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In recent years, the increasing concern about the labour market implications of technological change has led economists to look in more detail at the structure of work content and job tasks. Incorporating insights from other traditions of task analysis, in particular from the labour process approach, as well as from recent research on skills, work organisation and occupational change, in this paper we propose a comprehensive and detailed taxonomy of tasks. Going beyond existing broad classifications, our taxonomy aims at connecting the substantive content of work with its organisational context by answering two key questions: what do people do at work and how do they do their work? For illustrative purposes, we show how our approach allows a better understanding of the impact of new technologies on work, by accounting for relevant ongoing transformations such as the diffusion of artificial intelligence and the unfolding of digital labour platforms.

Although the improvement of work environment is often associated with greater operational efficiency, we propose looking at it from a different angle. The improvement of working conditions creates a “side effect” that provides significant support for the implementation of CSR goals. That is, organizations have the opportunity not only to improve accountability to this stakeholder group, but also to stimulate its socially responsible behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to identify independent variables affecting employee behaviour in socially responsible organisations. To conduct the research, a questionnaire survey method was chosen. The research sample includes 823 respondents from Lithuania and Poland. The research hypotheses were tested by performing the linear regression analysis with independent variables. Our findings show that when such features as employee intentions to leave the job, the extremity of work content, biased work management, environment that does not correspond to ergonomic requirements, and poor working conditions were decreasing while other variables in Lithuanian organisations remained unchanged, the socially responsible behaviour of the organisations was strengthening. In Poland’s case, as negative intentions and attitudes of employees were weakening, the nature of tasks and working conditions were becoming more acceptable, while other social variables remained unchanged, the employee’s socially responsible behaviour was also strengthening.

The Complexity Index method is an approach developed to help manufacturing companies quantify complexity in production. This paper sheds light on the connection between complexity and manufacturing problems and how the Complexity Index method was used to capture the areas in a production line with high levels of complexity to determine the sources of manufacturing problems related to labour time, surplus production, and manufacturing error. The main areas perceived as complex were due to Work Instructions, Work Content, and Product Variants. The perceived complexities were assessed for proper actions to be taken to decrease their level of complexity. The correlations between complexity and manufacturing problems were used for tracking related issues and ways for improvement. This study presents data on the use of workers’ perception to uncover the areas of complexity, which could be used by the management team to pragmatically capture difficulties and issues related to manufacturing problems to improve the production system.

OBJECTIVE We investigate whether job autonomy is associated with employees' sickness absence. In particular, we examine the role of employees' age for this relationship. METHODS We can make use of the representative German Study of Mental Health at Work data (n = 3099 employees) and control for relevant covariates. RESULTS Applying theoretical consideration such as the Job Demand Control Model, we do find evidence for an inverse relation between employees' job autonomy and days of sickness absence. This relation is only weakly mediated by job satisfaction and particularly relevant for more senior employees. CONCLUSIONS Theoretical implications are aimed at extending the existing theoretical models by individuals age and derive age-specific propositions. Managerial implications include recommendations which directly affect the individuals work content with regard to the use of our definition of job autonomy.

This study compared the quality of work between part-time and full-time nurses and investigated the relationship between quality of work and satisfaction with the work itself among part-time nurses. Quality of work was measured by specific work content and job characteristics. It was hypothesized that work content would affect satisfaction mediated by job characteristics. Furthermore, the moderating effects of intrinsic work values on the relationship between job characteristics and satisfaction were examined. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 444 part-time and 795 full-time nurses working in Japanese hospital wards in 2017. The Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, and hierarchical multiple regressions were used. Work content differed between part-time and full-time nurses; however, job characteristics and satisfaction showed little difference. Work content was not associated with satisfaction mediated by job characteristics. Within the job characteristics, autonomy and feedback had positive effects on the satisfaction of part-time nurses, whereas interaction with work values was insignificant. When assigning work, it is important to allow part-time nurses to experience higher levels of autonomy and feedback regardless of their intrinsic work values.

In this study, Menâkib-i Evliyâ which is registered with the number of 45 Hk 1229/2 in Manisa Written Studies Library is analysed. The study consists of the tales that belong to Sunbul Sinan who is prompted to in his sect. Based on a work with a historical document society’s cultural values and cultural treasures are examined. In the study, the values determined according to the work content was reclassified by the researchers. The classification was done under three headlines. From the point of values education. Beside the values determined according to the work content was reclassified by the researchers.

The aim of methodological recommendations drafting and methodological recommendations content on independent work for degree-seeking students is relevant since the independent work implementation requires teacher’s advice which should be represented most appropriately in methodological recommendations. The major purpose of recommendations preparing is to give a teacher the accurate action plan on using efficient technologies, forms, methods of teaching, their practical implementation into the educational process. The approaches to methodological recommendations on degree-seeking students independent work were analyzed in the article. It was noted that content of methodological recommendations had been made dependent on their aim: there were recommendations for tutors and recommendations for degree-seeking students. There was given the theoretical basis for degree-seeking students independent work arrangement, subcomponents of independent work and its efficiency factors. There were represented the criteria for independent work content selection while integrative courses, learning through their didactic consistency. It was found out the correlation between three motive groups that caused the definite activity forms and person’s behaviour. The independent work was identified as a part of academic process. The requirements to independent work arrangement were gradated and advice for its arrangement efficiency was given. On the base of published methodological recommendations on independent work, test writing, Master’s research paper preparation and defense, individual scientific and research task performance etc. there was made a conclusion about supervising necessity and prerequisite structural elements of methodological recommendations on degree-seeking students independent work while foreign language learning as follows: explanatory note, theoretical and practical parts, recommended reading list, evaluation criteria, self-done tasks submission requirements, annexes. It was proved that methodological recommendations on independent work of degree-seeking students of different specialties and subjects had their exact aim and peculiar unique content and structure

This article tackles the legal problem of scientific authorship by analyzing a scientific work as an object of copyright protection. The problem of a research papers uncopyrightable content is pointed out, and concepts of authorship and plagiarism are revealed. The articles author analyzes suggestions on providing legal protection for elements of scientific work content, as represented in the doctrine, as well as historical attempts to work out a bill for protection of scientific property. In conclusion, the author provides suggestions on the advisability of legal protection for elements of scientific works content and on the nature of corresponding rights.

Project ending phase is strategically important for organizations, but it has been largely neglected in previous research and practice. In this phase, the project manager is the executor of strategic moves and plays a paramount role in completing projects efficiently and other summarizing work, but the issues related to complicated work content, future career path, and work-family conflicts may rapidly increase the pressure on project managers at the same time. These stressors affect project managers psychologically, physiologically, and behaviorally and inhibit project managers' capability from functioning well. Under this scenario, the purpose of the study is to empirically figure out the impact of project managers' participation in project ending, and their capability's contribution to project ending performance under pressure. This research identified six factors of project ending stressor, namely skill discretion, decision authority, job demands, job insecurity, job readjustment, and family support. A sample of 214 experienced project managers from different industries was collected, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. The results show that project managers play as coordinators among stakeholders in completing product handover and accumulating knowledge asset, thus indirectly enhancing organizational strategic value integration in project ending. Completing product handover is more efficient in terms of strategic integration than accumulating knowledge assets. When the stressors begin to pile up, the contribution of project managers' capability will be hindered, but only the process of accumulating knowledge assets is affected. Thereby, project managers under pressure tend to first lose control of the task with less strategic importance. This study supplements insights to related theory in project management and human resource management fields and also provides practical suggestions for project management and personnel management in project-based organizations.

This paper offers a critical perspective on the debate surrounding autonomy at work for a specific category of non‐standard workers: independent professionals. The increasing numbers now working this way as well as their spread into all sectors, industries and occupations, mean that their work arrangements can no longer be dismissed as non‐standard or atypical. Defining them by what they are not is quite simply no longer an option. Our paper examines the various components intertwined behind the taken‐for‐granted concept of autonomy. Drawing on debates from the legal through to the sociological and HR literatures, we identify three underlying dimensions to autonomy. When combined, they provide the basis for an analytical matrix that may assist policy makers, practitioners and individual workers to understand the challenges and opportunities linked to new ways of working.

The article discusses the content of the military-social work of the Ukraine Armed Forces as a moral and psychological support component. The functions, tasks and content of military-social work are revealed. The understanding of the military-social work content has been supplemented and expanded. A comparative analysis of the social workers and volunteer activities in the Ukraine Armed Forces and the foreign countries armies was carried out.The specialization of the social worker was marked as a complex of social-legal, economic and vigorous calls, conducted by the state, government bodies, commanders and headquarters of all regions, and all of them, member of the group of services. The military social work main tasks are highlighted: protection of social norms and guarantees of military personnel in accordance with existing legislation; implementation of measures to reduce the social tension of military collectives; research of social processes in military collectives; creation of prerequisites for the formation and maintenance of high combat activity of personnel; adaptation of military personnel to changing conditions, work with families of military personnel. The fact that in the Armed Forces of Ukraine military-social work is primarily informational, advisory in nature, rather than the practical implementation of measures to ensure the social protection of the state's military personnel, has been ascertained.

Aim To investigate nurses' core emergency competencies for handling the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and analyse the factors associated with those competencies. Background COVID-19 has become a major global public health event. Nursing staff have played an important role in COVID-19 prevention and control. Understanding their emergency competencies for handling COVID-19, and the potential disadvantages will help governments to develop targeted training policies and improve nurses' capacities in relation to pandemics and emergency preparedness. Introduction COVID-19 is a disastrous infectious disease, but the competencies of nurses in China to handle COVID-19 have not been well documented. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey on nurses from 22 provinces of China in February 2020. The scores of self-report questionnaires were used to analyse their competencies for core emergency care, and linear regression analysis was used to explore influential factors. Results A total of 2570 nurses participated. The study revealed that nurses had a good grasp of COVID-19 knowledge, but the majority of nurses lacked experience in isolation ward work and emergency training. We found that age, professional title, work department, major work content, total work time, disaster rescue history, emergency training and infectious disease training were associated with core emergency competencies. Conclusions Chinese nurses were qualified for handling COVID-19 but still need to strengthen the accumulation of practical experience. Implications for nursing Nurses should actively participate in emergencies to strengthen their operational capacity, whether in training or actual practice. Implications for nursing/health policy Managers should improve relevant policies to ensure that nurses have more opportunities to participate in the practical training of health emergencies and explore effective training methods to improve the ability of nurses to respond to these.

It shows the outline of the domestic surveyed plant. Those plants are placed in the Kanto area, mainly in the automobile and the electrical industry. Most of the work content is assembly work.

Migration flows from a southern European country to another one have received scarce attention so far. This is especially true for Italians migrating to Greece or, more specifically, the Athens area. Thus, there are limited insights as to the reasons why Italians are leaving and why they have been choosing Greece as their destination. This paper looks at their motives for migrating and their destination choice in order to understand the diversity of migratory trajectories through a typology. In order to do this, we carried out in-depth interviews to Italians living, both permanently and temporarily, in the Athens area, employing snowball sampling. As a result, we have identified 5 types of Italian immigrants in Athens: Mediterranean, nomadic, work, entrepreneurial, and marriage migrants. Mediterranean migrants are driven by the typically Mediterranean character of climate, landscape, food, and culture in their deliberate choice of Athens. Nomadic migrants have casually chosen Athens to satisfy their need of continuous physical mobility and multiple moorings as a defining aspect of their identity. Work migrants are motivated by the search of a job regardless of the place and work content. Entrepreneurial migrants are motivated by a vocation for a professional career in Athens. Finally, for marriage migrants, the choice of Athens is a consequence of a couple choice and shared life projects.

The transformation of schedules can be innovative if the actors concerned participate in it and if their professional logics are different. In activity ergonomics, it takes into account the content of the work and is discussed by all the actors to choose the best compromise. The objectives of this communication are to show that schedules and work content are interdependent, that the transformation of schedules is an opportunity to re-establish an inter professional discussion on current and future work, and that this discussion facilitates the appropriation of solutions. The methodology is deployed in a pneumology unit for three years. An inventory of the initial work situation is first constructed from observations and interviews. The design solutions are then projected in groups with work simulation. The three groups, which bring together the different professional logics of the service, are recorded and analyzed on Actograph®. The effects of the groups are studied during the testing of the new schedules, based on observations, interviews and internal data. The results first show that the increase in nurses' day-night overlap (schedules) is dependent on improved patient flow and coordination with physicians (work content). Inter professional discussions, equipped by the simulation, made it possible to project future working conditions, but above all to talk about current working conditions. They also enabled the actors to take ownership of the verbalized conditions for success: most of these conditions became a reality in the service during the test of the new schedules.

Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS) performance for industry 4.0 is highly context-dependent, where three design areas arise: the artifact itself, the human-agent collaboration, and the organizational settings. Current HF&E tools are limited to conceptualize and anticipate future human-agent work situations with a fine-grained perspective. This paper explores how rich insights from work analysis can be translated into formative design patterns that provide finer guidance in conceptualizing the human-agent collaboration and the organizational settings. The current manual work content elicited is disaggregated into functional requirements. Each function is then scrutinized by a multidisciplinary design team that decides its feasibility and nature (autonomy function, human function, or hybrid function). By doing so, we uncover the technical capabilities of the CPSS in comparison with subject-matter experts' work activity. We called this concept technological coverage. The framework thereof allows close collaboration with design stakeholders to define detailed HAT configurations. We then imagined joint activity scenarios based on end-users work activity, the technological capabilities, and the interaction requirements to perform the work. We use a study on technological innovation in the aircraft maintenance domain to illustrate the framework's early phases.

This paper takes the assembly line of household refrigerator A of H company as the research object, and calculates the balance rate of the production line through on-site measurement, and finds that the production line has big problems. Through Flexsim simulation analysis, the bottleneck process was found, and the ECRS principle and operation improvement method of industrial engineering were used to adjust the work position process, divide the work content, adjust the number of staff, and improve the method of on-site layout to achieve the improvement and optimization of the assembly line balance, which achieved obvious results effect.

Societal, technological, and economical changes in the last decades have led to the development of new work arrangements located in a ≪ gray zone ≫ between standard employment and classical self-employment (Cappelli and Keller, 2013a; ILO, 2016; Katz and Krueger, 2016). Official labor market statistics must be adapted to provide researchers and policymakers with relevant data on this population (Gazier et al., 2016; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, 2017; ILO, 2018). Cappelli and Keller (2013b) point out that new work arrangements are characterized by changes in the management of the work relationships (with a growing intervention of labor market intermediaries) and in the way the work is supervised (from work processes to outcomes). The concept of autonomy thus becomes a central feature of new work arrangements leading to specific configurations of risks and opportunities for individual workers concerned. Autonomy can be divided in three main dimensions: work status, work content, and working conditions (Pichault and McKeown, 2019). International surveys such as the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) provide valuable data covering these dimensions of autonomy. Our paper is focused on a specific category of workers experiencing the ambiguities of autonomy at work: Independent Professionals (Ipros). Ipros provide various forms of intellectual work in the service sector through self-employment and are often regarded as a highly autonomous workforce (Leighton and Brown, 2014; McKeown, 2015) while they can also be subject to precarious situations regarding their economic dependency or freedom of choice (de Peuter, 2011; Standing, 2011; Bergvall-Kåreborn and Howcroft, 2013). The objectives of this paper are, first, to build a set of indicators likely to measure the various dimensions of autonomy, and, second, to provide an empirical typology of new work arrangements by using cluster analysis methods. Through the application of this analytical framework on the EWCS 2015 data, we observe various situations in terms of risk and opportunities related to autonomy, shedding light on unexpected precarious situations where Ipros face the risks of autonomy without getting the associated benefits. Our results provide a nuanced typology of empirical situations, overcoming such a dichotomic vision of non-standard work arrangements.

In this study, we propose a telework "avatar work" that enables people with disabilities to engage in physical works such as customer service in order to realize an inclusive society, where we can do anything if we have free mind, even though we are bedridden. In avatar work, disabled people can remotely engage in physical work by operating a proposed robot "OriHime-D" with a mouse or gaze input depending on their own disabilities. As a social implementation initiative of avatar work, we have opened a two-week limited avatar robot cafe and have evaluated remote employment by people with disabilities using OriHime-D. As the results by 10 people with disabilities, we have confirmed that the proposed avatar work leads to mental fulfillment for people with disparities, and can be designed with adaptable workload. In addition, we have confirmed that the work content of the experimental cafe is appropriate for people with a variety of disabilities seeking social participation. This study contributes to fulfillment all through life and lifetime working, and at the same time leads to a solution to the employment shortage problem.

Background Digital technologies, including robots, are being increasingly used in elderly care. Their impact on users carries implications for successfully integrating technological innovations into care. This study aims to identify the impacts of care-robot implementation on elderly-care service stakeholders. Methods Impacts of care-robot implementation on users – care personnel and elderly clients – are identified from the data collected during a 10-week field study of the implementation process of the care robot ‘Zora’ in municipal elderly care services in Finland. The data were obtained from semi-participatory observation (27 sessions) of the robot engaging in rehabilitation efforts in two care homes and a geriatric rehabilitation hospital, and focus-group interviews conducted with 40 care workers and clients. Results Robot use in elderly care is associated with multiple types of impacts with positive, negative, and neutral dimensions. These include impacts on interaction and activity for clients, and impacts on the work atmosphere, meaningfulness of work content, and professional development for care personnel. Impacts on personnel were related to the need for orientation, problems of time usage, and overall attitudes toward novelty and renewing of care service. The robot’s presence stimulated the clients into exercising and interacting. The care workers perceived the clients’ well-being both as a motivation to learn how to use robots as well as a justification for negative views. Conclusions Care-robots like Zora have the potential for multi-faceted rehabilitative functions and can become part of care service with careful systemic planning with a specific focus on orientation. Many of the identified impacts were related to how the robot fits into the service processes. Distinguishing between positive, negative, or neutral dimensions of different impacts is important.

The nature of work, including how, where and when it is done, is changing rapidly these days. Employees are constantly engaging in modern ICT that permits them to work anywhere, at any time and in any way. Remote working, mobile working, flexible schedules and compressed workweeks are some of the many work adjustments or combinations of adjustments in use in different companies worldwide. ICT naturally reduces the need for physical mobility in a globalised world by means of telepresence and videoconferencing in the face of globalisation, which increases the physical mobility needs (consumerism, offshoring, global sourcing and others). Generally, it was found that work/life balance policies are a remarkable tool for the improvement of performance, high productivity, morale and commitment. The aim of this paper is to analyse the initial issue of mobile teleworking as a problem for work/life balance in an international sports company. The method used is Skype interviews with 12 mobile teleworkers. There is gender equality (six males and six females). The main objectives are to understand if issues in the work/life balance are obstacles to mobile working, in addition whether this kind of work is becoming more common and is expanding, and lastly if mobile telework intensifies the delimitation of work and life. Our results show that mobile teleworking involves readiness to travel and is equated with a high level of autonomy in work and self-discipline. Further, work/life balance is endangered by high mobility, which can be decreased when customers are educated. Moreover, mobile life is not a long-term option, and mobile life is a suitable tool to fit in with family arrangements. Generally, focus on work content is more important than the workplace.

Nowadays World class manufacturing organizations continuously try to provide highest quality products at the lowest price by implementing innovative approaches for optimizing their production system. Mechatronics play an important role in meeting such requirements, because “Quality is Free”. With this aim the processes are studied for optimizing work method and time. The optimization of work method can be done by reducing work content by improving the processing methods and the time can be optimized by automating the process. This systematic approach of process improvement is illustrated with a case study. The case study has been carried out in a leading car manufacturing industry (Ford India Limited) The process is improved by designing a mechanism and was mechanized by applying Mechatronics concepts for obtaining higher accuracy and quick processing. Here two kinds of solution were suggested and compared as well. The both new setups eliminate the drawbacks in the existing method (Manual Processing). Actually, Manual processes will lengthy, tedious, time consuming and consequently error prone. The proposed machine setups designed completely and demonstrated successfully.

School resource room guidance personnel handle services to students with disabilities in institutions of higher education in Taiwan. This study conducted a survey of the kind of work perfor...

This article discusses the changes in workers’ identity as blue-collar or salaried staff with respect to changing work content due to new models of industrial systems. Within these new industrial models, traditional blue-collar work is moving into areas of work previously held solely by salaried staff. This article argues that the merging of work content will cause a process of identity-mergers, a process calling for increased collaboration between blue-collar unions on the one hand, and salaried staff unions on the other. Reporting on four company cases, the authors argue that this process is caused both by labour unions’ efforts to increase workers’ motivation in work, as well as by market demands generating new models of industrial production. The authors conclude that the models of industrial relations must change so as to encompass cross-union collaboration and the diversity of professions.

Research Summary: Despite the recognition that knowledge sharing among employees is necessary to enact knowledge strategy, little is known about how to enable such sharing. Recent research suggests that social media may promote knowledge sharing because they allow social lubrication and the formation of trust. Our longitudinal and comparative analysis of social media usage at two large firms indicates that users who participate in nonwork interactions on social media catalyze a cycle of curiosity and passable trust that enables them to connect and share knowledge. Paradoxically, the very nonwork‐related content that attracts users to social media and shapes passable trust can become a source of tension, thwarting a firm's ability to encapsulate knowledge in the form of routines and to use it to enact its strategy. Managerial Summary: Integrating knowledge from across a firm is a critical source of competitive advantage. Firms are increasingly implementing internal social media sites to promote knowledge sharing among their employees. Our analysis indicates that employees’ curiosity about nonwork‐related and work‐related interactions motivate them to use the sites. The integration of nonwork and work content allows employees to identify people with valuable knowledge, and gauge the passable trust that they need to share knowledge on the sites or offline. Paradoxically, the nonwork‐related content that attracts users to the sites can become a source of tension, thwarting the production of knowledge to enact firms’ knowledge‐based strategies. To foster work‐related knowledge sharing, managers should accommodate nonwork‐related interactions on social media.

Aim To examine reward type preferences and their relationships with the significance of rewarding perceived by registered nurses in Finland. Background Previous studies have found relationships between nurses' rewarding and their motivation at work, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Methods Data were collected in a cross-sectional, descriptive, questionnaire survey from 402 registered nurses using the Registered Nurses' Perceptions of Rewarding Scale in 2015, and analysed with descriptive and multivariate statistical methods. Results Registered nurses assigned slightly higher values to several non-financial than to financial rewards. The non-financial reward types appreciation and feedback from work community, worktime arrangements, work content, and opportunity to develop, influence and participate were highly related to the significance of rewarding. Conclusions We identified various rewards that registered nurses value, and indications that providing an appropriate array of rewards, particularly non-financial rewards, is a highly beneficial element of nursing management. Implications for Nursing Management It is important to understand the value of rewards for nursing management. Nurse managers should offer diverse rewards to their registered nurses to promote excellent performance and to help efforts to secure and maintain high-quality, safe patient care. The use of appropriate rewards is especially crucial to improving registered nurses' reward satisfaction and job satisfaction globally in the nursing profession.

As the most serious phase of construction pollution, the earthwork construction phase emits a large amount of dust into the environment and causes serious health hazards to construction workers. To reveal the characteristics of the health risks to workers caused by the dust generated during the earthwork construction phase, to polish the evaluation system of health damage in construction projects, and to improve the occupational health of workers, in this study, a health risk evaluation system was established based on the measured data and difference in the working contents of the works in the earthwork construction phase. Such an evaluation system consists of both measurements of dust exposure and the quantification of health risks. In this paper, the actual dust exposure of different workers was firstly monitored based on the differential characteristics of the work content of practitioners in the earthwork construction phase. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) was then adopted to quantify health risks and brought them economic significance through the willingness to pay (WTP). The said evaluation system was applied to the earthwork construction phase of certain house construction to obtain dust health damage values for different work types and to conduct comparative analysis. The dust suppression effect of the spray system and application of protective masks in construction work were considered for the first time. During the construction phase of earthwork, the health risks of workers caused by dust pollution were increased. Moreover, there were obvious differences between the various types of work. Wearing protective masks and spraying systems could effectively reduce health risks. Overall, the protective mask and spray dust control system reduced the health risk by 67.54% and 38.56%, respectively, while the health risks for the use of both measures could be reduced by 76.89%. In addition, effective dust control measures were proposed according to the results of this study, which provide references for workers to strengthen dust-proof works. Using the methodology and results of this study, construction companies can systematically manage construction operations, consider the critical equipment to be used, and effectively manage dust generated from the construction site.

Background of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004. WP1: Compilation The aim of this article is to analyze work content and its components in translation agencies. In the conceptual part of the article, we refer to concepts taken from the sociology of work and translation studies. In the analytical part, we use data produced by Stelmach in her study carried out in a small translation agency in Poland using the technique of self-observation (Stelmach 2000). The aim of Stelmach's study was to record and analyze all the activities that form part of the production process of a translation service. Because the observation was continual in time, it provided a complete list of all the activities carried out by the permanent staff occupying two internal jobs. Stelmach's approach was quantitative and not focused on specific, translation-related work organization. In this article, we reinterpret these activities as the content of the work in translation-related internal positions, and compare it with Gouadec's model of translation service provision process (Gouadec 2002, 2005a, 2005b, 2007). The data analyzed show the importance of outsourcing in the everyday activity of translation agencies and (partly as a consequence of this outsourcing) the magnitude and importance of the management activities carried out by the staff.

A cellular bucket brigade is a way to coordinate workers along an aisle with work content on both sides. Each worker in a cellular bucket brigade works on one side of the aisle when he proceeds in one direction, and he works on the other side when he proceeds in the reverse direction. Although the cellular bucket brigade eliminates the unproductive walkback, it requires more hand-offs to assemble a product than a traditional (serial) bucket brigade. These hand-offs may waste significant production capacity as each of them requires an exchange of work, which can be complicated and time consuming in practice. This motivates us to investigate the impact of hand-off times on the cellular bucket brigade's performance. We identify sufficient conditions to ensure no workers are idle in the long run and for the system to self-balance in a model with hand-off times. Our results suggest that even with significant hand-off times, the cellular bucket brigade can remain substantially (about 50%) more productive than the traditional bucket brigade especially if the team size is small and the workers’ work velocities are close to their walk velocity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Background To improve working conditions and counteract nursing shortages, more knowledge is needed about the opportunities nurses have to carry out their work and what guide nurses’ work. The aim of this study was to use the ARIA guide to identify the opportunities and obstacles in nurse managers, registered specialist nurses and non-registered assistant nurses work in an operating department. Methods A descriptive case study design was performed in an operating department, comprising structured individual and group interviews according to work content analyses with nurse managers, registered specialist nurses and assistant nurses. Interviews were analysed in terms of predetermined aspects regarding working conditions and criteria for performance obstacles. Extracts from documents stating goals and registered data supplemented the interviews. Results The findings show that the daily surgery schedule, not the goal documents, guided daily work. An over-optimistic surgery schedule with unplanned changes and cancellations, over which the nurses had very little influence, as well as the time required to locate necessary equipment that was spread throughout the ward, resulted in nurses rushing through medical records and other preparations rather than preparing calmly for surgery. Although the registered specialist nurses and assistant nurses considered quality of care to be highly important, no standardised evaluations on quality of care were performed. Conclusion The study reveals the importance of a functioning physical work environment including storage, technical equipment supplies, and the positioning of technical equipment in operating rooms, in order for registered specialist and assistant nurses to perform their tasks well. Due to goal incongruence and performance obstacles, the nurses were often unable to reach their daily goals. Involving registered specialist nurses in the process of planning of the surgery schedule could facilitate their work to better match the prerequisites in the physical work environment and among available staff. In order for the Operating Department Goal Document to guide work, goals must be transformed into understandable, realistic, applicable and evaluable aims, and incorporated into daily work.

The European Center for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) Targeted Risk Assessment (TRA) that is positioned as a Tier 1 model for screening assessment in Europe can contribute to improvement of the independent work environment of workers if utilized in Japanese workplaces. In this study, estimated values of ethylbenzene obtained using ECETOC TRA were compared to measured values, and applicability of ECETOC TRA to the Japanese workplace was studied. Measured values and the work content collected from exposure field surveys conducted by the Japanese government in FY 2009 and FY 2010 were utilized for this study. The 137 tasks in 17 companies evaluated were related to manufacturing and painting. The process categories (PROCs) related to ECETOC TRA were selected for manufacturing (PROC 2, 3, 4, 5, 8a, 8b, 9, 13, 14 or 15) and painting (PROC 7 or 10). The results showed that most of the estimated values of manufacturing work were above the measured values, and just 3 of 52 tasks were below the measured values. On the other hand, the estimated values of painting work below the measured values were observed in 27 of 85 tasks. In particular, it was observed that the estimated values were below the measured values in 22 of 38 tasks for roller painting work (PROC 10). The 24 tasks for which 20 ppm was exceeded were related to painting work, and 4 of 10 tasks for PROC 7 and 13 of 14 tasks for PROC 10 were below the estimated values. All of the work for which the estimated values were below the measured values consisted of the hull block painting in ship building work. Though the painting work performed at indoor workplaces in Japan was subject to regulations for ethylbenzene in 2013 and reduction measures are being developed, independent risk assessment and management by workers is required continuously at workplaces engaged in the production of ethylbenzene. ECETOC TRA can be adequately utilized as a Tier 1 model for screening assessment to perform independent risk assessment at Japanese workplaces engaged in the production of ethylbenzene.

Business Analysts in corporate settings come in many flavors, and they work in a wide variety of industries, verticals, and domains. Given that goals, objectives, and structures differ from organization to organization, the designation and actual work content of a Business Analyst will accordingly differ as well.

Aim To develop the Nurse Managers' Work Content Questionnaire (NMWCQ) and to describe nurse managers' work content. Background Restructuring within health care has expanded the nurse manager's role to include organisational, patient and staff demands. Methods The pilot study employed a cross-sectional study design. Based on a literature review, the NMWCQ with 102 items was developed and pretested for this study. Data were collected in 2017 from three Finnish acute care central hospitals that provide specialised health care. A total of 61 nurse managers participated, which represents a response rate of 59%. Principal component analysis was used to test the construct validity of the instrument. Cronbach's alpha values were used to analyse the internal consistency of the instrument. In addition, descriptive and nonparametric analysis was used. Results Ultimately, 13 components with 87 items were identified in the questionnaire. The construct validity and internal consistency of the questionnaire were at acceptable levels. Cronbach's alpha rates of the components were 0.554 - 0.890. The most frequently performed daily work of nurse managers was in the component of organising, and the most infrequently performed daily work was in the component of clinical nursing. Conclusions The study shows that the Nurse Managers' Work Content Questionnaire (NMWCQ) is suitable for measuring the current content of nurse managers' work. However, the questionnaire is new and needs additional testing such as confirmatory factor analysis with larger amounts of data.

The relevance of the studied problem is caused by the increased requirements of employers to reduce production costs (works) including labor expenses. Development of Information Technologies in work standardization gives a possibility to reduce labor input of specialists in work standardization and to increase efficiency of their working hours. It will allow analyzing existing standards in more details and developing activities, which are aimed at increase in their quality. The research objective is to define the main directions of application of the information technologies (IT) in labor rationing. Authors analyzed the experience of IT application to solve the tasks in the field of labor organization and rationing at the enterprises of the Samara region, the structure of organization information system and labor rationing is presented, the approximate work content of time study engineers is given and the structure of its automated workplace is demonstrated. The materials of the article can be useful for the departments of labor rationing, for the research on increasing labor productivity, for the creation of information programs on calculating labor productivity.

Telework is attracting attention as one of new ways of working in Japan. Telework is a way of working that works without entering the company, but some companies are actually introducing it based on its merits, but the telework’s notoriousness and penetration rate is still low in Japan. We conducted two surveys in companies that are considering introducing telework. First of all, I investigated anxiety, frustration, etc. concerning employees’ introduction of telework. Next, we conducted an investigation on the actual work content. It aimed to clarify the barriers of teleworking by knowing the tendency of business contents. As a result, it was shown that insufficient infrastructure development, concern about dilution of communication, and a decrease in work efficiency are the major causes of introduction barriers, and the work contents can be classified into seven categories.

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered how businesses are being conducted. These alterations have greatly impacted the way work is performed, work content and the worker. Unparalleled wage cuts, downsizing and recruitment freeze are the standard practises that has shaken global workforce in this turbulent crisis. The present study looks at the positive and constructive actions taken by small and large organisations globally for balancing employee wellbeing and economic viability in the COVID-19 scenario. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study has collected secondary data about positive actions taken by organisations from companies' official websites, survey reports, blog postings and news portals etc. and content analysis has been carried out to explore the latent themes. Findings: By leveraging technology, organisations can bring about change and instil a structured approach to strategy formulation for forward-looking business. Organisations need to realize that the future of work has exited from board rooms and have reached the drawing rooms of the employees. Further, evolving technologies such as. Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Internet of Things and Machine Learning are going to be means of dealing with ambiguity. Research Implications: The present study has given some directions to HR leaders that blending employee experiences with right form of technology while upholding the organisational values will hopefully give positive results in any future crisis. The mangers today need to increase their empathic attitude many folds to keep the employees motivated both professionally and personally. The employee's need to feel a sense of belongingness with the organisation during this crisis. Positive employee experience and engagement at this juncture will deliver broad spectrum with a sense of purpose on one side and ease of daily transactions on the other side

Oral health care by dental hygienists contributes to the maintenance of nutritional and general health for older people in nursing facilities. This study aimed to investigate daily tasks and willingness to work among dental hygienists working in nursing facilities in Japan. In 2019, using a self-administered questionnaire, a postal cross-sectional survey was conducted among members of the Japanese Dental Hygienists’ Association. Questionnaires were distributed to all 16,722 Association members (responses, n = 8932, return rate, 53.4%). We analysed data from 368 dental hygienists currently working in nursing facilities. Item response theory and correspondence analyses were performed. In total, &gt, 90% of dental hygienists undertook oral examinations and provided oral hygiene instructions to residents and facility staff. In contrast, the implementation rate of tasks related to interprofessional collaboration was relatively low (approximately 50%), and 72.6% of dental hygienists indicated that they wanted to continue working in nursing facilities. Their willingness to work was closely associated with work involving interprofessional collaboration. Our study findings showed that dental hygienists’ work content in nursing facilities was diverse, but that there was variation in implemented tasks. Willingness to continue working in nursing facilities was associated with interprofessional collaboration among dental hygienists.

The purpose of this article is to explore how a group of managers construct their reality, more specifically what it means to work as a manager in a municipal organization. The empirical data for the study were obtained from a Swedish medium-sized municipality and the study takes as its research approach grounded theory, as developed by Glaser and Strauss. Consequently, the empirical data formed the basis for the research, which takes a multi-methodical and theory-generating approach. The methods used in the study include the use of a questionnaire study, interviews in focus groups, observations, reflective work diaries, and the creation of feedback sessions. The result shows that the managers work in an organization where conflicting and competing value systems act together. These can be interpreted as environmental factors and external bounds on a structural societal level, which cannot be influenced. A point of analysis is that these factors and external bounds to a high degree permeate the manager’s workday and can therefore be seen as a plausible explanation for the boundless nature of the managerial task. For most of the managers of the study, this was expressed as uncertainty as to how to define and interpret goals and as to what the managerial role includes with regard to areas of responsibility. It is interesting to ask, however, whether these conditions are not characteristic of the role of managers and work life in general. The results also show that the substantive theory of the study was not judged to be valid for the municipal companies. These managers do not express as ambivalent an approach to competing value systems as the managers in other sections of the municipality do. Nor do they appear to question their professional knowledge, the work content or managership. Another empirical important finding is that the managers believe that the organizational conditions limit ability to carry out the manager task, but that, despite this, they indicate, paradoxically, that they like their work and the social work environment.

BACKGROUND Musicians face numerous psychosocial and physical demands at work resulting in high prevalence of musculoskeletal problems. Unlike physical risks, little is known about psychosocial work factors influencing such health problems in this particular group. OBJECTIVE The paper aimed to identify psychosocial work demands resulting in musculoskeletal problems among musicians. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken to find data linking psychosocial work demands or stress with musculoskeletal disorders among musicians. RESULTS The exploration of databases resulted in nine research studies linking psychosocial aspects of work or stress with musculoskeletal problems among musicians. The analyzed studies linked psychosocial aspects with musculoskeletal problems in three ways - showing proportions of people indicating particular causes of pain, indicating correlations between these variables or performing regression analysis showing psychosocial predictors of musculoskeletal pain. CONCLUSIONS Only a few studies have undertaken the issue of psychosocial risk factors for musculoskeletal problems among musicians. The results revealed that some psychosocial aspects of work, e.g. long hours at work, work content, high job demands, low control/influence, lack of social support, were related to musculoskeletal pain, however, the methods and results were inconsistent. The extant studies employed variety of definitions of psychosocial aspects that hindered the possibility for consistent conclusions. Basing on those conclusions, future directions were offered.

Background: Work place psychosocial hazards are assuming a central place in occupational health and safety, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Psychosocial hazards refer to the mental stresses of work including all sources of fatigue and stress caused by work, work structure, design and regulation that affect output and employee’s wellbeing and health. Several factors have been identified to increase the risks of psychosocial hazards. A number of risk factors may predispose workers to certain work place hazards. Aim: The study was to assess the possible risk factors for psychosocial hazards among Workers at the University of Port Harcourt. Methodology: Ethical approval for the study was obtained and 600 consenting staffers of the University of Port Harcourt were recruited by systematic random sampling and a risk Matrix which is a validated instrument (interviewer administered) as well as a pretested structured closed ended self administered questionnaire was distributed among respondents. Results were presented using descriptive and analytical methods. Results: From the study, risk factors for psychosocial hazards included work load with 548 (98.2%), followed by home-work interface with 458 (82.0%), lack of possibilities to advance forward 392 (70.1%), lack of career development 327 (58.7%), work content with 329 (60%) while constant state of alertness (CSA) was the least with 98 (17.6%). Conclusion: Workers at the University of Port Harcourt experienced or are faced with a number of risk factors for psychosocial hazards; most of them are organizational and employer’s factors. Therefore there is a need to institute appropriate measures to address preventable risk factors and improve the work environment thereby increasing workers effectiveness, productivity and improving their health.

Background: Work-related psychosocial stress can cause mental and physical illnesses resulting in high costs for the individual, the economy and society. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employ the majority of the world’s workforce and often have fewer financial and human resources compared to larger businesses. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on work-related stress in SMEs according to well-established guidelines categorizing psychosocial factors at work. Methods: A systematic database search was carried out in PubMed, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX and Business Source Premiere from March to June 2019, updated in January 2020. Data of included studies were analyzed and mapped into five themes: “work content and task”, “organization of work”, “social relations”, “working environment” and “new forms of work”. Results: After full-text screening, 45 out of 116 studies were included for data extraction. Studies were very heterogeneous and of varying quality, mostly applying a cross-sectional study design. Psychosocial factors in SMEs have been researched with a focus on the work patterns “work organization” and “work content and task”. Conclusions: This review underlines the need for more and better quality research of psychosocial factors in SMEs, particularly in relation to ongoing and new challenges in the workplace, including stressors related to the process of digitalization or the development of safe working conditions during the emerge of new infectious diseases.

This paper proposed primary factors for preliminary screening of candidate mines and annual monitoring of green mines based on integrated analysis on green mine construction requirements, assessment indicators, etc.; introduced technical procedure, work content and work method of monitoring through example analysis, and preliminarily built a technology system for preliminary screening of candidate mines and annual monitoring of green mines.

China has preliminarily built a modern high-speed railway network, and the huge scale of the network has put forward higher requirements on infrastructure maintenance and management. In order to achieve high quality and efficient development of high-speed railway, this paper conducts research on the maintenance and management model of China's high-speed railway infrastructure. This article describes the characteristics of infrastructure maintenance management in developed countries of high-speed railways such as Japan, France and Germany; summarizes the technical characteristics of China's high-speed railways and analyzes the factors influencing infrastructure maintenance management in China. Based on the theory of organizational structure, the article systematically analyzes the differences in the work content, work methods, and means of high-speed railway infrastructure inspection and monitoring, routine maintenance, and specialized repair operations, so as to put forward the maintenance management mode of the separation of "inspection, maintenance, repair". This model mixes together the specialization of technical management and the comprehensive integration of production organization. On this basis, a comprehensive maintenance system for high-speed railway infrastructure was designed and a comprehensive maintenance organizational structure and working mechanism was proposed. Practice has shown that a comprehensive maintenance system for high-speed railway infrastructure is conducive to improving emergency response capabilities, reducing operating costs and achieving optimal resource allocation.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis return saham yang akan diperoleh. Penelitian ini juga melibatkan variabel bebas yaitu arus kas operasi, arus kas investasi, arus kas pendanaan dan laba akuntansi. Sedangkan, return dihitung menggunakan geometric mean. Analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi berganda. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 80 perusahaan yang memiliki kapitalisasi besar yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa pengungkapan laba akuntansi memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap return saham. Hal ini berarti bahwa investor mempertimbangkan informasi laba akuntansi yang diungkapkan dalam laporan tahunannya untuk membuat keputusan. Sedangkan pada variabel bebas yang lainnya tidak terbukti secara signifikan berhubungan dengan return saham.

This chapter aims to demonstrate the positive impact of the use of ICTs and knowledge work content on employees’ wellbeing. Our focus is on generations at work, and specifically generation X, which is underexplored in the current research debate but relevant in terms of the organizations’ human capital. The relationship between knowledge work content and wellbeing of Generation X has been explored along with the impact that the use of ICT may have in this relationship. The findings of the analysis, carried out on a sample of 5,557 employees in Europe (data source: WVS 2010–14), demonstrate that the use of ICT is important for the wellbeing of all generations. We also demonstrate that different levels of knowledge work content have an impact on employees’ wellbeing, and this relationship is stronger for Generation X, while increase in ICT usage may have an adverse effect on it. Our results offer interesting stimuli for a debate between scholars and practitioners in the management of employees, calling for attention to the controversial effect of ICT usage and to this mid-generation, too.

Higher vocational training (HVE) is a new form of post-secondary education that was introduced in 2009 in Sweden. The aim for HVE is to address the demands of a highly skilled Swedish workforce. Compared to other forms of adult and higher education it is less institutionalized and, based on Swedish standards, gives great opportunities for the provider to decide regarding the contents and design. The purpose of this study was to analyze a) the quality of the course, Learning at Work (LIA), and (b) to develop instruments and indicators to explore the quality of the student learning in working life as part of HVE. The design of research instruments was based on hypotheses to uncover the background, the learning process and effect parameters In LIA offered at 12 different HVE sites in Sweden within the areas of health care, computer science, technology and business administration. The survey data of forty-two students and thirty-six workplace supervisors were analyzed. The results of the study show that the quality of the learning at work (LIA) varies considerably between different programs and different students. In most programs, it has a significant development potential. A well-functioning LIA is characterized by adequate learning content, an open work climate between colleagues, accuracy and dedication, frequent supervisor feedback, and regular communication between the Program Director and the supervisors. It is important that the educational provider requires workplaces with capacity to offer the students relevant and qualified work content. LIA should offer qualified work content providing knowledge of breadth and depth. Knowledge gained from school-based training should be challenged and must achieve curriculum goals. An important finding is the lack of definitions and criteria for quality, and the risk of quality differences between educational providers. Another significant problem identified in the study is the unclear division of responsibilities between the educational provider and the partner from the world of work. Most of the supervisors, who were skilled workers or professionals, had a fragmentary understanding of HVE. They gave instructions, but did not stimulate their students to reflect theoretically on what they learned during LIA. Integration between school-based learning and experience of work life was limited. There was a shortage of instruments for assessing the quality of what was taught in the workplace. A large proportion (75 %) of the students was employed soon after graduation. For those who did not, their skills run the risk of rapidly becoming obsolete.

Civil service is the major instrument through which government; federal, state or local manage development. However, Nigerian civil service has for long been engulfed with poor performance and service delivery. Reforms in the civil service have often centered on structure and deemphasized work content. Specifically, attention is paid to the powers of officials, inter-unit conflict, and delegation of authority, training and accountability. Regardless of emphasis on these factors, work in the civil service remains dull, slow, and monotonous, and a high degree of employee idleness is nothing to write home about. Within the framework of labour productivity theory and using primary data collected from highly-skilled professionals in three states of South-East Nigeria. The paper concludes that the conspicuous lack of activity among many civil service employees’ is primarily a function of low work content in service occasioned by overstaffing. To achieve sustainable development in Nigeria, job enrichment and decongestion of the civil service by alternative employment (DAE) is therefore recommended.

There is an increasing body of research on what kind of ethical challenges health care professionals experience regarding the quality of care. In the Netherlands the Dutch Health Care Inspectorate is responsible for monitoring and regulating the quality of health care. No research exists on what kind of ethical challenges inspectors experience during the regulation process itself. In a pilot study we used moral case deliberation as method in order to reflect upon inspectors’ ethical challenges. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the ethical challenges which health care inspectors encounter in their daily work. A thematic qualitative analysis was performed on cases (n = 69) that were collected from health care inspectors in a moral case deliberation pilot study. Eight themes were identified in health care regulation. These can be divided in two categories: work content and internal collaboration. The work of the health care inspectorate is morally loaded and our recommendation is that some form of ethics support is provided for health care inspectors.

During the past years, overload at work leading to psychological diseases, such as burnouts, have drawn more public attention. This paper is a preliminary step toward an analysis of the work patterns and possible indicators of overload and time pressure on software developers with mining software repositories approach. We explore the working pattern of developers in the context of Mozilla Firefox, a large and long-lived open source project. To that end we investigate the impact of the move from traditional to rapid release cycle on work pattern. Moreover we compare Mozilla Firefox work pattern with another Mozilla product, Firefox OS, which has a different release cycle than Firefox. We find that both projects exhibit healthy working patterns, i.e. lower activity during the weekends and outside of office hours. Firefox experiences proportionally more activity on weekends than Firefox OS (Cohen's d = 0.94). We find that switching to rapid releases has reduced weekend work (Cohen's d = 1.43) and working during the night (Cohen's d = 0.45). This result holds even when we limit the analyzes on the hired resources, i.e. considering only individuals with Mozilla foundation email address, although, the effect sizes are smaller for weekends (Cohen's d = 0.64) and nights (Cohen's d = 0.23). Moreover, we use dissimilarity word clouds and find that work during the weekend is more technical while work during the week expresses more positive sentiment with words like "good" and "nice". Our results suggest that moving to rapid releases have positive impact on the work health and work-life-balance of software engineers. However, caution is needed as our results are based on a limited set of quantitative data from a single organization., MSR 2017 conference, short paper

The paper studies the interconnection between the concepts of social and labor relations, the quality of working life and well-being at work. We reviewed a wide range of works, the authors of which had come to the understanding of the role of trust in the social and human sciences. It is shown that trust is the basic phenomenon underlying all the concepts mentioned. The method of content analysis was used to analyze the role of trust in formation of social and labor relations and well-being at work at different stages of an organization’s life cycle. The application of content analysis in the theoretical concept of Adizes life-cycle model allowed us to prove that the «trust» factor plays an important role at every stage of an organization’s life cycle, defining its features. Its presence leads to the development of organization, but the lack of «trust» destroys it. It is shown that the features of current phase of an organization’s life cycle influences the conditions of social and labor relations, the quality of working life and the level of well-being.