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The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was extremely strong in 2018, which substantially affected surface ozone (O3) in China. Taking 2018 and the average synthesis of 2003 and 2010 to represent the strong and weak EASM cases, respectively, GEOS-Chem with constant anthropogenic emission was employed to investigate the impact of the EASM on surface O3 in the east of China. Simulations show that surface O3 decreased in the northeast and the eastern coast of China and increased in most of the remaining regions during strong EASM. The difference in surface O3 between strong and weak EASM was around −15~7 ppbv. After analyzing relevant meteorological fields, it is found that the decrease in northeast China was mainly attributed to the large increase in vertical upward transport. The considerable decrease in the Huang-Huai-Hai region depended on the dilution and diffusion of eastward anomalous horizontal circulation. The increase in Hunan-Hubei-Guangdong Province was largely due to input from the north. In addition, the vast areas between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River were supported by higher temperatures and stronger shortwave solar radiation that promoted photochemical reactions. The reasons for changes in Shanxi-Sichuan-Yunnan Province were relatively more complex and thus require more in-depth exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Individuals who suffered emotional neglect in childhood have reduced emotional empathy. • A history of emotional neglect leads individuals to exhibit reduced psychophysiological responses to others' pain, which is reflected in the reduction of early empathetic neural responses. • The neural mechanisms involved in emotional sharing were influenced by social relationships, which might mediate the racial biases exhibited in individual behaviors. Emotional neglect during childhood was associated with adverse long-term consequences for mental health and may impact neural responses by altering the trajectories of brain development. Pain empathy, a crucial social adaptive ability that recognizes and understands another person's pain, was found to be correlated with early developmental experiences. However, the impact of emotional neglect on neural responses related to pain empathy remains inadequately explored. Utilizing childhood trauma questionnaires and event-related potential (ERP), the electrical response of the brain to a specific stimulus, this study investigated the impact of emotional neglect experiences on pain empathy neural responses among 62 Chinese college students. The results of correlation analysis demonstrated a significant association between childhood emotional neglect scores and the empathic N2 responses (defined as pain minus non-pain conditions), representing the early emotional sharing process of pain empathy. The findings clarified the effects of specific forms of traumatic experiences on individuals' social functioning and laid the foundation for further exploring the impact of trauma on neural responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with other regions in China, air pollution on the North China Plain (NCP) is serious. Fine particle pollution has been studied in-depth, but there is less research on long-term troposphere ozone (O3) variation. This study focuses on the summer interannual tropospheric O3 variation on the NCP and its influential factors. Our analysis relies on satellite observations (O3, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and formaldehyde (HCHO), determined as vertical column density of the troposphere) and dynamical processes (El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), potential vorticity (PV), the quasibiennial oscillation (QBO), and East Asian summer monsoon index (EASMI)). Our results show the vertical column density of tropospheric O3 has a transition from the increasing trend to decreasing trend during the summer of 2005–2016. The summer series of tropospheric O3 show two distinct phases: the first phase (2005–2011), with an average growth rate of 0.55 ± 0.20 DU/yr, and a second phase (2012–2016), with an average reduction rate of 0.16 ± 0.23 DU/yr. The tropospheric NO2 column in the NCP also has a transition from the increasing trend to decreasing trend during the summer of 2005–2016. Tropospheric NO2 and CO column concentrations obtained from satellite observations indicate that emission reductions might be the main cause of the tropospheric O3 decrease. Particularly, the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is more significant, and NO2 decreased by (0.45 ± 0.11) × 1015 molec·cm−2 per year in summer since 2012. However, tropospheric column HCHO shows an increase of 0.05 × 1015 molec·cm−2 per year during the whole period of 2005 to 2016. An O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity experiment in the NCP showed that the O3 is still in a NOx-saturated state in some heavily polluted cities, although the NOx emissions are decreasing overall. In addition to the chemical reactions, atmospheric dynamic processes also have an effect on tropospheric O3. Finally, we built a model to analyze the contributions of chemical processes and dynamic processes to the tropospheric O3 column in the NCP. For the chemical process variables, 69.73% of the observed trend of tropospheric O3 could be explained by the NO2 tropospheric column. Therefore, the reduction of tropospheric O3 since 2012 is associated with the reduction of NOx. For the dynamical process variables, ENSO, PV, and EASMI can explain 60.64% of the observed trend of tropospheric O3. This result indicates that the atmospheric circulation of the western Pacific Ocean in summer has a significant impact on the interannual trends of tropospheric O3 in the NCP. It is also found that chemical processes had a more important impact on interannual tropospheric O3 than dynamic processes, although the dynamic processes cannot be neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "low-hanging fruits" measures that easily and quickly reduced pollution and energy intensity over the past decades are now giving rise to issues. Cleaner production may provide new opportunities to gain the "high-hanging fruits"—more challenging or costly actions that have greater environmental and energy benefits but require advanced technologies or management for implementation. This study provides empirical evidence on the effects of cleaner production audits (CPAs) on Chinese manufacturing firms' total factor energy efficiency (TFEE), whose enhancement synergizes climate mitigation and green productivity growth. The study analyzes the effects of CPAs by employing a staggered difference-in-difference strategy combined with propensity score matching to compare samples of treated and untreated industrial firms for the period of 2000–2014. The findings show that regulated firms experience a 10.4% increase in TFEE. The contributions of green pure technical efficiency and green technical progress are 7.9% and 2.7%, respectively. Additionally, non-heavy polluters, small firms, and private firms demonstrate the greatest improvements in TFEE. However, CPAs do not significantly impact the TFEE of firms with high dependence on fossil energy. Finally, the mechanism analyses demonstrate that inner resource allocation optimization may be the main solution for improving TFEE by enhancing green pure technical efficiency. Green technological innovations in energy alternatives are the most promising paths for increasing TFEE by promoting green technical progress. These findings illuminate how manufacturing firms pick the "high-hanging fruits" of energy efficiency in more cost-effective ways and suggest useful insights for cleaner production promotion. • Explores how cleaner production audits (CPAs) impact firm total factor energy efficiency (TFEE). • Resource allocation optimization may be the main path for improving TFEE. • Alternative energy production innovations are cost-effective paths for increasing TFEE. • Different firms' TFEE vary distinctively based on CPAs. • CPAs do not significantly impact TFEE of firms with high dependence on fossil energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological innovation is an important solution that can help improve environmental efficiency. However, the role of technological renovation in enhancing environmental efficiency has been ignored. This study provided initial evidence of the effects of cleaner production audits in China on manufacturing firms' environmental efficiency, which was measured by the emissions of sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand per total output. Cleaner production audits were used as exogenous shocks. Their impact was estimated using the staggered difference-in-difference method combined with samples of ever-treated or never-treated firms using propensity score matching. The findings showed that firms that conducted cleaner production audits (vs. those that did not) experienced 4.7% and 11.9% reductions in the emission intensities of sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand, respectively. Cleaner production audit implementation significantly improved firms' environmental efficiency. Additionally, a heterogeneous analysis showed that non-heavy polluters, small and medium-sized firms, and non-state-owned firms demonstrated the most improvement in environmental efficiency. Finally, the mechanism analysis results showed that firms' technological renovation in the production process is the main solution for improving environmental efficiency. This is a feasible and cost-effective way of reducing resource consumption and pollutant emissions. Accordingly, a cleaner production audit plan for different countries should be formulated with a focus on technological renovation in the production process. It should entail clean-cut incentives to stimulate firms to perform technological innovation, thereby continuously improving firms' environmental efficiency. This study sheds light on the environmental impact of cleaner production audits and regulated firms' choices between technological renovation and innovation. [Display omitted] • Effects of cleaner production audits on firms in China are investigated. • Cleaner production audits significantly improve firms' environmental efficiency. • Technological renovation in production processes improves environmental efficiency. • It is a cost-effective way to reduce resource consumption and pollutant emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The implementation of the prohibited grazing policy has achieved remarkable ecological benefits. • Farmers of different types had different adaptation perceptions. • Farmers of different adaptation perceptions choices of adaptation strategies also varied. • The main factors that influenced farmers' adaptation strategies also included livelihood capital and farmers' perception of the policy. Abstract Due to long-term human activities, grassland ecosystems have been severely damaged. To protect grassland ecosystems, the prohibited grazing policy (PGP), a grassland ecological protection policy, was instituted for Chinese grasslands in 2002. However, it is unknown whether farmers have effectively adapted to the PGP. The adaptability of farmers to this policy has directly influenced the effective implementation of the policy and the sustainable development of the ecosystem. Previous research on adaptability has not focused on the adaptation to political change. This article uses a case study in Northwest China to investigate the adaptability of farmers to the policy. First, we study the restoration status of ecosystems. In addition, this paper studies the perceptions regarding farmers' adaptability to the policy and explores the adaptation strategies of different types of farmers. Finally, this paper discusses the main factors that influence farmers' choice of adaptation strategies. The implementation of the PGP has achieved remarkable ecological benefits. Farmers of different types had different adaptation perceptions, and their choices of adaptation strategies also varied. In addition to the farmers' perception of the policy, the main factors that influenced farmers' adaptation strategies also included livelihood capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of self-compassion and Confucian coping to predict anxiety and depression were examined in impoverished Chinese undergraduate students. Three hundred and thirty impoverished undergraduates completed measures of self-compassion, Confucian coping, depression, and anxiety. Results showed that higher selfcompassion predicted lower depression and anxiety in impoverished undergraduates. Higher pro-setback thinking and responsibility thinking of Confucian coping were related with lower depression and anxiety. Higher fate thinking of Confucian coping was related with higher depression and anxiety. The predictive ability for depression and anxiety of self-compassion combined with fate thinking was better than selfcompassion alone. Intervention to enhance self-compassion and reduce fate thinking may be beneficial to mental health in impoverished undergraduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Climate is widely understood to determine elevational patterns of soil microbial communities, whereas the effects of parental material are uncertain. Changes in the composition of parental materials along elevational transects could also affect soil microbial communities by influencing soil pH and nutrient availability. Here, we aim to illustrate the combined effects of climate and parental material on the biomass and composition of soil microbial communities along an elevational transect. Location: A subtropical forest on a karst mountain (Mt. Jinfo), China. Taxon: Bacteria and Fungi. Methods: We use phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) and DNA amplicon high‐throughput sequencing to determine biomass and diversity patterns of soil microbial communities along a subtropical elevational gradient with contrasting parental materials (limestone and clasolite). Results: We observed that the microbial communities were more diverse (α‐diversity) and productive (biomass) on limestone than on clasolite. Additionally, we found that parental material played a role in shaping the composition (β‐diversity) of soil microbial communities along the elevational gradient. The impact of climate on soil microbial communities was found to be significant, albeit relatively weak. Structural equation models provided evidence for both direct and indirect effects of climate and parental material on microbial biomass and α‐diversity along the elevational gradient. Notably, the changes in soil pH, influenced by both parental material and climate, were identified as a key factor driving these effects. Main Conclusions: Our results underline the importance of both climate and parental material variations in space‐for‐time studies investigating soil microbial communities along elevational gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and ozone (O 3) are the two important pollutants because of their harmfulness. In addition to pollution emission level and location, meteorological factors affect the distribution of extreme pollution, so analysing the weather fields under extreme pollution is of great significance to predict extreme pollution. In this study, based on PM 2.5 and O 3 atmospheric composition monitoring data from China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC) Network and daily meteorological data from Version 2 of Climate Forecast System of National Centers for Environmental Protection (NCEP) Climate Forecast System, the distribution types of wintertime PM 2.5 and summertime O 3 pollution in China from 2015 to 2019 were classified with Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method, and the types of weather characteristics were analyzed, respectively. The results showed that the distribution of extreme pollution and the distribution of meteorological fields had a good correspondence. High PM 2.5 was accompanied with high relative humidity (RH), higher temperature (T), low pressures (P) and low wind speeds (W). The two maximum centers of correlation coefficients between PM 2.5 and the atmospheric circulation field were located on Siberia and the east of Japan. High O 3 was accompanied with dry environments and higher temperature. O 3 contaminated areas were accompanied with low pressures, while the correlation with wind speeds were not so significant. Ocean cyclones seriously affected O 3 pollution levels in the south and along the coast. The two maximum centers of correlation coefficients between O 3 mass concentration and 500 hPa geopotential height were located on the east of Lake Baikal and southern China. The relevant indexes established in the key areas had all passed the significance test and had an indicative significance for forecasting the pollution level. We believe that the apparent correlations between PM 2.5 (O 3) and RH, T, as well as W related to the external factors associated with the life cycle of midlatitude mesoscale weather system, rather than the underlying direct internal cause. • Different pollution patterns of PM 2.5 and O 3 are obtained by EOF. • RH, T, P and W fields corresponding to different pollution distributions are presented. • Meteorological conditions are external factors that affect the area and frequency of pollution. • The key area of 500 hPa affecting PM 2.5 is on Siberia and the east of Japan. • The key area of 500 hPa affecting O 3 is on the east of Lake Baikal and southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollutions are of particular concern because of their direct and indirect harm to humans and organisms. China has suffered from severe air pollution for the past ten years, related to heavy pollution emissions and compounded by the effects of atmospheric circulation. This study applied statistical methods, observational data of ground pollutants, and meteorological data to analyze the impact of large-scale atmospheric circulations on PM2.5 pollution over China. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was used to evaluate the main PM2.5 patterns and total contributions of the leading four EOFs. The results indicate that the total contributions of the leading four EOFs accounted for 50.5% of the total variance, reflecting four main types of PM2.5 pollution, namely, overall pollution phase, north–south phase, east–west phase and north–center–south phase, with contributions of 28.4%, 9.7%, 6.5% and 5.9%, respectively. We selected indices of the Asian Polar Vortex (APV) to analyze the impact of large-scale atmospheric circulations on PM2.5 pollution over China. The most pronounced APV control occurred in Beijing and its surroundings, specifically, along the Bohai Sea and the Northeast Plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Masting is a common reproductive strategy regulating seedling regeneration in many perennial plant species. The evolutionary origins and functional benefits of masting have been explained by well‐supported hypotheses relating to economies of scale of seed production. Nevertheless, our understanding of the potential costs of masting for the plant seed‐to‐seedling transitions remains limited.We tracked the seed fate and documented changes in the seed spatial distribution patterns during the seed‐to‐seedling transition process of Castanopsis fargesii, a dominant species of subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forests in China under natural conditions for more than 6 years.Masting resulted in a high proportion of seeds escaping predation by vertebrates and rodents, supporting the predator satiation hypothesis. However, it increased the pre‐dispersal seed predation by insects, and decreased the seed germination rate due to a negative effect on seed mass. This resulted in seed‐to‐seedling transition rates during mast years to be roughly half as much as during non‐mast years. In addition, masting negatively affected the spatial rearrangement of seeds, resulting in a spatial aggregative distribution pattern of newly germinated seedlings. The combined negative effects of smaller seeds and spatially aggregated seedlings reduced the survival rate of newly germinated seedlings at seedling establishment stage.Synthesis. Considering the whole seed‐to‐established seedling transition process, the benefits of masting on seedling recruitment due to the effective seed predator situation by vertebrates and rodents were decreased by the additional costs on seed mass, seed germination, seed spatial arrangement and seedling establishment. Our results highlight the importance of considering both the positive and negative effects of masting at each stage of the seed‐to‐seedling transition. Inferences based on seed predation and recruitment of newly germinated seedlings alone would lead to an overly optimistic conclusion about the benefits of masting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positive trend of tropospheric column ozone (TCO) in China has been confirmed by numerous observations, particularly in the rapidly developing city clusters such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD). An unignorable but poorly known function may be played by the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) and the Hadley circulation (HC), both of which are in their strengthening phase. This study discusses their connection to TCO in these three city clusters based on a novel and powerful causal analysis method Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM). It revealed that both BDC and HC exerted substantial causal effects on the variations of the TCO in BTH, the YRD, and the PRD. The upwelling moving northward in the summer substantially lowered TCO in the PRD, contributing to the difference in the TCO annual cycle characteristics between northern and southern China. Besides, CCM distinguished that hemispheric HC impacts TCO greatly more than total HC, and the most essential branches of BDC were stratospheric or shallow branches. The BDC and HC indices determined by CCM were used for building a multiple linear regression model, which assessed their importance for long-term changes in regional TCO. The intensity of BDC is the most important influencing factor in each region, particularly in the YRD. BTH is mainly affected by the intensity of the two meridian circulations. The influence of the widths of meridional circulation upwellings on TCO in the PRD cannot be ignored. Furthermore, TCO displayed significant positive trends during 2005–2020, with rates of 2.3 ± 0.4, 2.5 ± 0.4, and 2.7 ± 0.5 DU/decade in BTH, the YRD, and the PRD, respectively. • BDC and HC contribute to the different annual cycle patterns of TCO in northern and southern China. • Hemispheric HC impacts TCO greatly more than total HC. • The upwelling moving northward in the summer substantially lowered TCO in the PRD • TCO showed positive trends of around 2.5 DU/decade in China from 2005 to 2020 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are transient and not pathognomonic for psychiatric disorders, they may increase the risk of concurrent and future psychiatric disorders. However, the prevalence of PLEs and the different effects of PLE subtypes on mood outcomes are still unclear. Thus, this study seeks to investigate the prevalence of PLE subtypes and explore their relationship with the use of specific emotion regulation strategies and the level of affective lability among college students. The history of PLEs, the level of affective lability, and the use of specific emotion regulation strategies were assessed via self-reported questionnaires, and 1905 college students and 1812 college students were included in separate analyses. This study found that 14.44% of college students reported ever experiencing any of the five PLEs, with males reporting more PLE symptoms and a higher number of PLEs than females. Different PLE subtypes had different effects on the use of specific emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal or suppression) and the level of affective lability and also showed gender differences. Cognitive reappraisal and suppression differently predicted affective lability in males and females, and cognitive reappraisal mediated the relationship between hearing voices in PLEs and affective lability in males. In conclusion, PLEs were common in Chinese college students and gender differences were revealed in the prevalence of PLE subtypes. PLEs were associated with the use of specific emotion regulation strategies and the level of affective lability. Cognitive reappraisal may be a promising target for intervention aimed at relieving the effect of PLEs in non-clinical individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the intensification of global warming and economic development in China, the near-surface ozone (O3) concentration has been increasing recently, especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, which is the political and economic center of China. However, O3 has been measured in real time only over the past few years, and the observational records are discontinuous. Therefore, we propose a new method (WRFC-XGB) to establish a near-surface O3 concentration dataset in the BTH region by integrating the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model with the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm. Based on this method, the 8-h maximum daily average (MDA8) O3 concentrations are obtained with full spatiotemporal coverage at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° across the BTH region in 2018. Two evaluation methods, sample- and station-based 10-fold cross-validation (10-CV), are used to assess our method. The sample-based (station-based) 10-CV evaluation results indicate that WRFC-XGB can achieve excellent accuracy with a high coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.95 (0.91), low root mean square error (RMSE) of 13.50 (17.70) µg m−3, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 9.60 (12.89) µg m−3. In addition, superb spatiotemporal consistencies are confirmed for this model, including the estimation of high O3 concentrations, and our WRFC-XGB model outperforms traditional models and previous studies in data mining. In addition, the proposed model can be applied to estimate the O3 concentration when it has not been measured. Furthermore, the spatial distribution analysis of the MDA8 O3 in 2018 reveals that O3 pollution in the BTH region exhibits significant seasonality. Heavy O3 pollution episodes mainly occur in summer, and the high O3 loading is distributed mainly in the southern BTH areas, which will pose challenges to atmospheric environmental governance for local governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astragalus is a species-rich genus occurring in the western arid habitats in China and its diversification and infrageneric relationships in this region remain unclear. In the present study, based on molecular data, we aim to (i) test whether Phyllolobium (previously treated as a subgenus Pogonophace in Astragalus) should be warranted; and (ii) date the origin of Phyllolobium and probable diversification of Astragalus sensu stricto (s.s.). We sequenced five species from Phyllolobium first and collected all related sequences from the genus, Astragalus s.s and their close relatives ( Oxytropis and Caragana etc.). Our phylogenetic analyses suggested that all species of Phyllolobium comprise a monophyletic sister-group to genera of the subtribe Coluteinae. Molecular dating suggested that Phyllolobium and Astragalus s.s. originated around 8 and 10 million years ago. These two estimates are highly consistent with the intense uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau inferred from geological evidence. In addition, one section of Pogonophace (Sect. Robusti) was estimated to originate 2.5 million years ago and this section with a tendency for dry habitats seems to be evidence of Asian intensified aridity resulting from the intense uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global ornamental horticulture is a major pathway for plant invasions, while urban parks are key areas for introducing non-native ornamental plants. To react appropriately to the challenges (e.g., biological invasion issues) and opportunities (e.g., urban ecosystem services) of herbaceous ornamentals in urban parks, we conducted a comprehensive invasive risk assessment in 363 urban parks in Chongqing, a subtropical city in China. The results found more than 1/3 of the 119 non-native species recorded in urban parks had a high invasion risk, and more than five species had potential invasion risk in 96.29% of the study area, indicating herbaceous ornamentals in urban parks are potentially a pool of invasive species that deserves attention. Moreover, humans have chosen herbaceous ornamentals with more aesthetic characteristics in urban parks, where exotic species were more prominent than native species in floral traits, such as more conspicuous flowers and longer flowering periods. The findings can inform urban plant management, provide an integrated approach to assessing herbaceous ornamentals' invasion risk, and offer insights into understanding the filtering effects of human aesthetic preferences. • Herbaceous ornamentals in urban parks constitute a considerable invasive reservoir. • An invasion risk assessment framework using SDMs was established. • The framework can be applied to the pre-screening of urban herbaceous ornamentals. • Exotic ornamentals have more aesthetic traits and longer flowering period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate the prevalence and incidence of needlestick injuries associated with insulin injection among nurses working in hospitals in China and to quantify the direct healthcare costs associated with insulin injection-related needlestick injuries. We conducted a large online survey among hospital nurses from 31 provinces, municipal cities, and autonomous regions in China from October 2016 to February 2017. The survey covered a wide range of questions, including geographical location, years of experience, insulin injection practice, number of insulin injection-related needlestick injuries in the past 12 months, interventions for needlestick injuries, and treatment costs. We developed a cost estimate model and categorized costs into two major components: infection prevention and treatment of infections. We received a total of 10,447 questionnaires, of which 9873 were complete and validated. 39.1% of the nurses reported at least one needlestick injury while administering diabetic injections at some point in the past. The incidence of needlestick injuries involving injection pens was 139.5 per 1000 nurses per year and, with adjustment for exposure, 10.2 needlestick injuries per 100,000 injections. Among the respondents, 3.2% reported of having hepatitis B virus infection and 0.9% having hepatitis C virus infection as a result of needlestick injuries. The total costs of one insulin injection-related needlestick injury was estimated to range from ¥1,884 - ¥2,389. Insulin injection-related needlestick injuries were common in nurses working in hospitals in China and imposed a significant economic burden. More resources should be allocated for preventive efforts for needlestick injuries, including adoption of injection devices with advanced safety features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial necromass is closely related to the formation and turnover of soil organic carbon (SOC) in terrestrial ecosystems. Previous studies have elucidated the important influence of climate on microbial necromass carbon (MNC) contents, but the effect and interaction of bedrock with climate on MNC accumulation remains unclear. In a subtropical forest of southwestern China, we examined MNC in the soil surface layer (0–15 cm) on an elevational gradient (800–2100 m) that had alternating bedrock types (clasolite and limestone). Fungal necromass carbon (MNC F) content and total microbial necromass carbon (MNC T) content on limestone were significantly higher than on clasolite. Bacterial necromass carbon (MNC B) content was not significantly different between two bedrock types. MNC (including MNC F , MNC B and MNC T) generally significantly increased with increasing soil mean annual temperature on both bedrock types. The structural equation modelling showed MNC was indirectly controlled by climate and bedrock via soil physicochemical properties, i.e., SOC content and soil texture, but not via the plant community. Overall, variation of the MNC contents along the subtropical elevational gradient was jointly controlled by climate and bedrock variation, emphasizing the importance of bedrock as a driver of the spatial pattern of soil MNC. Increasing our understanding the spatial variation of MNC may require the consideration of the spatial variation in bedrock. • Microbial necromass carbon (MNC) contents are different on different bedrocks. • MNC contents increased with increasing temperature independent on bedrock type. • Climate and bedrock affect MNC contents via influencing soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous records of horned pitvipers from Vietnam and China are reviewed and the phylogenetic placement of four snakes from two sites in Tianjingshan Forest, China (Ruyan County, Guangdong Province; 24°43′N, 113°03′E, 563 m a.s.l.; 24°43′N, 113°02′E, 585 m a.s.l.) is examined. Using mitochondrial DNA sequence data (12S, 16S, ND4, cyt b; 2306 bp) and Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses, the Tianjingshan pitvipers are revealed as sister to Protobothrops cornutus with a differentiation resembling those of P. flavoviridis and P. tokarensis. This indicates a close relationship with P. cornutus and suggests that Ceratrimeresurus shenlii Liang and Liu, 2003, previously considered a junior synonym of P. cornutus (Smith, 1930), could be a valid subspecies of P. cornutus or a recently split distinct species. However, further studies and samples from intermediate localities are needed to decide whether the observed differentiation reflects a pattern of isolation-by-distance or a phylogeographic, and thus perhaps taxonomically relevant, break. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol direct radiative forcing (ADRF) has complex effects on vegetation and ecosystems by altering environmental conditions. Based on the Fu-Liou radiation transfer model and Community Land Model (CLM4.5), this study simulated the ecosystem processes under scenarios with and without ADRF in China from 2001 to 2014, analysed the respiration changes in different ecosystems, and evaluated the relationship between the ADRF-induced changes in soil hydrothermal conditions and respiration changes in the vegetation growing season (Jun-Jul-Aug). During the study period, ADRF changed the total ecosystem respiration (ER) in the farm, forest and grass ecosystems by 25.14, −6.84 and 5.03 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively, and this difference was related to the canopy structure and aerosol loadings in the three ecosystems. Moreover, ADRF had the greatest impact on ecosystem respiration in summer. In addition, ADRF had significant promoting effects on autotrophic respiration (AR) and significant inhibitory effects on heterotrophic respiration (HR) by reducing the soil temperature at 10 cm below the surface (TS). ADRF-induced changes in soil hydrothermal conditions further affected the nitrogen content in plants, especially N in fine roots and leaves. N is closely related to proteins associated with respiration; thus, changes in N had a nonnegligible impact on respiration. The increased soil volume water content (HS) alleviated the drought stress in the north of China, which may be the reason for the increased HR there. In addition, changes in CO 2 fixation and CH 4 and N 2 O emissions were also observed, and the results showed that ADRF had a greater influence on carbonaceous greenhouse gases (GHGs). In China, ADRF aggravated the greenhouse effects in the farm, forest and grass ecosystems, of which the GWPs were 1.22*1010, 7.27*1010 and 2.42*1010 kg CO 2 equivalent yr−1, respectively. Our study highlights the serious effects of aerosol-induced radiation perturbations on biogeochemical processes, especially respiration, in terrestrial ecosystems, which ultimately have feedback effects on the climate. [Display omitted] • Respiration fluxes in farm ecosystems showed greater changes than those in forest and grass ecosystems. • In the growing season, ADRF had significant effects on ecosystem respiration by altering soil hydrothermal conditions. • The nitrogen content in plants is another important factor affecting AR, especially in forest ecosystems. • Increased HR in the north of China may be related to drought stress in summer. • ADRF aggravated the greenhouse effects in the farm, forest and grass ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]