 27 (1981), 306 - 314.","Mulvey, R. H. (1969) Nematodes of the genus Tylenchorhynchus (Tylenchoidea: Nematoda) from Canadian high Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 1245 - 1248. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 69 - 194","Baydulova, L. A. (1983) [Two new plant ectoparasitic nematodes (Nematoda, Merliniinae) from western Kazakhstan]. Parazitologija, 17, 315 - 318. [in Russian]","Maqbool, M. A., Ghazala, P., Fatima, N. & Qasim, M. (1985) Pararotylenchus microstylus n. sp. and Scutylenchus baluchiensis n. sp. with observations on some new records from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 3 (2), 61 - 67.","Choi, Y. E. & Geraert, E. (1994) Nematodes associated with forest trees in Korea. II. Three new and one described species of Geocenamus with a note on the en face view in the genus. Nematologica, 39 (4), 431 - 449. [1993]","Siddiqi, M. R. (2000) Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. 2 nd Edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, 833 pp.","Peng, D. L. & Hunt, D. J. (1995) Scutylenchus brevicaudatus sp. nov. from china and Scutellonema paludosum sp. nov. (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from the Falkland Islands. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 5, 55 - 60.","Brzeski, M. W. (1998) Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and Temperate Europe. Muzeum I Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa, 397 pp.","Hashim, Z. (1980) Description of the male and observations on the female of Merlinius rugosus (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1970 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Jordan. Revue de Nematologie, 3, 145 - 148.","Andrassy, I. (1980) Egy uj Nematoda-faj a Sashegyrol [Scutylenchus apricus n. sp., a new nematode species from Budapest, Hungary]. Allatani Kozlemenek, 67, 119 - 121.","Siddiqi, M. R. (1963) Four new species in the subfamily Tylenchinae (Nematoda) from north India. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 23, 397 - 404. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00331239","Mulk, M. M. (1978) On the validity of Merlinius rugosus (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1970 and description of M. siddiqii n. sp. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen te Gent, 43, 795 - 801.","Brzeski, M. W. (1968) Plant parasitic nematodes associated with cabbage in Poland. I. Systematic studies. Annales Zoologici Warszawa, 26, 249 - 279.","Naseri, B., Pourjam, E. & Tanha Maafi, Z. (2008) Some plant parasitic nematodes from canola growing regions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 44 (1), 74 - 77 [289 - 318]. [in Persian with English summary]","Ivanova, T. S. & Shagalina, I. M. (1983) [A new species Scutylenchus variabilis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Merliniinae) from Middle Asia]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenishkoi SSR, 1983 (N 2), 59 - 61. [in Russian]","Fortuner, R. & Luc, M. (1987) A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nemata). 6. The family Belonolaimidae Whitehead, 1960. Revue de Nematologie, 10, 183 - 202.","Xu, C. L., Xie, H., Zhao, C. B., Zhang, S. B. & Su, X. M. (2012) Review of the genus Scutylenchus Jairajpuri, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchida), with description of Scutylenchus dongtingensis n. sp. from rhizosphere soil of grass in China. Zootaxa, 3437, 32 - 42.","Jairajpuri, M. S. & Baqri, Q. H. (1968) Tylenchorhynchus hexincisus n. sp. and Telotylenchus historicus n. sp. (Tylenchida) from India. Nematologica, 14, 217 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529268 X 00444","Siddiqi, M. R. (1979) Taxonomy of the plant nematode subfamily Merliniinae Siddiqi, 1970, with descriptions of Merlinius processus n. sp. M. loofi n. sp. and Amplimerlinius globigerus n. sp. from Europe. Systematic Parasitology, 1, 43 - 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00009773","Siddiqi, M. R. (1970) On the plant-parasitic nematode genera Merlinius gen. n. and Tylenchorhynchus Cobb and the classification of the families Dolichodoridae and Belonolaimidae n. rank. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washingthon, 37, 68 - 77.","Volkova, T. V. (1995) Geocenamus khashanicus sp. n. (Tylenchida: Merliniinae) from the Russian Far East. Russian Journal of Nematology, 3, 31 - 33.","Choi, Y. E. & Geraert, E. (1971) Two new species of Tylenchida from Korea with a list of other nematodes new for this country. Nematologica, 17, 93 - 106. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529271 X 00459","Wu, L. Y. (1969) Three new species of the genus Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 (Tylenchida: Nematoda) from Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 563 - 567. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 69 - 098","Anderson, R. V. & Ebsary, B. A. (1982) Canadian species of Merlinius Siddiqi, 1970 and a diagnosis and description for Mulveyotus hyalacus n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchorhynchidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 521 - 529. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 82 - 078","Siddiqi, M. R. (1986) Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology, Slough, 645 pp.","Brown, G. L. (1956) Tylenchorhynchus lenorus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida) associated with the roots of wheat. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 23, 152 - 153.","Skwiercz, A. T. (1984) Two new species of the genus Scutylenchus Jairajpuri, 1971 (Tylenchoidea: Nematoda) from Poland with a key to the species. Revue de Nematologie, 7, 87 - 93.","Eroshenko, A. S. & Volkova, T. V. (1987) [Nematodes Geocenamus patternus n. sp. and Pathotylenchus nurserus n. gen. et n. sp. from rhizosphere of coniferales of the Far East of the USSR]. Parazitologija, 21, 595 - 598.","Tobar Jimenez, A. (1966) Tylenchorhynchus mamillatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae), competente de la microfauna de los suelos andaluces. Revista Iberica Parasitologia, 26, 163 - 169.","Jairajpuri, M. S. (1971) On Scutylenchus mamillatus (Tobar-Jimenez, 1966) n. comb. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India, 40 th Annual Session, 18.","Anderson, R. V. (1977) Additional diagnostic characters and relationships of Merlinius laminatus (Wu, 1969) Siddiqi, 1970 (Nematoda: Merliniinae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 55, 1923 - 1926. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 77 - 247","Volkova, T. V. (1993) Root-Parasitic Nematodes of the Family Tylenchorhynchidae of the World Fauna. Subfamily Tylenchorhynchinae. Dal'nauka Publishers. Vladivostok, Vol. I. Part 1, 167 pp. [in Russian]","Vovlas, N. & Esser, R. P. (1990) Merlinius paniculoides n. sp. from Italy (Tylenchina: Belonolaimidae). Journal of Nematology, 22, 79 - 85.","Andrassy, I. (1954) Drei neue Arten aus der Superfamilie Tylenchoidea. Nematologische Notizen 3. Annales Biologicae Universitatum Hungariae, 2, 9 - 15.","Allen, M. W. (1955) A review of the nematode genus Tylenchorhynchus. University of California Publication Zoology, 61, 129 - 165.","Ivanova, T. S. (1968) [Nematodes of cereals of Zeravshan valley]. Dushanbe, Donish, 83 pp. [in Russian]","Maqbool, M. A., Ghazala, P. & Fatima, N. (1984) Two new species of the family Dolichodoridae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 2 (2), 61 - 67.","Farooq, M. & Fatema, N. (1994) A new species of genus Scutylenchus Jairajpuri, 1971 (Nematoda: Merliniinae). Proceedings of the Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 14, 147 - 150.","Choi, Y. E. & Kim, K. N. (2001) A new and an unknown species of Geocenamus (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae) from Korea.","Mukhina, T. I. (1970) [A new species of the genus Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea)]. Parazitologiya, 4, 342 - 344. [in Russian]","Ivanova, T. S. (1982) [New species of nematode of the subfamily Merliniinae Siddiqi, 1970]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR, Biologicheskie Nauki, 1 (86), 21 - 25. [in Russian]","Eroshenko, A. S. & Volkova, T. V. (1988) [Plant parasitic nematodes of the southern Far East]. Dalnevostochnoe Otdelenie Akademia Nauk SSSR Vladivostok, 138 pp.","Goodey, J. B. (1952) Tylenchorhynchus tessellatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Journal of Helminthology, 26, 87 - 90.","Khan, A. & Saeed, M. (1988) Studies on some members of the family Tylenchorhynchidae, with comments on Tylenchorhynchus obscurisulcatus Andrassy, 1959, T. paranudus Phukan & Sanwal, 1982 and Merlinius varians (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1970. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 23, 74 - 79."]}

Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar (2016): One new and three known species of Geocenamus Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Merliniidae) from Iran. Zootaxa 4079 (2): 151-178, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.1

Geocenamus rugosus (Siddiqi, 1963) Brzeski, 1991 (Table 3 & 4; Figs 3, 5 F���J, 7, 8 G���P) The results of the present study indicate that G. rugosus is a widespread species in Iran, with 30 populations of this species collected from the rhizosphere of different plants in the country (Table 3). The species comes close to G. quadrifer, G. conicaudatus n. sp., G. s t e g u s (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Brzeski, 1991 and G. lenorus (Brown, 1956) Brzeski, 1991. For more detailed comparison of G. rugosus and G. quadrifer, readers are encouraged to see Loof (1978) and Mulk (1978). Among the diagnostic characters mentioned in those two studies, tail shape in some individuals of certain populations of G. rugosus from Iran comes close to that of G. quadrifer (Fig. 7 N, O), but other differences are still visible. The two other species, G. s t e g u s and G. lenorus, are very similar to G. rugosus, with some differences in the number of longitudinal striae, head shape and presence/absence of a post-rectal sac., Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza & Karegar, Akbar, 2016, One new and three known species of Geocenamus Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Merliniidae) from Iran, pp. 151-178 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 158, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1050577, {"references":["Siddiqi, M. R. (1963) Four new species in the subfamily Tylenchinae (Nematoda) from north India. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 23, 397 - 404. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00331239","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Taxonomy of Geocenamus Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae). Nematologica, 37, 125 - 173. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529291 X 00169","Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the Northern Great Plains Part I. Tylenchida [Nemata: Secernentea]. South Dakota University, Brookings, 111 pp.","Brown, G. L. (1956) Tylenchorhynchus lenorus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida) associated with the roots of wheat. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 23, 152 - 153.","Loof, P. A. A. (1978) Merlinius rugosus (Siddiqi) distinct from M. quadrifer (Andrassy). Nematologica, 24, 332 - 333. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529278 X 00326","Mulk, M. M. (1978) On the validity of Merlinius rugosus (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1970 and description of M. siddiqii n. sp. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen te Gent, 43, 795 - 801."]}

Description of Pratylenchoides persicus n. sp. (Figures 1 & 4; Tables 1 & 2) Female. Body slightly curved ventrally after heat fixation. Cuticle with distinct annuli, 1.5–1.8 µm wide at midbody; lateral field with six longitudinal incisures at deirid and mid-body, and four incisures at post-phasmid, the outer bands areolated at posterior part of pharynx, 7.0–8.8 µm wide and occupying 31–38 % of the body width at mid-body. Lip region off-set by slight depression with body contour, rounded anteriorly or slightly flattened and bearing four or five distinct but fine annuli, 9.4–10.3 µm wide at base and 3.6–4.1 µm high (Fig. 1 B–D and 4 A & B). Stylet strong with rounded or posteriorly flattened basal knobs; the conus 9.0–11.2 µm long or half of the total stylet length. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 3–4 µm behind the stylet knobs. Median bulb oval, 13–19 µm long and 10.0–12.3 µm wide with refractive valves. Deirids at the level of hemizonid or slightly anterior to it. Secretory-excretory pore located in anterior half of the pharyngeal glands or 110–126 µm from the body anterior end; hemizonid 2–4 annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Pharyngeal glands abutting or slightly overlapping intestine dorsally; all three nuclei of dorsal and subventral glands located anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve (Fig. 1 C–D and 4 F–H). Intestinal fasciculi visible in some specimens. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic; spermatheca rounded, filled with globular sperm. Vagina 9–12 µm long and 40–50 % of the body width at vulva. Tail cylindrical, with truncate to low rounded and coarsely annulated terminus. Hyaline thickness 7–10 µm. Phasmids located 21–30 µm posterior to anus, in the posterior half of the tail (Fig. 1 J–L and 4 L–N). Male. Similar to female in general view. Body slightly curved ventrally. Lateral field with six incisures; outer band areolated. Lip region high, rounded or slightly flattened. Stylet slightly more slender than that of females (Fig. 1 E & F and 4 C & D). Spicules curved ventrally, gubernaculum simple. Tail conical, tapering gradually to a conoid or more or less subcylindrical terminus (Fig. 1 M–N and 4 O). Diagnosis and relationships. Pratylenchoides persicus n. sp. is characterized by a lip region rounded anteriorly or slight flattened and bearing four or five fine annuli, pharyngeal glands abutting or slightly overlapping intestine dorsally, all the three gland nuclei located anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve and tail cylindrical with truncate to low rounded terminus. This species comes closest to P. heathi Baldwin, Luc & Bell, 1983; P. sheri Robbins, 1985; P. arenicola Ryss & Sturhan, 2001; P. laticauda Braun & Loof, 1967 and P. erzurumensis Yüksel, 1977. In comparison with the original description of P. heathi (Baldwin et al. 1983), the new species can be separated by shorter body length (601–784 vs 820–1330 µm), smaller stylet (19.7–22 vs 23.5–27.5 µm), shorter tail (35–46 vs 44–69 µm) and different shape of tail terminus (truncate to low rounded vs rounded) in females, as well as a smaller stylet (19.8–20.9 vs 23.5–27 µm) in males. P. persicus n. sp. has a shorter body than P. sheri (601–784 vs 898–1173 µm), a shorter stylet (19.7–22 vs 22–25.5 µm), a shorter pharynx (154–194 vs 190–217 µm), and a shorter tail (35–46 vs 47–64 µm) in females. Furthermore, P. persicus n. sp. males have a shorter stylet (19.8–20.9 vs 21.5–24 µm) and spicules (21.7–27 vs 28–31 µm). P. persicus n. sp. differs from P. arenicola in the shape of tail terminus in males (usually conical vs cylindrical), as well as a shorter stylet (19.7–22 vs 25 µm in females and 19.8–20.9 vs 23–25 µm in males), also in body length (601–784 vs 980–1100 µm in females and 623–665 vs 800– 890 µm in males). The other two related species, P. laticauda and P. erzurumensis, have a longer overlap of the pharyngeal glands with the intestine (vs abutting or very short overlapping), posterior position of the subventral gland nuclei to the cardium (at least one of the subventral gland nuclei close to the cardium vs all the three nuclei distinctly anterior to the cardium), different glands shape (saccate vs elongate-cylindrical) and a smaller number of head annuli (usually 3 wide annuli vs 4 or 5 fine annuli). Furthermore, males of P. erzurumensis have a conoid lip region which is different from that of females (rounded or flattened, similar to that of females, in P. persicus n. sp.). Type material. Holotype female (slide number KA1100), eight paratype females and three males and five juveniles on slide numbers KA1101-KA1105 kept in the nematode collection of Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Iran; two female paratypes, two males and one juvenile on slide numbers WT3668 and WT 3669 in the Nematode Collection of Plantenziektenkundige Dienst, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Type habitat and locality. The specimens were collected by the second author (Ali Eskandari) from the rhizosphere of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) in Abr forest, Shahrud county, Semnan province, northern Iran (GPS coordinates: N 37° 45' 385"– E 55° 02' 287"), May 2014. Etymology. The species epithet refers to the Latin name of Iran, the country where it was recovered and identified., Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2016, Morphological and molecular characterization of Pratylenchoides persicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Merliniidae) and additional data on two other species of the genus from Iran, pp. 459-474 in Zootaxa 4205 (5) on page 461, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4205.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/198032, {"references":["Baldwin, G., Luc, M. & Bell, A. H. (1983) Contribution to the study of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Revue de Nematologie, 6, 111 - 125.","Robbins, R. T. (1985) Description of Pratylenchoides sheri n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae). Journal of Nematology, 17, 107 - 111.","Ryss, A. Y. & Sturhan, D. (2001) Three new species of the genus Pratylenchoides from Germany (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 10, 15 - 31."]}

Iranian population of Pratylenchoides cf. nevadensis Talavera & Tobar, 1996 (Figures: 3 & 6; Table 4) Female. Body slightly curved ventrally to C-shaped after heat fixation. Cuticular annuli 1.3–1.7 µm wide at midbody. Lateral field with four or six longitudinal incisures at mid-body, with always four at the deirid and in the post-phasmid portion of the body; occupying 34–41 % of the body width at mid-body. Lip region off-set by slight depression with the body contour, rounded anteriorly or slightly flattened and bearing three-four distinct annuli, 8.8–11.0 µm wide at base and 3.2–4.0 µm high (Fig. 3 C–E and 6 A & B). Stylet with rounded knobs. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2–3 µm behind stylet knobs. Deirids at the level of hemizonid or slightly anterior to it. Secretory-excretory pore located 88–125 µm from the body anterior end; hemizonid 2–3 annuli anterior to the pore. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally for 30–56 µm, or about 1.5–2.0 times body width. The nuclei of the dorsal and subventral glands mostly located posterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve, in some specimens the dorsal gland is anterior to or level with the valve. All gland nuclei hardly seen and glands cover about only half of the body width (Fig. 3 D & E and 6 F–H). Spermatheca rounded, filled with round sperm. Tail cylindrical to subcylindrical, ending to a coarsely striated terminus. Phasmids 19–29 µm posterior to the anus (Fig. 3: L–O and 6: K–M). Male. Similar to females in general view. Body slightly curved ventrally. Lateral field with four or six incisures; outer band areolated. Lip region conical and higher than that of females (Fig. 3 F & H and 6 C & D). Tail gradually tapering, ending to a conical terminus (Fig. 3 J & K and 6 N). Remark. Compared to the original description of P. nevadensis (Talavera & Tobar, 1996), the Iranian population has a slightly shorter stylet (18.8–21.8 vs 22–26 µm) and shorter pharynx (145–183 vs 178–254 µm). No other difference in morphologic or morphometric diagnostic characters was found. Our population also has affinities with P. ritteri and P. alkani, but differs in having narrow pharyngeal glands which do not fill the whole body cavity and in having different positions of the pharyngeal gland nuclei. During the present study, this population was recovered from the rhizosphere of walnut trees (Juglans regia) in Rashakan region, Urmia county, West Azerbaijan province, northwestern Iran (GPS coordinates: N 37° 19' 2" – E 45° 17'48")., Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2016, Morphological and molecular characterization of Pratylenchoides persicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Merliniidae) and additional data on two other species of the genus from Iran, pp. 459-474 in Zootaxa 4205 (5) on pages 466-471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4205.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/198032, {"references":["Talavera, M. & Tobar, A. (1996) Description of Pratylenchoides nevadensis sp. n. from southern Spain (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 6, 46 - 49."]}

Iranian population of Pratylenchoides laticauda Braun & Loof, 1966 (Figures: 2 & 5; Table 3) Female. Body slightly curved ventrally to C-shaped after heat fixation. Cuticle with distinct annuli, 1.3–1.6 µm wide at mid-body. Lateral field with six longitudinal incisures, occupying 29–37 % of the body width at mid-body; the number of incisures reduce to four in the post-phasmid level. Lip region off-set by slight depression with the body contour, rounded anteriorly or slightly flattened and bearing three or four distinct annuli, 9.9–11.0 µm wide at base and 3.2–4.4 µm high. Stylet strong with rounded to slightly posteriorly directed knobs, the conus 9.6–11.5 µm long and slightly longer than the shaft (Fig. 2 C–E and 5 A & B). Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2–4 µm behind stylet knobs. Deirids at the level of hemizonid or slightly anterior to it. Secretory-excretory pore 103–127 µm from the body anterior end; hemizonid 2–3 annuli anterior to the pore. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally, about 9–27 µm, the nucleus of the dorsal and one of the subventral glands located anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve and the nucleus of the other subventral gland with variable position relative to the oesophago-intestinal valve (level or slightly anterior or posterior to the valve) (Fig. 2 D & E and 5 F–I). Spermatheca rounded, filled with round sperm. Tail cylindrical, with rounded and coarsely striated terminus. Phasmids 16–30 µm posterior to the anus (Fig. 2 H–I and 5 O–R). Male. Similar to females in general view. Body slightly curved ventral to C-shape. Lateral field with six incisures, oblique striae and areolation may be observed. Lip region rounded, higher and narrower than that of female. Stylet slightly more slender than that of female (Fig. 2 F & G and 5 C & D). Spicules and gubernaculum typical of the genus. Tail conical, tapering gradually to a conoid or somewhat subcylindrical terminus (Fig. 2 L & M and 5 S). Remarks. Compared to the Dutch population of P. laticauda (Braun & Loof 1966), the Iranian population has a slightly shorter stylet (19.2–22.8 vs 22–23 µm). During the present study, this species was recovered from the rhizosphere of apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca) in Ilvang region, Khalkhal county, Ardebil province, northwestern Iran (GPS coordinates: N 37° 42' 17" – E 48°27'44") as a new record for Iranian nematofauna.

Iranian population of Pratylenchoides laticauda Braun & Loof, 1966 (Figures: 2 & 5; Table 3) Female. Body slightly curved ventrally to C-shaped after heat fixation. Cuticle with distinct annuli, 1.3–1.6 µm wide at mid-body. Lateral field with six longitudinal incisures, occupying 29–37 % of the body width at mid-body; the number of incisures reduce to four in the post-phasmid level. Lip region off-set by slight depression with the body contour, rounded anteriorly or slightly flattened and bearing three or four distinct annuli, 9.9–11.0 µm wide at base and 3.2–4.4 µm high. Stylet strong with rounded to slightly posteriorly directed knobs, the conus 9.6–11.5 µm long and slightly longer than the shaft (Fig. 2 C–E and 5 A & B). Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2–4 µm behind stylet knobs. Deirids at the level of hemizonid or slightly anterior to it. Secretory-excretory pore 103–127 µm from the body anterior end; hemizonid 2–3 annuli anterior to the pore. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally, about 9–27 µm, the nucleus of the dorsal and one of the subventral glands located anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve and the nucleus of the other subventral gland with variable position relative to the oesophago-intestinal valve (level or slightly anterior or posterior to the valve) (Fig. 2 D & E and 5 F–I). Spermatheca rounded, filled with round sperm. Tail cylindrical, with rounded and coarsely striated terminus. Phasmids 16–30 µm posterior to the anus (Fig. 2 H–I and 5 O–R). Male. Similar to females in general view. Body slightly curved ventral to C-shape. Lateral field with six incisures, oblique striae and areolation may be observed. Lip region rounded, higher and narrower than that of female. Stylet slightly more slender than that of female (Fig. 2 F & G and 5 C & D). Spicules and gubernaculum typical of the genus. Tail conical, tapering gradually to a conoid or somewhat subcylindrical terminus (Fig. 2 L & M and 5 S). Remarks. Compared to the Dutch population of P. laticauda (Braun & Loof 1966), the Iranian population has a slightly shorter stylet (19.2–22.8 vs 22–23 µm). During the present study, this species was recovered from the rhizosphere of apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca) in Ilvang region, Khalkhal county, Ardebil province, northwestern Iran (GPS coordinates: N 37° 42' 17" – E 48°27'44") as a new record for Iranian nematofauna., Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2016, Morphological and molecular characterization of Pratylenchoides persicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Merliniidae) and additional data on two other species of the genus from Iran, pp. 459-474 in Zootaxa 4205 (5) on page 464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4205.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/198032, {"references":["Braun, A. L. & Loof, P. A. A. (1966) Pratylenchoides laticauda n. sp., a new endoparasitic phytonematode. Netherland Journal of Plant Pathology, 72, 241 - 245. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02650210"]}

Helicotylenchus abunaamai Siddiqi 1972 (Fig. 2) Measurement (Table 3). Female. Habitus spiral when relaxed. Cuticle usually coarsely annulated, annules 1.5 �� 0.2 (1.1���1.9) ��m wide at mid-body. Lateral fields about 5.9 �� 0.8 (4.6���7.2) ��m wide (20���30 % of body width), without areolation after pharyngeal region. Head usually rounded, slightly obtuse, continuous with body contour, marked with usually four, sometimes three or five distinct annules, 6.8 �� 0.5 (6.1���7.5) ��m wide at base and 3.7 �� 0.2 (3.3 ���4.0) ��m high. Cephalic framework sclerotized, its outer margins extending posteriorly 2���3 annules from basal plate. The anterior and posterior cephalids are located 6���7 and 14���15 annules from the anterior end, respectively, not observed in some specimens. Stylet length about 4.0 �� 0.4 (3.2���4.4) times as long as head diameter; conus is 47.0 �� 2.6 (44.2���53.1) % of stylet length. Stylet knobs rounded with usually (approximately 62.5 % of specimens) flattened, sometimes (approximately 25 %) rounded or (approximately 12.5 %) concave anterior surfaces, 5.3 �� 0.6 (4.5���6.3) ��m across. Orifice of dorsal pharyngeal gland located about one half to less than one stylet length from its base. Median bulb oval, 7.64 �� 0.9 (7.6���10.6) ��m wide, distance from anterior end to its center 81.9 �� 4.7 (70.7 ���87.0) ��m. Hemizonid 1���2 body annules anterior to excretory pore. Two ovaries, both functional; length of anterior branch (n = 6) 156 �� 14.9 (137���180) ��m and posterior branch 154 �� 17.5 (135���177) ��m; length of posterior branch 98.9 �� 5.2 (91.8���106) % of the anterior branch, oocytes arranged in a single row, vagina less than one half of the corresponding body diameter. Spermatheca small, rounded, slightly dorsally demarcated from reproductive tubes and without sperm. Tail dorsally curved, almost ventrally straight, variously shape from trapezoid to conical, sometimes with small rounded projection; tail terminus without annules. Phasmids at level of anus or up to six annules anterior and asymmetrical in placement relative to anus in some specimens. Internal incisures of lateral fields at the tail end fused and Y shaped. Caudalids can be seen on some specimens, located at 3���5 annules anterior to anus. Male. Not found. The Iranian population was identified as H. abunaamai Siddiqi 1972 because of the very small ventral projection on the tail terminus (less than two annules in length), hemispherical lip region, usually anteriorly flattened or sometimes rounded to concave stylet knobs, position of phasmids (0���6 annules anterior to anus) and fused (Y shaped) internal incisures of lateral fields at the tail end. Measurements agree with those published for H. abunaamai, except for a slightly longer stylet (23.3���26.8 vs. 21.0���22.0 ��m) There are no other notable differences between the current population data and those of other populations from Pakistan (Firoza & Maqbool 1991), Thailand (Mizukubo et al. 1992) and Malaysia (Sauer & Winoto 1975) (Table 4). In the some morphological characters (head shape and the small projection at the tail end), this population also comes close to H. exallus Sher, 1966, H. egyptiensis Tarjan, 1964, H. elegans Roman, 1965, H. curvatus Rom��n, 1965, H. zeidani Elbadri, Moon, Wani, Bukhari, Lee & Choo, 2009 and H. dihysteroides Siddiqi, 1972. Sharafat-Ali and his colleagues (1973) synonymized H. abunaamai with H. exallus Sher, 1966 but Sauer and Winoto (1975) considered the monosexuality of H. abunaamai, in contrast to the bisexuality of H. exallus, sufficient justification to maintain these as separate species. Our population also differs from H. exallus in absence of males, smaller c ratio (24.2���33.7 vs. 30���52), higher c��ratio (1.4���1.98 vs. 0.7���1.2), tail shape (more curved ventrally, with Y-shaped termini of the inner lines of the lateral field on the tail vs. usually straight ventrally, with V- or U-shaped termini of internal incisures). It can be separated from H. egyptiensis in tail shape (trapezoid to conical with non-annulated tip, sometimes with small, rounded projection vs. rounded and bearing a sharp projection, usually longer than two annules in length), Y-shaped termini of the lateral field internal incisures on the tail vs. both Y- and V-shaped incisure termini, head shape (mostly rounded vs. mostly obtuse) (Tarjan 1964); from H. elegans in tail shape (more ventrally curved vs. more straight), longer body (600���779 vs. 430���450 ��m) and higher b ratio (5.2���6.1 vs. 4.4���4.6 (Rom��n 1965); and from H. curvatus in tail shape (less curved ventrally, with Yshaped lateral field internal incisure termini vs. more curved and U- or V-shaped lateral field termini) and smaller c ratio (24.2���33.7 vs. 38���44) (Rom��n 1965). It also differs from H. zeidani in absence of sperm (vs. presence), annulated head (vs. smooth), usually non-annulated tail tip (vs. annulated), and smaller b ratio 5.8 (5.2���6.1) vs. 8.1 (5.4���10.6)) (Elbadri et al. 2009); and from H. dihysteroides in the lip region (rounded to slightly obtuse, with distinct annules vs. always rounded and with indistinct annules), smaller body length (695 [600���779] ��m vs. 740 [670���840] ��m), b ratio (5.2���6.1 vs. 6.1���7.2), b' ratio (3.9���4.6 vs. 4.7���5.8), c ratio (24.2���33.7 vs. 39���55), c' ratio (1.7 [1.4 ���2.0] vs. 1.2 [1.1���1.4]), tail annules (12 [10���15] vs. 9 [6���11]), phasmid position (3 (0���6) vs. 6���13 annules anterior to anus) and tail terminus shape (usually without annules vs. usually annulated) (Siddiqi 1972). This population was collected from a sugarcane farm in Haft-Tappeh, Karoon region, Khuzestan province, soutwestern Iran, where sugarcane has been cultured for more than 40 years. This is the first report of H. abunaamai from Iran., Published as part of Kashi, Leila & Karegar, Akbar, 2014, Description of Helicotylenchus persiaensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) from Iran, pp. 575-588 in Zootaxa 3785 (4) on pages 579-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/228466, {"references":["Siddiqi, M. R. (1972) On the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Tylenchida), with descriptions of nine new species. Nematologica, 18, 74 - 91. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529272 x 00278","Firoza, K. & Maqbool, M. A. (1991) Description of Rotylenchus capsicum n. sp. and morphometric data on five known species of the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) recorded from Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 9, 71 - 78.","Mizukubo, T., Toida, Y. & Keereewan, S. (1992) A survey of nematodes attacking crops in Thailand. I. Genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 22, 26 - 36.","Sauer, M. R. & Winoto, R. (1975) The genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 in West Malaysia. Nematologica, 21, 341 - 350. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529275 x 00077","Sher, S. A. (1966) Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda). VI. Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Nematologica, 12, 1 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529266 x 00013","Tarjan, A. C. (1964) Two new mucronate-tailed spiral nematodes (Helicotylenchus: Hoplolaiminae). Nematologica, 10, 185 - 191. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529264 x 00015","Roman, J. (1965) Nematodes of Puerto Rico, the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaiminae). Technical Paper, University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, 41, 1 - 23.","Elbadri, G. A. A., Moon, I. - S., Wani, P., Bukhari, K., Lee, D. - W. & Choo, H. - Y. (2009) Description of Helicotylenchus zeidani sp. nov., a new species of nematode from Guneid sugarcane, Sudan. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 12, 155 - 157. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. aspen. 2009.02.007"]}

Helicotylenchus crenacauda Sher 1966 (Fig. 3) Helicotylenchus pteracercus Singh, 1971 (by Baqri & Ahmad, 1983) Helicotylenchus indenticaudatus Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975 (by Lal & Khan, 1993) Helicotylenchus indentatus Chaturvedi & Khera, 1979 (by Baqri & Ahmad, 1983) Helicotylenchus paracrenacauda Phukan & Sanwal, 1981 (by Siddiqi, 1986) Helicotylenchus parapteracercus Sultan, 1981 (by Siddiqi, 1986) Helicotylenchus pteracercusoides Fotedar & Kaul, 1985 (by Siddiqi, 1986) Measurements (Table 3). Female. Habitus C-, G- or double-helix shaped when relaxed. Cuticle with coarse annules, 1.6 �� 0.2 (1.0��� 1.9) ��m wide at mid-body. Lateral fields 5.4���8.7 ��m wide, 20���30 % of body diameter. Lip region continuous with body contour, usually hemispherical, sometimes slightly obtuse, marked with 4���5 distinct annules, 7.2 �� 0.5 (6.0��� 8.4) ��m wide at base and 3.9 �� 0.4 (3.3���4.6) ��m high. Cephalic framework strongly sclerotized, outer margins extending posteriorly 2���3 annules from basal plate. Cephalids usually obscure, but when observed, the anterior and posterior ones located 8���9 and 15���16 annules from the anterior end (including lip anniules), respectively. Stylet about 3.6 �� 0.3 (3.0���4.0) times as long as head diameter. Stylet knobs usually rounded, with anterior faces flattened or sloping backward and 5.2 �� 0.3 (4.2���5.9) ��m in width. Orifice of dorsal pharyngeal gland located about 31.6 %��� 50.3 % of stylet length from stylet base. Median bulb oval, gradually expanding to a width of 11.3 �� 0.9 (9.6���12.7) ��m, with moderate valve, distance from anterior end to its center 79.1 �� 5.5 (70.8���97.3) ��m. Hemizonid usually indistinct. Two ovaries both functional, length of anterior branch (n = 7) 200 �� 32.6 (167���253) ��m and posterior branch 174 �� 23.7 (146���220) ��m, length of posterior branch 84.7 �� 0.9 (71.3���95.2)% of anterior branch,, ovaries in single row, spermatheca rounded, in line, and without sperm. Vagina 9.4���12.6 ��m long, about 33 %��� 45 % of corresponding body diameter. Tail indented terminally, with short to long, variously-shaped ventral projection, in some specimens with cuticular fold. The terminal indentation of the female tail is usually filled with debris. (Fig. 3 A). Termini of the inner incisures of lateral field on tail usually fused and Yshaped, not observed in some specimens. Caudalid not observed. Phasmids very small, pore-like, located from level with anus to six annules anterior to anus, in some specimens difficult to observe or indistinct. Male. Not found. This population, in having an indented terminus, usually with a long ventral projection (two or more annules in length) on the tail end is identified as H. crenacauda Sher 1966, but differs in the flat to backward-sloping stylet knobs and the presence of a cuticular fold at the tail tip of some specimens. Some nominal species of Helicotylenchus including H. pteracercus Singh 1971, H. indenticaudatus Mulk & Jairajpuri 1975, H. paracrenacauda Phukan & Sanwal 1981, H. pteracercusoides Fotedar & Kaul 1985 and H. indentatus Chaturvedi & Khera 1979 already have been synonymized with H. crenacauda (Siddiqi 2000, Andr��ssy 2007). Baqri & Ahmad (1983) synonymized H. indentatus Chaturvedi & Khera 1979 with H. crenacauda after comparison to its paratypes. Because of the similarity in stylet knob shape and the cuticular fold at the tail end, our population is similar to H. indentatus, and was thus designated as H. crenacauda. H. crenacauda already has been reported from Iran (Kheiri & Barooti 1985, Pedramfar et al. 2002, Mohammad Deimi & Mitkowski, 2010). In this paper, some new data such as the presence of a cuticular fold at the tail terminus, phasmid position relative to anus (0���5 annules vs. 5���9 annules anterior to anus, respectively, in the present population and in the previous report) were added. Also, the ranges of V and o ratios were extended (Table 3, Fig. 3) and the present population is compared with two other populations from South Africa (Marais 1993) and Thailand (Mizukubo et al. 1992 ) (Table 5, Fig. 3). Locality: This population of H. crenacauda was collected from the rhizosphere of rice in Chabok-Sar, Gilan Province, northern Iran., Published as part of Kashi, Leila & Karegar, Akbar, 2014, Description of Helicotylenchus persiaensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) from Iran, pp. 575-588 in Zootaxa 3785 (4) on page 584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/228466, {"references":["Sher, S. A. (1966) Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda). VI. Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Nematologica, 12, 1 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529266 x 00013","Baqri, Q. H. & Ahmad, N. (1983) Nematodes from West Bengal (India) XVI. On the species of genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Hoplolaimidae: Tylenchida). Journal of the Zoological Society of India, 35, 29 - 48.","Mulk, M. M. & Jairajpuri, M. S. (1975) Nematodes of leguminous crops in India. II. Five new species of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Hoplolaimidae). Indian Journal Nematology, 4 (1974), 212 - 221.","Lal, M. & Khan, E. (1993) On the taxonomic status of species of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. I. Having a digitative type tail terminus from India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 23, 110 - 117.","Chaturvedi, Y & Khera, S. (1979) Studies on taxonomy, biology and ecology of nematodes associated with jute crop. Technical Monograph of the Zoological Survey of India, 2, 1 - 105.","Siddiqi, M. R. (1986) Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough, 645 pp.","Sultan, M. S. (1981) Spiral nematodes of the subfamily Rotylenchinae Golden, 1971 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from India. Nematologia Mediterranea, 9, 35 - 47.","Siddiqi, M. R. (2000) Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects, 2 nd edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 833 pp.","Andrassy, I. (2007) Free-living Nematodes of Hungary (Nematoda errantia), II. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary, 496 pp.","Kheiri, A. & Barooti, S. (1985) Occurrence of Rotylenchulus parvus in Iran with a note on differences between immature females of this genus and Helicotylenchus. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent, 50 / 3 a, 861 - 865.","Pedramfar, H., Pourjam, E. & Kheiri, A. (2002) Plant parasitic nematodes associated with rice in Gilan Province. Iranian Journal Plant Pathology, 37, 285 - 301. [in Persian with English Abstract]","Mohammad Deimi, A. & Mitkowski, N. (2010) Nematodes associated with vineyards throughout Markazi province (Arak), Iran. Australasian Plant Pathology, 39, 571 - 577. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / ap 10044","Marais, M. (1993) On some Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 from South Africa (Hoplolaimidae: Nematoda). Phytophylactica, 25, 21 - 38.","Mizukubo, T., Toida, Y. & Keereewan, S. (1992) A survey of nematodes attacking crops in Thailand. I. Genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 22, 26 - 36."]}

Helicotylenchus persiaensis sp. n. (Fig. 1) Measurements (Table 2). Female. Habitus spiral when relaxed. Cuticle coarsely annulated, annules 1.3 �� 0.2 (1.2��� 1.8) ��m wide at midbody. Lateral fields 5.0��� 6.2 ��m wide and 20���30 % of body diameter. Lip region almost conical, truncate, continuous with body contour, marked by four or five distinct annules, 6.7 �� 0.7 (5.6 ���8.0) ��m wide at base and 3.6 �� 0.5 (3.2���4.5) ��m high. Cephalic framework strongly sclerotized, its outer margins extending posteriorly 1���2 annules from basal plate. Cephalids were only observed in three specimens, the anterior and posterior ones 6���7 and 14���15 annules from the anterior end, respectively. Stylet robust, its length 3.7 �� 0.4 (3.1��� 4.6) times as long as head diameter. Stylet knobs well developed, with flattened anterior surfaces, 4.4 �� 0.4 (3.9��� 5.1) ��m across. Orifice of dorsal pharyngeal gland located less than one half of stylet length from knobs. Median bulb oval, gradually enlarging to a width of 8.9 ���10.0 ��m with moderately developed valve; distance from anterior end to its center 76.4 �� 4.2 (67.2���80.4) ��m, (82 ��m in holotype). Nerve ring 92.4 �� 7.0 (78.4���105.5) ��m from anterior end of body. Hemizonid generally distinct, one to three body annules anterior to excretory pore. Hemizonion 7���12 annules posterior to excretory pore, not seen in some specimens. Ventro-lateral overlap of pharyngeal lobe 40.6 �� 7.3 (31.8���50.8) ��m long. Two ovaries equally developed and functional, oocytes arranged in a single row. Length of anterior branch (n= 12) 158 �� 19.4 (126���192) ��m and posterior branch 144 �� 12.0 (127���167) ��m; length of posterior branch 92.6 �� 9.2 (70.7���104)% of anterior branch, Spermatheca rounded, 14.9 �� 1.5 (11.8���17.1) ��m in diameter, markedly set off dorsally, empty. Vagina with uniformly thin wall, 8.0��� 10.8 ��m long and about 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of the corresponding body diameter. Tail short, dorsally convex-conoid, terminus broadly rounded, smooth or bearing 1���3 very coarse annules; in some specimens with minor projection in ventral, dorsal or lateral side (Fig. 1 C). Inner incisures of lateral fields terminating in V- or U-shaped pattern on tail. Phasmids conspicuous, one to three annules (two in holotype) anterior to level of anus. Caudalid located three annules anterior to anus in some specimens. Male. Not known. Etymology. From ��� Persia ��� (former name of Iran) and ���ensis (a Latin adjectival suffix, meaning ���originating in���). Habitat and locality. Collected from the rhizosphere of zelkova, (Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) C. Koch) and maple (Acer sp.) trees in the forest of Ali-Abad Katool, Golestan province, northern Iran. Type material. Holotype (code number: ShUNC 001) and eight paratypes (four slides, code numbers ShUNC 0 0 2 - ShUNC 005) deposited in the nematode collection of the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University (Shiraz, Iran), three paratypes (two slides, code numbers INC 0 0 1, INC 002)) at the National Nematode Collection of the Nematology Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP, Tehran, Iran) and three paratypes (two slides, code numbers WT 3621, WT 3622) at the Wageningen Nematode Collection, Plant Protection Organization (Wageningen, The Netherlands). Diagnosis. H. persiaensis sp. n. is characterized by its short tail (tail length = 8���11 ��m, anal body diameter = 12���16 ��m, c = 54.2 ���79.0, c ��� = 0.6���1.2) with usually smooth terminus or with 1���3 very coarse annules, rarely with minor ventral, dorsal or lateral projection, conical, truncate head with 4���5 distinct annules, stylet 22���26 ��m long with anteriorly flattened knobs, relatively short body length (570���730 ��m), inner incisures of lateral fields terminating in V- or U-shaped pattern on tail, and absence of males. Relationships. H. persiaensis sp. n., in most morphometric characters including body length, a, b and V ratios and tail shape, is similar in some respects to H. caipora Monteiro & Mendonca, 1972, H. martini Sher, 1966, H. truncatus Rom��n, 1965, H. lemoni Firoza & Maqbool, 1996, H. astriatus Khan & Nanjappa, 1972, H. aquili Khan & Nanjappa, 1972, H. arachisi Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975, H. bihari Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975 and H. wajihi Sultan, 1981 (see remarks, below, concerning these last three species). However, H. persiaensis sp. n. can be differentiated from these closely related species by a number of characters (Table 3). H. persiaensis sp. n. differs from H. caipora in its truncate and conical head (vs. hemispherical), higher c and lower c��ratios (Monteiro & de Mendonca 1972) and absence (vs. presence) of males; from H. martini by having greater body length, 4���5 distinct annules on head (vs. smooth), higher c and lower c��ratios and absence of males (vs. presence) (Sher 1966); from H. truncatus by having smooth terminus or with 1���3 very coarse annules and sometimes with minor projection (vs. equal-sized annules and without any projection), longer body and higher c and b ratios (Rom��n 1965); from H. lemoni by having longer stylet, higher c ratio and smooth terminus or with 1��� 3 very coarse annules and sometimes with minor projection (vs. partly non- annulated and without any projection) (Firoza & Maqbool 1996); from H. astriatus in its distinctly annulated lip region (vs. smooth), longer stylet with anteriorly flattened knobs (vs. cupped), internal incisures of lateral fields distally fused at the end of tail (U or V vs. Y shaped) and higher c ratio (Khan & Nanjappa 1972). H. persiaensis sp. n. differs from H. aquili in its truncate lip region (vs. hemispherical), having anteriorly flattened stylet knobs (vs. concave), fused internal incisures of lateral fields at tail end (U or V vs. Y shaped), position of phasmids relative to anus (0���2 annules anterior vs. 8���11) and offset spermatheca (vs. inline) (Khan & Nanjappa 1972); from H. arachisi in its truncate and distinctly annulated lip region (vs. hemispherical and indistinctly annulated), having anteriorly flattened stylet knobs (vs. concave), with or without very coarse annules at tail end (vs. striated and sometimes with notch), lower c��and higher c ratios (Mulk & Jairajpuri 1975); from H. bihari in having 4���5 distinct lip annules (vs. 5���6 indistinct), longer stylet, smooth tail terminus or with very coarse annules (vs. with fine annules), position of phasmids relative to anus (0���2 annules anterior vs. 3���9), and hemispherical tail (vs. convex to sub-cylindrical) (Mulk & Jairajpuri 1975); from H. wajihi in its truncate head with 4���5 distinct annules (vs. hemispherical, smooth or with 5���6 indistinct annules), greater body length, and higher c and o ratios (Sultan 1981) (Table 3). Remarks. Lal and Khan (1997) synonymized H. arachisi, H. bihari and H. wajihi with H. aquili (without studying the type materials for these species), based upon comparison of descriptions, illustrations and their shared common characters: body size, spear length, shape of spear knobs, tail shape and position of phasmids. However, in addition to the characters used to differentiate these taxa when described (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975; Sultan, 1981) there are numerous differences that can still be used to distinguish these species: H. aquili and H. wajihi have smooth tail termini (vs. striated in H. arachisi and H. bihari), and the dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice is located more posteriorly in H. aquili (O> 33 vs. O = 22���35 in H. wajihi). Moreover, the head of H. bihari is truncate (vs. hemispherical in H. arachisi, H. wajihi and H. aquili) (Table 3). Accordingly, the synonymization of these species is not accepted here and we propose the reinstatement of H. arachisi, H. bihari and H. wajihi as valid species., Published as part of Kashi, Leila & Karegar, Akbar, 2014, Description of Helicotylenchus persiaensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) from Iran, pp. 575-588 in Zootaxa 3785 (4) on pages 576-579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/228466, {"references":["Monteiro, A. R. & de Mendonca, M. M. (1972) Helicotylenchus caipora n. sp. (Nematoda, Hoplolaimidae) de solo de mata do Brasil, Revista de Agricultura Piracicaba, 47, 199 - 204.","Sher, S. A. (1966) Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda). VI. Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Nematologica, 12, 1 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529266 x 00013","Roman, J. (1965) Nematodes of Puerto Rico, the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaiminae). Technical Paper, University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, 41, 1 - 23.","Firoza, K. & Maqbool, M. A. (1996) Description of Helicotylenchus meloni n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) with a key to species of Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 14, 83 - 88.","Khan, E. & Nanjappa, C. K. (1972) Four new species in the superfamily Hoplolaimoidea (Tylenchida: Nematoda) from India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 11 (1970), 143 - 149.","Mulk, M. M. & Jairajpuri, M. S. (1975) Nematodes of leguminous crops in India. II. Five new species of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Hoplolaimidae). Indian Journal Nematology, 4 (1974), 212 - 221.","Sultan, M. S. (1981) Spiral nematodes of the subfamily Rotylenchinae Golden, 1971 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from India. Nematologia Mediterranea, 9, 35 - 47.","Lal, M. & Khan, E. (1997) On the taxonomic status of species of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. II. Having a round tail terminus from India. Indian Journal Nematol ogy, 27, 12 - 17."]}

Kashi, Leila, Karegar, Akbar (2014): Description of Helicotylenchus persiaensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) from Iran. Zootaxa 3785 (4): 575-588, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.6

Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Niknam, Gholamreza (2014): An updated and annotated checklist of the Dolichodoridae (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea) of Iran. Zootaxa 3784 (4): 445-468, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3784.4.5