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Copyright of Estudios de Linguistica del Espanol is the property of University Library of Bern and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines Jewish youth identity, gender, and ideology during the Holocaust in France in order to understand how young people responded to persecution. The author's attempts to understand the youth perspective reveals that these adolescents' experiences were distinct and varied, and each traversed complex and multifaceted paths through the war. Always in perpetual negotiation with other elements of their identities—such as their ideology, religion, and gender—for many, youth movements greatly impacted how they developed and matured into adulthood. Coming of age during the Holocaust meant not only enduring persecution, but also traditional discourses on the place of young people in society. Charting the trajectories of individual young people and Jewish youth groups within the context of the war, the Holocaust, and French Jewish history reveals their radicalized and accelerated wartime development. In researching this phenomenon, it becomes possible to decenter entrenched narratives of persecution and resistance and enhance our understanding of wartime gender roles, the impact of Judaism, and the various ideologies that informed these youths' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History teachers are unique in their practice of memory, for they have opted, whether consciously or unconsciously, for a profession which advances a collective understanding of the past. This article explores teachers' intergenerational memories of the Holocaust and the Second World War in France, analysing how these influenced the way in which teachers approached these histories in their classrooms. Through 'life history' interviews conducted with teachers in France in 2018, it asks whether teachers found personal or family histories to be "useful" in the classroom, or whether they remained silent or hidden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1988, French pharmaceutical company Roussel Uclaf introduced Mifepristone (RU 486), a pill which medically induces abortion, but withdrew the drug one month later after severe protests. The abortion pill caused transnational controversies from 1988 to 1993. This article examines these controversies as a gateway to the entanglements between biomedical research, economic interests, and social protests in the last third of the twentieth century, as the American antiabortion movement initiated protests against the drug's French producer and its German parent company after its market release in France. The movement used boycotts against French products and utilized discomforting references to Germany's Nazi past to put pressure on pharmaceutical executives. In contrast, German, French, and American feminists and family-planners relied on transnational networks to enable medical trials and ensure the global distribution of Mifepristone. The article highlights how feminist demands for individual choice and public health concerns clashed with the antiabortion movements' demands and entrepreneurs' concerns about crude Holocaust comparisons. It shows that actors on both sides of the abortion controversy employed nonmedical arguments to influence scientific research and social movements acted on a transnational level to influence the market introduction of new biomedical advances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biographies of Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945) usually present two sides of his life: one, where he was an outstanding man of science in the United States during the so-called "Golden Age of Medicine," and the other, where he was a leading humanitarian activist engaged in myriad causes, notably in the defense of Spanish democracy during the Civil War (1936-1939). However, these biographies fail to take into account that the apparent link between these two sides of his life was his religious conviction. This study summarizes the aims and accomplishments of the American Medical Bureau to Aid the Spanish Democracy (AMBASD) of which Cannon was chair between 1937 and 1939. Then, it examines Cannon's inspirational role on the international relief work with Spanish Republican refugees in France, through the case of the Varsovie Hospital of Toulouse that between 1945 and 1949 was jointly managed by the Unitarian Service Committee (USC) and the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee (JAFRC), and renamed Varsovie Hospital/Walter B. Cannon Memorial in recognition of the Spanish Republicans' debt for his extraordinary contribution during the Spanish Civil War and beyond. Finally, the article investigates the Unitarian roots of Cannon's humanitarian ethos by exploring the historical relations of this religious movement with science and with many major actors at Harvard University as well as the links of Cannon's relatives to Unitarianism. The analysis reveals Unitarianism's influence on Cannon's views about science, democracy, and liberty, as well as on his remarkable involvement in the medical solidarity movement with the Second Spanish Republic and other similar commitments. In sum, it shows how important is to branch out in our studies of medical and scientific practice to include practitioners' broader social and religious communities in order to understand their motivations, achievements, and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical memory cultures have played a crucial role in French anti-racist activism. Anti-racist movements such as the Ligue internationale contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme (LICRA) and the Mouvement contre le racisme et pour l'amitié entre les peuples (MRAP) invoked historical memories of interwar antisemitism, the Holocaust and colonial violence in their fight against racism in the 1980s and 1990s. The content and meaning of these memory cultures underpinned late twentieth-century anti-racism, furnishing activism with a profoundly didactic dimension which explicitly connected the racisms of the past to the racisms of the present. Anti-racist print media – from the LICRA's monthly newspaper, Le Droit de Vivre, and the MRAP's publications, Droit et Liberté and Différences – provided important discursive spaces within which these diverse historical memory cultures could be identified, articulated and contested. This in turn created a space for the construction of anti-racist temporalities. The legacies of past antisemitism and Islamophobia ensured that the anti-racist activism of the LICRA and MRAP, in different ways, possessed an intensely temporal dimension. This article considers how anti-racist historical memory cultures were articulated in print media in response to events such as the rue Copernic bombing of October 1980 and the Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots of August 1992. Furthermore, the article will explore how divergent Holocaust and colonial memory cultures began to encounter each other on a more frequent basis in the pages of anti-racist publications during the mid-1990s, reflecting national developments in the memorialization of the Holocaust and (albeit to a lesser extent) France's colonial past. The relationship between time and anti-racist activism was an intimate one and historical memory played a key mediating role in anti-racist responses to contemporary racism. By focusing primarily on the print media of the LICRA and the MRAP, this article demonstrates how both organizations and key figures such as Jean Pierre-Bloch and Mouloud Aounit viewed contemporary racism through the lens of historical memory, thus demonstrating an intimate relationship between late twentieth-century anti-racist activism in France and historical time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slightly more than half of the 74,150 Jews deported from France between 1942 and 1944 were arrested in Paris and its close suburbs. For the large majority of these 38,500 men, women, and children, their arrest was carried out by ordinary policemen belonging to the Paris Police Prefecture. The objective of this article is to propose a complete and synthetic analysis of the role of this institution and its agents in the Holocaust. In Paris, unlike anywhere else in Europe, the implementation of the 'final solution' was entrusted to the traditional administration. These police officers were competent and knew perfectly the environment of the persecution. But, generally speaking, they were not anti-Semite activists, they did not like the Germans, and, more importantly, they acted according to their own institutional logic. So, the French's repressive system did not automatically feed the Nazi machine of destruction. It is this complexity of the machine of persecution in occupied France which explains, in many respects, the toll of the Holocaust in France, and, more specifically, in the Paris region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twin data and the results generated by research are driven by the behavioral and physical attributes of twin participants. However, many investigators working with twin data have limited personal contact with actual twin-pairs. This situation may be limiting with respect to interpretation of results and formulation of new hypotheses. In an attempt to rectify this issue, key aspects of the interconnected lives of co-twins in three monozygotic male twin-pairs are presented. The section that follows includes a review of twin research on Kleine-Levin syndrome, political discussion, twin relationship quality and urinary cortisol level, and guidelines for determining sample sizes. The final part of this report presents twin-related news items relating to twins' same day deliveries, death of a twin Holocaust survivor, the Vindman twins, a twin festival in France and the tiniest twins on record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the ways in which values associated with Protestant rescuers have impacted the historiography of the rescue during the Holocaust and the testimonies of witnesses. It considers two regions, the Poitou and the Plateau Vivarais-Lignon, to analyze three moral assumptions: the rescuer as resister, as generous host, and as respectful Christian. Using anthropological approaches to hospitality, it reveals the shortcomings of these assumptions. First, the association of rescue and resistance, though understandable, obscures the chronology, the unevenness, and the relative safety of Protestant involvement in the rescue. Second, the rescuers' assumed generosity simplifies the reciprocity at work in hospitality as well as the materiality of the rescue. Third, a systematic characterization of rescue as altruism or expression of philo-Semitism prevents a more complex exploration of the relationships between Protestant hosts and Jewish guests. In particular, hospitality as a form of rescue could certainly generate mutual appreciation, but also acculturation and tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On October 3, 1941 the French right-wing Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire (MSR) bombed six synagogues and one Jewish prayer house in Paris. The only scholarship addressing this "Nuit Bleue" focuses on the Nazi Security and Police Service, who provided the explosives but neither planned nor executed the attacks. Below, the authors restore memory of the bombings and re-establish French agency and culpability. They also explore Jewish reaction and resistance. The authors argue that the MSR created a "Holocaust Landscape" in Paris, with serious implications for Jews in Occupied and Unoccupied France. Several threads of the narrative thus interject the story of the bombings into the larger history of the Shoah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Police Inspector-General Guido Lospinoso has long been praised for the rescue of Jews before September 8, 1943 in Italian-occupied Southeastern France. This study proves that Lospinoso never embarked on a personal mission to do so. In fact, he implemented orders to evacuate foreign Jews from the Mediterranean coast under Italian rule. He was initially obedient when Rome ordered him to surrender some of those Jews to the Nazis—although nobody carried the order to completion. Ultimately, Lospinoso's actions epitomize the complexities of Fascist Italy's stand vis-à-vis the Nazi policy of extermination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociología Histórica is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay examines how two French individuals in the third generation of Holocaust victims/survivors, Christophe Boltanski and Ivan Jablonka, research and present their grandparents and how they challenge contemporary memory culture. Their works differ in their ambitions and the strategies used to achieve them, but both Boltanski and Jablonka take the most disrespected of historical genres, the history of the author's family, and reveal its potential in an arena where the duty to remember what was done to Jews as a group can obscure the complex individuals who were victims. These forgotten selves and what they reveal about the societies in which they lived are the subject of Boltanski's and Jablonka's work. Particular attention is devoted to the Communist parties in Poland and France and the relations of their grandparents to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depuis 1957, les émissions et journaux télévisés ainsi que les documentaires diffusés sur les chaînes et les radios publiques françaises sont devenus les relais de la mémoire du Vél d'Hiv en tentant, tant bien que mal, de mettre en images et en paroles cet événement-symbole de la Shoah en France. Le cadre temporel choisi pour notre étude marque l'évolution de cette médiatisation du Vél d'Hiv à la télévision et à la radio françaises bien avant la saturation mémorielle des années 2000. Dans le trop-plein d'images de ces vingt dernières années, il nous a semblé important et utile de revenir sur les programmes et segments télévisés d'avant 1995 trouvés dans les archives de l'INA car ils nous renseignent sur la manière de voir et d'entendre cet événement historique selon les époques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks into Olivier Rolin's 2014 work "Le Météorologue," which is based on the research he conducted in Soviet Union, and tells the story of Joseph Stalin's chief meteorologist Alexeï Féodossiévitch Vangengheim, who was falsely accused of espionage and sabotage in 1934. It notes the testimonial narratives employed by Rolin about the Holocaust and the Nazi Occupation of France. It also looks into debates on the legacy of Soviet Communism.

Stanley Hoffmann's years in France before, during, and after Vichy marked him both intellectually and psychologically. Many of his great works draw on his reflections on how he saw French people responding to this situation. By coincidence, my family was living in France from 1933 to 1940 as refugees from Nazi Berlin, where they had gone in 1923 as Menshevik refugees from the Bolsheviks. This essay explores Hoffmann's story as a way of framing my own family history, and it reflects on the way those experiences influence our lives and ideas. Hoffmann went on to great prominence writing on international relations and the politics of France. Under his influence, I went on to help erode the academic boundary between domestic affairs and international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My article examines a 2012 travelogue by the young French historian Thomas Duranteau, Des miettes et des étoiles, which brings together testimonies by Auschwitz-Birkenau survivors, Duranteau’s notes during his five-day trip to the camp, the drawings he made of these encounters, and three graphic vignettes coupling an extract from the diary of an SS doctor from Auschwitz with two imagined encounters with a faceless child born and killed in Birkenau and a lonely old man from Treblinka. My main aim is to answer two core questions: how can contemporary trips to Holocaust death camps avoid becoming forms of trivialisation or manipulation of the Holocaust? Can Duranteau’s artistic representation that uses and reframes images of the past function as a positive project inscribing these sites in a transnational context which relies on a fundamental questioning of what being human means? In response, I contend that Duranteau’s narrative foregrounds the ethical potentialities of incongruous memory lenses based on an acute awareness of temporal distance, dislocation and the ambiguous positioning of various generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American relief worker Tracy Strong Jr. played a key role in obtaining the transfer of young prisoners from Vichy internment camps in southern France to the Maison des Roches—a residence that he helped establish in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon—and in subsequently helping some of these young men to escape over the Swiss border. The author of this article bases his research primarily on journals and letters that Strong wrote at the time, which provide contemporary evidence for the central importance of the town’s Huguenot congregation and its pastor, André Trocmé—an importance that some writers recently have attributed to postwar exaggeration and myth-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the War Refugee Board (WRB), a U.S. executive agency created by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1944 which aid Holocaust victims in Europe in 1939-1945 under the direction of John W. Pehle. It looks at the efforts of the WRB to rescue, transport and relieve Jewish refugees from annihilation in countries including France, Poland and Hungary in cooperation with foreign governments and international refugee and rescue organizations.

This article examines Genocide denial under the constitutional law, mainly the conflict between constitutionally protected rights of freedom of speech and dignity/equality. The comparison reflects the attitudes of three European States - Germany, Spain and France. The Article discusses the history and background of anti-Holocaust laws in the concerned countries and possible criminalization of the Armenian Genocide denial. If further concentrated on the Constitutional Court decisions, which are marked with differences connected with factors such as history, morals, values of the particular society and, of course, politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rescue of Jews in Vichy France continues to receive a great deal of attention. Recently, the justes, non-Jews who risked their lives to assist persecuted Jews, have become an important category of historical inquiry. With the justes arguably at the center of the nation's collective memory of Vichy, a number of groups seeking to better their wartime image have rewritten their narratives to promote the rescue of Jews in their histories. Like the police and the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français, former members of Vichy's Chantiers de la Jeunesse represent one such organization. Even though some Jews were sheltered in the Chantiers de la Jeunesse, this article calls into question the account of the Chantiers' leader, General de la Porte du Theil, and those of some of his disciples, who later claimed that they created an official policy for rescue. Such claims are symptomatic of a "myth of rescue," an emerging trend that posits rescue as the norm for the French population's relationship with the Jews during the Occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective study focused on the consequences of childhood traumas and mourning among Jewish children who were hidden in France during World War II. Some of these hidden children went on to create a self-help group over a half-century after the end of the war, but most have remained isolated and, in the majority of cases, have difficulties assimilating their traumatic experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of researchers associated with the Centre de documentation juive contemporaine in Paris undertook the first Holocaust research in France. However, this private institution was not nearly as isolated as previously understood: despite general indifference and financial problems, the center managed to influence the course of national research on the Second World War, and helped to represent the Jewish trauma in exhibitions and national commemorations. This article argues for consideration of the interaction between state undertakings and Jewish initiatives in the study of postwar reactions to the Holocaust. Such a perspective can both illuminate contemporary disinterest and show how the genocide was integrated into French history largely as a consequence of the efforts of the Jewish community. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The visual void surrounding the 1942 Vel d'Hiv roundup has become an obsession in France rather than a point of departure for reflection on narrative and visual silence in the face of the Holocaust. This study highlights the shifting paradigms around which French television has constructed narratives about the Vel d'Hiv roundup. Whereas scholars have analyzed the politics behind its commemorations in the context of broader debates on national identity and anti-Semitism, this article rethinks this event in terms of postwar televised mythologies, de/constructions, representations and national discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented that discusses the book "Vichy et la Shoah: Enquête sur le paradoxe français," by Alain Michel. Topics include the relation of Vichy France to the Jewish Holocaust, the involvement of French political leader Marshall Henri Philippe Bénoni Omer Pétain in deporting foreign-born Jews, and the history of the historiography of Vichy France.

Because of the strategic value of French North Africa for the Axis war effort, German authorities carried out extensive propaganda efforts among prisoners of war from that region. Special propaganda camps were established in Germany and occupied France to win over a select group of prisoners who, it was hoped, could later influence other prisoners. German propaganda stressed the power of German arms, affinities between Nazism and Islam, and French discrimination against Muslims, and exploited Muslim resentment over the status of Jews in French North Africa. Although the success of their propaganda efforts among the masses of prisoners was limited, the Germans did manage to recruit some spies and collaborators and to drive a wedge between the Vichy authorities and North African soldiers.1 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the reaction of the representatives of Free France in London, England, during World War II to the Jewish Holocaust. According to the article, Free French broadcasts over the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) from London were tepid concerning the persecution of Jews, and presented the deportation of Jews from German-occupied France as a function of the deportation of French workers.

The article discusses the historical evidence that the Grande Mosquée de Paris in France had a role in sheltering Jews during the Holocaust of the Second World War. The author describes filmmaker Derri Berkani's work in documenting the work of the mosque and its rector Si Kaddour Benghabrit and considers skepticism about the story in light of Islamophobia and French patriotism. The author suggests that the mosque played roles in resistance and collaboration rather than heroism.

The article compares the persecution of Jews in the Netherlands, Belgium, and France during the Second World War, focusing on self-help and self-rescue of Jews in these countries. Under occupation of the National Socialist German government, Jews were persecuted, deported, and killed. The author analyzes the reasons for the comparatively higher mortality rates of Jews in the Netherlands as compared to Belgian and French Jews, and compares the function of Jewish self-help as survival strategy in the three countries. According to the author, the socio-economic background of Dutch Jews discouraged political activity, escape routes to neutral borders were difficult, and the Netherlands had no support network like the Catholic institutions provided in Belgium and France.

The article discusses legal cases filed against the French National Railroad (SNCF), which contracted with Germany's Nazi regime to deport more than 75,000 Jews and other so-called undesirables to concentration camps and extermination camps. A class-action lawsuit was filed by victims and their heirs in 2000 and sought to hold SNCF liable for war crimes and crimes against humanity. SNCF did not deny its actions but argued that it cannot be sued in U.S. courts. Details on a 2004 U.S. Supreme Court ruling which declared the U.S. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA) to be retroactive are presented. A 2006 lawsuit seeking restitution for possessions taken from the deportees is also discussed.

The article examines the ways in which the French prosecution of Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie has impacted French public life, in response to his trial of 1987, the 1994 opening of the Children of Izieu Memorial at the Izieu Memorial Museum in France, and the Museum's video installations on Barbie. Topics include the museum's film "Avec les enfants?," or "With the Children?," by Anne Grynberg on the Nazi killing of French Jewish children, and the impact of time on the memory of Barbie.

Recent years have seen the emergence of a new field of research called “memory studies”, with an ambiguous relationship to the work of Maurice Halbwachs. Although the discipline presents the French sociologist as a founding father, most authors involved in its definition claim their work leaves his theory behind. Their focus is said to have shifted from “society” and “its representations” – seen as the sole level and object of Halbwachs’ thought – to “actors” and “their practices” which supposedly did not interest the author of La Mémoire collective. This development explains the success of notions such as “entrepreneurs”, “agents”, and other “actors” of “memory”. The present article takes a critical approach, measuring these proposed alternative analyses against both Halbwachs’ theory and an empirical case study of the expression of memory through the title of Righteous among the Nations. In so doing it seeks to uphold the thesis that both Halbwachs’ work and, by extension, general sociology, are operational for work on “memory” today and, in particular, for the renewal of approaches to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Written in Paris during the darkest moments of the German Occupation, but only published in 2008, Helene Berr's Journal was immediately hailed for its dramatic testimony and striking insights. With precision and lucidity, the young Jewish student at the Sorbonne records the human tragedies unfolding all around her in the wake of the Holocaust, while at the same time reviewing her own manner of experiencing these traumatic events through her personal reflections and emotions. The present article analyses her astute and poignant observations in the light of Emmanuel Levinas's notion of the ethically grounded subject. Beyond its documentary value, Helene Berr's Journal thus takes on significant philosophical dimensions. At the same time, Levinas's concept of the Other's incursion into the realm of the self proves to be firmly anchored in the firsthand experience of the twentieth century's greatest historical catastrophe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

French philosopher Jacques Maritain (1882-1973) gained a reputation both as a leading Catholic intellectual and as an outspoken critic of antisemitism, and as such has been lauded for more than fifty years as a progressive influence within twentieth-century Catholicism. He also has been cited as a dissident voice within the Church, his public statements about the Holocaust throwing the alleged silence of Pope Pius XII into sharp relief. Examining the development of Maritain's philosemitism, this article presents a more nuanced assessment, challenging historically rooted generalizations about his attitudes toward Jews in the modern world before, during, and after the Shoah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines questions and issues related to the Holocaust and the Humanities. Two controversies and literary works, "Historikerstreit" or the conflict of the historians in Germany and "Heidegger and Nazism," by Victor Farias have initiated the discussion of the Holocaust into academic areas. Key issues that were discussed include the characterization of all the Jews of Europe as enemies of Nazi Germany and the uniqueness of the Holocaust.

The article compares the September 30, 1997 apology made by the French Catholic Church with the March 16, 1998 Vatican Apology titled "We Remember." The comparison is relative to the context of public apologies made to Jews for any role of the Church in the Jewish Holocaust. In the author's view, the French apology appears heartfelt while the Vatican's apology avoids admitting to any failure of the Church during the period. The article also discusses the political and religious factors that delayed the French Catholic Church's apology.

Abstract: This paper contains transcripts and discussion of interviews carried out with the grandchildren of Polish Jews who emigrated to either France or Israel. The interviews show the way in which the grandchildren view their family''s personal story and the way in which these stories were transmitted across generations. The interviews also show how the construction of their identity is linked to a family history, marked by exile and the Holocaust. A comparison between the interviews conducted in France and Israel permits questions to be raised about the impact of the political climate of the country of reception on the issues outlined above. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article discusses the author's experience in relaying to the public the information she discovered in her research. The author was studying government policy as it concerned those French men and women who were instrumental in saving Jews during the Holocaust. At the same time, January 18, 2007, a monument opened at the Pantheon in Paris, France honoring the same group of people. Because of this event, the author received much attention for her work but had difficulty expressing her ideas.

The article focuses on a medal that has been awarded by the government of Israel since 1963 to those who had risked their lives to come to the aid of Jews during World War II. The author examines how medal award ceremonies in France are seen in the context of individual histories and part of French collective memory. The article discusses France's recognition of the harm done by the Vichy regime to Jews and the French association that has awarded "righteous among the nations" medals in France.

The article focuses on the relationship between various societies and their historical pasts. The article examines difficulties in remembering unpleasant aspects of the past. The author discusses the historical memory of Nazi Germany and the Holocaust in European nations such as France, Germany, and Italy. The article also mentions the differing historical memories of World War II that China and Japan have.

The article focuses on the film “Mina Tannenbaum,” by Martine Dugowson. The author examines France’s gradual recognition of the role of the French State in collaborating with the Nazis and sending many Jews from France to concentration camps. The author examines how filmmakers and other people were active in pushing for uncovering this historical past in the 1980s. The author argues that the film describes the ways that French Jews have lost their link to their ethnic and religious identity through assimilation into French society. The film’s ethnic stereotyping of the central character’s mother is seen by the author as a representation of how Jewish identity in contemporary France has been reduced to a hollow stereotype.

About 25 percent of approximately 320,000 Jews in France did not survive the Holocaust, whereas 75 percent of the 140,000 in the Netherlands perished. To what extent can these differences be explained by a comparison of anti-Jewish policy and the conduct of the deportations in the two countries? The present contribution compares the establishment of occupation regimes and their subsequent anti-Jewish policies, devoting special attention to competency disputes; the authors then compare the countries' arrangements for the deportations, focusing on the relative availability of transport, the size of the available police forces, and the latitude of action of the German agencies involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the metaphoric comparison of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) to the Holocaust and its relation to French universalism. For many gays and lesbians, the AIDS epidemic has caused an increase in collective identification in a universalist nation. In 1986, the Holocaust was linked to AIDS in France to politicize the discourse on the epidemic.

This special issue explores different representations of cultural memory in France since the Holocaust, a period overshadowed by historical trauma (wars, decolonization, genocide), in which memory has become an increasingly dominant cultural obsession. Contested representations of cultural memory have given rise to important critical and philosophical debates, which pivot on the relation between memory and history, the individual and the collective. Covering a broad range of spheres including literature, cultural history and theory, psychoanalysis and film, the essays collected here draw on and contribute to these critical debates in analyses that seek to rethink the relation between memory and representation. Where recent critical work on cultural memory has tended to emphasize its failures and frustrations, these essays highlight a different model of memory as innovation and creative representation. Central to all the essays is the idea that memories are constructed and mediated via specific culturally constructed frames, within which individual memory is irrevocably and sometimes troublingly bound up with collective modes of remembering. Yet the representations of memory examined here show how memory can work productively in and through tensions such as the relation between the individual and the collective without trying to overcome them: these tensions remain as crucial elements in the quest to find new forms of representation of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]