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School-based day treatment is an intensive mental health service for children with social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties. Research on day treatment is scarce and descriptions of program models are lacking. We used stimulated recall interviews to explore the moment-to-moment processes and strategies of classroom staff in a day treatment program for children in kindergarten and Grade 1 in Canada. Several processes and strategies used by staff emerged from the thematic analysis of the interviews. These included a process of individualized intervention, characterized by a continual and cyclical process of attunement, responsiveness, assessment, and evaluation, using a team-based approach, noticing positives about children, a climate of positive relationships, staff regulating their own emotions, being flexible while also being firm and consistent, and seeing children from a developmental perspective. More specific strategies used by staff (e.g., token economy) also emerged from the interviews. Implications for future research and teacher training are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinically integrated teaching (CIT) is an effective approach for promoting evidence-based practice (EBP) competencies among medical students. Challenges towards the implementation of CIT in rehabilitation curricula include educators' different conceptualizations of EBP, the perceived complexity of EBP and the boundaries between the academic and the clinical setting. This study aimed to identify tailored strategies to implement in rehabilitation programs and their affiliated clinical sites to support the development of EBP competencies among students in occupational therapy (OT), physical therapy (PT) and speech-language pathology (S-LP). Nominal group technique (NGT) with stakeholders from three rehabilitation programs in Canada, offering the professional master's in OT and PT (n = 35 participants) and in S-LP (n = 8). The top two strategies identified in the OT/PT NGT were: 1) Developing a flexible definition of EBP that recognizes its complexity; 2) Providing clinicians with more access to the teaching content by pairing faculty with preceptors. The top two strategies identified in the S-LP NGT were: 1) Providing students with opportunities for decision-making with experienced clinicians; 2) Increasing interactions between faculty and preceptors using formal group meetings. Findings laid foundations for future integrated knowledge translation projects to collaboratively implement, and test identified strategies. Rehabilitation professions including occupational therapy, physical therapy and speech-language pathology acknowledge the importance of evidence-based practice (EBP). Current challenges in the teaching of EBP among rehabilitation students include educators' different conceptualizations of EBP, the perceived complexity of EBP, and the boundaries between the academic and the clinical setting. This study shows that increasing interactions between faculty and preceptors, for instance through an online community of practice, constitutes a stakeholder-endorsed priority to advance EBP education in rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Council of Schools and Programs of Professional Psychology (NCSPP) is a training council of over 80 professional psychology doctoral programs across the United States and Canada. NCSPP also hosts their Ethnic and Racial Diversity Committee to support the principles of equity, diversity, and inclusion in delegate programs. In 2020, two inspired doctoral students founded the Students of Color Council (SOCC) under the auspices of the Ethnic and Racial Diversity Committee. The dual mission of the SOCC is to provide support and mentorship for Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) doctoral students in NCSPP delegate programs, as well as to provide feedback and consultation for the NCSPP Executive Committee regarding antiracist education. In this article, the results of more than a year of SOCC meetings are summarized. The authors, composed of currently matriculating BIPOC doctoral student participants of the SOCC, provide a set of 10-point feedback meant for faculty and administration to improve professional psychology programs regarding equity, diversity, and inclusion. This article will provide the history and purpose of SOCC, its philosophical pillars, a comprehensive literature review of BIPOC doctoral students in clinical psychology, introduce the 10 points expanding on each point using lived examples, and address the implications for BIPOC students, administrators, and faculty. These points will address pedagogy, curricular design, recruitment and retention, student/faculty relationships, competency remediation, and program administration. Recommendations for program faculty and administration then follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classrooms are complex learning environments, with instruction, climate, and teacher–student interactions playing important roles in students' academic progress. To investigate the learning environments of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students, we developed a new observational tool called the Quality of the Learning Environment-DHH rating scale (QLE-DHH) and rated 98 teachers of DHH students being educated in a range of classroom environments. The present study sought to (1) determine if the items on the QLE-DHH are good indicators of theoretically meaningful dimensions of classroom quality; (2) determine to what extent these dimensions predicted language and reading outcomes of DHH students; and (3) examine how teachers of DHH students were rated on the indicators of classroom quality. The findings suggested that the QLE-DHH has excellent structural validity. Ratings predicted student reading outcomes. Finally, the QLE-DHH was able to capture teachers' strengths and skills in need of improvement. The QLE-DHH appears to hold promise for use in both research and teacher preparation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates associations between initial levels and change in the quality of the relationships youth with intellectual disabilities (ID) share with their parents and teachers, and changes in their levels of depression over time. A sample of 395 youth with mild (48.3%) and moderate (51.7%) ID, aged between 11 and 22 (M = 15.69), were recruited in Canada (n = 142) and Australia (n = 253). Youth completed self-report measures of relationship quality and depression twice over a one-year period. Initial levels of warmth (β = −.109) and conflict (β = −.302) predicted decreases in depression. Increases in warmth predicted decreases in depression (β = −.179), while increases in conflict predicted increases in depression (β =.268). Discrepancies between youth relationships with their parents and teachers predicted decreases in depression (βwarmth = −.732; βconflict = −.608). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graduate students are increasingly expected to publish peer-reviewed scholarship during the course of their studies, yet predictable mentoring and education on academic publishing is not available to all graduate students. Although academic librarians are well positioned to offer such instruction, their efforts are not always informed by comprehensive investigations of what, and how, graduate students need to learn. This study used focus groups with graduate students and faculty mentors to explore strengths and gaps in current mentoring and learning practices, while also discovering and uncovering suggestions and opportunities for further development in education about scholarly publishing. Thematic analysis of the data revealed that current training and mentorship meet some, but not all, of students' needs and preferences. Future library instruction should employ a blended and compassionate approach to teaching about this complex topic, and this study offers a way forward as librarians-as-partners in scholarly communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our intention is to contribute to the development of Canadian Nursing and Medical Education (NursMed) and efforts to redress deepening, intersecting health and social inequities. This paper addresses the following two research questions: (1) What are the ways in which Decolonial, Intersectional Pedagogies can inform Canadian NursMed Education with a focus on critically examining settler‐colonialism, health equity, and social justice? (2) What are the potential struggles and adaptations required to integrate Decolonial, Intersectional Pedagogies within Canadian NursMed Education in service of redressing intersecting health and social inequities? Briefly, Decolonial, Intersectional Pedagogies are philosophies of learning that encourage teachers and students to reflect on health through the lenses of settler‐colonialism, health equity, and social justice. Drawing on critical ethnographic research methods, we conducted in‐depth interviews with 25 faculty members and engaged in participant observation of classrooms in university‐based Canadian NursMed Education. The research findings are organized into three major themes, beginning with common institutional features influencing pedagogical approaches. The next set of findings addresses the complex strategies participants apply to integrate Decolonial, Intersectional Pedagogies. Lastly, the findings illustrate the emotional and spiritual toll some faculty members face when attempting to deliver Decolonial, Intersectional Pedagogies. We conclude that through the application of Decolonial, Intersectional Pedagogies teachers and students can support movements towards health equity, social justice, and unlearning/undoing settler‐colonialism. This study contributes new knowledge to stimulate dialog and action regarding the role of health professions education, specifically Nursing and Medicine as an upstream determinant of health in settler‐colonial nations such as Canada, United States, Australia, and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers can create supportive conditions in physical education to mitigate experiences of stress for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD); however, most are unfamiliar with DCD and lack adequate training to instruct children with impairments. The purpose of this study was to explore teachers' perceptions of and interactions in physical education with children thought to demonstrate functional difficulties associated with DCD. A semistructured interview was conducted with 12 teachers across all elementary years with diverse backgrounds and thematically analyzed. Four themes were produced. Teachers (a) had differing views on the etiology of children's movement difficulties, though (b) all recognized a range of difficulties children demonstrated. They (c) believed it was their role to facilitate positive experiences for these children in physical education but (d) experienced challenges in doing so. Training that increases teachers' knowledge of and abilities to address the needs of children thought to have DCD is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Increasingly, school districts are looking for insights on how to embed a well-being focus across school communities. Well-being in K-12 education is proven to support positive mental health, improve academic performance and contribute to positive outcomes for students and staff. How districts transition to deeply integrate well-being into existing priorities and practices is not well understood. Insights on such shifts can help inform widespread change in education. In 2020, six Canadian school districts participated in case study research to examine how and why districts were able to shift their culture to one that prioritizes well-being. Fifty-five school community members participated in individual semi-structured interviews to explore their perception of well-being in their school communities. Analysis identified six themes: well-being is wholistic and requires balance, student and staff well-being are interconnected, organizational leadership sustains implementation, connection and voice as a catalyst to well-being, building capacity to support well-being action, and charting and re-charting a course. Findings increase our understanding of system-level change, and provide insights to support well-being in education. Lay Summary: Well-being in K-12 education is proven to support positive mental health, improve academic performance and contribute to positive outcomes for students and staff. How school districts can deeply integrate well-being into existing priorities and practices is not well understood. Many districts are looking for insights on how to embed a well-being focus across school communities. These insights can help inform change in K-12 education. In 2020, six Canadian school districts participated in case study research to examine how and why districts were able to shift their culture to one that prioritizes well-being. Fifty-five participants from six districts took part in interviews on the topic of district well-being prioritization. Supporting documents were also reviewed. Qualitative analysis identified six common themes: well-being is wholistic and requires balance, student and staff well-being are interconnected, organizational leadership sustains implementation, connection and voice as a catalyst to well-being, building capacity to support well-being action, and charting and re-charting a course. Study findings increase our understanding of system-level change in K-12 education. Findings provide valuable 'entry points' for school and district leaders to consider when making well-being a priority in their own contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of faculty teaching in programs designed to support internationally educated nurses' transition to nursing practice in Canada. This was a qualitative study that gathered data through semi-structured interviews. Four themes were developed from the data: learning the learner, feeling moral unrest in my role, inviting reciprocal relationships, and finding our way. There is an urgent need to ensure that faculty are well prepared for their role and that the needs of internationally educated nurses, both personal and pedagogical, are central. Despite the challenges experienced by faculty, they also describe great growth as a result of their new role. Findings from this study are particularly relevant for those in high income countries seeking to support internationally educated nurses. Faculty preparedness and holistic support for students are critical for ethical, high-quality education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competency-based medical education (CBME) was expected to increase the workload of assessment for graduate training programs to support the development of competence. Learning conditions were anticipated to improve through the provision of tailored learning experiences and more frequent, low-stakes assessments. Canada has adopted an approach to CBME called Competence by Design (CBD). However, in the process of implementation, learner anxiety and assessment burden have increased unexpectedly. To mitigate this unintended consequence, we need a stronger understanding of how resident assessment burdens emerge and function. This study investigates contextual factors leading to assessment burden on residents within the framework of CBD. Residents were interviewed about their experiences of assessment using constructivist grounded theory. Participants (n=21) were a purposive sample from operative and perioperative training programs, recruited from 6 Canadian medical schools between 2019 and 2020. Self-determination theory was used as a sensitizing concept to categorize findings on types of assessment burden. Nine assessment burdens were identified and organized by threats to psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence. Burdens included: missed opportunities for self-regulated learning, lack of situational control, comparative assessment, lack of trust, constraints on time and resources, disconnects between teachers and learners, lack of clarity, unrealistic expectations, and limitations of assessment forms for providing meaningful feedback. This study contributes a contextual understanding of how assessment burdens emerged as unmet psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence, with unintended consequences for learner well-being and intrinsic motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accumulating evidence has underscored the importance of fostering children's emotion regulation (ER) within primary school settings and the role of teachers in such efforts. This study sought to assess the needs of teachers in supporting students' ER, through a better understanding of teachers' perceptions and use of healthy versus unhealthy ER strategies in the classroom. Methods: Primary school teachers (n = 212; 91% female) completed an online, researcher‐developed needs assessment survey assessing their perceptions regarding the importance of ER instruction and challenges surrounding children's ER, as well as the perceived effectiveness and reported use of healthy and unhealthy ER strategies in the classroom. Results: Cochran's Q and chi‐square analyses revealed misperceptions regarding the effectiveness of healthy and unhealthy strategies, as well as discrepancies between teachers' perceptions regarding the effectiveness of specific healthy strategies (eg, meditation) and their reported use of them. Conclusions: While teachers recognize the growing importance of fostering ER in the classroom, the present findings suggest that there is a need for more professional development regarding the effectiveness and implementation of ER strategies in the primary school context. Efforts should be made to provide teachers with concrete recommendations for the implementation of ER strategies in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple events that occurred in the United States in early 2020 prompted a widespread response to address racism that exists within systemic and social structures. Third-year psychiatric nursing students at a small Western Canadian university answered the call to action by initiating a process to address racism within clinical and educational settings in their faculty. Methods: The researchers used collaborative autoethnography to examine the experience of students and faculty working collaboratively to create a Faculty of Health Studies antiracism action plan. Results: The reflections of the student and faculty researchers highlighted three major themes: what inspired the work of creating an antiracism action plan, doing the work, and lessons learned. Conclusion: Engaging in this research provided an opportunity to critically reflect on the process of students and faculty working together in establishing an antiracism action plan. [J Nurs Educ. 2022;61(8):461–468.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social media has diverse applications for nursing education. Current literature focuses on how nursing faculty use social media in their courses and teaching; less is known about how and why nursing students use social media in support of their learning. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore how nursing students use social media in their learning formally and informally. Methods: This exploratory qualitative case study of a Canadian School of Nursing reports on the findings of interviews (n = 9) with nursing students to explore how they use social media in their learning. Data were analyzed using a combined deductive and inductive coding approach, using three cycles of coding to facilitate category identification. Results and conclusions: The findings demonstrate that participants use social media for formal and informal learning and specifically, as a third space to support their learning outside of formal institutional structures. Social media plays a role in the learning activities of nursing students studying both face-to-face and by distance. Accordingly, social media use has implications for learning theory and course design, particularly regarding creating space for student learning communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from perspectives in critical disability studies, this article examines the teaching experiences of 9 disabled graduate students in Canada and the United States. Participants took between 2 and 6 photographs that illustrated their experience teaching with a disability. Follow-up interviews were conducted to gather descriptive accounts of the meaning and significance of the photos. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data and uncover the core themes of mobility, disclosure and teaching performance, accommodation, and careers goals. The findings shed new light on the barriers that graduate students with disabilities face navigating the dual role of learners and teachers. Data reveal that there are overt and tacit ableist expectations in academia about how those in a teaching role perform and carry out their duties. Participants in this study internalised these ableist expectations and believed that an academic career was an unlikely career option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Guidance during inquiry learning plays an important role in developing conceptual understanding and inquiry skills. This study analysed learner‐tutor interactions in a simulation‐assisted learning environment to investigate how tutor guidance enabled knowledge construction and fostered epistemic practice. Objectives: This research aimed to illuminate challenges learners encounter in the inquiry process and forms of guidance that support learning in both conceptual and epistemic aspects. Methods: This study uses a mixed methods approach. We analysed video recordings in which nine participants asked 72 questions and the microsequences of interactions immediately surrounding and including each question. We coded properties of each question and whether the tutors' utterances were intended to increase (upregulate) or decrease (downregulate) the complexity of the inquiry processes, and used a two‐step cluster analysis to explore groupings emerged from tutors' regulation guidance and learners' questions. Results and Conclusions: The regulatory intent of tutors' utterances depended on various characteristics of student questions. The microsequences clustered in five categories: 1) upregulated investigation and inference, 2) upregulated evidence‐based justification, 3) downregulated cognitive load, 4) downregulated procedural uncertainties, and 5) downregulated perceptual dissonance. Our findings suggest tutors offering guiding prompts should consider dual processes in the inquiry and, by strategically prompting them, strike a balance between the goals of guiding learners to discover scientific knowledge and grounding their conceptual understanding in concepts, data, and procedures. Implications: We emphasize conceptual and epistemic learning should be concurrently guided in scientific inquiry. We propose a bidirectional guidance model as a pedagogical approach to guide instructional practice. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: Rapid technological change urges schools to equip students with research and inquiry skills.Computer simulations provide an information‐rich environment for inquiry‐based learning.Guidance in inquiry learning is important for knowledge acquisition and the development of inquiry skills. What this paper adds: We illuminated challenges learners encounter in the inquiry learning process.We analysed forms of guidance that support learning in both conceptual and epistemic aspects.We identified dual processes involved in the inquiry process that have important implications.We proposed a bidirectional model for adaptive guidance in scientific inquiry. Implications of study findings for practitioners: Adaptive guidance facilitates conceptual and epistemic understanding by stimulating curiosity and reducing uncertainty in the inquiry process.Conceptual and epistemic learning need to be concurrently guided in scientific inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching courses that contain potentially high-emotional impact such as interpersonal violence (IV), have been noted as challenging. This is exacerbated during a pandemic when rates of IV are on the rise and requirements for physical distancing result in many courses being taught online. Although scholars have identified inherent challenges to teaching IV content online, additional considerations and necessary precautions in terms of student physical and emotional safety have not been adequately examined. Nor has the issue of instructor burden during the isolating restrictions of a pandemic been addressed. In this article, three Canadian social work scholars reconsider the challenges of online teaching environments involving IV course content and provide recommendations with an emphasis on risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on a study involving multiple sources of data that captured adult Syrian refugee learners' unique language-learning needs by developing and implementing needs assessment surveys; conducting indepth, semi-structured interviews with the learners and teachers; and analyzing the learners' oral production. The insights gained from the analysis of direct data (the learners' oral production) and indirect data (content analysis using NVivo 12 Plus of the learning needs reported by learners and teachers) are intended to inform the work of researchers conducting needs assessment as well as the practices that are applicable within and beyond the Canadian context of instructors and material developers working with English-language learners who are refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work-integrated learning (WIL) is an expanding practice in Canadian non-clinical health-related undergraduate programs. WIL participants frequently encounter failure experiences, yet there is limited literature exploring how students overcome failure and how instructors can support this process. This study aimed to understand how students overcome and learn from failure experiences in a non-clinical undergraduate health-related WIL program. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 previous students from an established WIL program. Iterative cycles of data analysis and constant comparison generated a theoretical explanation highlighting how students overcome failure by renegotiating their expectations through 1) experiencing and managing the wave of emotion, 2) modifying expectations of self and others, 3) redefining success and moving forward, and 4) building flexibility of expectations. This research presents failure as a tool for learning and a steppingstone toward success. Findings inform a pedagogical framework to optimize student learning from failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question driving this study was: What makes rural secondary parents feel in community with their children's schools? Using a sociomaterial approach, data were collected from three rural schools in northern Alberta, Canada using walking interviews with parents in the schools, site observations, focus groups, and individual interviews with 21 parents. Data were viewed through a risk lens to gain insights into how parent-parent interactions entail risk, and how this may impact upon their sense of community. Three categories of risk were developed: social and personal risk that emerges from being familiar, known, or part of a "legacy family"; political risk was experienced through parents' influence (or lack of influence) in school decisions, and the extent to which they could authentically express/live their perspectives; and moral/ethical risk related to the expectation and responsibility to engage with the community in good ways to prove one's right to belong. This research adds to the scholarship on parent involvement generally by highlighting the parent-parent dynamic as possibly creating tensions and barriers for the home-school dynamic. Most research focuses on teacher-parent or principal-parent relationships. This research adds to the scholarship on rural parent involvement specifically in three ways. The concept of legacy parents is introduced and the role interrogated. Second, the view of rural schools as close-knit is challenged by bringing to light how collective identities create hierarchies and entrench time-honored expectations of engagement. Finally, the seamlessness of boundaries between rural schools and their external communities is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study which examined the procedures and forms used by teachers in the U.S. and Canada in teaching their students with visual impairments. The survey was done using Qualtrics survey software. Topics include the importance of specialized evaluation like learning media assessment (LMA) in planning and implementing lessons for said students, and the components of the LMA process like data collection on reading accuracy, fluency and comprehension.

Mentorship in medicine has long been a vital component to the training, development, and career advancement of physicians. Although optimal strategies for facilitating mentorship relationships are unknown, it is recognized that establishing a formalized mentorship program within residency training may augment mentor-mentee pairing, improve overall trainee experience, and enhance resident perception of strong mentoring relationships. A formalized mentorship program was successfully developed in a Canadian physical medicine and rehabilitation residency program, including innovations such as near-peer self-matching, a needs assessment survey, a speed dating event, formation of "link groups," and "fireside chats" with faculty members. This approach may serve as a guide for other medical education and residency programs seeking to implement a similar concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Cross-national comparisons of students' school quality of life (QoL) can support our understanding of factors that may affect students' health and well-being at school. OBJECTIVE: To compare Canadian and Israeli students' perception of their school QoL. METHODS: The Quality of Life at School Questionnaire (QoLS) was administered to 1231 students in 4th to 6th grades from Canada (n = 629) and Israel (n = 602), measuring: Physical Environment, Positive Attitudes, Student-Teacher Relationship, and Psychosocial. RESULTS: The Canadian students scored significantly higher than the Israeli students on all domains. The two-way ANOVA did not show a statistically significant interaction between country and gender nor age. However, within each country, girls and 4th grade students reported higher overall QoLS. CONCLUSIONS: This study lends support for the universal aspects of perceived QoL at school. This information may serve clinicians and educators in setting goals and developing programs to enhance students' school QOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentorship is an important aspect of adolescent development and upward social mobility. With high rates of relationship termination early on in the mentorship relationship, it is important to understand the interpersonal dynamics that contribute to successful mentee–mentor relationships to optimize outcomes for adolescent program participants. Utilizing a qualitative research design, this study interviewed mentors (n = 22) and mentees (n = 15) of a community-based support program for adolescent high school aged females in Toronto, Canada to identify aspects of the relationship that were perceived to contribute to its success. Utilizing inductive analytical techniques, respondents identified three broad themes of a successful mentor/mentee relationship. These included: consistency, mentor-led communication strategies, and mutually satisfactory interpersonal exchange. The findings identify areas for training and development of mentors when engaged with adolescent aged youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Having succeeded in being selected for medical school, medical students are not always familiar with failure and yet they are expected to graduate prepared to effectively function in the failure‐burdened arena of clinical medicine. Lacking in the developing literature on learners and failure is an exploration of how this transformation is accomplished. The purpose of this study was to examine how medical students perceive and experience failure during their medical school training. Method: We used a qualitative description methodology to probe the failure experiences of medical students attending a Canadian medical school. Participants were provided with the broad definition of failure used in this research: 'deviation from expected and desired results.'In total, 12 students were sampled, three from each of the 4 years of study, and participated in individual, semi‐structured interviews that were analysed using thematic analysis to identify and describe core themes. Results: At the start of medical school, students admitted limited experience with failure; their early descriptions were self‐centred and binary. Personal stories recounted by preceptors encouraged students and helped them understand that physicians are human and that failure is inevitable. Students felt relatively protected from failures that could impact patients. Both witnessing and participating in a failure event were distressing and sometimes at odds with their expectations. Students expressed a desire to talk about the experience. Conclusions: Medical students described examples of experiencing failure during medical school that transported them from the more certain black and white beginnings of their classroom into the uncertain shades of grey of clinical medicine. What the participants heard, saw and experienced suggests opportunities for classroom teachers to better prepare pre‐clinical students for the inevitability of failure in clinical medicine and opportunities for clinical teachers to engage in open, inclusive conversations surrounding failures that occur on their watch. From black and white to shades of grey, Shepherd et al. explore how students' perspectives on failure and uncertainty shift with the transition to clinical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined associations between teacher-student relationship quality at school and teachers' responsiveness to students' emotional concerns in a classroom and (a) students' intention to seek help at school for mental health concerns and (b) mental health-related service use. Data for analyses came from the School Mental Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey of 31,120 grade 6–12 students, in 1968 classrooms, attending 248 schools in Ontario, Canada. Three-level (student, classroom, school) binary logistic regression was used to address the study objectives. Student ratings of the quality of teacher-student relationships and teachers' responsiveness were included as predictors, both at the individual student level and aggregated to represent a contextual level characteristic at the school and classroom level, respectively. At the student level, both teacher-student relationship quality and teacher responsiveness were positively associated with intentions to seek help at school among both elementary and secondary students (ORs ranged from 1.14–1.19 for relationships and 1.06–1.08 for responsiveness). Aggregated to the school level, teacher-student relationship quality was positively associated with mental health service use for secondary students (OR = 1.36, 95% CI [1.10, 1.69]). Positive and responsive teacher-student relationships were associated with help-seeking behaviors among students. Longitudinal studies are warranted to disentangle the temporality of these associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classroom-based microaggressions are a critical problem, associated with a range of negative impacts for students in targeted groups. Central to the problem of microaggressions is that they are often unacknowledged or unaddressed by educators in their own classrooms. Findings from the Social Work Speaks Out! mixed-method survey demonstrate that LGBTQ+ undergraduate and graduate students experience a range of microaggressions in social work classrooms, as they would in classes in other fields. This article draws on qualitative data to examine the experiences of homophobic and transphobic microaggressions by social work students across the United States and Canada and introduces a new tool, grounded in the data, to guide educators in recognizing, naming, and effectively addressing microaggressions in their own classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profession of social work emphasizes social justice in its service delivery, yet there is a paucity of literature on how to teach clinical practice from a social justice perspective. This qualitative study with Canadian social work educators (n=12) suggests the following ways in which educators taught clinical social work from a social justice perspective: (1) integrating critical social theories in conceptualizing clinical practice, (2) engaging in transformative pedagogies, and (3) navigating professional commitments. While addressing various forms of social injustices is a mandate for all social workers, enactment of social justice within clinical practice remains an area of concern. Results suggest concrete ways in which social work educators can engage students in developing their commitment to social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study explored the role of the cultural liaison on educational teams that support families from culturally and linguistically diverse (hereafter, diverse) backgrounds who have a child with visual impairment. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with teachers of students with visual impairments, cultural liaisons, and classroom teachers, all who had worked with diverse families and students with visual impairments in an urban Canadian school district. Transcripts of the focus groups were coded for common and divergent themes within and across groups. Results: The groups identified a need for better understanding the role of the cultural liaison, clearer communication in the translation process including messages that may be lost in translation, and more opportunities for teachers of students with visual impairments and classroom teachers to connect with cultural liaisons to develop cultural competency. Discussion: The findings highlight the importance of having access to cultural liaisons and the need to make sure all members are clear about their roles. Cultural liaisons may need additional support about resources from teachers of students with visual impairments, while those same teachers would benefit from understanding the parent perspective on visual impairment. Implications for practitioners: Classroom teachers and teachers of students with visual impairments may want to seek out professional development from cultural liaisons. Teachers of students with visual impairments can provide cultural liaisons with a list of common visual impairment terms to allow time for appropriate translation and questions before a meeting. Cultural liaisons may want to ensure that differing cultural viewpoints of the family are communicated clearly to team members and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop a substantive theoretical explanation that makes sense of the decision‐making process that clinical instructors use to place students on a learning contract. Background: Clinical instructors are challenged with the task of objectively evaluating students using subjective tools such as anecdotal notes, diaries, unstructured observations and verbal feedback from other nurses. Clinical instructors' assessment decisions have a considerable impact on a variety of key stakeholders, not least of all students. Design: Grounded theory method and its heuristic tools including the logic of constant comparison, continuous memoing and theoretical sampling to serve conceptualisation were used in the process of data collection and analysis. Methods: Seventeen individual semi‐structured interviews with clinical instructors in one university in Western Canada were conducted between May 2016–May 2017. Data were analysed using open, axial and selective coding consistent with grounded theory methodology. The study was checked for the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) criteria (See Appendix S1). Findings: Three subcategories, "brewing trouble," "unpacking thinking" and "benchmarking" led to the study's substantive theoretical explanation. "Gut feeling" demonstrates how clinical instructors reason in their decision‐making process to place a student on a learning contract. Conclusion: Placing a student on a learning contract is impacted by personal, professional and institutional variables that together shift the process of evaluation towards subjectivity, thus influencing students' competency. A system‐level approach, focusing on positive change through implementing innovative assessment strategies, such as using a smart phone application, is needed to provide some degree of consistency and objectivity. Relevance to clinical practice: Making visible the objective assessments currently being done by clinical instructors has the potential to change organisational standards, which in turn impact patient and clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two adult educator professors share reflections on their dialogues, spanning 15 years, focusing on their journey of work and learning at a research-intensive university. Authors refer to intrinsic principles, values, and a shared commitment to contributing to a community shaped and influenced by an intentional focus on 'relationality' in support of individual and collective well-being. By reflecting on dialogues, past and ongoing, an enduring commitment to co-creating learning spaces sustained by care, compassion, and positive regard for colleagues and students is realized. Authors advance a commitment to community as essential to support work and learning spaces that thrive. This discourse is located in the current neoliberal milieu where a focus on performance germane to teaching, securing research funding, scholarship productivity, and compliance pervades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the feasibility of training school teaching assistants to provide the treatment, Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing to treat childhood apraxia of speech (CAS, also known as developmental verbal dyspraxia). The study used a single case experimental design across behaviours and a qualitative evaluation of teaching assistant experiences using interviews. Two student-teaching assistant dyads participated. One child was aged 6;2 (6 years 2 months) and the other 5;6 at the time of the study. Both participants had speech characteristics consistent with the features outlined in the 2007 Technical Report on CAS from the American Speech and Language Hearing Association (ASHA). These included lengthened and disrupted coarticulatory transitions between sounds and syllables, inappropriate prosody and inconsistent errors on consonants and vowels. Treatment outcomes were measured using visual analysis and calculations of total-change improvement rate difference (TC-IRD) and composite IRD (C-IRD) based on percent of phonemes correct. Fidelity to the treatment protocol was measured using a Fidelity Score. Visual analysis of both child participant's data showed an upward trend for all treatment and similar words and a flatter trajectory for control words. Both child participants had a TC-IRD score of 100% for all treatment words. One child also had a TC-IRD score of 100% for their similar words and a TC-score of 25% for their control words. The second child had a TC-score of 67% for similar and control words. Both teaching assistants had a Fidelity Score of over 90%. Both teaching assistants reported positive experiences in conducting the program. Training teaching assistants may be an effective means of providing treatment to children with CAS while they are at school. Training teaching assistants also helps to improve their capacity which may have positive implications in their interactions with other children with speech sound disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The flipped classroom continues to garner increasing interest in nursing education; however, few research studies fully document faculty experiences with its implementation. This study's purpose was to explore undergraduate nurse educators' transition from traditional teacher‐centered, content‐driven strategies to the flipped classroom and describe perceived successes and challenges during the process. A qualitative approach using interpretive description gave voice to a purposive sample of sixteen undergraduate nurse educators across the United States and Canada. Semistructured interviews, audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim, yielded a set of experiential themes. Participants revealed marked challenges as they rethought classroom design in relation to evidence‐based educational principles, and met a surprising level of resistance from students and faculty colleagues. Still, faculty observations reflected increased student problem solving, self‐determination and a greater correlation between teacher‐made and standardized test scores. Participants advocated continued integration of flipped classrooms into nursing curricula and recommended greater collegial and administrative support from academic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenomenon: Although current evidence emphasizes various benefits of community-oriented programs, little is still known about the nature of the relationships that students and family physicians develop in this educational setting. Our aim in this study was twofold: to identify family physicians' motivations to enroll as preceptors in a longitudinal undergraduate family medicine program and to explore the nature of the student–preceptor relationships built during the course. Approach: This was a qualitative exploratory case study. The case was the first edition of a longitudinal family medicine experience (LFME), a course that makes up part of the novel Medicinae Doctor et Chirurgiae Magister curriculum in place in a Canadian medical school since August 2013. All 173 family physician community preceptors of the academic year 2013–2014 were considered key informants in the investigation. Forty-three preceptors finally participated in one of six focus groups conducted in the spring of 2014. Several organizational documents relative to the LFME course were also gathered. Inductive semantic thematic analysis was performed on verbatim interview transcripts. Documents helped contextualize the major themes emerging from the focus groups discussions. Findings: Enjoying teaching, promoting family medicine, and improving medical education where salient motivations for family physicians to become LFME preceptors. The findings also pointed out the complexity of the student–preceptor exchanges that unfolded over the academic year, and the ambiguous and changing nature of the role that LFME preceptors adopted in their relationships with students: from simply being facilitators of students' clinical observership to behaving as their mentors. Insights: Family physicians were highly motivated to become LFME preceptors of 1st-year medical students. Whereas they consistently valued the relationships built during the academic year with the students assigned to them, they also considered that exchanges did not always happen without difficulties, and gauged the roles they played as complex, ambiguous, and necessarily evolving over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focal point of most investigations into classroom discourse tends to be on the institutionally sanctioned and legitimized on-task exchanges between teachers and students with particular attention to the I-R-F (initiation–response–follow up/feedback) structure. Liminal spaces of interaction such as during the small talk just before the 'lesson proper', transitions between activities, and playful moments before or immediately after breaks are often unexplored. Using transcribed naturalistic spoken data collected via participant observation over 12 weeks, examples of teacher-initiated humour are analysed to shed light on how off-task, 'non-teaching' spaces can be used as a pedagogical resource. This study puts the spotlight on how humour can be deployed in these obscure interstices of the L2 classroom to create a space not only to build rapport between students and teachers but also to impart new vocabulary and sociocultural knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restorative justice (RJ) has become increasingly accepted in schools worldwide as an effective way to build, maintain and repair student relationships and to deal with student conflict, harm and behavioural issues. It is rare, however, to find schools that utilise RJ to deal with adult relational and behavioural issues. Drawing on a case study in a Canadian school, this paper explores this hypocritical application of RJ, when teachers are not called to practice what they are teaching. The teachers in the school studied named the hypocritical application and openly struggled with it. I argue that the act of grappling with the inequity resulted in a deepened experience of RJ for both teachers and students. By naming and addressing their hypocritical actions, the teachers, paradoxically, acted in a restorative manner, modelling restorative principles and ensuring that RJ was made more comprehensible and relevant to students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine seeking help from teachers as a mechanism mediating the relationship between achievement goals adopted by students early in the school year and their degree of behavioral and cognitive engagement in academic work almost 2 years later. A sample of 456 French Canadian students (215 boys; 240 girls; one unspecified) in Grade 7 (61%) and Grade 8 (39%) participated in the study. Results of structural equation modeling showed that mastery goals (approach and avoidance) were indirect predictors of both behavioral and cognitive engagement through seeking help from teachers. Performance goals (avoidance, but not approach orientation) were associated with cognitive engagement through help-seeking behaviors. Overall, these results suggest that achievement goals are key drivers of changes in academic engagement in early high school and that their contribution is explained by seeking help from teachers. Practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Discrepancies between resident and faculty perceptions regarding optimal teaching and feedback during surgery are well known but these differences have not yet been described in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (OTL-HNS). The objectives were thus to compare faculty and resident perceptions of perioperative teaching and feedback in OTL-HNS residency programs across Canada with the aim of highlighting potential areas for improvement. Methods: An anonymous electronic questionnaire was distributed to residents and teaching faculty in OTL-HNS across Canada with additional paper copies distributed at four institutions. Surveys consisted of ratings on a 5-point Likert scale and open-ended questions. Responses among groups were analysed with the Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney test, while thematic analysis was used for the open-ended questions. Results: A total of 143 teaching faculty and residents responded with statistically significant differences on 11 out of 25 variables. Namely, faculty reported higher rates of pre and intra-operative teaching compared to resident reports. Faculty also felt they gave adequate feedback on residents' strengths and technical skills contrary to what the residents thought. Both groups did agree however that pre-operative discussion is not consistently done, nor is feedback consistently given or sought. Conclusion: Faculty and residents in OTL-HNS residency programs disagree on the frequency and optimal timing of peri-operative teaching and feedback. This difference in perception emphasizes the need for a more structured approach to feedback delivery including explicitly stating when feedback is being given, and the overall need for better communication between residents and staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies surrounding the sexual abuse of children by school personnel in Canadian contexts are infrequent and often limited in their scope. The present study addresses this drawback with a contribution of data gathered from disciplinary decisions of educator misconduct, media reports, and published case law concerning child/student sexual abuse cases (between 1997 and 2017) that involved any individual employed (or formerly employed) in a Canadian K-12 school. The study revealed a number of interesting points about the larger student victim and offender demographic patterns and characteristics across Canada. The study found 750 cases involving a minimum of 1,272 students and 714 offenders, 87% of which were male. Moreover, 86% of all offenders were certified teachers, and offenders employed grooming as the main tactic in 70% of the cases. Of the child/student victims, 75% were female, 55% were sexually abused on school property, and more than two-thirds of all victims were in high school at the time the offense was committed. The study also found that excluding Ontario and B.C., the media was the sole source of information for 50-86% of all cases depending on the province/territory. Finally, almost three-quarters of offenders from the study were charged with at least one criminal offense, and of the cases that proceeded to trial, 70% resulted in findings of guilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Policies to guide remediation in postgraduate medical education exist in all Canadian medical schools. This study examines concordance between these policies and processes, and published "best practices" in remediation. Method: We conducted a literature review to identify best practices in the area of remediation. We then reviewed remediation policies from all 13 English medical schools in Canada other than our own and conducted interviews with key informants from each institution. Each policy and interview transcript pair was then reviewed for evidence of pre-defined "best practices." Team members also noted additional potential policy or process enablers of successful remediation. Results: Most policies and processes aligned with some but not all published best practices. For instance, all participating schools tailored remediation strategies to individual resident needs, and a majority encouraged faculty-student relationships during remediation. Conversely, few required the teaching of goal-setting, strategic planning, self-monitoring, and self-awareness. In addition, we identified avoidance of automatic training extension and the use of an educational review board to support the remediation process as enablers for success. Discussion: Remediation policies and practices in Canada align well with published best practices in this area. Based on key informant opinions, flexibility to avoid training extension and use of an educational review board may also support optimal remediation outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]