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Gazella leptoceros (F. Cuvier, 1842) is a monotypic African gazelle, most commonly called the slender-horned gazelle. It is one of 21 species in the genus Gazella and is distinguished by its pale sandy coloration, fawn-colored markings, and namesake long, slender horns. Gazella leptoceros is a dune specialist that inhabits the hyperarid northern Sahara Desert between Algeria and Egypt. It feeds on shrubs and low desert plants and ranges over large distances in small groups of 1–5 animals. Because of its very small, isolated populations, G. leptoceros is classified as "Endangered" (EN) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species and is on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite the existence of well codified indications, the performance of mutilating surgery in ophthalmology is not an easy decision to take due to the aesthetic and moral damages that patients may suffer. This surgery should be considered as a last resort in the case of a non-functional, painful and unsightly eye or in the presence of an oncological involvement and after all conservative alternatives have been exhausted. This study aims to define the factors making it possible to favor ocular evisceration, which is the least mutilating of the above-mentioned surgeries, by determining the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the patients. In addition, the results of the study will serve as a starting point for epidemiological surveillance and will guide preventive activities and the fight against blindness., Material & Method: We conducted an exhaustive retrospective study of medical records from the archives of the ophthalmology departments of the Dr. Tidjani Damardji University Hospital Center in Tlemcen, the Specialized Hospital Establishment in ophthalmology of Oran Hamou Boutlelis, the Specialized Hospital Establishment in ophthalmology of Oran Front de mer and the University Hospital Center of Bejaia (unit Franz Fanon), in order to specify the epidemiological-clinical profile of patients who have undergone an ocular evisceration in the north of Algeria from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2014., Results & Discussion: We have identified 136 patients, representing an admission rate of 0,13% in all these services. We noted a slight male predominance with an estimated sex-ratio of 1.4. Evisceration was carried out mainly following an ocular trauma in 39% of cases. The surgical technique performed in all patients is a classic non-conservative evisceration of "four quadrants" or "four squares" under general anesthesia in 55.9% of cases. Post-operative complications were found in 19.8% of patients in our series, the main one being exteriorization of the intra-scleral implant in 9.5% of cases. This rate corresponds to the data in the literature, with figures between 0 and 67%. This complication may be in relation with the experience or even the competence of the surgeon. Accessibility to ocularists and the quality of prosthetic equipment were also studied. All the data collected were compared with data from the international medical literature. Our study carried out in the north of Algeria on ocular eviscerations, allowed us to deduce that this surgery is rarely carried out in ophthalmology. Its main indications are post-traumatic and post-infectious., Conclusion: The prevention of mutilating surgeries requires early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of ophthalmological pathologies and trauma. Losing an eye is always experienced as a tragedy and can be devastating at any age, affecting self-image and self-esteem. Psychological support is therefore essential., (Copyright © 2024 SFMTSI.)

Background and Rationale: Breastfeeding is considered the best nutrition for infants and plays a significant role in a child's growth and development. In this regard, the World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, as well as continued breastfeeding when safe and appropriate complementary foods are introduced, up to 2 years of age or beyond. Nonetheless, breastfeeding practices remain sub-optimal in many parts of the world. In this respect, many children have shown not to be breastfed up to 6 months of age or are not breastfed during their first hours of life or are weaned too early. This allows for the use of infant formula, which can be life threatening due to poor hygiene, storage conditions or inappropriate foods. Likewise, breastfeeding rates in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are lower than the global average. In Algeria, the breastfeeding rate up to 6 months of age is among the lowest in the world according to previous Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys (MICS) reports. In addition, by the end of the sixth month, the percentage of children exclusively breastfed is less than 3% and only 23% of children receive breast milk at 22-23 months. The median duration of breast-feeding is 12 weeks. However, the socio-demographic factors associated with this sub-optimal breastfeeding practice are not explored in these reports, as studies and research conducted in this context using other data are few and mostly conducted in limited geographical areas., Materials and Methods: This stands for a descriptive cross-sectional study of all children who were breastfed in the MICS database, carried out in 2019, 8 709 children, including 4 471 boys and 4 238 girls, registered in the database. To explore factors associated with the duration of breastfeeding, we only included weaned children to minimize bias related to children who were still breastfeeding. This allowed to analyze data from 3 761 children, including 1 930 boys (5.4%) and 1,831 girls (48.6%). Through using a logistic regression model, we could attain the assessment of the role of different socio-demographic, economic and geographical factors in the maintenance of breastfeeding beyond 6 months., Results: The prevalence of breastfeeding is 81.1%; the rate of exclusive breastfeeding of children aged 0-6 months is 28.7%. The factors associated with breastfeeding beyond six months are area of residence, mother's occupational status and wealth quintile. In fact, rural area appears to be a factor favoring the continuation of breastfeeding beyond six months, compared with urban area (OR = 1.29; CI [1.032-1.369]). Mothers living in the Eastern Highlands geographic region appear to be 1.56 times more likely to maintain breastfeeding for more than six months compared to those living in the Southern region (OR = 1.56; CI [1.123 - 1.677]). Children of non-working mothers are almost 1.5 times more likely to be breastfed after 6 months than those of working mothers (OR = 1.489; CI [1.107 - 1.947]). Parents belonging to the "richest" wealth quintiles appear to increase the chance of continued breastfeeding after 6 months with a 1.24-fold increase compared to those belonging to the "poorest" quintile (OR = 1.24; CI [1.086 - 1.812]). Factors such as the child's gender, maternal education level, and functional difficulties do not appear to be determining factors for the continuation of breastfeeding after six months., Discussion and Conclusion: The prevalence and factors associated with the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding vary from one country to another. Notwithstanding the numerous studies to better comprehend mothers' breastfeeding behaviour and various initiatives for promotion thereof, many countries have low rates. In consequence, the downward trend in breastfeeding is directly linked to advances in the production and marketing of industrial milks, the lack of information and awareness among mothers and the lack of training of health professionals. In this respect, it is highly recommended to encourage behavioural changes, to improve communication about the duration of breastfeeding, to increase the use of postnatal counselling and training of paramedical staff according to the recommendations with support for mothers.This study is of great interest in developing countries like Algeria, in order to adopt preventive interventions, and to organise communication and pre- and post-natal counselling in the breastfeeding project. Clearly, this study should be enhanced with supplementary qualitative studies concerning the factors contributing to early discontinuation of breastfeeding., (Copyright © 2024 SFMTSI.)

Northern Africa, although one of the world hotpots of biodiversity, is poorly studied and the freshwater fauna living in this part of the world remains partly unknown. This study focused on the diversity and distribution of the poorly known epigean freshwater amphipods. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the literature on this group of crustaceans and sampled 106 additional localities from the eastern part of Algeria and in Tunisia. Our results showed an important diversity with 25 species (including the presence of at least three new undescribed species) and a very high rate of endemism with 52% of species occurring at on only 1 or 2 sites. We also highlighted a very low diversity on each site with only 4.4% of sites harboring more than 1 species. The comparative distribution of certain species between Europe and Maghreb and also between the western and eastern part of Northern Africa allow us to discuss some hypotheses about the factors underlying this endemism and the biogeographical origin of species. However, our study revealed a general lack of knowledge in the region, especially in the South of Morocco and Algeria. Hence, more information would be needed to propose adapted conservation strategies of freshwater fauna in Maghreb. Our results showed theimportant diversity of Maghreb despite the scarcity of fresh waters and the weak knowledge on this area. We highlighted a very high rate of endemism with 52% of species occurring at on only 1 or 2 sites. We found enough data to discuss some hypotheses about the factors underlying this endemism and the biogeographical origin of species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objectives: Cystic echinococcosis is highly endemic in Algeria and constitutes a major socio-economic problem. Typing the species of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex circulating in cattle requires the use of a hydatid cyst sampling method adapted to difficult field conditions (high heat and humidity, long transport time). The FTA Card method currently constitutes an effective means of preserving biological samples before their molecular analysis. In the present study, the FTA Card method was used in the collection of hydatid cysts to identify the species of E. granulosus sensu lato circulating in ruminants (intermediate hosts) in eastern Algeria., Material and Methods: A PCR was carried out for 41 samples of hydatid cysts taken from six slaughterhouses in eastern Algeria, targeting the cox1 mitochondrial gene. PCR products were visualized by electrophoresis in a 1% agarose gel., Results and Conclusion: The results of the molecular analysis of all hydatid cyst samples confirmed the presence of E. granulosus sensu stricto in sheep, cattle and camels. The ubiquitous nature of the G1 genotype has been demonstrated. The use of FTA Card sampling is an efficient and simple method to obtain a biological sample in order to characterize the species of E. granulosus sensu lato in Algeria. The good preservation of the DNA in this matrix will make it easier to obtain new molecular data from difficult regions. The identification of the species of the E. granulosus sensu lato complex involved in the biological cycle is an essential prerequisite for the implementation of control measures, since different host species participate in their evolutionary cycle. The characterization of E. granulosus genotypes is essential to define an appropriate control strategy against cystic echinococcosis., (Copyright © 2023 SFMTSI.)

The GDL1 cave belongs to the large karst network of the Adrar Gueldaman ridges (Northern Algeria). New excavations by the Centre National de Recherches Préhistoriques, Anthropologiques et Historiques (CNRPAH) since 2010 have yielded rich archaeological remains dated between 7002 cal BP and 1484 cal BP. The paper presents results of the zooarchaeological analysis of the macromammals from the Neolithic units in sectors S2 and S3. They reveal the presence of a restricted fauna, dominated by sheep and goat, goat being more frequent than sheep. Domestic cattle and pig may also be present. The age profiles of the goat/sheep finds suggest a shift in the management of the sheep/goat herds aiming first at the production of meat and later at the production of meat and secondary products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In coastal lagoons, many studies indicated that macrozoobenthic assemblages undergo marked temporal fluctuations as related to the strong environmental variability of these systems. However, most of these studies have not assessed the seasonal patterns of these fluctuations and none of them has investigated the consistency of this variation in different areas within the same lagoon system. In this study, we assessed patterns of variation at multiple temporal (date, season and year) scales in two different areas in the coastal lagoon of Mellah (northeast Algeria). These areas (hereafter Shore and Center ) are representative of two different environments typically found in coastal lagoons. The Shore (water depth of about 1.5–2 m) is characterized by relatively higher hydrodynamics, sand to silty-sand sediments and the presence of vegetation ( Ruppia maritima ), the Center (water depth of about 3–3.5 m) is characterized by mud to sandy-mud, organic-enriched sediments due to fine particle accumulation. Results showed two distinct patterns of seasonal variation in Shore and Center assemblages for two consecutive years. In Shore , species richness ( S ), total abundance ( N ) and the abundance of several dominant taxa were highest in summer and/or autumn. This pattern can be related to the local environmental conditions maintaining relatively well oxidized conditions, while increasing food availability, and favoring the recruitment of species and individuals in summer/autumn. On the contrary in Center , S was lowest in summer and autumn, and N and the abundance of fewer dominant taxa were lowest in summer. In Center , the bivalve Loripes lucinalis showed a 10-fold increase from summer to autumn in both years, likely related to the lagoon's hydrodynamics favoring larval transport and settlement in the central sector of the lagoon. Overall, the seasonal variation found in Center followed a regression/recovery pattern typical of opportunistic assemblages occurring in confined organic-enriched environments. In conclusion, our results provide new insight into the patterns of seasonal variation in lagoon soft-sediment benthos and highlight the importance of local environmental conditions on this variation. This study provides a valuable tool for adopting appropriate monitoring strategies in these systems, with special reference to Southern-Eastern Mediterranean lagoons which are expected to suffer from increasing coastal development and human pressure in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury emissions from forest fires in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea have been estimated on the basis of satellite observations for the year 2006. The assessment has been done by means of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products (MOD12Q1, MOD14A2, MOD15A2, MOD44B). Estimates show that wild fires have burnt 310,268 ha in the Region, affecting by 45% the Mixed Forest and by 37% the Evergreen Needleleaf Forest and the Evergreen Broadleaf Forest. The amount of biomass burned was about 66,000 Mg for the Evergreen Needleleaf Forest, 72,000 Mg for the Evergreen Broadleaf Forest and 196,000 Mg for the Mixed Forest. The total amount of mercury released to the atmosphere in the Mediterranean countries accounted for 4.3 Mg year−1 with Italy, France, Austria, Bulgaria, Algeria, Spain and Croatia being the most contributing countries with annual emission ranging from 330 to 970 kg year−1. The maximum release of Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM) and particulate mercury (Hg(p)) in the region occurred in July with 1,218 kg. The uncertainty of our estimates is comparable with that associated to current assessments of mercury emissions from major industrial sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Brucellosis is a major zoonosis affecting livestock and transmitted to humans; it is widespread worldwide with 500,000 new cases per year according to the World Health Organization. It has become rare in countries that have established an eradication policy of the disease in animals and pasteurization of milk, but remains endemo-epidemic in Algeria, where it constitutes a public health problem (incidence of 24.41 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2017). The disease is more crippling than fatal. Severe forms are exceptional, and deaths are rare, most often following endocarditis or complicated neurological damage. The biological diagnosis is made by culturing the samples (mainly blood cultures), serology or molecular biology methods. We report the case of a patient with complicated and fatal subacute multiorgan brucellosis., Observation: A 51-year-old man is hospitalized in cardiology for endocarditis, complicated by neurovascular and skin manifestations, discovered in the stage of severe renal failure, one of the dreaded autoimmune complications of infectious endocarditis. The diagnoses were confirmed by various radiographic (echocardiography, brain computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) and biological examinations. The brucellian etiology was proved by bacteriological test of blood cultures (Brucella melitensis) and Wright's serodiagnosis, in the absence of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test., Conclusion: Brucellosis can have atypical, multiple, varied and misleading presentations, responsible for a difficult clinical diagnosis. The possibly fatal evolution of this pathology should remind practitioners to evoke it, in particular in front of a multivisceral infectious presentation, in a country where brucellosis is endemic. Clinicians must also act quickly and not hesitate to ask for at least a serological test., (Copyright © 2022 SFMTSI.)

Introduction: Blastocystis sp. is a protozoan that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many animals and is currently the most common parasite found in human stools. In some developing countries, its prevalence in study populations may exceed 50%. Morphologically, isolates of Blastocystis sp. found in different hosts are very similar. However, these same isolates show a very high genetic diversity between them and no less than 17 subtypes (or genotypes) have already been identified from molecular data. Genotyping studies have been carried out in many countries around the world and in particular in some Mediterranean countries such as France, spain, Italy, Turkey and Egypt. However, very little genotyping data is available in Algeria. To this end, we conducted the present study to identify and genotype Blastocystis in human and animal stool samples., Patients and Methods: One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine (1,869) stool samples from kitchen staff as part of the periodic medical check-up, from subjects for the provision of a medical certificate required for the processing of a visa file and from patients with gastrointestinal disorders were examined. In addition to human faeces, animal samples, including 10 poultry, 2 cattle and 2 murine animals were examined. All stools were subjected to direct microscopic examination supplemented by concentration techniques and modified Ziehl Neelsen staining. Molecular characterization of 39 human and 14 animal isolates was performed by sequencing and the resulting sequences compared with those available from GenBank. Sequencing was only contributory for 30 human and 9 animal strains., Results: Of all human samples examined 284 were positive (15.19%) with a prevalence of 7.38% for Blastocystis. Of the 30 strains that were molecularly characterized, ST3 was predominant (15/30, 50%) followed by ST1 (10/30, 33.33%) and in third place ST2 (4/30, 13.33%). ST4 was identified in only one patient (1/30, 3.33%). The correlation between clinical status and the subtype of Blastocystis identified showed that the number of ST3 was high in asymptomatic subjects (11/15, 73%) compared to symptomatic subjects (4/15, 26.66%), as well as for the ST1 subtype (7/10, 70% versus 3/10, 30%). Conversely, the number of ST2 was higher in subjects with gastrointestinal disorders (3/4, 75%). In addition to human strains, we genotyped 7 avian, 2 murine and 2 bovine strains. Characterization of the avian strains revealed 5 ST6 (71.42%) and 2 ST7 (28, 57%). The murine and bovine strains are identified as ST7 and ST6 respectively., (Copyright © 2022 SFMTSI.)

A review of the compositional features of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco phosphorites is proposed in order to assess and compare the paleoenvironmental conditions that promoted the deposit formation as well as provide information about their economic perspective in light of growing worldwide demand. Since these deposits share a very similar chemical and mineralogical composition, the attention was focused on the geochemistry of rare earth elements (REEs) and mostly on ΣREEs, Ce and Eu anomalies, and (La/Yb) and (La/Gd) normalized ratios. The REEs distributions reveal several differences between deposits from different locations, suggesting mostly that the Tunisian and Algerian phosphorites probably were part of the same depositional system. There, sub-reducing to sub-oxic conditions and a major REEs adsorption by early diagenesis were recorded. Conversely, in the Moroccan basins, sub-oxic to oxic environments and a minor diagenetic alteration occurred, which was likely due to a different seawater supply. Moreover, the drastic environmental changes associated to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum event probably influenced the composition of Northern African phosphorites that accumulated the highest REEs amounts during that span of time. Based on the REEs concentrations, and considering the outlook coefficient of REE composition (Koutl) and the percentage of critical elements in ΣREEs (REEdef), the studied deposits can be considered as promising to highly promising REE ores and could represent a profitable alternative source for critical REEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt pan brines in desert areas are globally known to be rich sources of lithium. This study reports the results of a regional survey of brine chemistry in chotts (salt pans) conducted along a 550 km long valley in the northeast Algerian Sahara, one of the major desert areas on Earth. A dataset composed of 50 samples, including brine, river, and aquifer, is integrated and discussed in order to study the characteristics of Sahara brines. Brines contain up to 66 mg L−1 of lithium, salinities up to ~400 g L−1, and magnesium concentrations ~690 times greater than that of lithium. The primary source of major ions would occurr by dissolution of ancient evaporites of the substrate by aquifer waters. Near surface lithium concentration of brines in chotts across the study area and in the aquifer Complexe Terminal defines a pattern of increasing values to the north, where maximum values coincide with chotts (Melghir and Merouane) having the largest sizes (up to 1,840 km2) and placed at the lowest altitudes (36 m below sea level). This pattern coincides with the northwards plunging structured substrate. Lithium grades increase consistently with salinity during the concentration through evaporation. However, lithium continues to concentrate beyond evolved brines whether due to the precipitation of lithium-free salts leading to lithium increases in residual brine, and/or by unknown processes supplying additional lithium. Discussed aspects are expected to drive an increasing interest on chotts, which would reveal in the future, as a stimulating opportunity for Algeria and the Saharan region. • Algerian Sahara chott brines are Cl–SO 4 /Na–Mg, with Li up to 66 mg L−1. • Major ions derive from the dissolution of ancient evaporites by aquifer waters. • The location, size, and altitude of chotts follow the N-plunging structured substrate. • Li grades in brines increase northwards similar to that of the aquifer waters. • Li sources are unknown and brine grades are ruled by evaporative concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition, prevalence, and seasonal dynamic of Gasterophilus species were studied at the slaughterhouse of Constantine region (East Algeria) in 128 horses over an 18 months period. Our survey revealed that 124 (96.9%) horses were infected with a mean intensity of 161 larvae of Gasterophilus spp. Four species of Gasterophilus were identified; Gasterophilus intestinalis and G. nasalis were by far the predominant species with 95.3% and 77.3% respectively, followed by G. haemorrhoidalis (14.0%) and G. pecorum (10.1%). The age, sex, and breed of horses did not affect the distribution of the infection. Second-stage larvae (L2) of G. intestinalis were absent between April and July and present in higher numbers between December and February. In addition, third-stage larvae (L3) were few in number, mainly from September to November, a consequence of their fecal elimination and suggesting that the effective period of adult activity of G. intestinalis is autumn. Therefore, the population dynamics of G. nasalis shows that its activity is two months longer and occurs earlier than that of G. intestinalis . The incidence of G. pecorum infection was linked to the rainiest months., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

A total of 345 faecal samples were collected from domestic, captive and wild birds in rural areas, urban areas and a Zoo in Algeria. Samples were screened for the presence of parasites belonging to the genus Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1910 by microscopy and PCR analysis of the small-subunit rRNA (SSU), actin and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 31 samples. Sequence analysis of SSU and actin genes revealed the presence of C. baileyi Current, Upton et Haynes, 1986 in domestic chicken broilers (n = 12), captive ostriches (n = 4) and a wild mallard (n = 1), and C. meleagridis Slavin, 1955 in a graylag goose (n = 1), chickens (n = 11) and turkeys (n = 2). Twenty-three chicken and two turkey broilers from five farms were positive for cryptosporidia, with an overall prevalence of 2% and 6%, respectively. Both C. meleagridis and C. baileyi were detected in farmed chicken broilers, with a prevalence ranging from 9% to 69%. Farmed turkeys broilers were positive only for C. meleagridis, with a 13% prevalence at the animal level. Subtyping of C. meleagridis isolates at the gp60 locus showed the presence of subtype IIIgA22G3R1 in graylag goose and chicken broilers and IIIgA23G2R1 in chicken and turkey broilers. Infection with cryptosporidia was not associated with any clinical diseases. The results of the present study, which provides the first data on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild birds in Africa, demonstrate the presence of human pathogenic C. meleagridis in both domestic and wild birds in Algeria.

Premise of the Study: The Paleogene deposits of the Hamada of Méridja, southwestern Algeria, are currently dated as lower-to-middle Eocene in age based on fossil gastropods and charophytes. Here we report the presence of fruits that can be assigned to the Boraginaceae s.str., apparently representing the first fossil record for this family in Africa, shedding new light on the historical biogeography of this group., Methods: Microscopic studies of the fossil nutlets were carried out and compared to extant Boraginaceae nutlets, and to types reported in the literature for this family., Key Results: The fossils are strikingly similar in general size and morphology, particularly in the finer details of the attachment scar and ornamentation, to nutlets of extant representatives of the Boraginaceae tribe Echiochileae, and especially the genus Ogastemma. We believe that these nutlets represent an extinct member of this lineage., Conclusions: The Ogastemma-like fossils indicate that the Echiochileae, which are most diverse in northern Africa and southwestern Asia, have a long history in this region, dating back to the Eocene. This tribe corresponds to the basal-most clade in Boraginaceae s.str., and the fossils described here agree well with an assumed African origin of the family and the Boraginales I, providing an important additional calibration point for dating the phylogenies of this clade., (© 2015 Botanical Society of America.)

"This paper is part of a larger project investigating the production and regulation of North African immigrants in the greater Paris automobile industry. Its aims are twofold. First, to reverse the emphasis placed on immigrants in the receiving countries and to (re-)explore the historical production of Algerian emigration into metropolitan industry, more specifically within the automobile industry....Second, in adopting an ¿articulation of modes of production' (AMOP) narrative as an alternative to other Eurocentric approaches, the first part of this paper emphasizes the contradictory layering of various modes which have produced an Algerian colonial diaspora. The latter half of the paper argues that the history of post-independence Algeria confirms that emigration was reinforced through a complex neocolonial relationship during a period of rapid acceleration of Algerian migration to France.", (excerpt)

The author examines the relationships among migration, agricultural development, and economic development in the labor-exporting countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey. She finds that "massive migration contributes much more to the growth of the service sector than to agricultural or industrial development in the countries of departure." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE), (excerpt)

"The objective of the paper is to depict the major changes brought about by demographic growth upon the internal structure of Constantine, the third largest Algerian city, and thus define the main types of settlement evolved, which in turn serves as background for the analysis of the spatial distribution of recent migrants within the different areas of Constantine. With regard to this distribution, the aim is to test whether there exist any spatial concentrations of migrants in particular areas according to their place of origin.", (excerpt)