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AbstractSeed phenotyping through non-destructive imaging techniques may be vital for obtaining seed quality and viability information, aiding in plant species conservation and de-extinction. We used X-ray microtomography followed by a germination test on a seed sample of the rare and threatened Hieracium australe subsp. australe to compare qualitative and quantitative morphological traits as predictors of germination capacity. Five qualitative classes based on embryo structure integrity were assigned; eighteen morphometric parameters were defined via 3D image analysis examining outer seed shape and internal embryo structure; “germinated,” “ungerminated” and “dead” outcomes were recorded. The multinomial logistic model applied to the qualitative classes allowed to correctly classify 72.7% of “germinated” seeds but failed to predict “ungerminated” and “dead” seeds. Univariate analysis of morphometric parameters showed no significant differences in mean values among the three germination outcomes. However, unsuccessful germination was associated with smaller seed size, increased pericarp thickness, and higher radicle-to-seed length ratio. Multivariate discriminant analysis of eleven uncorrelated morphometric parameters highlighted "mean embryo-pericarp distance" as indicative of germination capacity specific to Hieracium, while "embryo “porosity" and “embryo surface/volume ratio” were associated with “dead” seeds obtaining an overall correct classification of 72.7% of the “germinated” seeds and 70.0% of the “dead” ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over half of angiosperms have self-incompatibility systems to avoid self-pollination and inbreeding depression. Many members of Orchidaceae are self-compatible, but they may be prone to negative consequences of self-pollination. We investigated the effects of both within-flower (autogamy) and within-plant (geitonogamy) self-pollination, and cross-pollination on fruit set, seed quality, and germination rates in 11 related orchid taxa of subtribe Orchidinae. We hand-pollinated flowers and measured fruit set to estimate pre- and postzygotic barriers. We collected morphometric data on embryos and seeds and calculated the percentage of seeds with embryos and seed viability. We then calculated inbreeding depression values for each treatment for each taxon. Ten taxa produced fruits when self-pollinated, but germination rates and seed size increased with cross-pollination. Higher seed viability was correlated with larger embryos/seeds. However, geitonogamous pollination generally resulted in the lowest seed quality compared with autogamy and cross-pollination, with high values of inbreeding depression being detected. Only seven of the 11 taxa (Anacamptis papilionacea , Himantoglossum adriaticum , Ophrys apifera , Ophrys bertolonii , Orchis patens subsp. brevicornis , Orchis provincialis , and Serapias vomeracea) were confirmed as self-compatible. These results show that cross-pollination improves overall seed quality, and that the assessment of self-compatibility in orchids should be based on postfruiting stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of summarized spectral data in bands obtained by hyperspectral sensors can make it possible to obtain biochemical information about seeds and, thus, relate the results to seed viability and vigor. Thus, the hypothesis of this work is based on the possibility of obtaining information about the physiological quality of seeds through hyperspectral bands and distinguishing seed lots regarding their quality through wavelengths. The objective was then to evaluate the possibility of differentiating soybean genotypes regarding the physiological quality of seeds using spectral data. The experiment was conducted during the 2021/2022 harvest at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul in a randomized block design with four replicates and 10 F3 soybean populations (G1, G8, G12, G15, G19, G21, G24, G27, G31, and G36). After the maturation of each genotype, seeds were harvested from the central rows of each plot, which consisted of five one-meter rows. Seed samples from each experimental unit were placed in a Petri dish to collect spectral data. Readings were performed in the laboratory at a temperature of 26 °C and using two 60 W halogen lamps as the light source, positioned 15 cm between the sensor and the sample. The sensor used was the Ocean Optics (Florida, USA) model STS-VIS-L-50-400-SMA, which captured the reflectance of the seed sample at wavelengths between 450 and 824 nm. After readings from the hyperspectral sensor, the seeds were subjected to tests for water content, germination, first germination count, electrical conductivity, and tetrazolium. The data obtained were subjected to an analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Scott–Knott test at 5% probability, analyzed using R software version 4.2.3 (Auckland, New Zealand). The data on the physiological quality of the seeds of the soybean genotypes were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and associated with the K-means algorithm to form groups according to the similarity and distinction between the genetic materials. After the formation of these groups, spectral curve graphs were constructed for each soybean genotype and for the groups that were formed. The physiological quality of the soybean genotypes can be differentiated using hyperspectral bands. The spectral bands, therefore, provide important information about the physiological quality of soybean seeds. Through the use of hyperspectral sensors and the observation of specific bands, it is possible to differentiate genotypes in terms of seed quality, complementing and/or replacing traditional tests in a fast, accurate, and non-destructive way, reducing the time and investment spent on obtaining information on seed viability and vigor. The results found in this study are promising, and further research is needed in future studies with other species and genotypes. The interval between 450 and 649 nm was the main spectrum band that contributed to the differentiation between soybean genotypes of superior and inferior physiological quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to develop a method for the rapid and nondestructive prediction of wheat seed viability using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). Thirteen wheat cultivars were used to establish and validate an NIRS calibration model. The seed samples were divided into a calibration set (n=1,360) and a validation set (n=1,000), representing a wide range of germination rates created through the accelerated aging treatment (98±2% relative humidity, 40°C, 0-10 days). Spectral data were collected within the wavelength range of 400-2,500 nm. Among the three regression models tested, the Modified Partial Least Squares (MPLS) model exhibited the best performance for predicting seed viability, achieving the highest coefficient of determination (R² =0.936) and lowest standard error of calibration (SEC=7.514). The results of this study highlight the utility of NIRS-based models for the rapid, nondestructive assessment of seed viability in wheat. Additionally, this is the first study to apply NIRS for the nondestructive evaluation of wheat seed viability, providing a substantial advancement in seed quality assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera L. is a valuable commodity with various health benefits, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. In developing and improving the potential of Moringa oleifera (MO) in the Palu Valley (Indonesia) to meet the need for quality seeds, a study of the diversity of morphology, seed viability, and genetics is needed. This study aims to identify MO accession based on morphological characteristics, viability, and genetic testing. Morphological analysis was carried out on 24 agronomic characters; a seed viability test was carried out using a Complete Randomized Design in selected accessions. The parallel genetic analysis was performed through DNA extraction using the PCR method using 10 ISSR primers. The data were analyzed using cluster analysis using the SYSTAT program in the form of a dendrogram. The study results obtained 24 accessions of MO with different morphological characters. Germination power ranged from 83.33 to 88.33 %, the speed of shoot emergence was 3.42 to 6.1 days, and the Euclidian distance was 0.290. There were five different MO groups of genotypes, each represented by accession Kulawi2, Kulawi10, Palolo24, Balaroa5, and Tondo19. It is suggested that five selected MO accession groups can be used as mother trees for seed supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed storage life in tropical areas is shortened by high humidity and temperature and the general inaccessibility to dehumidifying and refrigeration systems, resulting in rapid decreases in seed viability in storage as well as a high incidence of fungal and insect infestations. The dry chain, based on rapid and deep drying of seeds after harvest followed by packaging in moisture-proof containers, has been proposed as an effective method to maintain seed quality during medium-term storage in humid climates, even without refrigeration. In addition, seed drying with zeolite drying beads can be more effective and economical than sun or heated-air drying under these warm, humid conditions. In this paper, we review recent published literature regarding the dry chain, considering different crop species, storage environments and seed traits. In addition, we provide new original data on the application of dry chain methods and their implementation at larger scales in South Asia, Latin America and Pacific Island Countries. The clear conclusion is that the combination of reusable drying beads and waterproof storage containers enables the implementation of the dry chain in tropical climates, enhancing seed viability and quality in storage of many crop species. The dry chain approach can therefore significantly enhance seed security for farmers in many tropical countries. Finally, we propose actions and strategies that could guide further scaling-up implementation of this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In soybean production, numerous strategies are utilized to enhance seed quality and mitigate the effects of biotic and abiotic stressors. Zn-based nutrient priming has been shown to be effective for field crops, and biopriming is a strategy that is becoming increasingly important for sustainable agriculture. On the other hand, there is a lack of information about the effect of comprehensive nutrient priming and biopriming techniques on soybean seed quality and viability and seed health. This study was performed to assess the benefits of nutrient priming with Zn, biopriming with Bacillus megaterium and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (single and co-inoculation), and combination of nutrient priming and biopriming on the seed quality and viability, as well as seed infection caused by Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp. Three different laboratory tests were employed: germination test, accelerated aging test, and seed health test. The results revealed that all tested priming treatments have a beneficial effect on seed germination, initial plant growth, and reduction of seed infection in normal and aged seeds. Additionally, comprehensive priming with Zn, Bacillus megaterium, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum reduced the occurrence of Alternaria spp. (−84% and −75%) and Fusarium spp. (−91% and −88%) on soybean seeds in the germination and accelerated aging tests, respectively, as compared to the control, which proved to be the most effective treatment in both optimal and stressful conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canola (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Moech) is one of the main oilseeds for edible and industrial purposes. For the evaluation of the physiological quality of a lot of seeds, the tetrazolium test has been considered as a promising alternative, due to the speed and efficiency in the characterization of viability. The present study aimed to adapt the methodology of the tetrazolium test to evaluate the quality of canola seeds. Alth B4 and Hyola 433 hybrids were used. The study involved the characterization of the initial profile of the lots by determining the moisture content, weight of a thousand seeds, first count, germination test, germination speed index, emergence, initial stand, emergency speed index. Pre-conditioning of the seeds was carried out, defining the soaking curve and the seeds placed to soak for periods of 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 22 hours, by the methods of hydration on paper and direct immersion in water and the adequacy of the tetrazolium test methodology as a function of different concentrations (0.075%; 0.5% and 1.0%) and immersion periods of 2, 4 and 6 hours. The results indicated that the lowest concentrations and lowest imbibition periods present a higher percentage of viability for canola seeds. It was concluded that the tetrazolium test is efficient to evaluate the viability in canola seeds with pre-conditioning of the seeds in hydration in paper for 10 hours at 25 °C, followed by the total removal of the tegument, in the tetrazolium solution of 0.075% per 2 hours at 30°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants typically experience great losses from their reproductive potential represented by ovule production to the post-dispersal crop of viable seed. We examined seed density and viability in a founder population of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa), aiming to quantify losses at different stages and examine potential selection forces on the reproduction success of the founder generation of an isolated population. At the time of the study (2017–2020), the population had recently reached reproductive maturity, following its colonization around 1990 through long-distance dispersal onto an early successional outwash plain in southeast Iceland. Seed densities were high, but 89% of apparently intact seeds did not contain an embryo, despite being visually indistinguishable from filled seeds. Externally evident losses amounted to about 45% of the total seed crop and were mostly due to predation by the gall midge Semudobia betulae. When all losses were accounted for, 2.7% of the seed crop remained viable and germinated. Pollen limitation may partially explain the high incidence of empty seeds. Excessive flower production is compatible with the predator satiation hypothesis but cannot explain pre-dispersal losses. Another adaptation to predation, masting, appears poorly developed in Iceland. Our results suggest the presence of constraints on the reproduction potential of the new island population, that are more limiting than in neighbouring populations, and we discuss their developmental, ecological, and environmental correlates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the mechanisms underlying viable seed production of perennial bunchgrasses is critical to improving restoration and conservation success in Great Basin sagebrush steppe rangelands. We studied the effects of pre‐ and post‐anthesis flag‐leaf removal and post‐anthesis seed‐head shading on reproductive effort in two important rangeland restoration species, the exotic crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) and native squirreltail (Elymus elymoides). Flag‐leaf removal had distinct, species‐specific effects on seed filling. Pre‐anthesis flag‐leaf removal in crested wheatgrass reduced the proportion of filled seeds, while post‐anthesis removal did not. In contrast, squirreltail increased filled seed proportions regardless of flag‐leaf removal timing. Neither flag‐leaf removal treatment affected seed quality, as quantified by seed‐specific mass (in grams per square meter), which significantly reduced with seed‐head shading in both species. Seed‐head shading reduced total propagule production (unfilled + filled seeds) in crested wheatgrass but increased it in squirreltail, possibly due to our shading method protecting from seed‐head herbivory or high‐light stress. Flag‐leaf removal in the squirreltail also induced a negative shading effect on filled seed area, mass, and specific mass. These findings suggest flag leaves can modulate reproductive effort outside of seed provisioning, either by maintaining pre‐fertilized seed viability, as in crested wheatgrass, or acting as a competitive sink to the fully emerged seed‐head, as in squirreltail. Moreover, this study demonstrates photosynthetic activity by the seed‐head itself is critical to the expression of seed quality traits important to seedling establishment success of semiarid perennial bunchgrasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids are compounds that result from the secondary metabolism of plants and play a crucial role in plant development and mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses. The highest levels of flavonoids are found in legumes such as soybean. Breeding programs aim to increase desirable traits, such as higher flavonoid contents and vigorous seeds. Soybeans are one of the richest sources of protein in the plant kingdom and the main source of flavonoid derivatives for human health. In view of this, the hypothesis of this study is based on the possibility that the concentration of isoflavones in soybean seeds contributes to the physiological quality of the seeds. The aim of this study was to analyze the content of flavonoids in soybean genotypes and their influence on the physiological quality of the seeds. Seeds from thirty-two soybean genotypes were obtained by carrying out a field experiment during the 2021/22 crop season. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications and thirty-two F3 soybean populations. The seeds obtained were subjected to germination, first germination counting, electrical conductivity and tetrazolium vigor and viability tests. After drying and milling the material from each genotype, liquid chromatography analysis was carried out to obtain flavonoids, performed at UPLC level. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and, when significant, the means were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The results found here show the occurrence of genotypes with higher amounts of flavonoids when compared to their peers. The flavonoid FLVD_G2 had the highest concentration and differed from the others. Thus, we can assume that the type and concentration of flavonoids does not influence the physiological quality of seeds from different soybean genotypes, but it does indirectly contribute to viability and vigor, since the genotypes with the highest FLVD_G2 levels had better FGC values. The findings indicate that there is a difference between the content of flavonoids in soybean genotypes, with a higher content of genistein. The content of flavonoids does not influence the physiological quality of seeds, but contributes to increasing viability and vigor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress has become a serious problem in tomato production. The parthenocarpic tomato mutants, iaa9–3 and iaa9–5, have been isolated from a mutant population of the Micro-Tom cultivar. According to our previous study, those two mutants are adaptable and capable of producing fruits under heat-stress conditions. On the other hand, from the perspective of commercialisation, seed quality is another important trait. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the iaa9–3 and iaa9–5 mutations on the seed quality by comparing them to its wild type (WT-MT). Several parameters related to seed quality such as seed number, seed viability, vigour index, emergence speed index, and maximum growth potential were analysed. The results showed that iaa9–3 mutation negatively affected seed quality, including reduced seed number, seed viability, vigour index, emergence speed index, and maximum growth potential. Interestingly, iaa9–5 mutation could reduce seed quality while the reduction was not significantly different compared to the WT-MT, suggesting that iaa9–5 was suitable for producing high-quality seeds compared to iaa9–3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inbreeding is thought to be a key adverse factor impacting the genetic quality of seeds in seed production populations and the inbreeding degree (i.e., selfing or outcrossing rate) of seed production populations have been extensively assessed through mating system analysis. The adverse effect of inbreeding on seed quality traits in seed production populations under open-pollination conditions has not yet been clearly described. In this study, the open-pollinated seeds were collected from 26 mother trees in a 58-year-old seed tree stand. Three seed quality traits, including thousand-seed weight (TSW), germination rate (GR), and germination potential (GP), were measured, and the seeds from eight of 26 families with significant differences in seed quality traits were genotyped through twelve microsatellite markers. In addition, the seeds and sprouts (germinated seeds) from six families were genotyped to reveal the effect of inbreeding on seed germination. The three seed quality traits significantly differed among families (p < 0.001). The multilocus outcrossing rate (tm = 0.889) and single-locus outcrossing rate (ts = 0.648) of overall seeds indicated apparent selfing (11.1%) and biparental inbreeding (24.0%). The outcrossing rate in the sprout group (tm = 0.919, ts = 0.788) was higher than that in the seed group (tm = 0.833, ts = 0.646), and the difference in ts between groups was different from zero under the 95% confidence interval (0.024–0.260), suggesting that inbreeding negatively affected seed germination. Linear regression demonstrated that TSW was positively correlated with tm and ts, while GR was negatively related to tm−ts and positively related to ts, implying that seed mass (development) was probably more affected by self-fertilization, but germination capacity was more influenced by biparental inbreeding. The inbreeding depression (ID) of TSW was estimated to be 26.3% with a 0.1 decrease in tm, while that of GR was estimated to be 8.4% with a 0.1 decrease in ts. These results suggest that the IDs during seed development and the germination stage of Masson pine were nonignorable and that more attention to outcrossing rate should be paid to the establishment and management of Masson pine seed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean seeds in tropical countries are prone to rapid deterioration due to environmental condition during storage, leading to a decrease in seed quality and ultimately resulting in low potential yield. Longevity of seed during storage is influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as light. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of light on the vigour of two soybean seeds cultivars (Demas 1 & Devon 1 cvs) stored for three months. The investigation was conducted from February to May 2022 at Seed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. A correlational method was employed to assess the relationship between seed quality of Demas 1 and Devon 1 in light and lightless storage. Furthermore, data were analyzed using correlation regression and t-test to compare the two populations. The results showed that there was a high correlation between the physical and physiological quality of seeds. There were also differences in seed response to light, and this was observed from the moisture content, weight of 100 seeds, germination rate, and simultaneous growth percentage traits. Considering the seed quality traits, Demas 1 had the best vigour value after storage in dark conditions. It is worth noting that both cultivars exhibited signs of deterioration during storage. However, the rate of deterioration was slowed down due to lightless condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbaria are an important source of data and material useful in many fields, including plant conservation. Seeds preserved in herbarium specimens may have the potential to germinate, although few studies focused on this topic. Here, the first systematic assessment of six techniques, including priming techniques and melatonin application, aimed at improving the germination of seeds from herbarium specimens is presented. Seed germination of 26 species common in Europe, some of which congeneric to extinct species, collected in herbaria and in the wild (20,549 seeds in total, including 19,509 from 297 herbarium specimens from 8 different herbaria) was tested with the following treatments: exogenous melatonin addition to the germination medium, priming with melatonin, osmopriming, hydropriming for 24 and 48 hours, standard soil, heat sterilization and gibberellins addition. More than 85% of the fresh seeds and 1% of the seeds collected in herbaria germinated, including seeds older than 50 years. Data show that treatment with exogenous melatonin had a positive effect on the germination of fresh seeds, but a negative effect on the germination of herbarium‐derived seeds. Furthermore, osmopriming treatment had a slightly positive effect on the germination of herbarium‐derived seeds. Osmopriming and exogenous melatonin addition seem to be promising techniques that need further investigation and improvement and might be useful for the development of an optimal germination protocol for old and herbarium‐derived seeds. The germination of seeds from herbaria could be an important tool in plant conservation, with the aim of reversing the extinction trend of many species through de‐extinction, safeguarding biodiversity, and genetic variability. This study provides preliminary data for the development of germination protocols, especially for old seeds of species of conservation interest, to maximise the chance of recovering lost genetic diversity and leading to the first de‐extinction ever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longevity, viability, vigor, and priming-memory are a complex network of agronomic traits that influences the capacity of seed germination and seedling development. Seed priming is a physiological method to improve germination performance under adverse environmental conditions, but the decrease in the longevity of primed seed during storage may limit its application. Therefore this study aimed to determine optimal storage condition for Ca2+-primed seeds. Here, the species-specific constants of viability and underlying seed protective mechanisms were determined for Ca2+-primed seeds under different storage conditions. Based on probit analysis of the survival data, the predicted physiological parameters of σ, P50, σ−1, Ki, CW, CH, KE, and seed vigor index for Ca2+-primed seeds were more similar to those determined for control seeds, suggesting the regulatory role of Ca2+ in controlling sustainable storability of the primed seeds. The loss of seed viability was accompanied by high accumulation of H2O2, causing oxidative damage, which results in lipid peroxidation (MDA), corresponding to higher leakage of seed leachate. The accumulation of antioxidant metabolites, activities of antioxidant enzymes, α-amylase activity, and soluble sugars content were more pronounced in seeds exposed to low storage T with less MC, leading to a better tolerance responses against deteriorative effects of aging. Hence, the findings of this study could be practical implications for managing the longevity of quinoa seeds and for adoption of the Ca2+-priming method on an agri-seed industry level to ensure ecological stability and global food security under current climate change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical, physiological, and biochemical traits control critical seed functions such as germination, longevity, persistence, and seedling establishment. These traits are diverse between and among species, and they are also controlled by the environment in which the seed originated. Therefore, screening seed traits and understanding their roles in seed functions is crucial to facilitate the economical use of resources in collecting, sorting, and conserving seed materials of agronomical and ecological importance. We hypothesized the existence of physical and biochemical traits in sea oats seeds that can be used as proxies to predict viability and vigor to develop underpinnings for survival after non-optimal storage conditions. Using multispectral imaging and optical oxygen-sensing analyses, we evaluated the physical and biochemical traits of Uniola paniculata L. (sea oats) seeds collected from the US Atlantic and Gulf coastlines. Our results showed that several traits correlate to aging stress survival in sea oats seeds. These results confirm the potential of using physical and biochemical screening to predict seed quality while offering insights into extended seed longevity periods. Therefore, exploring and analyzing the physical and biochemical properties of seeds could reveal salient markers that contribute to viability and longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia amygdalina is an African traditional leafy vegetable which is a source of income for many households involved in its production in West and Central Africa. The species possesses several medicinal and nutritional properties. Despite its importance, there is limited information on farmers' access to seed, seed production practices, seed trade, and related constraints. This research aimed at investigating farmers' seed access and management practices. A non-probabilistic snowball method was used to sample and interview 164 bitter leaf seed sector actors from urban and peri-urban areas in Benin. Results indicated that vegetable farming is mainly practiced by men and it was the main occupation for 94.47% of the farmers interviewed. A significant association was found between the location and farmers' experience (pvalue = 0.01358). A diversity of Vernonia amygdalina morphotypes were found. Sixty-three percent of the farmers surveyed use seeds as planting material, 29% use purchased seedlings and only 7% use stem cuttings for Vernonia amygdalina production. Most of the seeds used (74%) were from farmer-saved seeds, harvested from isolated plants during production. The main constraints to V. amygdalina production reported by farmers were the unavailability of seeds (41% of respondents), low germination percentage (18%) and low seed longevity (12%). Findings from this study can inform solutions to improve farmers' access to high-quality seeds and enhance V. amygdalina vegetable production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to perform a bibliographic review of the published scientific material on the use of tetrazolium test and plant bioregulator in seeds of Eugenia stipitata, as well as in the emergence of its seedlings. Research on this species could reveal and record its production potential. E. stipitata is a fruit species native to the Amazon belonging to the Myrtaceae family. Undoubtedly, a prominent species potentially provides fruits with great benefits for human health and new alternatives for production systems. According to the bibliographic survey, the emergence of E. stipitata seedlings can exceed 180 days after sowing, while in the tetrazolium test the results can be obtained between 6 and 30 hours. In relation to seed physical and physiological dormancy, the plant bioregulator has potential to promote emergence of vigorous seeds and seedlings. Thus, the tetrazolium test can be an alternative to determine viability of Eugenia stipitata seeds. Different priming periods and concentrations of the tetrazolium salt solution are required for seeds of the genus Eugenia. Using the plant bioregulator can accelerate the emergence of seedlings of the genus Eugenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) is an important alternative for heart-of-palm extraction, showing precocity, rusticity and high tillering. The seeds of this species are considered recalcitrant making storage for long periods and production of seedlings difficulty. This identified a combination of moisture content of peach palm seeds and temperature during storage for longer seed longevity. Seeds with 35% and 45% of moisture content (wet basis - wb) were storage at 20 °C and 25 °C during 180 days. The evaluations were carried out every 60 days by the germination test, emergence in sand, shoot length, diameter of stem, shoot dry matter, root dry matter and moisture content. It was observed that seeds with moisture content of 45% wb showed better performance during storage. The storage at 20 °C provides higher seed quality maintenance. Peach palm seeds maintain their viability for 120 days when stored with moisture content of 45% wb at 20 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Groundnut seeds are highly sensitive to deterioration mainly due to their chemical composition and moisture content. The high oil content and fatty acids of groundnut seeds reduces the seed viability well in advance due to lipid peroxidation process, which is the most frequent cause of seed ageing. As a result, not only lipid peroxidation, but also a series of reactions that produce toxic products occur. Stored seeds produce increased level of volatile organic compounds that leads to seed deterioration. Methods: The experiment was conducted to profile volatile organic compounds emitted from groundnut seeds during storage and also to analysis the volatile organic compounds through correlation and principal component analysis method. Volatile organic compounds profiling of stored groundnut seeds was done through Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The air sample was taken at monthly intervals from the glass bottle using solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) method. Result: The results of the study clearly demonstrated that, totally 52 volatile compounds comprising of 10 alcohols, 5 aldehydes, 15 acids, 9 esters, 7 alkanes, 3 alkenes, 2 ketones and 1 ether were trapped in stored groundnut seeds. Finally the study concluded that ethanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, acetaldehyde, hexanal, Nonenal, 9,12,15-octadecatrionic acid, acetic acid and 3-methyl acetate were found to be highly negatively correlated with seed germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to develop agrobiological fundamentals for intensifying the cultivation of innovative varieties of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, considering soil-climatic conditions and agrotechnical factors. The goal is to implement competitive innovative cultivation technologies for high-quality seed production of new environmentally adaptable soft winter wheat varieties with high genetic potential. Research methods include field evaluations of competitive winter wheat varieties, laboratory analysis to determine seed similarity and germination rates, and statistical data analysis. The variability of seed quality depends on various environmental factors and the complex of genetic traits of the variety. Decreased seed viability due to low temperatures, excessive rainfall during maturation, and non-compliance with technological elements can be explained by changes in the Nitrogen content of seeds, especially protein nitrogen, which disrupts metabolic processes in embryo cells. Intensive cultivation technologies have led to the highest seed and yield qualities of soft winter wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication describes research investigating the effects of microwaves on seeds extracted from Norway spruce (Picea abies) and European larch (Larix decidua) cones. The objective of the conducted experiments was to determine how electromagnetic radiation influences the quality of those seeds. The study material was heated in a microwave-emitting device for 7 or 10 s at four power settings (800, 620, 440, or 130 W). The evaluated parameters included changes in the moisture content and weight of the studied cones following the applied time and power variants of exposure to microwaves, as well as the quality of the obtained seeds expressed in terms of germination energy (GE) and capacity (GC). Increasing the power of microwaves resulted in a greater decrease in the moisture content of cones, but it was not possible to find such a relationship for larch cones, especially for large cones. In most cases, the irradiation of larch cones with electromagnetic waves resulted in class I seeds, in contrast to spruce seeds, which could not be assigned to any class. Our findings show that for optimum results larch cones may be exposed to microwaves at a power not greater than 620 W and for a time not longer than 10 s. Spruce cones were found to be very sensitive to radiation; in their case no microwave treatment should be applied as it adversely affects seed viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the most important winter season food legume in Ethiopia. Despite being a major producer and consumer of chickpeas, Ethiopia experiences lower yields due to biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly insect pest infestations during storage. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different storage technologies and durations on the losses of stored chickpea seeds in terms of both quantity and quality. The experiment involved five storage technologies and three durations, spanning a period of 6 months, with data collected at 2‐month intervals. The results showed that the Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) and Super GrainPro (SGP) bags effectively maintained intergranular temperature, seed moisture content, and relative humidity throughout the storage period, followed by the modified hermetic metal silo. In contrast, traditional bags exhibited a significant increase in these parameters. The PICS and SGP bags also exhibited the lowest numbers of total insect pests after 6 months, while the jute bags had the highest infestation. Common insect species found in the stored chickpea seeds were Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium confusum (duVal). Furthermore, hermetic bags (PICS and SGP) demonstrated the least grain damage and weight loss, while jute bags had relatively higher values. Seed viability was well maintained in hermetic bags but significantly decreased in traditional bags. Overall, hermetic storage technologies, such as the PICS and SGP bags, effectively suppressed insect development, reduced losses, and preserved seed viability without the need for insecticides. It is recommended that farmers use these hermetic storage bags after proper drying to enhance food security and income generation. By implementing these recommendations, Ethiopia can enhance its chickpea storage practices, reduce post‐harvest losses, and contribute to improved food security and economic sustainability in the chickpea sector. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Currently, in most countries around the world, cotton seeds are used in delinted form. The fuzzy cotton seed often lead to slower germination, increased susceptibility of seeds and seedlings to pests and diseases, and disrupts mechanized cotton planting. Delinted cotton seeds have numerous advantages, including the possibility of mechanized planting, reduced seed consumption per unit area, faster germination in the soil, and more rapid field emergence of seedlings. Furthermore, delinted seeds are usually free from pathogenic agents, and the seed quality is improved with the availability of gravity separation and removal of broken, lightweight, and hollow seeds. One of the challenges faced by cotton seed delinting factories in Iran that employ acid-based methods is the reduction in the seed germination of the delinted seeds, which poses a challenge to the continued operation of these factories. This research was conducted to investigate the reasons behind the reduction in the viability cotton seeds in a delinting factory, to examine the physiological and mechanical characteristics of seeds at various stages of delinting in the factory. Materials and methods: Seed sampling was carried out in a delinting factory in two replications. Traits such as seed vigor, germination percentage, ion leakage, seed density and volume, seed aging, level of abrasion and damage to the seed coat, and seed rupture force were studied. Finally, the data were analyzed using SAS, SPSS, and JMP software. Results: The test results showed that seed sampling from both replications of the factory before centrifuge had the lowest germination percentage, leaf formation percentage, primary root length, primary stem length, dry weight of primary root, and dry weight of primary stem. These traits indicate that during the centrifugation stage, the seeds sustain significant mechanical damage, leading to a reduction in their vigor. The percentage of breakage, ion leakage, ageing, volume and density of seeds in the first repetition showed that these seeds had a lower quality compared to the seeds related to the second repetition. Therefore, different delinting stages in the factory have decreased the seed vigor. As the percentage of breakage and ion leakage increases, the seed rupture force declines non-linearly. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that acid contact with the cotton seed and the centrifugation process caused more mechanical damage to the seeds, leading to a significant reduction in seed rupture force. Conclusion: The accuracy of operations at all stages of delinting significantly impacts seed quality. The centrifugation stage, the temperature of the dryer cylinders, and the acid neutralization process require greater attention and monitoring. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the duration or concentration of the acid used for delinting in the delinting factory to match the seed condition in order to minimize damage to the seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for soybeans as one of cereal commodities increases every year, however, to meet the production and demand level is still challenging in Indonesia. One of the causes of low soybean production is stress during cultivation, lack of nutrients, or poor quality of soybean seeds. One solution is to increase seed protection by coating the seeds with an environmentally friendly biological seed coating. This study aims to obtain the best biological seed coating for increasing soybean seed viability, vigor, and yield. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture Experimental Station of Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor from August to November 2021. Two sets of experimental design were employed in this study, a Completely Randomized Design for the viability and vigor parameters in laboratory, and a Randomized Block Design with four replications for evaluation of the yield components in the field. The experiment was carried out with a combination of soybean cultivar and biological seed coating. The cultivars used in this study were Anjasmoro cv. (yellow) and Detam-4 cv. (black) and the biological seed coatings were B. subtilis, Trichoderma sp., and Rhizobium sp. Post-hoc test after F-test used Least Significance Different (LSD) with a significant level of 5%. The results showed that the application of the three biological seed coatings was not significantly affect seed physiological traits. However, the seed coating treatments increased the number of seeds per plant and seed weight per plant in yellow soybeans. Meanwhile, the application of B. subtilis and Rhizobium sp. in black soybeans increased the number of seeds per plant and the weight of seeds per plant. The best biological seed coating in this experiment was B. subtilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international plant trade results in the accidental movement of invasive pests and pathogens, and has contributed significantly to recent range expansion of pathogens including Dothistroma septosporum. Seeds are usually thought to present a lower biosecurity risk than plants, but the importation of Pinus contorta seeds from North America to Britain in the mid-1900s, and similarities between British and Canadian D. septosporum populations suggests seeds could be a pathway. Dothistroma septosporum has not been isolated from seeds, but inadequately cleaned seed material could contain infected needle fragments. This case study investigated whether cone kilning, and wet and dry heat treatments could reduce D. septosporum transmission without damaging seed viability. Pinus needles infected with D. septosporum were incubated alongside cones undergoing three commercial seed extraction processes. Additional needles were exposed to temperatures ranging from 10 to 67 °C dry heat for up to 48 h, or incubated in water heated to between 20 and 60 °C for up to one hour. Pinus sylvestris seeds were exposed to 60 and 65 dry heat °C for 48 h, and further seed samples incubated in water heated to between 20 and 60 °C for up to one hour. Dothistroma septosporum survived the three kilning processes and while seeds were not damaged by dry heat exceeding 63.5 °C, at this temperature no D. septosporum survived. Wet heat treatments resulted in less than 10% pathogen survival following incubation at 40 °C, while at this temperature the seeds suffered no significant impacts, even when submerged for one hour. Thus, commercial seed kilning could allow D. septosporum transmission, but elevated wet and dry heat treatments could be applied to seed stock to minimise pathogen risk without significantly damaging seed viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The dormancy reasons and characteristics of Benincasa hispida seeds were explored to improve the understanding of dormancy mechanism and development of dormancy breaking method. [Method] The appearance of seeds was observed and related indexes were measured. The water content and viability of seeds were detected using thermostatic drying method and TTC method, respectively. The seed coat permeability and seed germination were measured by water absorption method and peeling method. The effects of water and methanolic extracts of see coat and embryo at concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10 g/mL on seed germination and seedling growth of Brassica pekinensis were analyzed using distilled water as control (CK). The effects on activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) of Brassica pekinensis seedlings were also analyzed to explore the causes of seed dormancy. [Result] The seed coat of Benincasa hispida seeds was hard and thick, and seed length, width, and thickness were 1.115, 0.694, and 0.226 cm, respectively, with thousand seed mass of 52.820 g and water content of 75.800%. Seed length, width, and thickness were distributed more frequently at levels 4-5, seed radicle length was distributed most frequently at level 9, seed coat quality and seed embryo quality were distributed most frequently at level 6, and seed thousand seed mass and moisture content were mainly distributed at levels 4-6. There were highly significant positive correlations between seed thickness and seed length and width, between radicle length and seed length, seed coat quality and seed length, and between seed thickness and radicle length. There was no germination of intact Benincasa hispida seeds, while the germination rate of peeled seeds reached 54.67% after 5 d of incubation under same conditions. The seeds absorbed water well, with a difference of 5.80% between intact and shelled seeds after 21 h of water absorption treatment. The water and methanol extracts of Benincasa hispida seed coat and seed embryo had different inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth, and the inhibition effect on seedling root length was greater than that on seedling height. The inhibition effect increased with the increase of extracts concentration. The inhibition effect of methanol extracts was greater than that of water extracts, and the inhibition effect of seed embryo extracts was greater than that of seed coat extracts. The methanolic extracts of seed coat and seed embryo inhibited SOD, CAT, and POD activities of seedlings in general. [Conclusion] The presence of inhibitory substances and seed coat obstacle was an important cause of seed dormancy in Benincasa hispida seeds, and extracts of various seed parts may affect seedling growth by inhibiting protective enzyme activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High standards in managing the seed-supply chain, emphasizing sourcing and seed storage, are crucial to maintaining seed viability and ultimately to meeting restoration goals. The germination of 40 plant species was investigated in response to difficulties experienced by restoration practitioners in propagating them from seed in nurseries and in direct seeding. The species were from a biodiversity hotspot in inland eastern Australia and spanned a range of life-forms. The initial constraint identified was poor seed viability, which varied widely within and between species but was < 50% in at least one seedlot of 36 species. Low seed viability was indicated by poor seed storage and processing practices, manifest in excessive storage time, herbivory, fungal infection, and inadequate seed collection and processing (e.g. collection of immature seed and overcleaning). The main reason for low germination of viable species was seed dormancy. Dormancy was identified in 16 species: pre-sowing treatments in these species were effective in relieving dormancy or increasing germination percentage by two to three-fold. The most frequent pre-sowing treatment required was scarification. Stratification, de-husking and leaching also increased germination in some species. Temperature conditions for high germination were also investigated. Seasonal temperature treatments affected germination in 22 species. The results emphasize the necessity for (1) testing seed before use; (2) identifying temperature ranges to achieve maximum germination; (3) identifying species with germination constraints, and (4) using suitable pre-sowing treatments for plant propagation in nurseries and potentially in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important leguminous crop utilized as vegetable and pulse, being an important source of proteins. Pea seeds harbour various mycoflora both in field and during storage, which plays important role in reducing seed viability, germination and vigour inflicting considerable losses in yield and quality. There is scarcely any recommendation available to maintain seed quality during storage of pea seeds, hence present study was carried out. Methods: Seeds of pea (cvs. Azad P. 1 and Arkel) were treated with Captan and Carbendazim 50%WP fungicides @ 2.0 g/kg seed and stored under ambient conditions. The samples were drawn at three months interval to assess the effect of storage on seed quality parameters. The vigour index I, per cent germination and speed of germination of these seed samples were determined using ISTA rules. The detection of associated mycoflora in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed samples was carried out by standard blotter method as recommended by International Seed Testing Association. Result: Total fourteen fungal species were found associated with different pea seed samples. Out of these, maximum incidence of Alternaria alternata (21.36%) followed by Aspergillus flavus (15.53%), A. fumigatus (14.56%), A. niger (11.60%) and Rhizopus stolonifer (9.71%), were recorded on untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1, after 18 months of storage. The germination, speed of germination and vigour index of stored seed reduced with increase in storage period, whereas fungal incidence increased with the increasing storage period. Among the tested cultivars, germination in pea (cv. Arkel) remained above IMSCS even after 18 months of storage under ambient storage conditions. The maximum per cent germination (99.0) was found in pea cv. Azad P. 1 seeds treated with Captan at 3 months of storage, whereas minimum per cent germination (49.5) was found in untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1 after 18 months of storage. The maximum speed of germination (23.88) was found in Captan treated seed of pea cv. Arkel at 0 month of storage and minimum speed of germination (3.52) was found in untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1 at 18 months of storage. The maximum vigour index I (2339) was found in pea cv. Azad P. 1 (Captan treated seed) at 3 months of storage and minimum vigour index I (431) was found in untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1 after 18 months of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After wheat and rice, maize is one of the most significant cereal crops worldwide. However, high-quality seed materials are prerequisites for stable yields, and low-quality maize seeds significantly contribute to low yields and deteriorate over time. Therefore, the present investigation aims to investigate the effects of seed quality and hybrid types on maize germination by emphasizing seed viability and vigor and their impact on maize crops' overall performance and productivity. The study was separately conducted in the laboratory and on a field experiment plot under the Department of Crop Production, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, in spring 2022. Nine parental lines, six hybrids, and a controlled hybrid were tested in this study. The studies were laid out using a complete randomization design (CRD) and a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in the laboratory and in the field. The results of the study showed that there was a statistically significant difference between genotypes and number of days and their interaction in seed vigor. The parental lines showed better performance in terms of germination percentage and radicle elongation, whereas single-cross hybrids (SC) produced better plumule length. The radicle and plumule length also expanded significantly as incubation days increased. In field evaluations, as expected, hybrid lines produced better performance than parental lines, and SC hybrids were more prevalent than the other hybrids. In addition, the number of rows per ear, number of kernels per ear, 1000-kernel weight, and ear weight directly affected the final grain yield. However, further research is needed on new approaches that can assist researchers in advancing their work by considering biotic and abiotic factors to address seed-quality issues and enhance yield production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Digital Translation: International Journal of Translation & Localization is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Herbicides with desiccant actions may be used to anticipate the harvesting of soybean seeds. This technique aims to minimize the negative influence of biotic and abiotic factors on seed physiological quality at the end of the plant cycle. However, forced seed maturation with the application of herbicides can compromise the acquisition of seed quality components, especially longevity. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds subjected to forced maturation with desiccants. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design, with a treatment consisting of soybean plants subjected to the application of herbicides with desiccant action at stage R7.3 and another that underwent the natural process of maturation, that is, without herbicide application. The herbicide used was Paraquat. Seed germination, vigor (first germination count, dry mass, seedling length, time to reach 50% germination(t50), emergence index, and emergence speed), and longevity(P50) were evaluated. The herbicides did not affect germination (normal seedlings). However, the acquisition of vigor and longevity, and the preservation of seed vigor during storage were affected. Thus, the results indicate that the application of herbicide with desiccant action interrupts the process of acquisition of seed physiological quality, notably longevity in soybean seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed physiology is related to functional and metabolic traits of the seed-seedling transition. In this sense, modeling the kinetics, uniformity and capacity of a seed sample plays a central role in designing strategies for trade, food, and environmental security. Thus, POMONA is presented as an easy-to-use multiplatform software designed to bring several logistic and linearized models into a single package, allowing for convenient and fast assessment of seed germination and or longevity, even if the data has a non-Normal distribution. POMONA is implemented in JavaScript using the Quasar framework and can run in the Microsoft Windows operating system, GNU/Linux, and Android-powered mobile hardware or on a web server as a service. The capabilities of POMONA are showcased through a series of examples with diaspores of corn and soybean, evidencing its robustness, accuracy, and performance. POMONA can be the first step for the creation of an automatic multiplatform that will benefit laboratory users, including those focused on image analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulses are very crucial to meet the requirements of dietary proteins in the human diet especially for the predominantly vegetarian population in India. Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) are important pulses grown in India. The seeds of these crops are highly vulnerable to various microorganisms, both in the field and during storage, which play an important role in reducing the seed viability, germination and vigour causing considerable loss in yield and quality. There is no suitable recommendation available to maintain seed quality during storage of pulses, hence present study was undertaken. Methods: Seeds of pigeonpea and chickpea were treated with Captan and Carbendazim 50% WP fungicides @ 2.0 g/Kg of seed and stored under ambient condition. The samples were drawn at three months interval to assess the effect of storage on seed quality parameters. The vigour index I, seed germination and speed of germination of these seed samples were determined using ISTA rules. The detection of seed mycoflora in pigeonpea and chickpea seed samples was carried out by the blotter test as recommended by the International Seed Testing Association. Result: Total sixteen fungal species were recorded on stored seeds. Maximum incidence of Aspergillus fumigatus (19.83%), A. flavus (14.88%), A. niger (12.40%), Alternaria alternata (11.57%), Fusarium oxysporum (8.26%), Rhizopus stolonifer (7.44%) and Penicillium notatum (5.79%) were recorded on untreated seed of pigeonpea cv. P. 2001 after 18 months of storage. The per cent germination, speed of germination and vigour index of the stored seeds decreased with the increase in the storage period whereas the total number of fungi increased with the storage period, irrespective of treatments. Among the tested cultivars, germination in pigeonpea (cv. P. 991) remained above IMSCS (>75%) upto 18 months of storage under ambient storage condition. However, the germination of pigeonpea cv. P. 2001 seed could be maintained above IMSCS (>75%) up to 12 months only. In chickpea (local cultivar) seed, the germination remained above IMSCS (>85%) up to 9 months only under ambient storage, however seed treatment with either Captan or Carbendazim could prolong the longevity upto 12 months of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission requested EFSA to provide an assessment of the processing conditions which make Ambrosia seeds non‐viable in feed materials and compound feed. This assessment also includes information on a reliable procedure to verify the non‐viability of the seeds. Ambrosia seeds are known contaminants in feed with maximum levels set in the Directive 2002/32/EC. The manufacturing processes and processing conditions applied to the feed may affect the viability of the Ambrosia seeds. Therefore, the CONTAM Panel compared these conditions with conditions that have been shown to be sufficient to render Ambrosia seeds non‐viable. The Panel concluded with a certainty of 99–100% that solvent extraction and toasting of oilseed meals at temperatures of 120°C with steam injection for 10 min or more will make Ambrosia seeds non‐viable. Since milling/grinding feed materials for compound feed of piglets, aquatic species and non‐food producing animals would not allow particles of sizes ≥1 mm (the minimum size of viable Ambrosia seeds) passing the grinding process it was considered very likely (with ≥ 90% certainty) that these feeds will not contain viable Ambrosia seeds. In poultry, pig, and possibly cattle feed, particle sizes are ≥ 1 mm and therefore Ambrosia seeds could likely (66–90% certainty) survive the grinding process. Starch and gluten either from corn or wheat wet milling would not contain Ambrosia seeds with 99–100% certainty. Finally, ensiling fresh forages contaminated with A. artemisiifolia seeds for more than 3 months is very likely to render all seeds non‐viable. The Panel concluded that a combination of the germination test and a subsequent triphenyl‐tetrazolium‐chloride (TTC) test will very likely (with ≥ 90% certainty) verify the non‐viability of Ambrosia seeds. The Panel recommends that data on the presence of viable Ambrosia seeds before and after the different feed production processes should be generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants do not produce the same amount of fruits and seeds every year. In this regard, one of the important issues is to collect seed stock for the coming years by calculating fruit and seed productivity of plants. Since the main indicator of seed quality is seed germination, the study of seed germination of introduced plants is of both theoretical and practical importance. The study of the period of seed viability preservation is also of great scientific and experimental importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwaves have been applied to the drying of seeds of several species due to their maintenance of the quality of the seeds and reduction of time and costs. However, few is known about the effect of microwaves on the increase of the physiological quality of soybean seeds and especially their effects on longevity. Therefore, the use of microwaves as magneto-priming in soybean seeds was the object of study in this work. For this purpose, two soybean cultivars were selected and submitted to the ultra-high frequency (UHF) microwave exposure of 2.45 GHz, in the wavelength of 11 cm, and power of 0.2 W/g, for 15 min. The results showed that this condition of exposure to the microwave brought benefits in both cultivars after treatment. Incremental improvements were observed in the germinability indexes, the seedling length, the water absorption by the seeds, the fresh mass, dry mass, and longevity. The genes related to seed germination and longevity showed superior expression (HSFA3, HSP21, HSP17.6b, EXP, ABI3) with magneto-priming treatment. The data found ensure the use of the technique as a viable option for pre-treatment as magneto-priming in soybean seeds in order to improve seed quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil management systems directly interfere in the soil–plant relationship. However, there are still few studies evaluating the influence of long-term management systems on the physiological quality of soybean seeds. Another little-known topic is the influence of pre-harvest desiccation on the physiological quality of soybean seeds, especially on seed longevity. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds cultivated under conventional tillage and no-tillage systems with and without desiccant use. The experiment was carried out in design is a split plot in a randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of soil management systems (conventional tillage and no-tillage), with and without pre-harvest desiccation. In the treatment with desiccation, the herbicide Paraquat was applied, when the plants were at the R7.3 phenological stage (most of the seeds had a yellowish coat, with a shiny surface and were already detached from the pod). Seed germination, vigor (first germination count, seedling dry mass, seedling length, time to reach 50% germination (T50), seedling emergence and emergence speed index) and longevity (P50) were evaluated. Seeds cultivated under conventional tillage showed greater vigor for most traits evaluated, with values of T50 and seedling length higher by 24.39% and 24.77%, respectively, compared to NT. In addition, non-desiccation increased the seedling length and dry mass, in 15.45% and 21.59%, respectively. The use of desiccant aiming at seed vigor is dependent on the soil management system. Soybean seed longevity was superior in the no-tillage system, but desiccant application reduced seed longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cumulative oxidation of cellular macromolecules during storage reduces seed longevity. This study was undertaken to unravel the physiological and biochemical changes in rice seeds that contribute to deterioration during storage. Rice seeds maintained at three different seed moisture contents (SMC; 10, 12 and 14%) were stored in airtight glass jars. Half of the jars were flushed with nitrogen gas to provide modified oxygen conditions, while the other half were sealed with natural air (21% O2). Seed quality in terms of germination and antioxidant defence mechanisms was monitored after 3 and 6 months of storage at 25°C. The results showed that seeds performed better when stored at low SMC (10 and 12%), whereas the deterioration process accelerated in seeds stored at higher SMC (14%). Coupling high SMC with the availability of oxygen in the storage environment produced a negative effect on seed quality and longevity. Results from the antioxidant analysis showed more activity in seeds stored with oxygen at high SMC (14%) compared to lower SMC stored in modified oxygen conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that storage with low moisture levels (12%) or below (10%) is the best to preserve rice seed quality. However, at higher moisture levels (14%), the availability of oxygen in storage is more harmful to seed lifespan and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytic acid (PA) is a strong anti-nutritional factor with a key antioxidant role in countering reactive oxygen species. Despite the potential benefits of low phytic acid (lpa) mutants, the reduction of PA causes pleiotropic effects, e.g., reduced seed germination and viability loss related to seed ageing. The current study evaluated a historical series of naturally aged seeds and showed that lpa1-1 seeds aged faster as compared to wildtype. To mimic natural ageing, the present study set up accelerated ageing treatments at different temperatures. It was found that incubating the seeds at 57 °C for 24 h, the wildtype germinated at 82.4% and lpa1-1 at 40%. The current study also hypothesized two possible solutions to overcome these problems: (1) Classical breeding was used to constitute synthetic populations carrying the lpa1-1 mutation, with genes pushing anthocyanin accumulation in the embryo (R-navajo allele). The outcome showed that the presence of R-navajo in the lpa1-1 genotype was not able to improve the germinability (−20%), but this approach could be useful to improve the germinability in non-mutant genotypes (+17%). (2) In addition, hydropriming was tested on lpa1-1 and wildtype seeds, and germination was improved by 20% in lpa1-1, suggesting a positive role of seed priming in restoring germination. Moreover, the data highlighted metabolic differences in the metabolome before and after hydropriming treatment, suggesting that the differences in germination could also be mediated by differences in the metabolic composition induced by the mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed treatment is a valuable approach for enhancing seed viability and seedling establishment of peanut. The present study aimed to assess the effect of different seed treatments on seed viability and seedling vigor of three peanut cultivars q.e. Giza-6, North Carolina, and Aramanch. The applied seed treatments were Rhizobium inoculation, gypsum, moringa leaf extract, Vitavax and Mixture. (Inoculation, Vitavax, Moringa) versus untreated control. The evaluated peanut cultivars substantially varied in their performance of quality traits, seed viability, and seedling vigor. The cultivars North Carolina and Giza-6 recorded the highest value for crude protein content, germination speed, germination energy, and percentage of good seedlings in both seasons and the combined analysis. Moreover, Aramanch and Giza-6 recorded the highest each of oil content, oil yield, germination percentage, germination index, seedling length, as well as seedling fresh and dry weights during both seasons and the combined analysis. The applied seed treatments substantially ameliorated peanut quality traits, seed viability, and seedling vigor. Gypsum, moringa extract, Rhizobium inoculation, and Vitavax displayed the highest crude protein content, oil content, germination percentage, germination index, germination speed, germination energy, percentage of good seedlings, seedling length, as well as seedling fresh and dry weights in both seasons and the combined analysis. Subsequently, the application of gypsum, moringa extract, Rhizobium inoculation, or Vitavax is an efficacious approach to reinforce seed quality, seed viability, and the seedling vigor of different peanut cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melon is one of the most consumed cucurbits and commercially significant cucurbits in the world. It is planted predominantly through seedlings, and seed quality is essential in this process. Among the rapid tests used in seed analysis, the pH testing of exudate has shown promise for several cultivated species. Thus, this study aimed to verify the viability of melon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds through the pH testing of exudate. For this, seeds of the hybrids Premier and Supreme (three lots each) were subjected to germination and vigor tests (first germination count, tetrazolium, accelerated aging, emergence speed index, and emergence). The pH testing of exudate was evaluated using phenolphthalein and sodium carbonate solutions. The results indicated the possibility of classifying the lots into three quality levels for both hybrids, similar to most tests used to assess initial quality. Therefore, the pH testing of exudate was effective in determining the viability of lots of melon seeds and can be conducted with a soaking period of 120 minutes at 25 or 30 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduced longevity of coffee seeds has been attributed to their sensitivity to desiccation. Studies related to gene expression and enzyme activity in coffee seeds under drying are important for understanding the effects of drying on their physiological quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular aspects of seeds under different drying methods and associate them with physiological quality. Coffee seeds with different water contents were dried both slowly and rapidly. Enzymatic activity was analysed, as well as the expression of genes that encode the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxiredoxins, isocitrate lyase, and endo-ß-mannanase. There was a significant effect of drying speed and final water content on enzyme activity and on the expression of the different genes analysed. In seeds under rapid drying, there was greater expression of the genes that encode the enzymes catalase and endo-ßmannanase. Greater expression of the 1 CYS PRX and SOD genes and greater activity of the ICL isoenzymes were found in seeds with superior physiological quality, but greater activity of the endo-ß-mannanase and CAT enzymes occurred in seeds with lower physiological quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zanthoxylum rhetsa is a dioecious forest tree species with significant commercial value, due to its diverse culinary and pharmaceutical uses. The fruits and seeds are part of cuisine in many countries of South Eastern Asia, and it has global relevance as a component of diverse pharmaceutical products. It occurs in wild forest habitat and is facing the threat of getting endangered, due to commercial exploitation and loss of habitat. The situation warrants intervention through extensive conservation efforts for sustaining and enhancing its population. The successful establishment of Z. rhetsa tree population depends on the availability of high quality seeds, with superior growth potential. Low seed viability and vigour are pertinent issues in this species because the bulk harvest of the fruits is preferentially carried out prior to harvest maturity, for commercial use. A pre-sowing assessment of seed viability and vigour would facilitate assured plant establishment by screening out the large number of immature or deteriorated seeds. Standard seed viability assessment protocols require more than four weeks, hence, a quick viability testing protocol will be a highly beneficial tool for conservation efforts of Z rhetsa. In this study, a rapid testing protocol viz., treatment of 1% TTZ at 35 oC with a soaking duration of 24 hours, was identified as the standard protocol for quick viability testing of Z. rhetsa seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maintenance of seed quality in storage is important without losing its living entity against biotic and abiotic stress. Arka Sukomal seeds are protein rich and include other nutrient composition which is required for seed germination and seedling establishment. There is a need to minimise the deterioration of cellular structure and biochemical compounds by adopting suitable storage conditions and containers. Methods: The laboratory experiment was carried out to identify the suitable storage conditions and containers on seed quality parameters. The seeds were stored in four different containers viz., cloth bag, polythene bag, super grain bag and poly-lined aluminium pouch at ambient and at controlled condition (15°C). The observations were recorded bimonthly up to fourteen months. Result: The results showed that seeds in poly-lined aluminium pouch at controlled conditions had shown better quality parameters like lower moisture content (7.70%), higher seed germination (93.58%), more increased seedling vigour index II (5316) and low electrical conductivity of seed leachate (0.437 dS m-1) whereas it was lower in cloth bag at ambient condition (10.40%, 80.67%, 3611 and 0.649 dS m-1, respectively) at the end of storage period. Hence, the viability and vigour of seeds could be maintained better by storing in moisture impervious containers (poly-lined aluminium pouch and polythene bag) at the controlled condition, which is costeffective and easily adaptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeds can harbor a wide range of microorganisms, especially fungi, which can cause different sanitary problems. Seed quality and seed longevity may be drastically reduced by fungi that invade seeds before or after harvest. Seed movement can be a pathway for the spread of diseases into new areas. Some seed-associated fungi can also produce mycotoxins that may cause serious negative effects on humans, animals and the seeds themselves. Seed storage is the most efficient and widely used method for conserving plant genetic resources. The seed storage conditions used in gene banks, low temperature and low seed moisture content, increase seed longevity and are usually favorable for the survival of seed-borne mycoflora. Early detection and identification of seed fungi are essential activities to conserve high-quality seeds and to prevent pathogen dissemination. This article provides an overview of the characteristics and detection methods of seed-borne fungi, with a special focus on their potential effects on gene bank seed conservation. The review includes the following aspects: types of seed-borne fungi, paths of infection and transmission, seed health methods, fungi longevity, risk of pathogen dissemination, the effect of fungi on seed longevity and procedures to reduce the harmful effects of fungi in gene banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the quality of sunflower seeds classified according to their thickness and passed through the seeder-fertilizer dosing system under variation of the travel speed. A lot of M734 was classified by thickness passing the seeds through a set of oblong-hole sieves and two thicknesses were selected. A portion of the seeds with only the commercial classification was also reserved, named as non-classified. The biometric evaluation was done and the sowing was carried out at 5.0, 6.5, 8.0, 9.5 and 11.0 km h-1. The quality of the seeds was evaluated through: germination and first germination count, average time and percentage of emergence in sand, accelerated aging and tetrazolium test. The classification by thickness reduce the coefficient of variation of the length, width, thickness, and mass but seeds classification does not affect seed vigor and viability after sowing under speed variation. In the higher studied speed, the passage of seeds through the dosing mechanism reduces germination. The vigor is affected at 6.5 km h-1 speed by the accelerated aging test. According to the emergence in sand and tetrazolium test, speed variation does not affect the vigor and viability of sunflower seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]