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Reports that the Fundamental Research Committee has issued a call for papers for the 13th Fundamental Research Symposium to be held at Cambridge, England. Theme of the symposium; Deadline for the submission of abstracts; Criteria for the submitted papers.

The article reports on Plastic Logic's plan to open a manufacturing facility for organic electronic circuits. The Cambridge, England-based start-up company has received $100 million in venture capital funding to build the facility. The facility will create thin and flexible plastic electronic circuits using organic semiconductors and printing techniques more commonly fund in graphic houses.

Reveals that the University of Cambridge is attempting to buy a collection of letters which were written by scientist Isaac Newton. How the collection ended as a private collection; Importance of the letters; Other collections of the University.

Focuses on the University of Cambridge's plans to purchase scientific writings of Sir Isaac Newton from the Earl of Macclesfield at an auction in England. Intention of the university to unite the papers with their existing collection of Newton's works; Contribution from the United Kingdom Heritage Lottery Fund toward the purchase.

Highlights the recipients of the Fulker Award for the year 2000 presented at the Behavior Genetics Association Meeting in Cambridge, England. Lon R. Cardon; Goncalo R. Abecasis; Annual Prize.

Provides information on several research papers discussed at the 4th conference on Advances in Corrosion Protection by Organic Coatings, held at Christ's College in Cambridge, England on September 20 to 24, 2004. Comparison of electrochemical techniques for assessing anti-corrosive organic coatings; Aspects regarding the protective function of polyaniline towards mild steel; Direct measurement of diffusion of phosphate and chloride in epoxy coatings.

The article highlights the 13th Fundamental Research Symposium on "Advances in Paper Science and Technology" which took place from September 11 to 16, 2005 at Robinson College, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. The meeting included 35 research papers and seven review papers prepared by invited experts. The comprehensive review papers have provided an updated record of current knowledge and progress since 1957.

Reports on the discussion-seminar 'Making the Means Transparent: exploring research methodologies in heritage studies' held November 16, 2002 at the Cambridge University, England. Discussion on methods used within heritage studies; Papers delivered; Account of sessions.

Private schools have long played a crucial role in male elite formation but their importance to women's trajectories is less clear. In this paper, we explore the relationship between girls' private schools and elite recruitment in Britain over the past 120 years – drawing on the historical database of Who's Who, a unique catalogue of the elite. We find that alumni of elite girls schools have been around 20 times more likely than other women to reach elite positions. They are also more likely to follow particular channels of elite recruitment, via the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, private members clubs and elite spouses. Yet such schools have also consistently been less propulsive than their male-only counterparts. We argue this is rooted in the ambivalent aims of girls elite education, where there has been a longstanding tension between promoting academic achievement and upholding traditional processes of gendered social reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports that the Fundamental Research Committee at Robinson College in Cambridge, England has issued a call for papers for the 13th Fundamental Research Symposium at Robinson College in September 2005. Call for abstracts from scientists working in all fields of fiber and paper science and technology relevant to paper manufacture.

The section introduces a series of articles highlighted at the Challenge of Business Ethics conference in Cambridge, England. The diversity of the papers disguised a unity of contradiction,which linked papers that addressed the same key themes and tensions from opposite perspectives. The corporate social responsibility (CSR) approach faces the problem of converting formal, generalized, intentions into practical and consistent action. The paper by Ioanna Foka in this special edition picks up on this theme and provides a framework for benchmarking organizations' performance on CSR. Other contributors, implicitly or explicitly, consider the sublation of this tension between a focus on the organization and a focus on the individual.

The article offers the authors' insights on the Sixth Term Examination Paper (STEP), a public examination administered by the Cambridge Assessment admissions tests division used as a basis for conditional offers by Warwick and Cambridge in England. He states that a grade one is awarded to candidates on a STEP paper that produce almost complete solutions for the questions. He adds that the paper's duration is three hours which means a good candidate can take 45 minutes to complete the paper.

This paper describes how design review panels operate in England, focusing on three panels operating in Cambridge. It considers two questions: whether design review panels contribute to improving the quality of the built environment, and whether they are an important element of the design process. The analysis focuses on the quality and process of urban design, based on face-to-face qualitative interviews with planners, developers and panel members. In conclusion, despite the several shortcomings, the paper argues that the panels contribute to better dialogue between the different actors of the process, and hence can improve the quality of built environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Conservation is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Information about the third edition of the International Workshop on Antenna Technology (IWAT) conference which was held in Cambridge, England in March 2007 is presented. According to the author, the event was more than successful than the previous events, which was attributed to the very dedicated team of local organizers and hosts, and the high qualities of papers delivered by luminaries in the field. Several photographs of the conference are also included.

Information about several papers discussed in the 9th and 10th of the Pugwash Conferences in Science and World Affairs which were held in Cambridge on August 25-30, and in London, England on September 3-7, 1962. The conference gathered 60 scientists from 18 countries. The papers presented by Western scientists and the statements emanating from the conferences have shown no evidence of partisan inspiration.

This paper investigates the challenges of tackling multiple uncertainties in strategic plan implementation. Through a case study of a planned urban extension in the east of England, the paper examines the approaches that were adopted to tackle different types of uncertainties, including value uncertainties, organisational uncertainties and external uncertainties. The findings suggest that strategic, sub-regional plans are particularly vulnerable to external uncertainties, and that it is difficult to address external uncertainties through contingency plans, given the impact of political changes on the legitimacy of value assumptions underpinning each plan period. Nevertheless, the findings indicate the importance of mature, multi-actor partnership arrangements for development plan-making and implementation, which can facilitate the mitigation of organisational uncertainties following implementation failure. This implies that effective plan implementation is less about the circumvention of undesirable uncertainties, and more about the capacity to deal with the ongoing, recurring emergence of multiple uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the papers from the Third Workshop on Models and Algorithms for Planning and Scheduling Problems that was held at Queens' College in Cambridge, England. Emphasis of the workshop on the new and interesting developments in the areas of planning and scheduling; Details on the event's non-academic program; Issues discussed in the event.

The article focuses on a series of seminars held in the year 1987 in Cambridge, England on feminism and psychoanalysis. Seminars were nominally international, with speakers from Great Britain, Holland, France, India and the U.S. The papers on these seminars are now published in volumes. One assumes that papers were followed by discussions, or at least questions, and it is regrettable that no indication on audience reaction is given. The purpose of these seminars was to explore debates that have arisen between feminism and psychoanalysis, especially psychoanalysis of the Lacanian persuasion. Few concessions are made to the uninitiated, and most of the authors assume a familiarity with a wide range of difficult material. Both the Cambridge papers rely upon and reproduce a number of dubious propositions, not least the pervasive belief that there is a dominant Cartesian rationalism which can be held responsible for the constitution of the thinking subject.

The key worker concept was introduced into the English land-use planning system as a means to address the affordability problems of low-to-moderate income public sector workers. Local planners were granted significant discretion to interpret national planning guidance as they see fit, which gives rise to variations in local planning practice. Drawing on new institutionalism as a conceptual framework and Cambridge as a case study, the paper examines how the key worker concept has been translated into local planning policy in the light of local priorities. The paper suggests that Cambridge city planners' interpretation of the key worker concept not only provided an opportunity for the University of Cambridge to articulate its own workers' housing needs, but also shaped planning decisions at Cambridge's north-west urban extension site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the December 2005 issue of the journal "Engineering Sustainability." There are four papers in this issue. Helen Bartlett and Peter Guthrie of the University of Cambridge, England, are concerned with the way sustainability is defined and interpreted in relation to the built environment. A paper by researcher Peter Guthrie and Jay Golden focuses on the implications of rapid urbanization and consequent summertime local climate change, as a result of the differential heating of hard urban surfaces.

Huber F. On the role and interrelationship of spatial, social and cognitive proximity: personal knowledge relationships of R&D workers in the Cambridge information technology cluster, Regional Studies. Although the importance of proximity has been highlighted, it remains an open question which types and levels of proximity are critical for knowledge networks. This paper addresses this issue by examining the role of spatial, social and cognitive proximity of personal knowledge relationships in the Cambridge information technology cluster. It is shown that distinguishing between sub-dimensions of cognitive proximity can clarify the ‘proximity paradox’. Moreover, the results highlight that local relationships enable access to cognitively more diverse knowledge than non-local ones. Finally, the paper provides empirical evidence of a compensation mechanism: distance in one dimension is compensated by proximity in at least one other dimension. However, similarity in terms of technical language cannot be easily substituted. Huber F. 空间、社会及认知毗邻性的相互关系与作用：剑桥IT产业集群研发部门中从业人员间的个体知识关系，区域研究。尽管目前在大量研究中已经强调了毗邻性的重要性，如下问题依旧值得探讨：什么类型及层次的毗邻性对于知识网络构建而言是至关重要的？本文通过考察剑桥IT产业集群创新及发展部门中从业人员间的个体知识关系讨论了这一问题。研究发现，对毗邻性概念进行的细分有助于明确‘毗邻性悖论’。研究同时表明可以将更多样化的知识整合入地方关系中。最终，文章为补偿机制提供了经验证据：某一层面的差距可以由其他层面的毗邻性进行补充。然而，技术语言的相似性不可轻易被取代。 毗邻性 认知毗邻性 社会毗邻性 个人网络 知识网络 毗邻悖论 Huber F. Sur le rôle et la corrélation de la proximité spatiale, sociale et cognitive: les rapports de connaisance personnels des travailleurs de R et D dans le cluster de la technologie de l'information situé à Cambridge, Regional Studies. Bien que l'on ait souligné l'importance de la proximité, on doute quels types et quels niveaux de proximité soient essentiels pour les réseaux de connaissance. Cet article aborde la question en examinant le rôle de la proximité spatiale, sociale et cognitive des rapports de connaissance personnels dans le cluster de la technologie de l'information situé à Cambridge. On montre que distinguer entre les subdivisions de la proximité cognitive peut éclaircir le ‘paradoxe de la proximité’. Qui plus est, les résultats laissent voir que les rapports locaux permettent un accès à la connaissance qui est plus divers du point de vue cognitif que ne le sont les rapports non-locaux. Pour terminer, l'article fournit des preuves empiriques d'un mécanisme de compensation: la distance dans un sens se voit compenser par la proximité dans au moins un autre sens. Cependant, on ne peut pas compenser facilement le langage technique. Proximité Proximité cognitive Proximité sociale Réseaux personnels Réseaux de connaissance Paradoxe de proximité Huber F. Die Rolle und wechselseitigen Beziehungen von räumlicher, sozialer und kognitiver Nähe: persönliche Wissensbeziehungen von F&E-Kräften im IT-Cluster Cambridge, Regional Studies. Die Wichtigkeit von Nähe wurde zwar bereits hervorgehoben, doch es bleibt ungeklärt, welche Arten und Stufen von Nähe für Wissensnetzwerke entscheidend sind. In diesem Beitrag wird dieses Thema aufgegriffen und untersucht, welche Rolle die räumliche, soziale und kognitive Nähe von persönlichen Wissensbeziehungen im Informationstechnologie-Cluster von Cambridge spielt. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich das ‘Paradoxon der Nähe’ durch eine Differenzierung der Subdimensionen der kognitiven Nähe klären lässt. Darüber machen die Ergebnisse deutlich, dass lokale Beziehungen einen Zugriff auf ein kognitiv breiteres Wissensspektrum ermöglichen als nicht-lokale Beziehungen. Ebenso liefert dieser Beitrag empirische Belege für einen Kompensationsmechanismus: Die Entfernung in einer Dimension wird durch Nähe in mindestens einer anderen Dimension kompensiert. Allerdings lässt sich eine Ähnlichkeit in puncto Fachsprache nicht einfach substituieren. Nähe Kognitive Nähe Soziale Nähe Persönliche Netzwerke Wissensnetzwerke Paradoxon der Nähe Huber F. El papel y la interrelación de la proximidad espacial, social y cognitiva: relaciones del conocimiento personal entre trabajadores de I + D en la aglomeración de la TI de Cambridge, Regional Studies. Aunque se ha puesto de relieve la importancia de la proximidad, sigue abierta la cuestión sobre qué tipos y niveles de proximidad son fundamentales para las redes de conocimiento. En este artículo abordamos esta cuestión al examinar el papel de la proximidad espacial, social y cognitiva de las relaciones del conocimiento personal en la aglomeración de la tecnología de la información de Cambridge. Mostramos que distinguir entre subdimensiones de proximidad cognitiva puede aclarar la ‘paradoja de la proximidad’. Además, los resultados destacan que las relaciones locales permiten un acceso a conocimiento cognitivamente más diverso. Para terminar, en este artículo ofrecemos evidencias empíricas de un mecanismo de compensación: la distancia en una dimensión está compensada por la proximidad en como mínimo una dimensión diferente. Sin embargo, no puede sustituirse fácilmente la similitud del lenguaje técnico. Proximidad Proximidad cognitiva Proximidad social Redes personales Redes de conocimiento Paradoja de la proximidad [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the Fourth Islamic Manuscript Association (TIMA) Conference that was held at the University of Cambridge in England from July 6-8, 2008. A wide range of Islamic manuscripts, art and architecture were presented during the event. Chief speakers also introduced certain major works, some of which were presumed lost.

Whilst personal knowledge networks between organisations have been argued to be important for regional economic development, their functioning and, within this context, the exact role of spatial proximity has been empirically underexplored. This paper addresses these issues by, first, examining the dynamic mechanisms of the formation, maintenance, and knowledge interaction of important knowledge relationships of R&D workers in the Cambridge information technology cluster in the UK. It is demonstrated that personal relations tended to transform from an initially professional context into privately governed relationships. Furthermore, it is argued that a sophisticated understanding of the role of spatial proximity requires an investigation of the spatiality of several stages of the network mechanisms. The results show that permanent spatial proximity and face-to-face interaction are more important for the formation of relationships than for the maintenance stage and, in particular, for work-related knowledge interactions. Finally, it is argued that, in contrast to the emphasis in much of the literature on communities of practice and epistemic communities, the knowledge relationships do not tend to be anchored in collective groups. Instead, the paper highlights the usefulness of the concept of individualised networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights a conference titled "The Islamic Manuscript: A Conference on Conservation, Cataloguing, Accessibility, Copyright and Digitization," held on July 4 to 6, 2005, at King's College in Cambridge, England. The purpose of the conference was to asses the current threat to the preservation and the recording of the numerous and priceless manuscripts which are under threat worldwide. At the conference, Imtiaz Ahmad presented two papers on the current situation.

Debates around the purpose of green belts arise regularly in England. The aim of this paper is to contribute to this debate by examining the way in which pressures to review green belt policy have mounted at the local level. The paper evaluates the way that planning policy in the Cambridge sub-region has shifted in emphasis to reflect changing national directives and in response to localized growth pressures. Focusing upon the University of Cambridge's proposed urban extension, the paper demonstrates the way that this key stakeholder's needs have taken precedence, outweighing green belt designation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue for the epiphenomenality of functional properties by means of thought experiments and general principles. General principles suggest that an object's causal powers nomologically supervene on its intrinsic properties and that its functional role does not. This implies that it is possible for an object to lose its functional role without undergoing any change to its intrinsic properties or causal powers. Nor is it difficult to conceive of such scenarios. Various thought experiments are introduced for just this purpose. But properties that can vary independently of an object's causal powers in this way are epiphenomenal, for their instantiation by an object at a time makes no difference to the causal processes the object is involved in at that time. The same processes would have occurred even if such properties hadn't been instantiated. The intrinsicness thesis is controversial, but it is not controversial that it is true of productive causation, and many believe that productive causation is the only form of mental causation worth having. Nevertheless, in the paper's final section I consider dependence-based accounts of causation, which do not presuppose the intrinsicness of causal powers, and show that they too have difficulties accounting for the efficacy of functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the treatment of ontology offered by critical realism. It addresses much of the material elaborated upon in two editions of this journal. Three main groups of criticisms are made here of the critical realist treatment of open systems. It is argued that critical realism, particularly in the project in economics emanating from Cambridge, UK, tends to define systems in terms of events. This definition is shown to be problematic. The exemplar of a closed system provided by critical realism of the solar system is shown to be flawed in that it is not closed according to the closure conditions identified by critical realism. Second, the negativity of the definitions adopted is problematic for heterodox traditions attempting to build positive programmes. Furthermore, the dualism of the definitions is also inconsistent with Dow's approach, which has ramifications for the coherence of post Keynesianism. Third, the definitions tend to polarize open and closed systems and ignore the degrees of openness evident in reality. The polarization of systems leads to polarized methodology and unsustainable arguments to reject so-called “closed-systems methods.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road user charging has long been advocated as a means of dealing with congestion in urban areas. Numerous schemes have been proposed but have advanced little beyond the drawing board. This paper draws on the experiences of two such road user charging schemes, namely Electronic Road Pricing in Hong Kong, China, and Congestion Metering in the city of Cambridge, UK, and it seeks to make comparisons with the way implementation of congestion charging in Central London, UK, has been undertaken. What lessons can be learnt from the three examples that would aid authorities considering such a course of action? Certain issues have contributed to the two schemes not being implemented, such as the level of congestion not being severe enough, the clarity of objectives, invasion of road user’s privacy, and timing and presentation. The paper seeks to compare and contrast the issues resulting in the schemes not being implemented with those of the successfully implemented scheme. The conclusion is that it is not possible to attribute the successful implementation of congestion charging to one issue alone. The role of a policy champion, public support given the severity of congestion, a single implementing agency, an understanding of the scheme’s objectives, and timing and clear presentation have all been important factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents abstracts of proffered papers of meeting held by Society for the Study of Human Biology which was held at the University of Cambridge on May 8, 2003. Some of the papers discussed here are: "What the "Body-Beautiful" Might Be Telling Us About the "Body-Healthy"" by S. Lewis of Chester College from Chester, England. "The Cognitive Abilities of Cebus Apella Libidinosus: Tool Use and Survival in a Harsh Environment" by A.C. De Moura and P.C. Lee from University of Cambridge, located in England. "A Review of Neanderthal and Selk'nam Long Bone Trauma Frequency" by S. UnderDown, University of Cambridge, located in England.

In growing recognition of the affordability problems in high-cost locations in England, particularly for those working in the public sector, the Government has advised local planning authorities to assess locally the housing needs of key workers and make provision for them. However, little guidance exists with regard to defining key workers and key-worker housing or how to undertake a local assessment of housing needs for this particular section of the community. The purpose of this paper is to help inform this debate through the use of a case study that focused on the nature and extent of the key-worker problem in Cambridge. Drawing together evidence from published statistics on the affordability problems that exist in the city as well as extensive surveys with employers and employees in the area, the paper suggests that there is a case to include policies for key-worker housing in the Cambridge Local Plan. It also suggests adopting a broad definition of key workers to allow planners the freedom to tackle the problems locally. Finally, it suggests that to meet key-worker aspirations, key-worker housing should be defined broadly to include not just subsidised rented housing, but also shared ownership, discounted market ownership and fixed equity tenure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concordance-based cloze (henceforth ConCloze) tests have rarely been researched over the past two decades. This paper explores some potentially practical applications of their manifold item formats to language testing. The formats can range from response-selected to response-constructed ones, all embracing Read's (Assessing Vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) context-dependent vocabulary assessment and likely tapping into multiple aspects and components of Nation's (Learning Vocabulary in another Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001) word knowledge. These applications imply a fine-grained approach to vocabulary teaching and learning as well as word-knowledge profiling and evaluation in that the viability of this item type calls for attention to complex word-knowledge components rather than merely the usually recognized form-meaning dimension. This could in turn carry a broad implication for language-pedagogical paradigms in general and vocabulary assessment in particular. Moreover, as the ConCloze item formats may be constructed with the aid of corpus and concordance markings, the other implication is that corpora should be built purposively, and concordances annotated specifically yet multidimensionally. This will enable these corpus-linguistic tools to accommodate computer-based test construction and delivery of the ConCloze item type as well as other item types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on two conferences on French studies in England. Participants in the New Approaches to Zola Centenary Colloquium held in Cambridge in April 2002; Theme of the First Annual Conference of the Society of Dix-Neuvémistes in London.

The consensus of opinion among biological anthropologists is that cribra orbitalia is a skeletal indicator of chronic anemia in an individual. There has been debate as to whether any type of anemia will cause it, or only specific etiologies such as iron deficiency. A number of papers have proposed that the widespread occurrence of cribra orbitalia in past populations may be due to chronic intestinal parasite infection, as parasites often cause anemia today. Our aim is to investigate whether there is any association between intestinal parasite infection and cribra orbitalia in the medieval population of Cambridge, UK. The individuals under study were excavated from the Augustinian Friary and the All Saints by the Castle parish cemetery. We undertook parasite analysis of the pelvic sediment and control samples of 43 burials with intact orbital roofs. Human roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and/or whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) were identified in the pelvic sediment of 19 individuals, and cribra orbitalia was noted in 11 individuals. Chi square test showed no association between parasite infection and cribra orbitalia (p=.921). Although roundworm and whipworm infections are known to cause anemia in modern populations, we found no association between infection and cribra orbitalia infection in this medieval population. It is possible that only parasites that cause marked anemia (such as hookworm, schistosomiasis or malaria) may cause cribra orbitalia, while less marked anemia from roundworm and whipworm may not do so. However, our findings do not support the hypothesis linking intestinal parasite infection and cribra orbitalia formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the winter and annual general meeting of the British Ecological Society in the Botany School in Cambridge, England from January 4-5, 1961. In the first paper, titled "Aquatic and Swamp Vegetation in Scotland," D. H. N. Spence discussed the results of a study of lochs. In his presentation, titled "Dormancy in the Freshwater Copepoda," J. P. Smyly explored the function of resting-stages as an ecological adaptation to allow species to survive.

The article offers information about the British Ecological Society' spring meeting held in Cambridge, England from March 27-29, 1957. The section reports on various papers presented at the event, including information on several sessions held during the meeting. Nearly fifty members and guests gathered for the meeting.

Information on several papers discussed at the 27th annual meeting of the British Ecological Society that was held in 1941 at the Botany School in Cambridge, England, is presented. Topics include the secretaries' report for the year 1940, the recent expansion in the research staffs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, and the recent observations of the soils of lowland topical regions. The symposium featured notable persons including P. W. Richards, G. E. Blackman and M. F. Mare.

This article presents information about the travel grant for the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW) 25th general conference in Cambridge, England during August 23-29, 1998. The Nancy Ruggles Memorial Fund provides a grant for one person to attend the general conference of the IARIW. The applicants for the grant should submit to the IARIW Secretariat an unpublished single author original paper on a subject relevant to the interests of the Association. The grant is intended to contribute to the cost of airfare, conference fees and hotel accommodation up to a limit of US $2,500. The successful applicant will be expected to present his, or her, paper at the conference.

This research paper is based on the Academic Modules of IELTS test. A study is conducted to evaluate the performance of IELTS test takers and to analyze inter rater reliability in evaluating the test. The test is held at a private university and there are 9 participants who are the students of Foundation, Diploma and Degree courses were assessed only on writing component. This test is rated by three different raters to observe inter rater reliability in evaluating the test. The findings show that rating is not reliable and there is less agreement between the raters as different raters awarded different marks for the students. The total accumulated marks are 588 out of maximum 900 marks and the average score of these 9 students are 65.3% and falls under band 6. Since the IELTS test uses holistic marking, the raters find that the scoring rubrics are too vague in defining the qualities of writing. This study proposes analytic scoring system as a better procedure in assessing IELTS test, whereby it uses separate scales to assess different aspects of writing rather than a single score. The inter rater reliability issue can be overcome if test providers are able to furnish grading scales that could clearly equate the total marks achieved by a candidate to an appropriate band. The result and discussion from this study cannot be generalized to all IELTS candidates as there are many limitations in this study such as student preparedness, tester marking experience, time constraint, and reliability of the test and the validity of the marks tabulation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the real nature of pulsars? This is essentially a question of the fundamental strong interaction between quarks at low-energy scale and hence of the non-perturbative quantum chromo-dynamics, the solution of which would certainly be meaningful for us to understand one of the seven millennium prize problems (i.e., "Yang-Mills Theory") named by the Clay Mathematical Institute. After a historical note, it is argued here that a pulsar is very similar to an extremely big nucleus, but is a little bit different from the gigantic nucleus speculated 80 years ago by L. Landau. The paper demonstrates the similarity between pulsars and gigantic nuclei from both points of view: the different manifestations of compact stars and the general behavior of the strong interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the design, implementation, evaluation, and user experiences of the NoiseSpy application, our sound sensing system that turns the mobile phone into a low-cost data logger for monitoring environmental noise. It allows users to explore a city area while collaboratively visualizing noise levels in real-time. The software combines the sound levels with GPS data in order to generate a map of sound levels that were encountered during a journey. We report early findings from the trials which have been carried out by cycling couriers who were given Nokia mobile phones equipped with the NoiseSpy software to collect noise data around Cambridge city. Indications are that, not only is the functionality of this personal environmental sensing tool engaging for users, but aspects such as personalization of data, contextual information, and reflection upon both the data and its collection, are important factors in obtaining and retaining their interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social & Cultural Geography is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Greg was appointed Librarian of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1907, aged 32. By then he had already established himself as a scholar interested in medieval manuscripts and in early English printed drama. The Library's Capell collection of Shakespeareana proved to be an ideal resource with which to pursue his discussions on editorial matters with A. W. Pollard, R. B. McKerrow, and others. Some of these discussions emerge in his annotated copy of Pollard's study of the Shakespeare folios and quartos (1909), and while Librarian he also wrote his pioneering account of the Pavier quartos. At the same time he was modernizing the college library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professor W. B. Reddaway (known to friends and colleagues as Brian Reddaway) was an exceptional economist who had a huge influence on how economics in Cambridge has been taught and researched. He held leadership positions in the Faculty of Economics and Politics at Cambridge for 25 years, between 1955 and 1980. The main purpose of this paper is to explain Reddaway's method and his distinct approach to economics. It also briefly reviews his life and times. The words in the title summarise his philosophy of research, as will become clear in the paragraphs which follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the genesis and growth of two well-known European high-technology centres, Cambridge in the UK and Grenoble in France. This paper attempts to explain why, despite strong differences in terms of initial conditions, Cambridge and Grenoble present similarities, sometimes striking, related to the creation of their respective science parks and to the growth of high-tech activities in the wider area. In the early 1970s Cambridge was a typical British university town while Grenoble had a strong industrial past and a tradition of relationships between university and industry. Despite these differences, high-tech activities emerged at the same time in both places as a unique local dynamic milieu. The paper shows the similarities and differences in the paths of development followed in both centres. Current constraints on growth are described and new dynamics of growth are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]