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The coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros , CRB), a native to South-east Asia, is a major pest of coconut and oil palms in the Pacific. Beetles produce an aggregation pheromone identified as ethyl 4-methyloctanoate (E4-MO). Beetles use this pheromone to locate suitable feeding sites in palms and breeding materials. E4-MO has been used for more than 30 years for monitoring and trapping of CRB but recent range expansion by the pest requires re-evaluation of strategies for its use. In this review, we present a brief history of CRB attractants and the discovery of E4-MO. We also describe pheromone-based strategies used to manage CRB, including pest detection, monitoring, and mass trapping. We identify issues and areas for improvement in pheromone-based strategies against CRB and suggest directions for future research to optimize the management of this invasive pest. • Ethyl 4-methyloctanoate (E4-MO) used as aggregation pheromone against coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB) for 30+ years. • CRB pheromone traps widely used to detect new infestations, to monitor the spread, and to evaluate control measures. • Effectiveness of traps could be enhanced with improvement in design and attractants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the methods of manufacturing, processing, using and labelling of fats in the food supply. Small-scale or home processing of fats and oils involves preparation of raw materials, extraction, clarification, packaging and storage. In Asia and Africa, coconuts are split to scrape the meat which is then grated and boiled to produce coconut oil. Animal fats and marine oils are extracted through wet rendering and dry rendering and then processed through lecithin removal, degumming, neutralisation, bleaching and deodorisation.

The health effects of saturated fat, particularly tropical oil, on cardiovascular disease are unclear. We investigated the effect of tropical oil (palm and coconut oils), lard, and other common vegetable oils (soybean and rice bran oils) that are widely used in tropical and Asian countries on lipid profiles. We performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Electronic databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane) were searched up to December 2018 without language restriction. We identified nine meta-analyses that investigated the effect of dietary oils on lipid levels. Replacement of polyunsaturated fatty-acid-rich oils (PUFAs) and monounsaturated FA-rich oils (MUFAs) with palm oil significantly increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), by 3.43 (0.44-6.41) mg/dL and 9.18 (6.90-11.45) mg/dL, respectively, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), by 1.89 (1.23-2.55) mg/dL and 0.94 (-0.07-1.97) mg/dL, respectively. Replacement of PUFAs with coconut oil significantly increased HDL-c and total cholesterol -by 2.27 (0.93-3.6) mg/dL and 5.88 (0.21-11.55) mg/dL, respectively-but not LDL-c. Substituting lard for MUFAs and PUFAs increased LDL-c-by 8.39 (2.83-13.95) mg/dL and 9.85 (6.06-13.65) mg/dL, respectively-but not HDL-c. Soybean oil substituted for other PUFAs had no effect on lipid levels, while rice bran oil substitution decreased LDL-c. Our findings show the deleterious effect of saturated fats from animal sources on lipid profiles. Replacement of unsaturated plant-derived fats with plant-derived saturated fats slightly increases LDL-c but also increases HDL-c, which in turn may exert a neutral effect on cardiovascular health.