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The linear viscoelasticity and steady shear properties of bitumen are established; however, bitumen used in pavement also supports time-varying loading in the nonlinear regime. Consequently, recent research focuses on the nonlinear rheological behavior of bitumen under time-varying flows that is essential for establishing the constitutive model. Here, we propose a protocol to obtain the nonlinear rheological behavior of bitumen under a large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) stress. The LAOS stress rheological response of both a neat bitumen and a modified bitumen is analyzed by Fourier-transform rheology and strain decomposition to an orthogonal set of Chebyshev polynomials. We find that the relative nonlinearity of bitumen increases with increasing stress and decreasing frequency; the relationship between I3/I1 and stress amplitude can obey the sigmoidal function; the intrinsic nonlinearity Q0 decreases with increasing frequency and decreasing temperature. Both the FT analysis results and decomposition results show that the nonlinearity of modified bitumen B is much more significant than neat bitumen A. Bitumen A exhibits stress softening and stress thinning under all the studied test conditions, but bitumen B exhibits stress stiffening under some conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new dynamic rheological tests of human blood that motivate an improved model for the thixotropic shear rheology of human blood. Unidirectional large amplitude oscillatory shear (UD-LAOS) is proposed as a dynamic test relevant for understanding in vivo arterial pulsatile blood flow, and data are presented for two healthy donors studied previously using more traditional steady and step-rate experiments. The model analyzes the overall extra stress of the system in two components. A thixotropic component is represented by a structure-kinetics model coupled with a stress expression containing both viscoelastic and thixotropic elements to account for the presence of linear aggregates of red blood cells, known as rouleaux, which form at low shear rates. Another component is viscoelastic, described through an extend White–Metzner approach. It corresponds to the stresses that arise due to the isolated red blood cells, which deform at high shear rates. The combined model is fit to experimental steady shear and UD-LAOS data for two healthy donors and is subsequently used to predict the stress response of the blood sample to UD-LAOS experiments over a broad range of strain amplitudes and frequencies. Comparison to the previous models for transient blood rheology shows a significantly improved fit over a range of physiologically relevant flow conditions. In addition, this analysis demonstrates the usefulness of UD-LAOS tests with regards to understanding the microstructural evolution in blood under transient flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A stable dispersion of silica nanoparticles in a common ionic liquid [C4mim][BF4] that exhibits significant shear thickening is formulated by controlling the strength of hydrogen bonding between the nanoparticle surface and the anion of [C4mim][BF4]. Colloidal stability is demonstrated to be due to the formation of solvation layers, the properties of which are determined by scattering measurements. Timetemperature superposition measurements and the onset of yielding behavior in steady shear indicate the increase of particle-particle attraction and loss of stability of colloidal dispersions above 30 °C. Small angle neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering measurements confirm the reduction in solvation layering at elevated temperatures, leading to a transition from stable dispersion to unstable, attractive gel with increasing temperature (i.e., an inverse melting transition). It is demonstrated how controlling specific surface-anion interactions through chemical functionality can be used to formulate nanoparticle dispersions in ionic liquids with specific rheological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we assess the capability of two thermodynamically consistent, microstructure-based models to predict the rheology and microstructure of a model wormlike micellar surfactant solution known to exhibit shear banding undergoing transient simple shear and large amplitude oscillatory shear deformations in a cylindrical Couette rheometer. The microstructure of the surfactant solution was simultaneously measured during the rheometric tests using small angle neutron scattering and this data is used along with the bulk rheometry to critically evaluate the models. The first model is a new, two-species model specifically developed for wormlike micelles, whereas the second model is the well-known Giesekus model with solvent and diffusion. The new model accounts for the microstructural dynamics including flow-induced micellar breakage and recombination, which is shown to be necessary to predict some of the measured rheology and microstructure. More species should be included to improve the quantitative comparison with experiments, as well as nonlinear relaxation, as judged by the success of the Giesekus model to represent certain features of the time-dependent data. More experimental research is needed to validate the role of flow-induced breakage in the nonlinear rheology of wormlike micellar surfactant solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheological measurements on a model thixotropic suspension by Dullaert and Mewis [J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 139(1-2), 21-30 (2006); Rheol. Acta 45, 23-32 (2005)] are extended to include large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) flow, shear flow reversal, and a novel unidirectional LAOS flow to provide an extended rheological data set for testing constitutive models. We use this extended data set to test a new structure-based model developed by improving the Delaware thixotropic model [A. Mujumdar et al., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 102, 157-178 (2002); A. J. Apostolidis et al., J. Rheol. 59, 275-298 (2015)]. Model parameters are determined from steady, small amplitude oscillatory, and step shear rate tests. Holding those parameters fixed, model predictions are compared to LAOS experiments. Similar comparisons are made for three contemporary models from the literature. Two of these models use a scalar internal structural parameter and include the modified Jeffreys model proposed by de Souza Mendes and Thompson [Rheol. Acta 52, 673-694 (2013)]. The third model is based on fluidity additivity [F. Bautista et al., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 80, 93-113 (1999)]. A common weakness in all models is shown to be the use of scalar order parameters that cannot account for the reversal of flow directionality inherent in LAOS flow. This is further illustrated by comparison with flow reversal and unidirectional LAOS experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Paper I [J. W. Swan et al., J. Rheol. 58, 307-338 (2014)], we derived an exact theoretical description of medium amplitude oscillatory shear for a semidilute colloidal dispersion. Through solution of the Smoluchowski equation governing the spatial distribution of suspended particles in the semidilute limit, we calculated the stresses that arise from an oscillatory linear flow as an expansion in powers of the rate of deformation. Here, this is extended to calculation of the first departures from linearity in the first and third harmonics of the suspension stress driven by oscillatory deformation. The role of hydrodynamic interactions is investigated via the excluded-annulus model in which particles are given an impenetrable core with a radius larger than their hydrodynamic radius. The ratio of these length scales controls the strength of hydrodynamic interactions. The third harmonic of the suspension stress is predicted to be dominated by hydrodynamic stresses at high frequency, a result that is shown to be valid experimentally for the oscillatory shear response of concentrated near hard-sphere dispersions. The calculations anticipate recent experimental observations on model near hard-sphere colloidal dispersions, and quantitative agreement is demonstrated when the predictions are scaled appropriately to account for volume fraction effects. The first departures from linearity in harmonics of the suspension stress are separated into several material functions that are independent of the flow geometry. These functions are generated from detailed numerical solutions, while asymptotic analysis is shown to predict the values of these functions at high frequency. These exact calculations provide a basis for understanding the onset of nonlinear rheological behavior of colloidal suspensions under dynamic oscillatory flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shear flow of non-Brownian glass spheres suspended in a concentrated colloidal dispersion that exhibits non-Newtonian rheology is investigated. At low volume fractions, the addition of non-Brownian spherical particles to the colloidal dispersion leads to an increase in the steady shear viscosity as well as the dynamic moduli. The flow curves of these suspensions are qualitatively similar to the suspending colloidal dispersion medium, and as such, in this semidilute regime, the suspension data can be shifted on to that of the colloidal dispersion medium at constant shear stress with shift factors comparable to those predicted for spherical particles in a Newtonian fluid. At higher volume fractions of non-Brownian spheres, the shear thickening power law exponent increases with the addition of non-Brownian particles. This increase in the shear thickening power law exponent is shown to be consistent with the effects of confinement on the shear thickening colloidal dispersion by the larger non-Brownian particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Absorber layers comprised of shear thickening fluid (STF) intercalated Kevlar ® (STF-Armor TM ) are integrated within the standard extra-vehicular activity (EVA) suit and tested for efficacy against both needle puncture and hypervelocity impact (HVI) tests characteristic of micrometeoroids and orbital debris (MMOD). An improvement in puncture resistance against hypodermic needle threats is achieved by substituting STF-Armor TM in place of neoprene-coated nylon as the absorber layer in the standard EVA suit. The prototype lay-ups containing STF-Armor TM have the benefit of being 17% thinner and 13% lighter than the standard EVA suit and the ballistic limit is identified in HVI testing. The results here demonstrate that EVA suit lay-ups containing STF-Armor TM as absorber layers offer meaningful resistance to MMOD threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) is an increasingly popular nonlinear rheological test method, and the interpretation of the measurements is still an active area of research. Here, we demonstrate a new method whereby the nonlinear parameters of a popular constitutive equation used to model polymeric and other viscoelastic systems, the Giesekus model, may be determined directly from LAOS measurements without complicated, nonlinear model fitting. We define the stress response of the sample as an expansion in deformation strain and oscillation frequency. To leading order in strain, we derive the explicit analytic expressions for the first three harmonics of the stress response during LAOS for the Giesekus constitutive model. This allows for rapid determination of the Giesekus model parameters, including the nonlinear coupling parameter, directly from plots of the response obtained from modern rheological instruments. We demonstrate the validity, utility, and limits of this new method on a well-studied wormlike micelle (WLM) surfactant solution, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and water. This robust and simple approach is especially advantageous for systems where steady shearing in the nonlinear regime is problematic and can provide rapid determination of parameters in rheological constitutive equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rheological behavior and microstructure of branched, cationic wormlike micellar (WLM) solutions of 40 mM erucyl bis(hydroxyethyl)methylammonium chloride (EHAC) are studied as a function of added salt (sodium salicylate) concentration, temperature, and shear rate via Rheosmall-angle light scattering (Rheo-SALS). These WLM solutions exhibit shear-enhanced concentration fluctuations leading to shear-induced phase separation (SIPS), manifested as visual turbidity under shear and the appearance of a characteristic 'butterfly' scattering pattern in Rheo-SALS experiments. Flow kinematics measurements in a Couette geometry are used to determine the relationship between SIPS and shear banding, i.e., the splitting of the flow into shear bands with different local shear rates. Modeling using the Giesekus constitutive equation aids in discrimination between banding and nonbanding solutions. The combination of Rheo-SALS, dynamic rheology, velocimetry, and constitutive equation modeling allows detailed exploration of the relationship between SIPS, shear banding, fluid microstructure, and the equilibrium phase behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of shear thickening in colloidal dispersions. It states that a change in viscosity will likely to happen when colloidal fluids experience shear stress resulting to the stiffening of the products such as paints, cements and shampoos. It adds that scientists and physics community have studied the highly nonlinear materials to deal the problems occurring in the shear-thickening colloidal dispersions.

The shear rheology of a model wormlike micellar solution exhibits moderate shear thinning and curved flow velocity profiles without discontinuity (nonbanding case). The shear rheology and the flow kinematics are analyzed within the framework of the Giesekus constitutive equation. Macroscopically, the steady state flow curve of the solution exhibits shear thinning with a shear exponent <1 without hysteresis, indicative of a sample that does not shear band. The microstructure of the micellar network is probed by the combination of dynamic rheology, rheo-optics, and SANS. Flow kinematics in a Couette geometry are measured by particle tracking velocimetry and found to be consistent with predictions of the Giesekus constitutive equation fit to the bulk shear rheology. 1-2 plane SANS measurements of the segmental alignment under shear are also found to be in agreement with predictions of the constitutive equation, providing a coherent picture of the mechanisms by which wormlike micelles flow and shear thin. The degree of segmental alignment is found to lag behind predictions of the model, which is postulated to be a consequence of the long, branched topology of the wormlike micelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rheology and particle alignment of suspensions of anisotropic-precipitated calcium carbonate particles of various aspect ratios is investigated using small-angle neutron scattering simultaneous with rheological measurement (Rheo-SANS). Rheo-SANS experiments were performed at concentrations from dilute to those exhibiting continuous and discontinuous shear thickening behavior. Long axis flow alignment is evident in all systems over the range of shear rates investigated. The flow alignment is shown to increase with particle aspect ratio, the applied shear stress (up to the point of shear thickening), and particle loading. For samples exhibiting shear thickening behavior, the highest degree of flow alignment occurs at the critical stress associated with the onset of shear thickening. Irrespective of particle aspect ratio, a gradual reduction in flow alignment with increasing applied stress is observed beyond the critical stress in continuously shear thickening samples, whereas discontinuously shear thickening samples maintain nearly the same degree of flow alignment within the shear thickening regime. The results are shown to be consistent with hydrocluster formation as the mechanism of shear thickening. The critical volume fraction for discontinuous shear thickening is shown to coincide with the equilibrium isotropic-nematic phase transition at higher aspect ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A micromechanical model for the onset of shear thickening in polymer stabilized colloidal dispersions is derived. The model incorporates both the stabilizing forces of the polymer brush or “coat” and the associated modification of the hydrodynamic interactions. Comparison is made to simulations and experiments on well-characterized dispersions. The model is shown to provide a quantitative prediction for the onset of shear thickening in polymer coated colloidal dispersions as compared to simulations. For comparison with experiments, where independent characterization of some parameters is not available, the onset of shear thickening can be predicted with realistic assumptions for the model parameters. The model quantifies the sensitivity of the shear thickening transition to both the interaction potential and the hydrodynamic permeability of the polymer coat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents technical comments on a paper by Rabb and Fahrenthold titled, "Evaluation of Shear-Thickening-Fluid Kevlar for Large-Fragment-Containment Applications." The goal of the study was to determine whether Kevlar fabrics treated with shear thickening fluids (STF) could enhance turbine fan-blade confinement barriers. The limitations of the experimental data are discussed in this technical comment, while the conclusions regarding protective applications are questioned.

A stable dispersion of silica nanoparticles in a common ionic liquid [C4mim][BF4] that exhibits significant shear thickening is formulated by controlling the strength of hydrogen bonding between the nanoparticle surface and the anion of [C4mim][BF4]. Colloidal stability is demonstrated to be due to the formation of solvation layers, the properties of which are determined by scattering measurements. Timetemperature superposition measurements and the onset of yielding behavior in steady shear indicate the increase of particle-particle attraction and loss of stability of colloidal dispersions above 30 °C. Small angle neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering measurements confirm the reduction in solvation layering at elevated temperatures, leading to a transition from stable dispersion to unstable, attractive gel with increasing temperature (i.e., an inverse melting transition). It is demonstrated how controlling specific surface-anion interactions through chemical functionality can be used to formulate nanoparticle dispersions in ionic liquids with specific rheological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The behavior of a concentrated, hard-sphere colloidal suspension is evaluated using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experimental technique. The composition of the suspension is measured using thermograviometric analysis before and after loading. This, combined with recorded pressure distributions, result in the conclusion that the suspension undergoes high rate squeezing flow. Experimental results demonstrate that the suspension exhibits shear thickening consistent with that observed in standard rotational rheometry. At sufficiently high stresses the suspension exhibits a second regime of shear thinning behavior that is consistent with elastohydrodynamic theory that incorporates the shear modulus of the particles themselves. Further increases in stress result in irreversible behavior, i.e., rather than fracturing or crushing, the particles form non-reversible agglomerates during testing. This fact is demonstrated through the use of dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. This behavior occurs within a regime of viscous material response which is seen to occur at normal strain rates and stresses over 104 s−1 and 40MPa, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The work presented here demonstrates using a novel, field-responsive nanocomposite based on shear thickening fluids (STFs) as responsive protective materials with superior damping and energy adsorption properties. Peak forces and accelerations measured using an instrumented Instron™ drop tower demonstrate that STF nanocomposite prototypes and impact foam taken from a commercial football helmet have similar performance for low kinetic energy impacts. However, tests with STF nanocomposite samples exhibit significantly reduced peak acceleration and peak force for impacts above 15 J. Thus, the STF containing nanocomposite material provides improved energy adsorption upon impact as compared to the commercial foam. These tests suggest that STF nanocomposite materials have promising potential as novel energy dissipating components in personal protective equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present direct measurements of the evolution of the segmental-level microstructure of a stable shear-banding polymerlike micelle solution during flow startup and cessation in the plane of flow. These measurements provide a definitive, quantitative microstructural understanding of the stages observed during flow startup: an initial elastic response with limited alignment that yields with a large stress overshoot to a homogeneous flow with associated micellar alignment that persists for approximately three relaxation times. This transient is followed by a shear (kink) band formation with a flow-aligned low-viscosity band that exhibits shear-induced concentration fluctuations and coexists with a nearly isotropic band of homogenous, highly viscoelastic micellar solution. Stable, steady banding flow is achieved only after approximately two reptation times. Flow cessation from this shear-banded state is also found to be nontrivial, exhibiting an initial fast relaxation with only minor structural relaxation, followed by a slower relaxation of the aligned micellar fluid with the equilibrium fluid's characteristic relaxation time. These measurements resolve a controversy in the literature surrounding the mechanism of shear banding in entangled wormlike micelles and, by means of comparison to existing literature, provide further insights into the mechanisms driving shear-banding instabilities in related systems. The methods and instrumentation described should find broad use in exploring complex fluid rheology and testing microstructure-based constitutive equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear-induced structural transitions of a micellar cubic phase during large amplitude oscillatory shear flow is studied with time-resolved oscillatory rheological small angle neutron scattering. This technique allows us to resolve the structural changes within a cycle of oscillation. By applying a strain rate near the critical melting shear rate, melting and recrystallization occurs in a cyclic mode. The maximum degree of order is observed when the shear stress reaches a plateau value during the large amplitude oscillatory shear cycle, whereas melting is maximized at the strain rate wave peaks. This structural evolution confirms the cyclic mechanism of sticking and sliding of 2D hexagonal close-packed layers [I. W. Hamley et al, Phys. Rev. E 58, 7620 (1998)]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]