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Thunderstorms winds are localized and transient phenomena characterized by three-dimensional non-stationary velocity fields. While numerous studies investigated the wind loading on cantilevered structures under thunderstorm downburst winds, there is a lack of fundamental research on the behavior of simple circular cylinders subjected to downburst-like outflows. This paper investigates the pressure distribution and aerodynamic coefficients of two cylinders with different diameters immersed in three different types of wind: (1) isolated downburst (DB); (2) downburst embedded in an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind (DBABL); and (3) steady ABL wind. The focus of this study is to provide a comparative analysis between aerodynamic coefficients (drag and lift) and surface pressures that result from these three different wind systems. The ABL winds caused a higher drag on the thinner cylinder than the two DB-like outflows. The lift coefficients during the primary vortex passage in the DB-like outflows were negative at the base of the cylinders and approached zero or to slightly positive values close to the cylinders' top. The location of the cylinders in DB-like outflows is the dominant factor for their aerodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thunderstorm outflows are usually analysed by decomposing their horizontal velocity into a slowly-varying mean part and a residual fluctuation; in this framework the wind direction is often examined qualitatively but disregarded quantitatively. This is incoherent with the traditional analysis of synoptic wind speeds, where the mean velocity and direction are first determined, then the fluctuations are decomposed in terms of longitudinal and lateral turbulence components. Aiming to overcome these shortcomings, a novel directional decomposition strategy is formulated here, which makes the study of thunderstorm outflows and synoptic winds fully coherent. The results provided by the classic and novel decomposition rules are first compared and elucidated with reference to a couple of real thunderstorm and synoptic wind velocity records. Later on, they are applied to a broad class of thunderstorm outflow records whose statistical properties are investigated. The novel approach is strategic to carry out directional analyses of the dynamic behaviour of structures in terms of alongwind and crosswind response. • The classical decomposition rule of thunderstorm outflows disregards wind direction. • Classical synoptic wind and thunderstorm outflow decomposition rules are incoherent. • A novel directional rule is formulated that overcomes the above shortcomings. • The novel rule is strategic to carry out directional analyses of the structural response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Design wind velocity and wind-induced damage are often related to thunderstorms. • Research on thunderstorm loading of structures is still fragmentary and uncertain. • Calibration and advance are provided of response spectrum technique and time-domain analysis. • The response spectrum technique is a suitable tool for engineering calculations. • Time-domain analysis is highly efficient with a limited computational burden. Abstract Thunderstorms are transient events. Design wind velocity and wind-induced damage are often related to them. Despite this, research on thunderstorm loading of structures is still fragmentary and uncertain due to their complexity, short duration and small size. These issues make it difficult to set physically realistic and simple models as well as to gather real data. This favoured the implementation of refined methods based on limited measurements. The European Projects "Wind and Ports" and "Wind, Ports and Sea" realised an extensive monitoring network from which many thunderstorm outflow records were extracted. They were analysed to inspect their characteristics and to formulate methods coherent with measurements. Firstly, the response spectrum technique conceived for earthquakes was extended to thunderstorms. Then, a hybrid simulation strategy was proposed and time-domain integrations of the structural response were applied. This paper provides a joint calibration and advancement of these two methods, leading to results that substantially agree, especially faced with their conceptual and operative diversities. This confirms the potential of the response spectrum technique to become a suitable tool for calculating the thunderstorm loading of structures and the efficiency of hybrid simulations and time-domain analyses to investigate, with a limited computational burden, advanced structural issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of thunderstorm outflows and their loading and response of structures is a key topic in modern wind engineering. This paper provides a new contribution to this research by analyzing a wide dataset of 277 wind velocity records characterized by strong transient properties and labeled by thunderstorm outflow. These records have been detected for up to 6 years by 14 anemometers belonging to an extensive in-site monitoring network distributed in the Northern Mediterranean ports. Analyses are carried out in order to extract the parameters of major interest for evaluating the wind loading effects of structures and furnishing a comprehensive statistical characterization of the huge amount of data recorded. Results lead to a novel classification of thunderstorm outflows with reference to the time scale of the gust front passage and their intensity; a refined interpretation of the differences involved by the turbulence intensity, the integral length scale and the gust factor of mesoscale downbursts and synoptic low-pressure systems; a confirmation of the substantial independence of these quantities with respect to the ratio between the height above ground of the sensor and the roughness length of the terrain, together with their correlation with the wind velocity; a new parameterization of the harmonic content of the turbulent fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meteorological services of mid-latitude countries record wind speeds averaged over 10 min or 1 h periods and peak wind speeds for the same averaging period or a full day. Design wind speeds based on the statistical analysis of this data in a mixed wind climate may prove to be imprecise and unsafe due to the occurrence of intense, small and rapid extreme wind events such as thunderstorm outflows. Considering the 6 year continuous high-frequency records registered in two Port areas of the Upper Tyrrhenian Sea, a preliminary but representative analysis of the extreme wind speed distribution has been carried out in a mixed wind climate area frequently struck by thunderstorms. Results show that wind speeds with a high return period are always related to thunderstorm outflows. The mixed extreme distribution asymptotically overlaps with that for thunderstorms for high return periods and always provides the highest wind speeds. Gathering the ensemble of all extreme values into a single set leads to underestimating of the extreme wind speed. The Italian code provides conservative estimates of the extreme wind speed that protect designers from thunderstorms as well. However, refined analyses of the local wind climate that ignore thunderstorm events may lead to severe underestimations of the design wind velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-sampling rate (10 Hz) anemometric measurements of the Wind, Ports, and Sea monitoring network in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea have been analyzed to extract the thunderstorm-related signals and catalogue them into three families according to the different time-scale of each event, subdivided among 10 minutes, 1 hour and 10 hours long events. Their characteristics in terms of direction of motion and seasonality/daily occurrence have been analysed: it turned out that most of the selected events come from the sea and occur from 12:00 to 00:00 UTC during the winter season. In terms of peak wind speed, the strongest events all belonged to the 10-min family, but no systematic correlation was found between event duration and peaks. Three events, each one representative of the corresponding class of duration, have been analysed from the meteorological point of view in order to investigate their physical nature. According to this analysis, which was mainly based on satellite images, meteorological fields obtained from GFS analyses related to convection in the atmosphere, and lightning activity, the thunderstorm-related nature of the 10 min and 1 h events was confirmed. The 10 h event turned out to be a synoptic event, related to extra-tropical cyclones activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a research project that started from the consideration that thunderstorms are transient phenomena with short duration and the structural response to transient phenomena, most notably to earthquakes, is traditionally evaluated by the response spectrum technique. Based on this consideration, a “new” method is formulated that generalizes the “old” response spectrum technique from earthquakes to thunderstorms. A previous paper addressed this problem for ideal point-like Single-Degree-Of-Freedom systems subjected to wind actions perfectly coherent over the exposed structural surface. The present paper generalizes this formulation to real space Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom systems subjected to partially coherent wind fields with assigned velocity profile and turbulence properties; for sake of simplicity, in this stage of the research, the structure is modeled as a continuous slender vertical cantilever beam. Analyses are carried out by making recourse to the equivalent wind spectrum technique, a method developed for synoptic stationary winds, the use of which is extended here to non-synoptic non-stationary conditions. In spite of a rather complex formulation, the application of the thunderstorm response spectrum technique is straightforward: the equivalent static force is the product of the peak wind loading by a non-dimensional quantity, the equivalent response spectrum, given by a simple diagram. Its derivation represents one of the most typical features of this method: it is based on the joint numerical processing of a set of measured thunderstorm records and an analytical model that conceptually reconstructs the complete wind field around the measured data. In virtue of its characteristics, the thunderstorm response spectrum technique is particularly suitable for rapid engineering calculations and simple code applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thunderstorms are transient phenomena characterized by short duration. Engineering is usual to evaluate the structural response to such phenomena, most notably to earthquakes, by the response spectrum technique, a method extensively applied in both the scientific and technical fields. This paper represents the first stage of a research project aimed at introducing a “new” method that generalizes the “old” response spectrum technique from earthquakes to thunderstorms. In such a framework, it establishes the fundamentals of the structural response of ideal point-like Single-Degree-Of-Freedom systems subjected to thunderstorm wind actions perfectly coherent over the exposed structural surface. A general definition of thunderstorm response spectrum is introduced, which allows a straightforward evaluation of the maximum structural response and the equivalent static force. A new definition of thunderstorm base response spectrum is also provided. Several forms of representation and parameterization of these response spectra are studied, showing the merits and the shortcomings of each of these. The general properties of the response spectra are investigated, pointing out some relevant analogies with the seismic case and the classical analysis of synoptic events. In particular, while wind engineering is usual to express the wind loading starting from wind velocity models, the method proposed herein, similarly to seismic engineering, involves the use of real thunderstorm records. The records adopted in this paper to illustrate the new method come from the wind monitoring campaign conducted for the European project “Wind and Ports”. Despite the application to this case study, the methods and the definitions presented are fully general and may be applied in any context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from an overview on the research on thunderstorms in the last forty years, this paper provides a general discussion on some emerging issues and new frameworks for wind loading on structures in mixed climates. Omitting for sake of simplicity tropical cyclones and tornadoes, three main aspects are pointed out. The first concerns the separation and classification of different intense wind events into extra-tropical depressions, thunderstorms and gust fronts, with the aim of improving the interpretation of the phenomena of engineering interest, the probabilistic analysis of the maximum wind velocity, the determination of the wind-induced response and the safety format for structures. The second deals with the use of the response spectrum technique, not only as a potentially efficient tool for calculating the structural response to thunderstorms, but also as a mean for revisiting the whole wind-excited response in a more general and comprehensive framework. The third involves the statistical analysis of extreme wind velocities in mixed climates, pointing out some shortcomings of the approaches currently used for evaluating wind loading on structures and depicting a new scenario for a more rational scheme aiming to pursue structural safety. The paper is set in the spirit of mostly simplified analyses and mainly qualitative remarks, in order to capture the conceptual aspects of the problems dealt with and put on the table ideas open to discussion and further developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to estimate the maximum dynamic response of linear elastic SDOF systems subjected to thunderstorm outflows. Starting from a recently developed Evolutionary Power Spectral Density (EPSD) model for the wind velocity, the dynamic response is decomposed into a time-varying mean and a non-stationary random fluctuation. The EPSD and the Non-Geometrical Spectral Moments (NGSMs) of the random fluctuation are derived both accounting and neglecting the transient dynamics due to the modulating function of the load. The mean value of the maximum nonstationary fluctuating component of the response is estimated based on the definition of an equivalent stationary process following an approach proposed in the literature. In order to mitigate the overestimations of the maximum dynamic response due to the Poisson approximation, analogously to the formulation developed by Der Kiureghian for withe noise excitation, an equivalent expected frequency is introduced for thunderstorm excitation. Finally, the maximum dynamic response to thunderstorms is estimated as the sum of the maximum mean and fluctuating parts and a numerical validation of the results against real recorded thunderstorms is provided, highlighting the reliability of adding up the mean and fluctuating contributions and the advantages and limits of neglecting the transient dynamics. • Response is derived starting from a consistent EPSD model of thunderstorm velocity. • The expected value of the maximum response is derived trough equivalent parameters. • A correction for the overestimations due to Poisson approximation is introduced. • The approach is validated against time-domain solutions from recorded thunderstorms. • Neglecting the transient dynamics may be overconservative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A mathematical model to evaluate motion-induced forces on slender structures subjected to thunderstorm outflows is proposed. • Time-varying aerodynamic damping matrix and aerodynamic stiffness matrix of the system are defined. • Three levels of analysis are addressed, according to the characteristics of the wind event. • The classical solution for synoptic winds is found as a particular case. • Suitable wind fields compatible with single-point records are rebuilt and applied on two configuration of a structure, estimating the motion-induced forces. • The effects of the transient aeroelasticity are analysed and critically commented. • Motion-induced forces are evaluated on slender real structures. Literature is rich about studies which concern the insurgence of instability of structural systems under the action of steady flows, which have led to well-consolidated methods to assess the structural safety with regard to aeroelastic phenomena induced by synoptic winds. On the other hand, there are no clear references regarding aeroelasticity induced by the effect of thunderstorm outflows, events characterised by irregular variations of the wind speed and direction in a limited duration of time, which prevent the furnishing of a long time interval for the structure and the fluid to synchronise. This paper, based under the hypothesis of applicability of the classic strip and quasi-steady theory, illustrates a mathematical model able to consider the aeroelastic effects of thunderstorm outflows into the dynamic response of slender structures, from which the methodology for synoptic winds may be found as a particular case. After defining three different levels of analysis, applications regarding the Endless Column by Constantin Brâncuși under the action of ten thunderstorm outflows are proposed, whose outcomes are critically analysed and commented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new approach for modelling the evolutionary power spectral density (EPSD) of thunderstorm outflows based on a database of 129 real-scale thunderstorm time-histories. Two equivalent methods of decomposition of the wind velocity are investigated, outlining the derivation of the EPSD. The analyses are based on the hypothesis that the residual turbulent fluctuations can be treated as a uniformly modulated process, whose reliability is verified studying the steadiness of its up-crossing rate. The assumption of considering a constant turbulence intensity is checked through the evaluation of the dynamic response of a set of SDOF systems in time-domain and through the response spectrum technique. Two models for the time-modulating function of the EPSD are proposed that include the parameters characteristic of both the thunderstorm event and the background wind. Finally, the steps for the derivation of the EPSD are outlined pointing out the limits of the representation of the PSD of the reduced turbulent fluctuations through spectral models commonly adopted in wind engineering. The final aim of this research is finalising a triad of complementary methods for evaluating the dynamic response of structures to thunderstorm outflows - EPSD, time-domain and response spectrum - consistent with real-scale time-history records. • The non-stationarity of turbulent fluctuations is analysed through their up-crossing rate. • The residual turbulent fluctuations can be dealt with a uniformly modulated process. • Assuming steady turbulence intensity causes overestimations in the dynamic response. • The models proposed for the time-modulating functions encase a physical meaning. • Two different ways of modelling the evolutionary power spectral density are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses different strategies for the extraction of the time-varying mean from wind speed time histories. Due to the advantage of allowing analytical evaluations, the attention is focused on kernel regression techniques, considering different weighting functions, namely a constant, a Gaussian and a cardinal sine weighting function. The problem is firstly treated analytically, and the frequency-domain properties of the filter associated to different kinds of weighting functions in the definition of the slowly varying mean through kernel regression are analysed. Then, different weighting functions are adopted for the analysis of digitally-simulated stationary wind speed time histories and for the time histories of thunderstorm outflows recorded by a tri-axial anemometer. The consequences of the adoption of different weighting functions on the harmonic content and statistical properties of turbulence are studied. The same features are found also for thunderstorm outflow records. • Kernel regression techniques for the time-varying mean extraction are studied. • The properties of the filter associated to various weighting functions are analysed. • The statistical moments of the reduced turbulent fluctuation are estimated. • Applications to stationary and nonstationary wind speed time histories are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind actions are crucial for the safety and sustainability of structures. The wind climate of Europe and many other parts of the world is dominated by synoptic extra-tropical cyclones and mesoscale thunderstorms. Thunderstorms are frequent events that cause wind speeds and damage often greater than those of cyclones. This paper describes a wide research activity including an extensive monitoring network, an unprecedented database of transient wind speed recordings, a broad spectrum of numerical tools for elaborating data and extracting their statistical properties relevant to the wind loading of structures, the development of wind tunnel tests and CFD simulations, investigations on weather scenarios and damage surveys aiming to complete the information provided by field measurements. Based on these resources, a new generation of wind loading models is being developed – response spectrum technique, time-domain integration, evolutionary spectral density - robustly coherent with measured data and intrinsically coherent with each other. These studies are being carried out in the framework of the project THUNDERR, funded by the European Research Council (ERC) with an Advanced Grant 2016 in order to produce outcomes physically correct, transferable to design and standards, suitable to modify the current wind loading format and make constructions wind-safer and cost-efficient. • THUNDERR project studies thunderstorm outflows and their impact on structures. • Outflows are studied by real measurements, CFD simulations and wind tunnel tests. • New wind loading models are being developed to account for thunderstorm effects. • Design practices will benefit of THUNDERR outcomes to make constructions wind-safer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A "downburst" is defined as a diverging wind system that occurs when a strong downdraft induces an outflow of damaging winds on or near the ground. Severe wind damage in many parts of the world are often due to thunderstorm outflows and their knowledge is therefore relevant for structural safety and design wind speed evaluation. Nevertheless, there is not yet a shared model for thunderstorm outflows and their actions on structures. In this paper, an analytical model that simulates the horizontal mean wind velocity originated from a travelling downburst is proposed. The horizontal wind velocity is expressed as the vector summation of three independent components: the stationary radial velocity generated by an impinging jet over a flat surface, the downdraft translating velocity, which corresponds to the parent cloud motion, and the boundary layer background wind field at the surface where the downburst is immersed. A parametric analysis is also developed and coupled with the analytical model aiming to investigate two observed downburst events and extract their main parameters – e.g. downdraft diameter, touch-down position, translating downdraft speed and direction, intensity and decay period - in order to reconstruct the space-time evolution of these events and validate the model itself. • An analytical model is developed to simulate thunderstorm outflows. • Downburst parameters are estimated through a parametric analysis. • Two real-scale thunderstorm outflows are simulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic complexity and the limited spatiotemporal structure of thunderstorms make the collection of reliable and systematic measurements of this phenomenon, which are definitely needed to evaluate its action on structures, challenging. The Northern Tyrrhenian is a "hot-spot" for the genesis of severe potentially damaging wind phenomena, such as downbursts. In the context of the European projects "Wind and Ports" and "Wind, Ports and Sea", a large and complex wind monitoring network has been installed just in this area. Here, three LiDAR profilers provide a vertical scanning of the atmosphere up to 250 ​m above the ground level. From their continuous recordings, a method to extract thunderstorm events is herein proposed, based on an automated procedure involving systematic quantitative controls and specific qualitative judgments. Starting from it, this paper provides a comprehensive investigation and comparison of the main parameters ruling the outflow vertical profiles of a selected subset of thunderstorms. The nose shape of the wind profiles appears mainly during the velocity ramp-up and peak stages. During the downburst, the wind direction is systematically invariant with height. The capability of LiDAR to measure the wind speed turbulence component is also discussed and its properties along the vertical profile are shown. • Thunderstorm wind profiles are extracted from LiDAR databases. • Signals are processed by means of the classical and directional decomposition methods. • The nose shape of the wind profiles appears during the velocity ramp-up and peak stages. • The wind direction is observed to be invariant with height during the outflow. • The maximum values of turbulence intensity occur prior to those of horizontal wind speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of thunderstorm outflows and their actions on structures is a dominant topic of wind engineering. This paper contributes to knowledge in this field through a systematic analysis of the thunderstorm outflows recorded by 9 anemometers installed at different heights along the 325 m high Beijing Meteorological Tower. Analyses are carried out through a directional decomposition strategy. The characteristics of a wide dataset of thunderstorm signals are analysed in a statistical environment coherent with the traditional one for synoptic winds; in this stage of the research, estimations of the mean wind speed and direction, the turbulence parameters and gust factor are carried out considering the records as disjoint from each other. Based on this choice, the results are compared with those obtained in the northern Mediterranean, providing a preliminary answer to the crucial question whether thunderstorms have similar properties in different areas, or, better, what of their properties are similar and what depend on the area itself. Besides to previous researches, the time evolution of the wind speed and direction profile is investigated with reference to a thunderstorm test case event. The systematic analysis of the full dataset of thunderstorm outflow fields is postponed to future researches. • A series of thunderstorm outflow records are detected in Beijing urban area. • A novel directional decomposition strategy recently formulated is implemented. • The characteristics of a wide dataset of thunderstorm signals are analysed in a statistical environment. • The results are compared with those obtained in the northern Mediterranean preliminarily. • The time evolution of the wind speed and direction profile is investigated condidering a test case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of mountain areas, more wind-sensitive infrastructures are constructed. In the design of these infrastructures, the wind loading cannot be accurately obtained from the code based on the flat area. Hence, it is of great importance to study the mountain wind characteristics. In this study, the wind field measurement was initiated in a mountain area of western China. After the examination of the measured data, two typical wind events including the thunderstorm wind and thermally developed wind are highlighted. To extract and separate these wind events, an automatic classification method is proposed. The thunderstorm wind is analyzed in order to capture the rapid variation of its maximum wind speed, mean temperature and mean humidity through the boxplot method while the analysis of thermally developed winds relies on the correlation between the mean wind speed and mean temperature. Since the thunderstorm wind is relatively more important for wind engineering, its wind characteristic is focused hereafter and analyzed in detail based on the ultrasonic anemometer data. The characteristics of the thermally developed wind and other wind will be the matter of further studies and investigations. Results show that the characteristics of the thunderstorm wind measured in the mountainous area have no significant difference in comparison with those in the flat area. Due to the limited data, the above results deserve further investigations when more measurements become available. • Field measurement was conducted to study intense wind characteristics in mountain. • Thunderstorm and thermally developed winds (TW, TDW) are spotted in mountain. • TW and TDW are separated out by the proposed automatic classification method. • Transient characteristics of TW in mountain area are well discussed. • Characteristics of TW in mountain area are found to be similar to those in flat area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of thunderstorms is important to the wind hazard community to better understand extreme wind field characteristics and associated wind-induced load effects on structures. This paper contributes to this effort by proposing an innovative course of research that uses machine learning techniques, independent of wind statistics-based parameters, to autonomously identify thunderstorms from large databases containing high-frequency sampled continuous wind speed data. In this context, the use of Shapelet transform is proposed to identify key individual attributes distinctive to extreme wind events based on similarity of the shape of their time series signature. This shape-based representation, when combined with machine learning algorithms, yields a practical event detection procedure with minimal domain expertise. In this paper, the shapelet transform along with Random Forest classifier is employed for the identification of thunderstorms from 1-year of data from 14 ultrasonic anemometers that are a part of an extensive in-situ wind monitoring network in the Northern Mediterranean ports. A collective total of 240 non-stationary records associated with thunderstorms were identified using this method. The results lead to enhancing the pool of thunderstorm data for a more comprehensive understanding of a wide variety of thunderstorms that have not been previously detected using conventional gust factor-based methods. • The use of Shapelet Transform (ST) based machine learning is proposed to detect thunderstorms from wind velocity measurements. • This method is independent of wind statistics-based parameters so that a wide variety of thunderstorms can be identified. • Data from 14 ultrasonic anemometers in the Northern Mediterranean ports are used • A collective total of 240 non-stationary records associated with thunderstorms are autonomously identified using this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Downbursts are intense thunderstorm winds that can be found in most, if not all, regions around the globe. An accurate experimental investigation of downburst winds requires the proper geometric and kinematic scaling between the model downburst (m) created in a wind simulator and the full scale downburst event (p). This study makes a threefold contribution to further understanding of downburst outflows. First, the article introduces a new scaling methodology for downburst outflows based on the signal decomposition techniques of p and m downburst wind records. Second, the study describes a large set of m downbursts produced in the WindEEE Dome simulator at Western University and critically discusses their similarity with a large set of p events detected in the Mediterranean. Third, using the proposed scaling methodology, this paper attempts to partially reconstruct two p downburst events recorded in Genoa and Livorno, Italy. In total, 17 p and 1400 m downburst outflows are investigated herein, which represents the largest database of p and m downbursts combined. The similarity between p and m downbursts is quantitatively demonstrated for both mean and fluctuating components of the flows. The scaling method is verified by accurately predicting the known anemometer height of p events using m downburst measurements. Image 1 • Novel methodology for downburst scaling in wind simulators developed. • 1400 and 17 physically simulated and full scale events, respectively, analyzed. • Transient and turbulent features of physically simulated downbursts investigated. • Two downbursts in the Mediterranean reconstructed from simulations in WindEEE Dome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]