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A comparison of retrieved total column ozone amounts TCO between the Pandora #34 spectrometer system and the Dobson #061 spectrophotometer from direct-sun observations was performed on the roof of the Boulder, Colorado NOAA building. This paper, part of an ongoing study, covers a one-year period starting on 17 December 2013. Both the standard Dobson and Pandora total column ozone TCO retrievals required a correction TCOcorr=TCO (1+C(T )) using the effective climatology derived ozone temperature T to remove a seasonal difference caused by using a fixed temperature in each retrieval algorithm. The respective corrections C(T ) are CPandora = 0.00333(T-225) and CDobson = -0.0013(T-226.7) per K. After the applied corrections removed the seasonal retrieval dependence on ozone temperature, TCO agreement between the instruments was within 1% for clear-sky conditions. For clear-sky observations, both co-located instruments tracked the day-to-day variation in total column ozone amounts with a correlation of r² = 0.97 and an average offset of 1.1±5.8 DU. In addition, the Pandora data showed 0.3% annual average agreement with satellite overpass data from AURA/OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) and 1% annual average offset with Suomi-NPP/OMPS (Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, the nadir viewing portion of the Ozone Mapper Profiler Suite). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from urban trees during and after blooming were measured during spring and early summer 2009 in Boulder, Colorado. Air samples were collected onto solid adsorbent cartridges from branch enclosures on the tree species crabapple, horse chestnut, honey locust, and hawthorn. These species constitute 65% of the insect-pollinated fraction of the flowering tree canopy (excluding catkin-producing trees) from the street area managed by the City of Boulder. Samples were analyzed for C10-C15 BVOC by thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometer (GC/FID/MS). Identified emissions and emission rates from these four tree species during the flowering phase were found to vary over a wide range. Monoterpene emissions were identified for honey locust, horse chestnut and hawthorn. Sesquiterpene emissions were observed in horse chestnut and hawthorn samples. Crabapple flowers were found to emit significant amounts of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde. Floral BVOC emissions increased with temperature, generally exhibiting exponential temper ature dependence. Changes in BVOC speciation during and after the flowering period were observed for every tree studied. Emission rates were significantly higher during the blooming compared to the vegetative state for crabapple and honey locust. Total normalized (30°C) monoterpene emissions from honey locust were higher during flowering (5.26 µg Cg-1 h-1) than after flowering (1.23 µg Cg-1 h-1). The total normalized BVOC emission rate from crabapple (93 µg Cg-1 h-1) during the flowering period is of the same order as isoprene emissions from oak trees, which are among the highest BVOC emissions observed from plants to date. These findings illustrate that during the relatively brief springtime flowering period, floral emissions constitute by far the most significant contribution to the BVOC flux from these tree species, some of which are= leafless at this time. Experimental results were integrated into the MEGAN biogenic emission model and simulations were performed to estimate the contribution of floral BVOC emissions to the total urban BVOC flux during the spring flowering period. The floral BVOC emitted during this three-month simulation are equivalent to 11% of the cumulative monoterpene flux for the Boulder urban area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ernest K. Smith Student Prize Paper Competition was held as part of the 2013 US National Committee of the International Union of Radio Science (USNC-URSI) National Radio Science Meeting January 9–12, 2013, in Boulder, Colorado. The winners of the competition are shown in Figure 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports developments related to research about the planet Saturn at the Space Science Institute (SSI) in Boulder, Colorado. It is stated that the Cassini spacecraft took seven years to reach Saturn. According to Carolyn Porco, who leads the Cassini imaging team at SSI, the images sent back were well worth the wait. She reveals that the most exciting was the finding that one of the planet's moon has the essential ingredients to support life. The spacecraft's images suggest one of the Saturn's moons may host water.

Assessment is an important part of any library service, including electronic reserves. This paper describes the assessment of electronic reserves services by means of a survey instrument administered at the University of Colorado, Boulder during the fall semester, 2003. As the University Libraries had moved from a predominately paper reserves environment to an almost completely electronic reserves environment at the beginning of that same semester, the survey offered a unique opportunity to compare student attitudes towards the two formats. We addressed planning for the survey, administering the survey, evaluation of the collected data, and reporting the results to teaching faculty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the pass‐through of the largest tax on sugar‐sweetened beverages enacted in the U.S., which is two cents per ounce in Boulder, Colorado. A strength of the paper is that, to achieve as complete a perspective as possible, we estimate the pass‐through of the tax not only to beverage prices in retail stores but also to those in restaurants, and we examine data for the treatment community of Boulder and a comparison community of Fort Collins, Colorado, from four sources: (a) hand‐collected data on prices from stores; (b) Nielsen Retail Scanner Data of store prices; (c) hand‐collected data on prices in restaurants; and (d) web‐scraped data from online restaurant menus. Across the multiple datasets, we find consistent evidence that the tax was largely, but not completely, passed through to consumers. In both the hand‐collected store data and restaurant data, pass‐through is slightly less than 75%, whereas pass‐through is just over 50% using the scanner data; consumers bear most, but not all, of the largest tax on sugar‐sweetened beverages in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the U.S. National Committee (USNC)/International Union of Radio Science (URSI) National Radio Science Meeting in Boulder, Colorado in 2010. The event was attended by various faculty from universities in the U.S., graduate students and researchers from national laboratories. Key features of the meeting include several friendly questions and discussions after each talk and strong student travel support. Prizes were also awarded for interesting papers. An overview of the foundation of USNC/URSI is also provided.

The origin of the topography and relief of southern Africa has been the subject of intense debate. The landscape is characterized by a high, low-relief inland plateau, separated from the low-lying coastal region by a remarkably steep escarpment, known as the "Great Escarpment". In this paper, we bring new insights into the denudation history of the southwestern Angolan margin by providing new apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He data from the Chela Escarpment, one of the steepest stretches of the African Great Escarpment. In addition, we performed morphometric analysis of the river network to access the interplay between rock uplift and erosion of both the interior and coastal river catchments. The new apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He data combined with previous published thermochronological data show that seaward of the Chela Escarpment summit, the last denudation event commenced at ~ 40–20 Ma, whereas the top of the scarp appears to have undergone the last denudation event at ~ 120–70 Ma with relatively low Cenozoic denudation. The new morphometric data suggest that fluvial incision rates are typically higher for the coastal rivers in comparison to those farther inland, and that as the coastal rivers erode backwards they tend to dissect the plateau surface, causing river captures, and the migration of the drainage divide farther inland. As this margin segment lies at the southwestern side of the Angola Dome, we propose that the Chela Escarpment has been formed primarily by the dissection of the dome flank, since the Late Cenozoic, in a manner comparable to that which (Burke and Gunnell, The african erosion surface: a continental-scale synthesis of geomorphology, tectonics, and environmental change over the past 180 million years, memoir 201, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, 2008) propose for the Great Escarpment formation in southern Africa. In this scenario, the river network responding to the crustal uplifts and steepening of the land surface, base-level falls, and relatively humid climatic conditions, appears to account for this model of landscape evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When electronic reserves emerged in the 1990s, publishers maintained, "Digital is different." Publishers reasoned that students were more likely to copy electronic files than paper files and more likely to distribute electronic copies to others via the Internet. This paper reports the results of a survey of 925 students at the University of Colorado, Boulder. The authors found that there was little difference between student copying practices of reserves in electronic and paper formats. The authors also found that students rarely transmitted copies in either format to other individuals outside the class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented circumstances of the COVID- 19 pandemic have revealed weaknesses in our emergency food distribution programs and also highlighted the importance of the adaptive capacity that is actively fostered within such programs. Community-based food distribution programs have faced an increased reliance on their services due to record-breaking food insecurity since March 2020. Concurrently, these emergency food distribution programs have had to deal with the logistical challenges of operating their programs during a pandemic. How are they adapting, and which existing organizational assets have they been able to draw from and/or strengthen? Based on in-depth qualitative research with emergency food distribution programs in Boulder and Denver, Colorado, this paper analyzes how their operational responses to the COVID-19 crisis both demonstrate and reinforce adaptive capacities. By drawing from collective resources, leveraging the efficiency of their flexible and decentralized structures, and networking across organizations, the programs in our study took advantage of existing organizational assets. At the same time, we argue that by overcoming logistical and practical barriers to address emerging food insecurity needs, they simultaneously deepened their adaptive capacities to respond to ongoing and future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A calendar of events related to antennas for 2009 are presented, including the "URSI National Radio Science Meeting" on January 5-8 in Boulder, Colorado; the "Fourth International Waveform Diversity and Design Conference" on February 8-13 in Orlando, Florida; and the "European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2009)" on March 23-27 in Berlin, Germany.

Professor James F. Willard, head of the Dept. of History from 1907 to 1935 and history professor Frederick L. Paxson at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, devoted much of their time to collecting manuscripts throughout the state which led the foundation of the Western Historical Collections (WHC) at the University. During World War I, Willard received the first financial support specifically for historical records development. This period was the official beginning of WHC. With the decline during the 1920s of the West's hardrock mining industry, collecting of materials from the fading bonanza towns resulted in major groups of records being found. The University Library accepted complete responsibility for the development of the Western Historical Collections in 1959, and with this change, a full-time, permanent, and qualified staff was hired. In 1964, the curator, John A. Brennan, a history professor, began to change the direction of acquisition from frontier and pioneer era material to 20th century manuscripts concerning political, social, and economical history emphasizing labor, politics, women, and non-profit organizations.

The article discusses a preservation needs assessment of the children's literature collections at the libraries of the University of Colorado in Boulder (UCB), Colorado. The article offers information on the preservation of children's literature as a genre in academic libraries and discusses the UCB Libraries assessment, called the Conservation Needs Assessment Project (CNAP), of juvenile literature in the circulating collection and special collections. The article offers information on the condition of the literature as found by the survey and presents recommendations for the preservation of the collections.

In May 2002, the Denison Memorial Library at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and the J. Otto Lottes Health Sciences Library at the University of Missouri-Columbia, with funding from the National Network of Libraries of Medicine-Midcontinental Region, embarked on a collaborative, real-time reference project using the 24/7 Reference, Inc., software package. This paper describes how the project was conceived, and includes details on the service hours, staffing, training, marketing, lessons learned, and future plans for the service. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes the University of Colorado at Boulder's experience in planning and implementing a temporary off-campus storage facility holding approximately 325,000 volumes. Documentation of the need for storage and communication with teaching faculty is discussed. Key decisions determining the selection of materials to be stored are reviewed as well as the technical processing of those materials. Selection of an appropriate facility and ongoing retrieval of items are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Shame and stigma pervade emergency food assistance, perpetuated both through food distribution practices and relationships. • How free food feels can either support or inhibit food justice goals. • Emergency food assistance has a critical role to play in redistributing power in our food system. Anti-hunger advocates and food geographers have often overlooked the role of emergency food assistance in struggles for food justice, dismissing food assistance as addressing symptoms rather than root causes of food insecurity. Yet, the vast network of food pantries and other free food programs are more than a stop-gap measure for millions of Americans — and thus warrant a closer look at how their practices, policies and spaces feel in practice and with what implications towards food justice goals. In this paper, we argue that barriers to emotionally-accessible food, in the form of neoliberal stigma around "free" food, play a prominent role in shaping peoples' experiences with food assistance. Based on participatory research with a food redistribution non-profit in Boulder, Colorado, we discuss how the emotional burdens of food insecurity manifest in individual experiences with emergency food assistance programs and staff, leading to isolation and disconnection which actively inhibit more inclusive food systems. This research responds to scholarship in geographies of food and emotion, contributing analysis into how discomforts of (lacking/receiving) food are experienced viscerally. Furthermore, we discuss implications of the emotional (dis)comforts of food assistance when examining the role of emergency food assistance in broader struggles for food justice. To this end, we point to alternative practices in food assistance programs which might actively counteract narratives of neoliberal subjectivities, while simultaneously broadening the food justice community in terms of who feels comfortable participating in, and shaping, more equitable food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several recent critiques of Western, science-based, technological society call for a shift away from the present paradigm of reductionism to one of holism. One manifestation of this would be the development of a new kind of science which is non-interventionist, non-manipulative, and much more environmentally aware The object of Part I of this paper is to assess the development of Environmental Science over the last twenty years, in order to test how far it fulfills the above role Environmental Science is therefore considered in the wider context of Environmentalism, and its relationship to this larger social movement is examined. As presently constituted, most U. K. Environmental Science/Studies courses are part of what O'Riordan calls Technocentrisrn, a brand of Environmentalism which subscribes to concepts of rationality, management and control. As such it can be characterised as part of the environmentalism of the present social paradigm. Part 2 of this paper, which explores the nature of (Environmental) Science in a possible future social paradigm, will appear in a future issue of this Journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article announces the meeting titled "National Radio Science Meeting," to be held during January 9-12, 2013 in the University of Colorado, Boulder, which is sponsored by the U.S. National Committee (USNC) of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI).

This article is based on a paper delivered by the author at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association in Boulder, Colorado in September 1955. In the article, the author describes the three current forms of election behavior research: historical, ecological and survey. He recommends the conscious merging of these three, suggests other methodological cross fertilizations and outlines four areas of research which he thinks are especially fruitful. The author, formerly a partner in Elmo Roper and Associates, recently started his own organization, Louis Harris and Associates. To the best of the author's knowledge, a truly comprehensive analysis of election behavior research in the Western world has not been done in detailed, inventory terms. The paper represents only selective observations about some of the places people have been in this area of analyzing voting. It discusses those avenues which in the author's view are some of the promising areas for further research and finally some concrete suggestions on the care and feeding of those who plan to engage in future research efforts.

The article focuses on a survey by the authors on the use of the Early English Books Online (EEBO) database in research and teaching at the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado. The survey reported that three quarters of the undergraduate students first used the EEBO to write a major paper in upper-level courses. Most of the graduate students first learned about the EEBO from a faculty member. Half of the faculty members first learned about the EEBO from a librarian. The survey found that downloading/e-mailing was the highest rated function among all user groups, and they were also satisfied with the effectiveness of their searches in the EEBO.

Background. The record number of wildfires in the United States in recent years has led to an increased focus on developing tools to accurately forecast their impacts at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Aims. The Warn-on-Forecast System for Smoke (WoFS-Smoke) was developed to improve these forecasts using wildfire properties retrieved from satellites to generate smoke plumes in the system. Methods. The WoFS is a regional domain ensemble data assimilation and forecasting system built around the concept of creating short-term (0-6 h) forecasts of high impact weather. This work extends WoFS-Smoke by ingesting data from the GOES-16 satellite at 15-min intervals to sample the rapidly changing conditions associated with wildfires. Key results. Comparison of experiments with and without GOES-16 data show that ingesting high temporal frequency data allows for wildfires to be initiated in the model earlier, leading to improved smoke forecasts during their early phases. Decreasing smoke plume intensity associated with weakening fires was also better forecast. Conclusions. The results were consistent for a large fire near Boulder, Colorado and a multi-fire event in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, indicating a broad applicability of this system. Implications. The development of WoFS-Smoke using geostationary satellite data allows for a significant advancement in smoke forecasting and its downstream impacts such as reductions in air quality, visibility, and potentially properties of severe convection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the National Radio Science Meeting to be held at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado on January 9-12, 2013.

• A case study based on the national BCycle bike-sharing program was presented. • The bike usage patterns were compared among different membership groups. • The spatio-temporal trends of empty and full bike stations were examined. • The current system configuration was optimized under three hypothetical scenarios. • This study has important implications to other cities in the BCycle program. Many cities around the world have integrated bike-sharing programs into their public transit systems to promise sustainable, affordable transportation and reduce environmental pollution in urban areas. Investigating the usage patterns of shared bikes is of key importance to understand cyclist's behaviors and subsequently optimize bike-sharing programs. Based on the historical trip records of bike users and station empty/full status data, this paper evaluated and optimized the bike-sharing program BCycle in the city of Boulder, Colorado, the United States, using a combination of different methods including the Potential Path Area (PPA) and the Capacitated Maximal Covering Location Problem (CMCLP). Results showed significantly different usage patterns between membership groups, revealed diverse imbalance patterns of bike supply and demand across stations in the city and provided three system upgrading strategies about maximizing the service coverage. This case study is committed to future energy conservation and sustainable energy systems nationwide and ultimately worldwide, by holding immerse potential to adapt the resulting optimization strategies to the cities with a similar urban context across the United States, as well as more emerging bike-sharing programs in other countries, such as China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the 2010 Capstone Design Conference held in Boulder, CO in June 2010 was to build upon the success of the inaugural 2007 conference and grow the community of educators, students, and industry members to discuss, analyze, and improve capstone design education. Focused around the primary theme of capstone pedagogy, the 2010 Capstone Design Conference was intentionally designed to promote vibrant and extensive sharing of ideas and experiences across the capstone community, through interactive panel and poster sessions, short courses, and working groups. This editorial discusses the conference planning, structure, and feedback. The subsequent papers in this issue document some of the outcomes of the conference, highlighting best papers and selected panel discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein the authors introduce the Snowflake Video Imager (SVI), which is a new instrument for characterizing frozen precipitation. An SVI utilizes a video camera with sufficient frame rate, pixels, and shutter speed to record thousands of snowflake images. The camera housing and lighting produce little airflow distortion, so SVI data are quite representative of natural conditions, which is important for volumetric data products such as snowflake size distributions. Long-duration, unattended operation of an SVI is feasible because datalogging software provides data compression and the hardware can operate for months in harsh winter conditions. Details of SVI hardware and field operation are given. Snowflake size distributions (SSDs) from a storm near Boulder, Colorado, are computed. An SVI is an imaging system, so SVI data can be utilized to compute diverse data products for various applications. In this paper, the authors present visualizations of frozen particles (i.e., snowflake aggregates as well as individual crystals), which provide insight into the weather conditions such as temperature, humidity, and winds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents work on developing speech corpora and recognition tools for Turkish by porting SONIC, a speech recognition tool developed initially for English at the Center for Spoken Language Research of the University of Colorado at Boulder. The work presented in this paper had two objectives: The first one is to collect a standard phonetically-balanced Turkish microphone speech corpus for general research use. A 193-speaker triphone-balanced audio corpus and a pronunciation lexicon for Turkish have been developed. The corpus has been accepted for distribution by the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) of the University of Pennsylvania in October 2005, and it will serve as a standard corpus for Turkish speech researchers. The second objective was to develop speech recognition tools (a phonetic aligner and a phone recognizer) for Turkish, which provided a starting point for obtaining a multilingual speech recognizer by porting SONIC to Turkish. This part of the work was the first port of this particular recognizer to a language other than English; subsequently, SONIC has been ported to over 15 languages. Using the phonetic aligner developed, the audio corpus has been provided with word, phone and HMM-state level alignments. For the phonetic aligner, it is shown that 92.6% of the automatically labeled phone boundaries are placed within 20ms of manually labeled locations for the Turkish audio corpus. Finally, a phone recognition error rate of 29.2% is demonstrated for the phone recognizer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

I discuss papers presented at the session The New Institutional Economics of Markets at the 10th ISNIE conference in Boulder, Colorado. RICHTER [2007] provides a model of a market organization illustrated by the example of the American tobacco industry. EGBERT [2007] analyzes the culture of open-air horse markets in Germany. HAUCAP, PAULY, AND WEY [2007] discuss why the inefficient legislation regulating the German labor market has proved so stable and difficult to reform. I suggest possible extensions to the model suggested by RICHTER [2007] and discuss them, based on the case studies provided by the other two papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The University of Colorado closed-path tunable diode laser hygrometer (CLH), a new instrument for the in situ measurement of enhanced total water (eTW, the sum of water vapor and condensed water enhanced by a subisokinetic inlet), has recently been flown aboard the NASA DC-8 and WB-57F aircrafts. The CLH has the sensitivity necessary to quantify the ice water content (IWC) of extremely thin subvisual cirrus clouds (∼0.1 mg m-3), while still providing measurements over a large range of conditions typical of upper-tropospheric cirrus (up to 1 g m-3). A key feature of the CLH is its subisokinetic inlet system, which is described in detail in this paper. The enhancement and evaporation of ice particles that results from the heated subisokinetic inlet is described both analytically and based on computational fluid dynamical simulations of the flow around the aircraft. Laboratory mixtures of water vapor with an accuracy of 2%–10% (2σ) were used to calibrate the CLH over a wide range of water vapor mixing ratios (∼50–50 000 ppm) and pressures (∼100–1000 mb). The water vapor retrieval algorithm, which is based on the CLH instrument properties as well as on the spectroscopic properties of the water absorption line, accurately fits the calibration data to within the uncertainty of the calibration mixtures and instrument signal-to-noise ratio. A method for calculating cirrus IWC from the CLH enhanced total water measurement is presented. In this method, the particle enhancement factor is determined from an independent particle size distribution measurement and the size-dependent CLH inlet efficiency. It is shown that despite the potentially large uncertainty in particle size measurements, the error introduced by this method adds ∼5% error to the IWC calculation. IWC accuracy ranges from 20% at the largest IWC to 50% at small IWC (<5 mg m-3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study conducted at the University of Colorado at Boulder (CU-Boulder) to assess the extent to which its catalogers were using Classification Web (Class Web), the subscription-based, online cataloging documentation resource provided by the Library of Congress. In addition, this paper will explore assumptions made by management regarding CU-Boulder catalogers' use of the product, possible reasons for the lower-than-expected use, and recommendations for promoting a more efficient and cost-effective use of Class Web at other institutions similar to CU-Boulder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1970s, tremendous progress was made in the physics of atmospheric finescale turbulence. In subsequent decades, effort in this field has languished. Although many scientific and technological problems associated with finescale turbulence are still unsolved, and although the need for the solution of some of them is now more urgent than three decades ago, the finescale turbulence community has never regained the strength and impact that it had in the 1970s. On 9–11 Aug 1999, a workshop on Atmospheric Turbulence at Meter– and Submeter Scales was held in Boulder, Colorado. Thirty–five invited participants with interests in this field discussed its past and future. Based on these discussions, this paper offers recommendations for three future canonical field experiments that would combine state–of–the–art methodologies to observe, simulate, and understand atmospheric finescale turbulence, in what sense it is relevant to remote sensing observations, and to what extent it affects the formation and evolution of clouds and precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If housing markets exhibit slow adjustment to system shocks, then hedonic estimates of the price impact from environmental amenity trends may be time variant. This paper suggests an alternative to the cross-sectional model for estimating hedonic prices using an error correction approach that allows for endogenous environmental quality. The model is applied to data concerning an open space purchase program in Boulder, Colorado, and shows that the economic impact of an open space purchase takes several years to be fully realized. This observation questions using cross-sectional, hedonic models for evaluating willingness to pay for time-trended environmental amenities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines and compares objective, scientific measures of environmental quality with subjective measures of individuals' perceptions obtained from survey information within the context of hedonic property value models. The specific application is to water clarity of freshwater lakes in Maine. Non-nested, J-test results indicate that the objective measure of water clarity was either preferred, or equally preferred, to the subjective measure for explaining variation in sale prices. These results are promising for hedonic applications employing scientific measures of environmental quality, however robustness of these results to other environmental amenities, and more complex environmental quality measures are of course needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that postmodern planning favours increasing informalization of traditional controls over land use and building whereby planning and design strategies are reconstructed and reinterpreted by means of a high level of communication among the stakeholders. In such an environment, significant issues are the integration of planning and design, the effectiveness of communication, and the role of designerly argumentation in development review. This study looks at the city of Boulder, Colorado, where the worldview and the emergent review processes show the dominant characteristics associated with postmodernity. The administrative structure of development review in Boulder, Colorado is discussed and the interaction that takes place in the review processes is analysed. The level of discretion used by the parties, the nature of the communication, the role of middle-scale plans, and the level of design argumentation are described. Finally, problems expressed by the reviewers and new strategies that are currently being tested are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by a desire to excite K-12 students about the joys of engineering and spark their interest in pre-engineering subjects, the Integrated Teaching and Learning (ITL) Program at the University of Colorado at Boulder has developed a pre-engineering outreach program targeted at K-12 teachers and students. To supplement anecdotal success indicators, ITL developed several assessment tools to measure the impact of these programs. Assessment strategies consist of three key components: 1) assessment of workshop participant feedback (teachers and students), 2) assessment of long-term outcomes (teachers), and 3) assessment tools developed for the teachers' classroom use (i.e., embedded assessment). This paper reviews the process used to develop the assessment plans and tools. Examples of the tools used to assess participant feedback and preliminary outcomes are provided. Additionally, the process used to develop embedded assessment tools is described, including development of performance criteria and assessment tools that are linked to the learning goals, objectives, and K-12 State educational standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and subsequent oxidation contribute to the formation of secondary pollutants and poor air quality in general. As more VOCs at lower mixing ratios have become the target of air quality investigations, their quantification has been aided by technological advancements in proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS). However, such quantification requires appropriate instrument background measurements and calibrations, particularly for VOCs without calibration standards. This study utilized a Vocus PTR-TOF-MS coupled with a gas chromatograph for real-time and speciated measurements of ambient VOCs in Boulder, Colorado, during spring 2021. The aim of these measurements was to understand and characterize instrument response and temporal variability as to inform the quantification of a broader range of detected VOCs. Fast, frequent calibrations were made every 2 h in addition to daily multipoint calibrations. Sensitivities derived from the fast calibrations were 5 ± 6 % (average and 1 standard deviation) lower than those derived from the multipoint calibrations due to an offset between the calibrations and instrument background measurement. This offset was caused, in part, by incomplete mixing of the standard with diluent. These fast calibrations were used in place of a normalization correction to account for variability in instrument response and accounted for non-constant reactor conditions caused by a gradual obstruction of the sample inlet. One symptom of these non-constant conditions was a trend in fragmentation, although the greatest observed variability was 6 % (1 relative standard deviation) for isoprene. A PTR Data Toolkit (PTR-DT) was developed to assess instrument performance and rapidly estimate the sensitivities of VOCs which could not be directly calibrated on the timescale of the fast calibrations using the measured sensitivities of standards, molecular properties, and simple reaction kinetics. Through this toolkit, the standards' sensitivities were recreated within 1 ± 8 % of the measured values. Three clean-air sources were compared: a hydrocarbon trap, zero-grade air and ultra-high purity nitrogen, and a catalytic zero-air generator. The catalytic zero-air generator yielded the lowest instrument background signals for the majority of ions, followed by the hydrocarbon trap. Depending on the ionization efficiency, product ion fragmentation, ion transmission, and instrument background, standards' limits of detection (5 s measurement integration) derived from the catalytic zero-air generator and the fast calibration sensitivities ranged from 2 ppbv (methanol) to 1 pptv (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; D5 siloxane) with most standards having detection limits below 20 pptv. Finally, applications of measurements with low detection limits are considered for a few low-signal species including sub-parts-per-trillion by volume (pptv) enhancements of icosanal (and isomers; 1 min average) in a plume of cooking emissions, and sub-parts-per-trillion by volume enhancements in dimethyl disulfide in plumes containing other organosulfur compounds. Additionally, chromatograms of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D3, D4, and D5 siloxanes, respectively), combined with high sensitivity, suggest that online measurements can reasonably be associated with the individual isomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have discovered that the peak phase time of predawn thermosphere‐ionosphere Na (TINa) layers (∼110–150 km altitude) undergoes clear annual variations with the earliest occurrence in summer and latest in winter over Boulder (40.13°N, 105.24°W), which are closely correlated to annual phase variations of sunrise and tidal winds. Such discoveries were enabled by the first characterization of 12 monthly composites of TINa layers from January through December using 7 years of lidar observations (2011–2017). Despite their tenuous densities, the predawn TINa layers have nearly 100% occurrence rate (160 out of 164 nights of observations). Monthly composites show downward‐phase‐progression TINa descending at similar phase speeds as Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere tidal winds. These TINa layers occur in ion convergence but neutral divergence regions, modeled using tidal winds. These results support the formation mechanism (neutralization of converged TINa+ forming TINa) proposed previously and suggest that migrating tidal winds experience annual phase variations. Plain Language Summary: With tons of cosmic dust falling on Earth every day, metallic atoms and ions (e.g., Fe, Na, K, and Ca+) are released via meteor ablation and sputtering into the upper atmosphere, forming permanent metal layers (∼75–105 km) that have been known for nearly a century. What was unknown until 2011 was the existence of thermosphere‐ionosphere metal (TIMt) layers that were discovered with high‐sensitivity lidar observations first from Antarctica and then were observed globally. These neutral TIMt layers locate above the permanent layers with an upper reach to ∼200 km and exhibit intermittent occurrence. In 2021 surprising regular occurrence of TIMt layers in Na species (TINa) was reported for the first time from lidar observations over Boulder, Colorado, where TINa layers occur before dawn and after dusk nearly every night. By analyzing 7 years of lidar data, we have further discovered that the Boulder predawn TINa layers occur in earlier hours in summer than in winter. Such annual phase variations are correlated with sunrise and solar‐heating‐driven tidal winds. These TIMt layers are of great scientific interest as they provide unique tracers for making direct measurements in the least understood but crucially important "thermospheric gap" region of 100–200 km. Key Points: First characterization of 12 monthly composites of Na mixing ratios reveals annual phase variations of predawn thermosphere‐ionosphere Na (TINa) layers (110–150 km)Predawn TINa occur ∼2.5 hr earlier in summer than in winter, closely correlating to annual phase variations of sunrise and Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere semidiurnal westward‐propagating tidal windsTINa layers descend at similar rates as and in tidal‐wind‐modeled ion convergence regions, supporting neutralization of TINa+ forming TINa [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do (or do not) people encourage others in their social networks to adopt climate-friendly behaviors? Encouragement like this has been referred to as "relational organizing," and can help scale up climate action across communities. Since relational organizing is a social behavior, it likely has its own specific barriers and motivations beyond what affects personal climate action. Food is a big part of our day-to-day lives and our relationships with people we care about. It also impacts the climate, ecosystems, animal welfare, and our own health. As such, people's climate-friendly food choices provide an ideal case study to explore drivers of relational organizing. Using an online survey with two North American samples of motivated audiences (one US-wide animal advocacy community, N = 1166, and one environmentally focused community in Boulder, Colorado, N = 363), we sought to identify and categorize the social–psychological barriers to and drivers of relational organizing for climate-friendly food choices. Using exploratory factor analysis and predictive models, we found that self-efficacy in carrying out the personal behavior, response efficacy beliefs, supportive social norms, and personal aptitude in relational organizing (e.g., personal norms) predicted relational organizing action after the survey. People's sense of personal obligation to engage in relational organizing (i.e., personal norms), beliefs that would make a difference to important causes (i.e. response efficacy), and social identity beliefs around activism were particularly important. We discuss how these findings can help inform interventions related to climate-friendly diets, and what this means more broadly for how relational organizing can support climate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the climatology and interannual variation of the East Asian winter monsoon based on the 1979--95 National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis. In addition to documenting the frequency, intensity, and preferred propagation tracks of cold surges and the evolution patterns of related fields, the authors discuss the temporal distribution of the Siberian high and cold surges. Further, the interannual variation of the cold surges and winter monsoon circulation and its relationship with ENSO were examined. There are on average 13 cold surges in each winter season (October--April), of which two are strong cases. The average intensity of cold surges, measured by maximum sea level pressure, is 1053 hPa. The cold surges originate from two source regions: 1) northwest of Lake Baikal, and 2) north of Lake Balkhash. The typical evolution of a cold surge occurs over a period of 5--14 days. Trajectory and correlation analyses indicate that, during this time, high pressure centers propagate southeastward around the edge of the Tibetan Plateau from the mentioned source regions. Some of these high pressure centers then move eastward and diminish over the oceans, while others proceed southward. The signatures of the associated temperature, wind, and pressure fields propagate farther southward and eastward. The affected area encompasses the bulk of the maritime continent. Although the intensity of the Siberian high peaks during December and January, the frequency of cold surges reaches a maximum in November and in March. This result suggests that November through March should be considered as the East Asian winter monsoon season. Two stratifications of cold surges are used to examine the relationship between ENSO and the interannual variation of the winter monsoon. The first one, described as conventional cold surges, indicates that the surge frequency reaches a minimum a year... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the program of the Econometric Society's North American meeting held in Boulder, Colorado, from June 21 to 24, 1978. Some of the research papers presented at the meeting on June 21 are: "Estimation of a Modal Choice Model With Incomplete Observations," by Lung Fei; "The Effect of Taxes on Labor Supply," by Jerry Hausman; "Estimation With Nonlinear Budget Restraints: The Demand for Housing," by David Wise; "Some Models of Capital Asset Pricing With Rational Anticipations," by John Cox; "An Integration of Stochastic Growth Theory and the Theory of Finance," by William Brock. Further, some of the research papers presented on June 22 are: "Oligopoly Equilibrium With Discontinuous Reaction Functions," by Walter Heller; "Estimating Dynamic Labor Demand Schedules," by Thomas J. Sargent; "The Cyclical Behavior of the Term Structure of Interest Rates," by Kenneth Singleton; "Dimensions of the Output-Inflation Trade Off: An International Comparison," by John Taylor; "The Structure of Neutral Monotonic Social Functions," by Julian Blau.

This paper describes the global ocean component of the NCAR Climate System Model. New parameterizations of the effects of mesoscale eddies and of the upper-ocean boundary layer are included. Numerical improvements include a third-order upwind advection scheme and elimination of the artificial North Pole island in the original MOM 1.1 code. Updated forcing fields are used to drive the ocean-alone solution, which is integrated long enough so that it is in equilibrium. The ocean transports and potential temperature and salinity distributions are compared with observations. The solution sensitivity to the freshwater forcing distribution is highlighted, and the sensitivity to resolution is also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial incidents are on the rise. Recently, the University of Missouri made news in Editor & Publisher and the Chronicle of Higher Education for racial incidents on campus. At the University of Colorado-Boulder, a campus with low and declining minority enrollment, things were no different. Racial epithets were scrawled outside a black faculty member's door, students representing various minority groups lodged a variety of protests throughout the year, and news of much of it found its way not only into the local papers but into the Denver, Colorado media market. However, the most widely reported of the Boulder racial incidents occurred on Martin Luther King Day, when the Sigma Chi fraternity plastered rush fliers that included a photograph of an obese, nude, black woman all over campus. The story, as well as the University's response to the incident, became news. Children who attended an elementary school across the street from the fraternity house protested. So did black and other minority students.

This study compares time series of stratospheric water vapor (SWV) data at 30 and 50 hPa from 1993 to 2005, based on sets of Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) profiles above the region of Boulder, CO (40 ∘ N, 255 ∘ E), and on local frost-point hygrometer (FPH) measurements. Their differing trends herein agree with most of the previously published findings. FPH trends are presumed to be accurate within their data uncertainties, and there are no known measurement biases affecting the HALOE trends. However, the seasonal sampling from HALOE is deficient at 40 ∘ N from 2001 to 2005, especially during late winter and springtime, when HALOE SWV time series at 55 ∘ N clearly show a springtime maximum. This study finds that the SWV trends from HALOE and FPH measurements nearly agree within uncertainties at 30 hPa for the more limited time span of 1993 to 2002. Yet, HALOE SWV at 50 hPa has significant and perhaps uncertain corrections for interfering aerosols from 1992 to 1994. Northern Hemisphere time series and daily SWV plots near 30 hPa from the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment indicate that there is transport of filaments of high SWV from polar to middle latitudes during dynamically active winter and springtime periods. Although FPH measurements sense SWV variations at all scales, the HALOE time series do not resolve smaller-scale structures because its time series data are based on an average of four or more occultations within a finite latitude–longitude sector. It is concluded that the variations and trends of HALOE SWV are reasonable at 40 ∘ N and 30 hPa from 1993 to 2002 and in accord with the spatial scales of its measurements and sampling frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work set out to assess the performance of four forecast systems [the Short-Range Ensemble Forecast (SREF), High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Ensemble (HRRRE), the National Blend of Models (NBM), and the Probabilistic Snow Accumulation product (PSA) from the National Weather Service (NWS) Boulder, Colorado, Weather Forecast Office] when predicting snowfall events around the Intermountain West to advise winter weather decision-making processes at Denver International Airport. The goal was to provide airport personnel and the Boulder NWS Forecast Office with operationally relevant verification results on the timing and severity of these events so they are able to make better-informed decisions to minimize negative impacts of storms. Forecasts of snow events using various probability thresholds and a climatological snow-to-liquid ratio of 15:1 were evaluated against Meteorological Aerodrome Reports (METARs) for 24-h periods following four decision-making times spaced equally throughout the day. For the ensembles, a frequentist approach was used: the forecast probability equaled the percentage of ensemble members that predicted a snow event. The results show that the NBM had the best timing of snow events out of the products, while all the products tended to overforecast snow amount. Additionally, NBM had fewer snow events and rarely had high probabilities of snow, unlike the other forecast products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Boulder and the Colorado state legislature are both examining potential housing policies to address the growing housing affordability crisis, which reflect similar discussions in other cities and states. Zoning reform must be a central aspect of these housing policy reforms because of its impact on affordability, environmental sustainability, racial desegregation, and the economic stability of cities and states. However, passing zoning reform measures is complicated by local political opposition and the potential for unintended consequences. The best approach to pass zoning reform white ensuring that cities and states truly address housing affordability is to craft zoning reform policy that will mitigate potential negative impacts, and to pass this reform in conjunction with other housing policies. This Comment will examine why zoning reform is necessary and identify combinations of housing policies that cities and states can enact to meet their housing goals, with a focus on zoning reform possibilities in Boulder, Colorado that other cities can emulate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 30 December 2021, the Marshall Fire devastated the Boulder, Colorado region. The fire initiated in fine fuels in open space just southeast of Boulder and spread rapidly due to the strong, downslope winds that penetrated into the Boulder Foothills. Despite the increasing occurrence of wildland‐urban interface (WUI) disasters, many questions remain about how fires progress through vegetation and the built environment. To help answer these questions for the Marshall Fire, we use a coupled fire‐atmosphere model and Doppler on Wheels (DOW) observations to study the fire's progression as well as examine the physical drivers of its spread. Evaluation of the model using the DOW suggests that the model is able to capture general characteristics of the flow field; however, it does not produce as robust of a hydraulic jump as the one observed. Our results highlight limitations of the model that should be addressed for successful WUI simulations. Plain Language Summary: Wildland‐urban interface (WUI) fires are increasing in the United States and around the world as the built environment continues to expand into the wildland. To better inform real‐time management of active wildfires, it is critical that the scientific community can better predict WUI fire spread. In this study, we rely on multiple observational platforms, including the "Doppler on Wheels" radar, to investigate the performance of a state‐of‐the‐art fire behavior model that links with a weather model during the Marshall Fire, which was a recent WUI fire that occurred in Colorado. While the modeling system performs well during the fire's initial propagation in fine fuels, it is unable to accurately predict spread in the built environment. While turbulence‐resolving simulations can accurately represent atmospheric flow features, more reliable predictability of wildfire behavior in the WUI will require consideration of urban fuels and fire ember spotting. Key Points: Complex meso‐ and micro‐scale meteorology, along with fire ember spotting, were responsible for rapid spread of the Marshall FireRadar observations from "Doppler on Wheels" elucidates three‐dimensional flow structures that impact fire and plume evolutionInitial fire propagation in dry, fine fuels is well‐represented by the coupled WRF‐Fire model, but urban spread remains a challenge [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]