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Deseo expresar mi agradecimiento a los editores tanto por su amable invitación a participar en este volumen como por sus acertadas observaciones. Este estudio ha sido realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación SBPLY/19/180501/000051 Variación sintáctica en español: el régimen verbal del grupo GraVa (UCLM), financiado por la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha y parcialmente subvencionado con Fondos Europeos al Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). Una cuestión aún no resuelta en el currículo de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato es cómo vincular los contenidos de los bloques dedicados a las dos unidades básicas del análisis gramatical, la palabra y a la oración. Se estudian por separado, por un lado, las clases de palabras y sus propiedades y, por otro, la estructura sintáctica de la oración y las funciones que desempeñan en ella los distintos tipos de sintagmas. Este planteamiento ignora una de las propiedades del lenguaje natural: el carácter composicional del significado. La manera de establecer el puente entre los bloques consiste en tirar del hilo del concepto transcategorial de 'predicado'. Este trabajo presenta nociones básicas de la teoría de la predicación y se enfrenta con ellas a algunos problemas del análisis sintáctico con objeto de mostrar las ventajas de entender la sintaxis oracional como proyección de ciertas propiedades del léxico. Una qüestió encara no resolta en el currículum d'Educació Secundària Obligatòria i Batxillerat és com vincular els continguts dels blocs dedicats a les dues unitats bàsiques de l'anàlisi gramatical, la paraula i l'oració. S'estudien per separat, d'una banda, les classes de paraules i les seves propietats i, per un altre, l'estructura sintàctica de l'oració i les funcions que exerceixen en ella els diferents tipus de sintagmes. Aquest plantejament ignora una de les propietats del llenguatge natural: el caràcter composicional del significat. La manera d'establir el pont entre els blocs consisteix a tirar del fil del concepte transcategorial de 'predicat'. Aquest treball presenta nocions bàsiques de la teoria de la predicació i s'enfronta amb elles a alguns problemes de l'anàlisi sintàctica a fi de mostrar els avantatges d'entendre la sintaxi oracional com a projecció d'unes certes propietats del lèxic. A still unresolved question in the high school curriculum is how to link the contents of the sections devoted to the two basic units of grammatical analysis, the word and the sentence. Word classes and their properties, and the syntactic structure of the sentence with the functions that are performed in it are studied separately. This approach ignores one of the properties of natural language: the compositionality of meaning. Taking as a starting point the concept of 'predicate', which involves all lexical categories, is shown to be the way to connect both contents. This work presents some basic notions of the theory of predication and shows that they can be used to solve several problems of syntactic analysis. My aim is to demonstrate how advantageous it is to understand sentence syntax as a projection of certain properties of the lexicon.

The article outlines the framework of the Functional discourse grammar and makes some adjustments to apply to the syntactic description of Vietnamese sentences. We believe that analyzing using 7 levels and labeling grammar components that we suggest indicate the spirit of Functional discourse grammar, also considering unique traits of Vietnamese, a non-inflectional language, that many authors have the tendency to categorize as a Topic-Prominent language.

The article examines the peculiarities of semantics and grammatical organization of phraseological units (further ‒ PUs) with the zemlia component. It is noted that both phraseological macro- and microsystems in Ukrainian linguistics began to be intensively studied only in the late 20th – early 21st c. The purpose of the proposed intelligence is to investigate the place of the PU microsystem with the zemlia component in the Ukrainian phraseology, to describe the semantics features, its grammatical organization representing this microsystem. The reference base was thesaurus and phraseological dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, internet sites, as well as the author’s own phraseological catalogue where 55 PUs are subject to analysis, the theoretical and methodological basis of research is the works of Ukrainian linguists, in which individual phraseological micro- and macro-systems are studied. The analysis of the PUs with zemlia component gave grounds to summarize: 1. the microsystem of the PUs with the zemlia component is relatively small, but rather diverse in its semantic features and grammatical organization; 2. for such PUs, as well as for the whole Ukrainian language in general, the phenomena of polysemy, synonymy and antonymy are characteristic phenomena; 3. the zemlia component in such PUs is used in all case forms, with the exception of the vocative case. Most of the PUs of this microsystem is formed with the zemlia component in the accusative singular case without a preposition (rarely): rvaty zemliu (tear up the earth) with prepositions v(u) (in(into)), ob (about), kriz’ (through): vrostaty v zemliu (grow into the ground (root itself)), lykhom ob zemliu (head the ground), yak kriz’ zemliu provalytysya (vanish into thin air), etc. (only 25 PUs); the least examples – in the genitive case of the plural: za trydev’yat’ zemel’ (go a long way (=go far, far away) (only 1 PU); 4. almost all syntactic structures in the microsystem of the PUs with the component ground are presented here as well as for the whole Ukrainian phraseology in general: a) PUs related to the subordinate phrase: toptaty zemliu (trample on the ground), z lytsya zemli (from the face of the earth), etc. b) PUs related to the word combinations: do zemli (to the earth), yak z-pid zemli (as from under the earth), etc.; c) PUs as comparatives: yak iz zemli vyrostatu (how to grow out of the ground), yak u zemliu vkopanyi (how to dig into the ground); d) PUs as a simple sentence (one-part and two-part): khoch zemliu yizh (even if you eat the Earth); azh zemlia stohne (the Earth groans), etc.; 5. PUs can also act in a sentence as a subject, predicate (simple, compound noun, compound verb), subordinate clause; 6. semantic features and grammatical peculiarities of such PUs should be a subject to run a separate investigation in comparative aspect., У статті досліджено особливості семантики та граматичної організації фразеологічних одиниць із компонентом земля. Зазначено, що фразеологічні макро- і мікросистеми в українському мовознавстві почали інтенсивно вивчати лише в кінці ХХ – на початку ХХІ ст. Мета пропонованої розвідки – дослідити місце мікросистеми ФО із компонентом земля у фразеологічному складі української мови, описати особливості семантики, граматичної організації компонентного складу ФО, що репрезентують цю мікросистему.

[EN] The aim of this article is to identify the types of adjectives with attributive function used in chess texts. Likewise, weintend to determine the position these adjectives display according to the noun they modify in a corpus of twelve texts from different sections and issues of the magazine Peón de Rey. In this study, we distinguish the diversity of adjectives used with attributive function in the texts of the magazine and determine their respective types according to their position in relation to the noun, the type of properties assigned, as well as the intensity of the concept mentioned. With this article we intend to contribute to studies on sports discourse, especially those focused on intellectually predominant sports disciplines., [ES] En este artículo nos proponemos determinar los tipos de adjetivos con función atributiva utilizados en textos ajedrecísticos. Asimismo, nos proponemos examinar la posición que despliegan los adjetivos antes aludidos respecto del sustantivo que modifican en un corpus de doce textos de diferentes secciones y números de la revista Peón de Rey. En el estudio, distinguimos la diversidad de adjetivos con función atributiva en los textos de la revista y determinamos sus respectivos tipos de acuerdo con su posición en torno al sustantivo, el tipo de propiedades asignadas, así como la intensión del concepto mencionado. Con este artículo deseamos contribuir a los estudios sobre discurso deportivo, especialmente aquellos enfocados en disciplinas de predominio intelectual.

Las funciones sintácticas son etiquetas descriptivas de enorme tradición y utilidad en la enseñanza de la gramática. Pero las funciones sintácticas (nociones como sujeto, objeto directo u objeto indirecto) no son primitivos sintácticos, sino una compleja mezcla de sintaxis, morfología y semántica. Cuando se usan etiquetas descriptivas como si fueran primitivos teóricos, se corre el peligro de ocultar la relevancia de la estructura sintáctica en la determinación del sentido, así como la propia naturaleza jerárquica de dicha estructura. Esta práctica, además, tiende a convertir el análisis sintáctico en una tarea de asignación de etiquetas funcionales a ciertos constituyentes, una tarea que, aun siendo interesante, oculta el verdadero objetivo del análisis sintáctico: descubrir la estructura invisible que subyace a las cadenas de palabras que analizamos y los principios que la crean. La intención de este artículo es introducir de manera sencilla algunos descubrimientos sobre la sintaxis de las lenguas humanas de los últimos decenios con la intención de mostrar que transcender las llamadas funciones sintácticas en la docencia de Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato puede ser un paso adelante en la tarea de convertir la enseñanza y la práctica del análisis sintáctico en una tarea más atractiva y provechosa para los estudiantes. Les funcions sintàctiques són etiquetes descriptives de gran tradició i utilitat a l'ensenyament de la gramàtica. Però les funcions sintàctiques (nocions com a subjecte, objecte directe o objecte indirecte) no són primitius sintàctics, sinó una complexa barreja de sintaxi, morfologia i semàntica. Quan es fan servir etiquetes descriptives com si fossin primitius teòrics, es corre el perill d'ocultar la rellevància de l'estructura sintàctica en la determinació del sentit, així com la pròpia naturalesa jeràrquica d'aquesta estructura. Aquesta pràctica, a més, tendeix a convertir l'anàlisi sintàctica en una tasca d'assignació d'etiquetes funcionals a certs constituents, una tasca que, tot i ser interessant, amaga el veritable objectiu de l'anàlisi sintàctica: descobrir l'estructura invisible subjacent a les cadenes de paraules que analitzem i els principis que la creen. La intenció d'aquest article és introduir de manera senzilla alguns descobriments sobre la sintaxi de les llengües humanes dels darrers decennis amb la intenció de mostrar que transcendir les anomenades funcions sintàctiques a la docència d'Educació Secundària i Batxillerat pot ser un pas endavant en la tasca convertir l'ensenyament i la pràctica de l'anàlisi sintàctica en una tasca més atractiva i profitosa per als estudiants. Syntactic functions are traditional descriptive labels that are very useful in teaching grammar. But syntactic functions (notions such as subject, direct object, or indirect object) are not syntactic primitives, but a complex mix of syntax, morphology, and semantics. When descriptive labels are used as if they were theoretical primitives, there is a danger of concealing the relevance of syntactic structure in determining meaning, as well as its hierarchical nature. This practice tends to turn syntactic analysis into a task of assigning functional labels to certain constituents, a task that is not necessarily uninteresting, but that hides the true goal of syntactic analysis: discovering the invisible structure that underlies the word strings that we analyse, and the principles that create it. The objective of this article is to introduce in a simple way some recent discoveries on the syntax of human languages with the intention of showing that transcending so-called syntactic functions in pre-university teaching can be a step forward in the task of converting the teaching and practice of syntactic analysis into a more attractive and profitable task for students.

U literaturi se dokazanim smatra da je u hrvatskome proces departicipija lizacije, tj. adverbijalizacije participa u glagolske priloge završen do 17. st., iako neki od novijih radova (npr. Horvat, Štebih Golub 2016.) te tvrdnje dovode u pitanje. Kako sve poznate gramatike kajkavskoga književnog jezika prikazuju participe, u ovome se radu nastoji odgovoriti na pitanje jesu li participi zaista postojali u književnoj kajkavštini iz vremena nastanka slovnica ili ih kajkavski gramatičari kao i neke druge kategorije (član, preterit, konjunktiv) opisuju tek pod utjecajem egzogenih modela gramatičkog opisa, ili pod utjecajem jezične tradicije (jer se particip rabio u ranijim razdobljima književne kajkavštine). Istraživanje je provedeno na dvjema kajkavskim slovnicama, Matijevićevoj Horvackoj gramatici iz 1810. i Kristijanovićevoj Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart iz 1837. i na odabranim tekstovima dvojice gramatičara (Matijevićevu Rastolnačenju evangelijumov (1796), Rastolnačenjima zvrhu Velikoga katekižmuša III. (1797) i Genovefi (1808) te Kristijanovićevim Blagorečjima (1830), Ezopuševim basnama pohorvačenim (1843), Danici zagrebečkoj (1845) i tekstovima iz njegova aneksnoga rječnika Anhang zur Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart (1940). Opis participa u dvjema gramatikama uspoređuje se s uporabom u tekstovima kako bi se utvrdilo koriste li kajkavski autori participe koje opisuju u gramatikama i u svojim tekstovima i, ako ih rabe, u kojim sintaktičkim funkcijama., The process of participles losing their adjectival characteristics in Croatian, i.e. of adverbialization of participles into deverbal adverbials, is commonly accepted in the literature, although there are more recent contributions (e.g. Horvat, Štebih Golub 2016) that question these claims. Since participles are dealt with in all known grammars of the Kajkavian literary language, the aim of this paper is to determine whether the participles were really in use in the literary Kajkavian language of the same period when the grammars were written or whether the Kajkavian grammarians deal with them, as they do with some other categories (article, preterit, subjunctive), under the influence of exogenous models of grammatical description. Two Kajkavian grammars were the focus of our study: Matijević’s Horvacka gramatika (1810) and Kristijanović’s Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart (1837) as well as selected works by the same authors: Matijević’s Rastolnačenje evangelijumov (1796), Rastolnačenja zvrhu Velikoga katekižmuša III. (1797), and Genovefa (1808), and Kristijanović’s Blagorečja (1830), Ezopuševe basne pohrvačene (1843), and Danica zagrebečka (1845). The description of participles in the two grammars is compared with the use of participles in the texts in order to determine whether the Kajkavian authors use participles described in their grammars in their texts, and if they do, in which syntactic roles. The analysis of grammars shows that in their grammars both authors treat participles as an established category of the Kajkavian literary language. While Kristijanović explicitly describes their dual nature already in the definitions, Matijević does not mention it explicitly, but the fact that he is aware of it can be seen in the way he describes it. Both authors share the understanding that participles are reduced dependent clauses. The analysis of the use of the active participles of present and preterit on the corpus of selected texts by the previously mentioned authors has shown that they both use both participles, although their frequency and functions differ significantly. Active present participle has been found in attributive, predicative and secondary predicative function. Nominalized it occurs in other syntactic functions (subject, direct and indirect object, nominal attribute) as well, while the active preterit participle has been found as a secondary predicate in marked stylistic use. The most frequent use of participle is attributive and that is in accordance with the results of previous research. Although the frequent use of active present participle in the attributive function – especially in translations - is without any doubt the result of the influence of (German and Latin) originals, since it has been attested in Kajkavian texts that date up to the 19th century that were not translations and were aimed at a wider audience, such as popular scientific literature and calendars, we believe that it is a feature of the literary Kajkavian language. Other syntactic functions of participles (nominalized participle, predicative, secondary predicative) are much rarer and are found in deliberately archaized texts written in a more formal style. All the detected syntactic functions of participle have been present since the Old Church Slavonic, and have also been attested in the other two Croatian literary languages, which testifies to the incorporation of the Kajkavian literary language into the common Croatian tradition and to the existence of certain syntactic constructions that might have been the result of calquing and the influence of the originals in foreign languages (Latin, German), but which have become trademarks of higher literary style and certain literary genres.

Вринчану Ф. Дискуссионные проблемы изучения синтаксических связей в румынской грамматике. Статья посвящена комплексному исследованию структуры, семантики и прагматики синтаксических связей на материале румынского языка. Рассмотрены теоретические положения, которые являются исходными в изучении синтаксических связей: проблемы определения синтаксических связей, «содержание» и «форма» в синтаксисе, синтаксические единицы, независимость / зависимость синтаксических единиц. Проанализированы содержание синтаксических связей, средства выражения синтаксических связей, типы синтаксических связей, обнаруженные в румынском языке. Для определения понятия и характеристики типы синтаксических связей применены следующие критерии: значение синтаксических единиц, которые формируют определенную синтаксическую связь; коммуникативный план, к которому относятся единицы, степень взаимодействия единиц, вступившие в связь, влияние характера связи на проявление синтаксических функций. Ключевые слова: синтаксическая связь, синтаксические единицы, синтаксические функции, предложение, сложное предложение, коммуникативный план. Vranceanu F.D. Controversial problems of studying syntactic relations in the Romanian grammar. The article is devoted to the complex study of the structure, semantics and pragmatics of syntactic relations in Romanian language. The theoretical provisions fundamental for this work are reviewed: the problem of identifying syntactic relations, “content” and “form” in the syntax, syntactic units, independent / dependent syntactic units. The author analyzes content of syntactic relation, means and types of syntactic relations in Romanian. To define the concept and characteristics of syntactic relation, the following criteria are applied: meaning of syntactic units that enter into a syntactic connection, communication sphere where the units belong, measure of their interaction, and the impact their connection produces on syntactic functions manifestation. Nonhomogeneity of syntactic relations is explicit both in terms of content and expressiveness. Syntactic relation is not an expansion, or strengthening, of a certain syntactic unit position. This approach is based on the identification of two principles generating syntactic structures: the principle of development (the definition of coordination presupposes the development of a minimum existing utterance by creating syntactic functions), the principle of arrangement (the definition of coordination presupposes the arrangement of maximum existing utterance components). Key words: syntactic relation, syntactic units, syntactic functions, sentence, complex sentence, conjunctions

espanolEn este articulo analizamos las funciones sintactico-textuales que despliegan las formas verbales que se utilizan en cronicas orales de partidas de ajedrez. Para ello, nos basamos en un corpus de cuatro cronicas de eventos ajedrecisticos tomados de Chess.com ES y Chess24 en espanol con su respectiva transcripcion. Con base en el corpus en cuestion, identificamos las diferentes formas verbales de las que se sirven los cronistas ajedrecisticos y determinamos la funcion que desempenan aquellas que se utilizan con mayor recurrencia tanto a nivel sintactico como a nivel textual. Con este articulo nos proponemos contribuir en los estudios sobre discurso deportivo, en especial aquellos enfocados en cronicas de deportes de predominio intelectual como el ajedrez. EnglishIn this article we analyze the syntactic-textual functions that the verb forms used in oral narratives of chess games display. To do so, we examine a corpus of four narratives of chess events taken from Chess.com ES and Chess24 en espanol with their respective transcriptions. Based on the alluded corpus, we identify different verb forms used by chess journalists and determine the role they play at a syntactic and a textual level. With this article we intend to contribute to the studies on sports discourse, especially those focused on narratives of intellectual sports such as chess.

Quatre-vingt-trois rituels de Chevaliers Kadosh, approximativement datés de 1750 à ce jour, sont traités numériquement par des méthodes de fouille de textes ou d’analyse lexicale (Data mining). Pour faciliter la compréhension du travail, ces méthodes sont brièvement décrites et les logiciels de mises en oeuvre sont comparés.Il s’agit, pour ces textes de dates de première occurrence incertaines, de tenter d’établir des critères chronologiques et des caractères de parenté. Une ressource nécessaire à l’établissement de la filiation vraisemblable de ces rituels paraît être l’établissement d’un dendrogramme phylogénétique. Un tel arbre est construit à partir du concept de distance afin de comparer numériquement la proximité (similarité) ou l’éloignement (dissimilarité) de ces textes. Par commodité de traitement numérique, c’est une métrique fondée sur le khi2, ou méthode de Muller, qui est exploitée a priori sur les formes graphiques. Il apparaît a posteriori que la même métrique utilisée sur les fonctions syntaxiques conduit à un arbre phylogénétique quasi identique., Eighty-three rituals for the Kadosh Knight grade of the Scottish rite, dated approximately from 1750 to the present day, are digitally processed by methods of text mining or lexical analysis. To facilitate the understanding of our work, these methods are briefly described and software implementations are compared.For these texts, dates of first appearance are often uncertain, and so we attempt to establish chronological criteria and elements of kinship. A phylogenetic dendrogram appears as a necessary resource to determine the probable parentage of these rituals. Such a tree is built on the concept of distance and thus allows to compare the numerical proximity (similarity) or distance (dissimilarity) of these texts. For the purpose of digital processing, a metric based on Muller’s method or khi2 is used a priori on the graphical forms. It appears in retrospect that the same metric, when used on syntactic functions, leads to a nearly identical phylogenetic tree.

RESUMEN Las preposiciones son un problema evidente para los niños diagnosticados con Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje (TEL), quienes en su producción oral tienden a elidirlas o a utilizarlas incorrectamente. Si bien este fenómeno ha sido descrito en la producción lingüística de hablantes de diversas lenguas, en español no ha sido estudiado en profundidad. En este contexto, el presente trabajo busca describir y analizar, de forma cualitativa, los errores en el uso de la preposiciones en niños chilenos diagnosticados con TEL. Para ello se analizaron narraciones orales producidas por 38 niños diagnosticados con TEL que iniciaban el nivel preescolar, entre 5 y 5,11 años de edad. Las narraciones fueron elicitadas a través del recontado y transcritas fonéticamente. Luego se analizaron los contextos de aparición de las preposiciones y se determinó si correspondía a usos adecuados, elisiones o sustituciones de partículas. Los datos indican que existen tres factores gramaticales que parecen incidir en la producción de desviaciones gramaticales en las contribuciones que incorporan preposiciones: (i) la naturaleza funcional de las preposiciones, (ii) la obligatoriedad de los constituyentes y (iii) la incongruencia entre papeles temáticos y funciones sintácticas. ABSTRACT Prepositions represent an evident problem for children diagnosed with Specific Language Impairment (SLI), as they tend to elide prepositions or incorrectly use them in their oral production. This subject has been described in different languages, in Spanish it has not been studied in depth. In this context, the present work seeks to describe and analyze, qualitatively, the errors in the use of prepositions in Chilean children diagnosed with SLI. For this, oral narratives were analyzed produced by 38 children starting preschool between 5 and 5 and 11 month of age, and diagnosed with SLI. Narratives were elided through recounting and were phonetically transcribed. Thereafter, contexts where prepositions appeared were analyzed and it was determined if they matched with adequate use, elisions, or particle substitutions. Data indicate that there are three grammatical factors which seem to influence in the production of grammatical deviations in contributions that incorporate prepositions: (i) the functional nature of prepositions, (ii) the obligatory nature of the components, and (iii) the incongruence between the thematic roles and syntactic functions.

In English, it is useful to make a distinction between two kinds of verb dependents, since their classification determines the global interpretation of an utterance. It is possible to differentiate complements from modifiers or adjuncts according to their proximity to the verb. Although some authors reject the need for a general definition of these terms, many syntacticians have tried to identify criteria, tendencies and syntactic tests to distinguish between the two kinds of dependents. In this article, I review these criteria and retain those that yield a clear and relevant outcome. My conclusions lead me to advocate for a multi-dimensional approach of complementation, in which complements and adjuncts are two poles of a continuum along which verb dependents stand. This explains how difficult it is to determine the status of some dependents., En anglais, il est utile de distinguer deux types de dépendants du verbe, puisque leur classification a des conséquences sur l'interprétation globale d'un énoncé. Selon le degré de proximité avec le verbe, on distingue les compléments d'un côté et les modifieurs ou adjoints de l'autre (qui correspondent à l'étiquette traditionnelle de compléments circonstanciels). Si certains auteurs rejettent la nécessité d'une définition globale de ces termes, beaucoup de syntacticiens ont tenté de dégager des critères, tests syntaxiques et tendances pour distinguer ces deux types de dépendants. Je passe en revue ces différents critères afin de conserver ceux qui donnent un résultat pertinent et clair. Les résultats obtenus m'amènent à plaider pour une approche multidimensionnelle de la complémentation, selon laquelle complément et adjoint sont deux pôles d'un continuum le long duquel se placent les dépendants des verbes, ce qui explique la difficulté de classification de certains dépendants.

A presente investigação desenvolvida no âmbito do Mestrado em Ensino do 1.º e do 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico insere-se na área do Português e tem como tema, as conceções dos alunos sobre as funções sintáticas e as regras de uso de vírgula, através da partilha de interações. Este estudo visa verificar se a partilha de interações promove a aprendizagem das funções sintáticas e das regras de uso de vírgula; perceber as dificuldades, as facilidades e as estratégias utilizadas pelos alunos, concernentes à temática do estudo e compreender se a sequência didática dos três guiões foi útil na identificação das funções sintáticas e na correção das regras de uso de vírgula. O quadro teórico de referência está estruturado em quatro secções. A primeira específica as perspetivas de gramática. A segunda explícita a oficina gramatical como um método de ensino de gramática e aborda os conceitos de conhecimento implícito, explícito e funcionamento da língua. A terceira refere-se ao conceito de gramática segundo as prescrições dos documentos oficiais. A última apresenta as funções sintáticas e as regras de uso de vírgula. A metodologia deste estudo integra-se num paradigma interpretativo e constitui uma investigação-ação. As técnicas de recolha de dados utilizadas foram a observação participante, a gravação de interações, a recolha de produções escritas e as entrevistas. Esta intervenção ocorreu numa turma do 5.º ano de escolaridade e recolheram-se os dados de 4 participantes sobre o tema proposto. Os resultados do estudo evidenciam, que a partilha de interações e os guiões de oficina gramatical permitiram que os dois pares melhorassem as suas aprendizagens, sobre as funções sintáticas e as regras de uso de vírgula, dados os progressos significativos registados nestes dois domínios. The present investigation developed in the scope of the Master’s degree in Education of first and seconde cycle of Basic Education, its inside the Portuguese Area and has as a subject, the conceptions of the students about syntactic functions and the rules of the usage of the comma, through the share of interactions. This study has as a goal to verify if the share of interactions promotes the learning of the syntactic functions and the rules of the comma, to understand the difficulties, facilities and the methodologies used by the students, relating to the thematic of the study and understand if the didactic sequence of the three guides was useful in the identification of the syntactic functions and in the correction of the rules of the usage of the comma. The theoretical reference framework is structured in four sections. The first one specifies the perspectives of the grammar. The second explicit the grammar laboratory and approaches the concepts of the implicit and explicit knowledge and the language system. The third one, refers to the grammar concept in accordance with the recommendations of the official documents. The last section, presents the syntactic functions and the rules of the usage of the comma. The methodology of this study integrates in an interpretative paradigm and constitutes one investigation-action. The techniques used to select the data were the participative observation, the record of the interactions, the collection of written productions and interviews. This intervention occurred in a fifth grade classroom and was collected the data of four participants, in relation with the theme proposed. The results of the study highlight, that the share of the interactions and the guides of grammar laboratory allowed that the two pairs improved its learnings, in relation with the syntactic functions and the rules of the usage of the comma, considering the significant progresses registered in these two domains.

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Стаття присвячена комплексному дослідженню структури, семантики і прагматики синтаксичних зв'язків на матеріалі румунської мови. Розглянуто теоретичні положення, які є вихідними у вивченні синтаксичних зв'язків: проблеми визначення синтаксичних зв'язків, «зміст» і «форма» всинтаксисі, синтаксичні одиниці, незалежність / залежність синтаксичних одиниць. Проаналізовано зміст синтаксичних зв'язків, засоби вираження синтаксичних зв'язків, типи синтаксичних зв'язків, виявлені в румунській мові. Для визначення поняття і характеристики типи синтаксичних зв'язків застосовані наступні критерії: значення синтаксичних одиниць, які формують певний синтаксичний зв'язок; комунікативний план, до якого відносяться одиниці, ступінь взаємодії одиниць, які вступили в зв'язок, вплив характеру зв'язку на прояв синтаксичних функцій., The article is devoted to a complex study of the structure, semantics and pragmatics of syntactic relations on the material of the Romanian language. Theoretical propositions are considered that are initial in the study of syntactic links: the problems of defining syntactic links, "content" and "form" in syntax, syntactic units, independence / dependence of syntactic units. The content of syntactic links, the means of expressing syntactic links, the types of syntactic links found in the Romanian language are analyzed. To define the concept and characteristics of the types of syntactic links, the following criteria are applied: the value of the syntactic units that form a certain syntactic relationship; communicative plan, which includes units, the degree of interaction units that have entered into a relationship, the influence of the nature of the connection on the manifestation of syntactic functions., L'article est consacré à une étude complexe de la structure, de la sémantique et de la pragmatique des relations syntaxiques sur le matériel de la langue roumaine. Les propositions théoriques sont considérées comme initiales dans l'étude des liens syntaxiques: les problèmes de définition de liens syntaxiques, de "contenu" et de "forme" dans syntaxe, unités syntaxiques, indépendance / dépendance des unités syntaxiques. Le contenu des liens syntaxiques, les moyens d'expression des liens syntaxiques, les types de liens syntaxiques trouvés dans la langue roumaine sont analysés. Pour définir le concept et les caractéristiques des types de liens syntaxiques, les critères suivants sont appliqués: la valeur des unités syntaxiques qui forment une certaine relation syntaxique; plan de communication, qui comprend les unités, le degré d'interaction unités qui ont conclu une relation, l'influence de la nature de la connexion sur la manifestation des fonctions syntaxiques., Статья посвящена комплексному исследованию структуры, семантики и прагматики синтаксических связей на материале румынского языка. Рассмотрены теоретические положения, которые являются исходными в изучении синтаксических связей: проблемы определения синтаксических связей, «содержание» и «форма» всинтаксисе, синтаксические единицы, независимость / зависимость синтаксических единиц. Проанализированы содержание синтаксических связей, средства выражения синтаксических связей, типы синтаксических связей, обнаруженные в румынском языке. Для определения понятия и характеристики типы синтаксических связей применены следующие критерии: значение синтаксических единиц, которые формируют определенную синтаксическую связь; коммуникативный план, к которому относятся единицы, степень взаимодействия единиц, вступившие в связь, влияние характера связи на проявление синтаксических функций.

The researchers have increasingly focused their attention on contrastive analysis studies, over the past few years. Therefore, in this study we aim at approaching the subject complement from a contrastive Romanian-German point of view. Our scientific approach is structured on two levels: the identification of similarities but also of differences between these two languages.

En el presente artículo se describe el uso de los pronombres átonos en el área metropolitana de Valencia en relación a una serie de variables lingüísticas y sociales. Para ello, utilizamos muestras orales del corpus PRESEEA-Valencia (PRESEVAL). A continuación, se analizan con más detalle las formas le y les con el objeto de observar el número de ocasiones en que estos pronombres desempeñan la función de complemento directo y cuáles son las variables que más condicionan su uso (el género masculino, el carácter animado del referente, el tipo de sujeto y determinadas construcciones)., This paper describes the use of the object pronouns in the metropolitan area of Valencia in relation to a numer of linguistic and social variables. To do this, we use oral samples taken from the corpus PRESEEA-Valencia (PRESEVAL). Afterwards, the forms le and les are analysed in depth in order to observe how frequently these pronouns are used as direct object and which the variables that determine their use are (animated and masculine referents, the type of subject, the internal structure, etc.).

Предмет ове дисертације јесу руске речи есть, нет и да, тачније: њихов граматички статус и синтаксичке функције у различитим типовима реченица, као и њихови одговарајући српски еквиваленти. Три основна задатка рада могу се формулисати на следећи начин: 1) описа- ти и разграничити типове руских простих реченица (потврдних и одричних) у ко- јима се, најчешће, у садашњем времену користе облици есть, нет као и облици да, нет, при чему се узима у обзир допринос који српски еквиваленти дају преци- знијем опису наведених речи. Реченице се анализирају не само када стоје самос- тално већ и када представљају компоненте независно-сложених и зависно-сложе- них реченица; 2) одредити граматички статус облика есть, нет као и облика да, нет; 3) описати и разграничити синтаксичке функције облика есть, нет и да у разним типовима реченица. Остали, секундарни задаци, који проистичу из примарних или су у директ- ној вези с њима, таксативно се наводе у уводном делу рада. Рад је рађен на материјалу руских књижевних текстова и њихових превода на српски језик, као и књижевних текстова на српском језику и њихових српских превода. У раду су примењивани, у складу с одговарајућим посебним аспектима анализе, различити методи истраживања, који су детаљно наведени у уводном де- лу рада. Један од основних метода свакако је метод конфронтативне анализе. Општи резултати до којих се дошло у току истраживања представљени су у закључном делу рада, док се појединачни закључци налазе се у одговарајућим де- ловима рада; наводимо само неке од њих: у руском језику постоје како нулта и кр- ња деклинација тако и нулта и крња конјугација, док српски језик нулту конјуга- цију нема (иако смо приметили да постоје могућности за истраживања на овом плану); два пара руских речи: да, нет и есть, нет представљају две речце, однос- но два глагола нулте конјугације (анализиране речи у руском језику постоје као речце, везници и глаголи нулте конјугације); у свим истраживаним типовима ре- ченица основна синтаксичка функција наведених руских глагола је предикатска; најчешћи српски еквиваленти руских глагола есть и нет јесу одговарајући потвр- дни и одрични облици глагола бити, постојати, налазити се, имати. Свакако, наше истраживање допринело је расветљавању многих важних проблема како из саме русистике тако и из славистике уопште, али је такође отво- рило многа нова питања на која се из објективних разлога није могло одговорити на овом месту и сада. The subject of this doctoral dissertation are the Russian words есть, нет and да, i.e.: their grammatical status and syntactic functions in different types of sentences as well as their equivalents in the Serbian language. Three basic tasks in this study can be defined in the following way: 1) to describe and discern the empirically available types of Russian simple sentences (affirmative and negative) in which, in present tense, the words есть, нет as well as да, нет are typically used, while considering the contribution of their Serbian equivalents in order to give a more precise description of these pairs of words; matrix as well as subordinated and coordinated clauses are included in the analysis; 2) to define the grammatical status of the word pairs есть, нет as well as да, нет; 3) to describe and mutually discriminate the syntactic functions of the words есть, нет and да when used in different types of sentences. Other, secondary tasks, implied by the primary tasks or directly connected with them, are listed and described in the introduction chapter of the study. This study is based on the Russian literary texts and their translations into Serbian and on the Serbian literary texts and their translations into Russian (bibliographic data on the sources and the literature are given at the end of the study). Different methods are used in accordance with the special aspects of analysis (they are discussed in the introduction of this study). The method of confrontational analysis is certainly one of the central methods involved. The main, general results of the research are presented in the conclusion chapter of the dissertation, while the more particular conclusions are presented in the respective individual sections of the study; the conclusions include the following: there are a zero and an elliptical declination as well as a zero and an elliptical conjugation in the Russian language, while in Serbian there is no zero conjugation (although some possibilities for research in this area have been observed); two pairs of Russian words да, нет and есть, нет represent two particles and two verbs of zero conjugation respectively (the analysed words in Russian are particles, conjunctions and verbs of zero conjugation); the basic syntactic function of verbs is the function of the predicate in all investigated types of sentences; the affirmative and negative forms of the verbs бити, постојати, налазити се, имати in the Serbian language are the most common equivalents to the Russian verbs есть and нет. This research has contributed to clearing up some very important problems both in grammatical theory of the Russian language and in the grammatical theory of the Slavic languages, generally, but it has also opened up many questions which could excide the limitations and aims of the present dissertation, and open up exciting directions for future research.

Este trabalho investiga alguns fatores pelos quais se pode dizer que um enunciado é inadequado em relação à situação de interação em que é usado e à gramática da língua, conforme concepção funcionalista de gramática como sistema flexível frente às pressões do uso. As inadequações são estudadas sob a perspectiva da atribuição de funções pragmáticas, semânticas e sintáticas aos constituintes do enunciado, segundo a concepção de funções gramaticais da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008). A hipótese básica, considerando que demandas pragmáticas e semânticas várias competem entre si pela expressão morfossintática (DU BOIS, 1985), é a de que a competição de motivações pode não se resolver satisfatoriamente em algumas situações de uso da língua, produzindo-se construções inadequadas quanto a algum tipo de motivação. Discutimos alguns tipos de inadequações encontradas no corpus de análise, constituído a partir de um banco de redações escolares, correlacionando-as a um quadro em que a inadequação é vista como a não satisfação de uma demanda funcional. This work analyzes some factors why it can be considered that a sentence is inadequate concerning the interaction event in which it is used and in relation to the grammar of the specific language, according to a functionalist view of language as a flexible system when faced with usage pressure. Inadequate constructions are studied under the perspective of the assignment of pragmatic, semantic and syntactic functions, according to the conception of grammatical functions of Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008). Assuming that pragmatic and semantic motivations compete for the morphosyntactic expression (DU BOIS, 1987), the main hypothesis is that competing motivations processes can be left unsolved so that an inadequate construction arises. We discuss some types of inadequate constructions found in the corpus, collected from a bank of high school students’ texts. They are related to a frame in which the inadequacy is viewed as the non satisfaction of a functional demand.

SANTOS, Francisco Ednardo Pinho dos. Restrições à atribuição de funções semânticas e sintáticas: um estudo funcionalista sobre inadequações na construção do enunciado em redações escolares. 2010. 121p. – Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. This research analyzes some aspects of the question of the factors through which it can be considered that a sentence is inadequate concerning the interaction event in which it is used and the grammar of the specific language, according to a functionalist view of language as a system flexible when faced with usage pressure. It proposes a typology contemplating the types of inadequate usages found in the corpus, related to a frame in which the inadequate usage is seen as the non-satisfaction of a functional demand. Considering that pragmatic and semantic motivations compete for the morphosyntactic expression (DUBOIS, 1987), the basic hypothesis is that competing motivations can be left unsolved so that an inadequate construction is produced. The analysis is based on the theory of Functional-Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008). This theory comprehends the grammar as part of a wider model of verbal interaction, so that it can account of the cognitive, interactive and textual factors which have an impact on the grammatical aspects of the predication. The corpus takes a set of presumably inadequate sentences collected from a bank of high school students’ texts. Esta pesquisa investiga alguns aspectos da difícil questão dos fatores pelos quais se pode considerar um enunciado inadequado à situação de interação em que é usado e à gramática da língua, conforme concepção funcionalista de gramática como sistema sensível às pressões do uso. Propõe uma tipologia que engloba os tipos de inadequação encontrados no corpus de análise, correlacionados a um quadro em que a inadequação seja vista como não-satisfação de uma demanda funcional. A hipótese básica, considerando que demandas internas e externas ao sistema competem entre si pela expressão morfossintática (DUBOIS, 1985), é a de que essa competição entre motivações pragmáticas, semânticas e morfossintáticas pode não se resolver satisfatoriamente em algumas situações de uso da língua, produzindo-se construções inadequadas quanto a algum tipo de motivação. A análise serve-se do instrumental teórico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), que, ao compreender a gramática como parte de um modelo de interação verbal, permite dar conta dos fatores cognitivos, interacionais e textuais que têm impacto nos aspectos gramaticais da predicação. Trabalhamos com um corpus constituído principalmente por um conjunto de enunciados considerados inadequados, retirados de um banco de redações escolares de estudantes do Ensino Médio da rede pública em Fortaleza, coletado por nós.