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In India, we get some news like a child has struck up in a bore well, and it takes more than 16 to 24 hours save a child. Borewell accidents are common because of uncovered openings of bore well at farms and home surroundings. In some cases, it is too difficult to save the child from the bore well. Dragging the child out from the narrow hole of bore well is not easy. It is difficult to protect children who fall into a bore well by using exhausting methods, because a child who falls into a bore hole has no gaps between the walls of the bore well, so he is stuck there. That's why he's so screwed up but all the extinguishing methods were designed such that the robotic could hold it up or send a balloon down the pillow to support it. But what they have forgotten is that there is no gap in the support balloons or robotic arm to catch the child. In this study paper, we analyze the problems associated with the bore well rescue operations. We also present details of various existing robot systems available in use. Along with this, we discuss how robotics and automation could be a possible solution for this entire problem. In this context, we discuss the features of such a robotic system and also give suggestions on various humankind robotic systems that can be designed and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Revised National TB Control Programme developed a case based web-based online reporting mechanism called NIKSHAY. A community-based survey conducted in 2011 reported that 46% of the tuberculosis (TB) patients in India were treated outside the public health system (private sector) and hence they are not the part of the national TB notification system. Methodology: The objective of the study was to assess the profile of the TB individuals in the Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh, south India. A secondary data were retrieved from the district TB center NIKSHAY web-based online portal in Chittoor and analyzed using SPSS 21.0 version. Data were taken from the last 1 year (April 2017 to March 2018). Results: A total of 3952 individuals were registered in the web based online NIKSHAY portal during the study. Among them in 2918 (73.7%) were males and 1033 (26.2%) were females with the mean age of the patients was 44.6 years with a standard deviation of ± 16.3 ranges. The clinically confirmed cases were 587 patients and microbiologically positive were 2495 (79.8%) and negative were 633 (20.2%). Majority 3263 (82.5%) were had pulmonary and 452 (11.4%) had extra-pulmonary TB. Depending on the HIV-positive cases were 274 (6.9%) and 3560 (90.2%) were negative and the remaining 118 (2.9%) do not know the status of the HIV/AIDS. The CBNAAT results were 411 (10.5%) of the patients had rifampicin sensitivity and 26 (0.6%) of them were resistant. Conclusion: India had taken the nice initiative for the web-based online portal for the notification of the TB patients. Several ongoing efforts have been implemented to improve the quality of surveillance reporting. A series of trainings on quality assurance of TB data should be taken to all the field staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Muthusankar, G.; Proisy, C.; Balasubramanian, D.; Bautès, N.; Bhalla, R S.; Mathevet, R.; Ricout, A.; Senthil Babu, D., and Vasudevan, S., 2018. When socio-economic plans exacerbate vulnerability to physical coastal processes on the south east coast of India. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 1446–1450. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Industrial and urban development along the coast may exacerbate the changes induced by oceano-climatic processes to such an extent that the coast becomes uninhabitable. This paper presents a baseline study carried out on the 360 km-long Coromandel coast of Tamil Nadu's (TN) Bay of Bengal coast, Southeast India. About 30% of the 72 million inhabitants of the state of TN live in low-lying coastal areas within a variety of ecosystems such as sandy beaches and dunes, wetlands, mudflats and mangroves. Exponential demographic growth combines with dense urban agglomerations, ever-growing industrial and harbour areas, aquaculture and luxury tourism expansion increasing vulnerabilities to coastal erosion and extreme meteorological events. We report here how very high spatial resolution satellite (VHSRS) images, freely provided by Google Earth® engine or from the public database offered by GIS software, may be used to impartially and significantly survey coastal land cover (LC) transformations at fine scales over a number of years using preliminary visual interpretation. The study also gathered demographic data, historical records on strength and trajectories of the cyclones that have hit the TN coast since 1900, and decadal series of daily ERA-Interim/ECMWF waves and Mercator-Ocean oceanic currents. Our results demonstrate a tangle of environmental and human activities and situations subject to specific coastal hazards, particularly severe during the Northeast monsoon season. The potential risks for coastal ecosystems and local communities are finally discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study mainly focuses the existing relationship between the entrepreneurial behavior index and selected traits of the dairy farmers. The study was carried out in the selected two districts of Tamil Nadu state i.e. Erode and Coimbatore districts. It was observed that the highest Entrepreneurial Behavior Index (EBI) 61.08 was found in "self confidence" attribute which ranked first followed by "Hope of success" (60.75) and "Knowledgeability" (59.41) with II and III ranks respectively. Farmers with high rational decision taking ability naturally possess more self confidence. Further correlation co-efficient shows that except age and caste all the selected independent variables i.e. Education, Family size, Social participation, Land holding, Herd size, Milk production, Milk sale, Dairy income, Training, Marketing behavior, Mass Media Exposure, Extension contact, Knowledge, Attitude and Economic Motivation are strong relationship with dependent variable, which would provide an impetus to dairy farmers to develop strong entrepreneurial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment samples from the foreshore and backshore regions between Thottappally and Kayamkulam, (Thottappally – Trikkunnapuzha = Northern; Trikkunnapuzha – Arattupuzha = Central; Arattupuzha – Kayamkulam = Southern), which are enriched with heavy minerals, were subjected to detailed textural evaluation. Through frequency curves, bivariate and CM pattern, the textual characteristics of black sand deposits have been brought out and their provenance has been discussed. Beach sands of the study area mainly comprise fine sand, moderately well- to well-sorted, with near symmetrical skewness in all three sectors. Kurtosis is platykurtic in the northern sector, whereas mesokuritic sediments in the central and southern sectors show a characteristic playtkuritc nature. In the Trikkunnapuzha – Arattupuzha and Aratupuzha – Kayamkulam sectors, sediments are mesokurtic to platykurtic, which shows that low energy conditions and high wave energy conditions must have prevailed. Sediment transportation is mainly by saltation. The bivariate textural plots indicate beach and inland involvement for these sediments. The CM pattern also indicates that the sources for the sediment deposition in the study area were beach with the influence of fluvial and high-energy waves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mineral concentration and ilmenite characterization of the Thothapally - Kayamkulam Barrier Island of the southern Kerala has been studied. 96.86% concentrations of heavy minerals are recorded in the surficial and core samples (4 m) in the southern Kayamkulam and northern Thothapally areas. The total heavy mineral content decreases with depth. The primary heavy mineral suite of the surficial and core samples consists of ilmenite, sillimanite, zircon, garnets, rutile, monazite and magnetite. Longshore current and onshore-offshore movements of sediment during the southwest monsoon are primarily responsible in sorting of the heavy minerals. TiO content in ilmenite is significantly higher in the Kayamkulam core sediments than the surface samples. XRD analysis supports intensive weathering and alteration leading to the higher TiO concentration. Higher percentage of ferric iron than ferrous iron in the core samples reveals that considerable weathering occurred under burial condition. SEM examination of ilmenite grains reveal the presence of solution pit, chemical leaching, corrosion and replacement textures, supporting the intense epigenetic alteration and weathering under subaerial condition and post-depositional changes by water-table condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two probable zones of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) from the SW coastal zone of India are reported. They lie between the prominent coastal promontories, namely Kovalam in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state and Muttam in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu state. The purpose of characterizing such groundwater leakage zones, in general, is (i) to assess the optimum exploitation levels of coastal fresh groundwater; (ii) to locate feasible waste disposal sites in the coastal zone, and (iii) to estimate seaward pollution transport levels. Indirect indications on the basis of satellite digital data analysis, systematic fieldwork, physicochemical water quality checks, and also resistivity surveys have been utilized to understand the nature of groundwater movement in the coastal aquifers. Geomorphological settings, temporal water quality variations, and subsequent determination of hydrochemical facies have provided evidence for explaining the phenomenon of SGD. In particular, the indications of streaming potential, inferred interface geometry patterns, and truncated lithological layering point to the presence of groundwater discharge across the recognized sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology has improved in India in terms of semiconductor, computer, telecommunications, cybernetics, radar, artificial intelligence, software industries and internet for computation, composition (of text) and communication (sharing information). These technologies are systems, devises and techniques which help to build a knowledge-based society, global information society or global knowledge economy for knowledge production, distribution and consumption. Since Information Technology (IT) is a source of information, it is an efficient link between the government, non-governmental institutions and citizens, and acts as a means of delivering a wide range of services. The main proposition of the paper is that in order to make use of IT, education is an important prerequisite because it is the key entity in all the analyses and operation for human development. But wide disparities exist in education levels and access to IT, with a significant percentage of illiterates in India. This paper makes an attempt to provide an insight about the disparities in primary and higher education in India in the context of the growing digital divide with the explosion of knowledge and rapid expansion of information communication technology in the emerging information society. The paper argues that 'equal education' for all with digital information is an essential component for equal participation in the information society, a shift from digital exclusion to digital inclusion for socio-economic transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great Indonesian earth quake (26 December 2004) triggered a tsunami wave across the Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean basins and has brought a major havoc in several countries including India. The coastal segment between Thotapalli and Valiazhikal in Kerala state of southwest India, where considerably rich beach placer deposit with ilmenite percentage of more than 70% is concentrated, has been investigated to understand the impact of tsunami on coastal sediments. The grain size analysis flashes out the significant differences between the pre-and post-tsunami littoral environments. While the mineral grains collected during pre-tsunami period show well-sorted nature, the post-tsunami samples represent moderately to poorly sorted nature. Similarly, unimodal and bimodal distributions of the sediments have been recorded for pre-and post-tsunami sediments, respectively. Further, mineral assemblages corresponding to before and after this major wave activity clearly indicate the large-scale redistribution of sediments. The post-tsunami sediments register increasing trends of garnet, sillimanite and rutile. The total heavy mineral percentage of the post-tsunami sediment also shows an improved concentration, perhaps due to the large-scale transport of lighter fraction. Magnetite percentage of post-tsunami samples reflects higher concentration compared to the pre-tsunami samples, indicating the intensity of reworking process. X-ray diffraction patterns of ilmenite grains have confirmed the increased presence of pseduorutile, and pseudobrookite in post-tsunami samples, which could be due to the mixing of more altered grains. SEM examination of grains also confirms the significant alteration patterns on the ubiquitous mineral of placer body, the ilmenite. The reason for these textural, mineralogical and micromorphological changes in heavy minerals particularly in ilmenite, could be due to the churning action on the deeper sediments of onshore region or on the sediments entrapped in the near shelf region of the area, by the ∼ 6 m high tsunami waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the role of the National Security Council of India. Background of the security condition in the country; Comparison of the National Security Council of India with the similar government agency in the U.S.; Details of the officers and organizational structure of the National Security Council.

Impact of catchment erosion and the resultant reservoir siltation from a tropical environment is reported here to discuss the effect of a reservoir in the natural degradation of an evergreen-forested segment. While an area of 8.01 km2 has been affected by direct inundation at the full reservoir level, another 2.6 km2 area once under thick forest cover, had also lost its identity over the last 38 years by indirect degradation. This zone mainly falls in the confluence of tributaries, namely Neyyar and Mullayar, with the reservoir. The capacity of the reservoir was found to be reduced by 28.8 Mm3 during this period and the annual average loss is calculated as 0.75 Mm3 (0.71%), indicating the intensity of erosion from the catchment zone. In case the proposed upper dam in the reservoir comes into existence, an additional area of 2.4 km2 from the virgin forest would be submerged and more area would face degradation around the inundated zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation on the influence of season on the prevalence of helminthic infection among cattle and buffaloes indicated that the over all prevalence of parasitic infection was 336 (42.0%) out of 800 faecal samples. The highest incidence was observed by amphistomes 180 (22.5%) followed by coccidia 65 (8.1%), strongyles 61 (7.6%) and fasciola 30 (3.8%). The incidence of parasitic infection was higher in monsoon season as compared to that of summer and winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to better understand the distribution pattern, pollution degree and the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) of dissolved heavy metals, 15 subterranean estuaries (STEs) along southwest Indian coast were sampled over three contrasting seasons. The average concentration of metals were ranked as, pre-monsoon > monsoon > post-monsoon with 3 to 12-fold higher groundwater metal concentrations than the adjacent seawater. Average SGD derived essential metal fluxes were five times higher than the toxic metal fluxes of which Fe and Zn together contributed >90 %. Using the Single Factor Contamination Index, the majority of sites were minimally contaminated with only two sites indicating moderate ecological risk due to As. Higher fluxes of Fe, Cu and Zn were likely a result of rising anthropogenic activities. The SGD derived nutrient fluxes were an important source of DIP for primary production in coastal waters and represented 30 % and 44 % of the DIN and DIP inputs respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This essay will discuss the hegemonic role that texts have come to play in the historiography of subcontinental mathematical traditions. It will argue that texts need to be studied as records of practices of people's working lives, grounded in social hierarchies. We will take particular mathematical texts to show how different occupational registers have come to shape practices that defy the binaries of concrete and abstract, high and low mathematics or the pure and applied conundrum. Measuring, counting and accounting practices as part of the routine work of practitioners performing their caste occupations then provide us with a spectrum of the computational activities that controlled and regulated the lives of people in the past. In the process the act of computing itself gained certain political values such as cunning and manipulation, identified with professions of village accountant and merchant, for example. Drawn from my earlier work on these records, I discuss the occupational role of the accountant as a political functionary who assessed and authenticated the measurements of land and produce in the village, making values of the labor performed by others, and creating avenues for his own proficiency as a mathematical practitioner., (2022 The Authors. Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Developed coastal regions are the hotspots for contaminated groundwater discharge, affecting sensitive marine ecosystems. The present study aims to identify submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) locations and quantify the contaminant load reaching to the western coast of India (Gujarat coast) using stable isotopes, seepage meter, heat and solute transport model. The coastal aquifers are highly enriched in trace metals due to various active natural processes and anthropogenic activities across the coast. Terrestrial and recirculated SGD was a significant contributor to flow and metal load, which ranged from 1.04 to 181.1 m 3 .year -1 and 0-77.41 kg.year -1, respectively. The highest estimated SGD in the Gujarat coast was relatively less than the SGD reported in the Bay of Bengal and comparable to the South Chennai coast. The order of metal flux found in the study was Zn > Fe > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Mn, whereas the highest flux of Zn (77.41 kg. year -1 ) was reported at Fansa beach, which was 7x Fe-flux and 45 x Cr-flux, respectively. Higher micronutrients (Fe and Zn) load in the southern coast leads to increased vulnerability of eutrophication, algal blooms and biotic ligand formation in aquatic species. This enrichment of micronutrients in the coastal ecosystem was evident by the growth of seaweeds on the seabed at SGD identified locations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Application of natural tracers such as radon isotope mass balance has been useful in estimating the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). This study used 222 Rn and evaluated the magnitude of SGD at Tiruchendur coast of southeast India in the Gulf of Mannar (Indian Ocean). Higher magnitudes of 222 Rn in the porewater and seawater in comparison with the groundwater suggest simultaneous SGD with fluxes of 0.1-0.25 m 3  m -2  d -1 at offshore and 0.4-0.20 m 3  m -2  d -1 at the near shore. These baseline data would contribute to the management and protection of the Gulf of Mannar region in near future., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The nutrient discharge associated with submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into the Arabian Sea has been investigated for the first time using the Radon isotope ( 222 Rn) mass balance model at three sites along the southwest coast of India. The SGD flux varied in the range of 49.48×10 4 - 335.84×10 4  m 3 /day, with high (low) discharge during the low (high) tide. SGD delivers a considerable amount of the nutrient into the Arabian Sea with 2.10×10 4 to 11.66×10 4  mol/day dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), 1.23×10 2 to 56.31×10 2  mol/day dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP), and 7.28×10 4 to 24.44×10 4  mol/day dissolved silicate (DSi). This significant nutrient input to the coastal waters through SGD is mainly attributed to the land-use practices like agricultural activities, improper waste disposal, and thickly populated coastal settlement zones. The increase in the nutrient discharge may lead to phytoplankton bloom in the nearshore environment and can accelerate seasonal coastal hypoxia over the western Indian shelf. This evidence of considerably high nutrient flux through SGD advocates the importance of understanding SGD associated flux along the southwest coast of India to maintain a sustainable ecological balance., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Twenty isolates of Ganoderma spp. indigenous to India were used in this study. A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used to quantify 2 of the most bioactive triterpenes, ganoderic acid A (GAA) and ganoderic acid B (GAB), among the cultivated Ganoderma spp. The HPLC analysis was performed on an Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC system with a Zorbax C18 column, using gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% acetic acid. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm, with a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. The method was validated according to the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonisation and produced satisfactory results. The amount of GAA varied from 827.50 to 2010.36 µg/g, whereas GAB varied from 16.64 to 916.89 µg/g. The developed method is simple, specific, accurate, and precise, and can be useful for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of ganoderic acids.

The objective of this research work is to isolate and identify calcite precipitating bacteria and to check the suitability of these bacteria for use in concrete to improve its strength. Bacteria to be incorporated in concrete should be alkali resistant to endure the high pH of concrete and endospore forming to withstand the mechanical stresses induced in concrete during mixing. They must exhibit high urease activity to precipitate calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. Bacterial strains were isolated from alkaline soil samples of a cement factory and were tested for urease activity, potential to form endospores and precipitation of calcium carbonate. Based on these results, three isolates were selected and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. They were identified as Bacillus megaterium BSKAU, Bacillus licheniformis BSKNAU and Bacillus flexus BSKNAU. The results were compared with B. megaterium MTCC 1684 obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, Chandigarh, India. Experimental work was carried out to assess the influence of bacteria on the compressive strength and tests revealed that bacterial concrete specimens showed enhancement in compressive strength. The efficiency of bacteria toward crack healing was also tested. Substantial increase in strength and complete healing of cracks was observed in concrete specimens cast with B. megaterium BSKAU, B. licheniformis BSKNAU and B. megaterium MTCC 1684. This indicates the suitability of these bacterial strains for use in concrete. The enhancement of strength and healing of cracks can be attributed to the filling of cracks in concrete by calcite which was visualized by scanning electron microscope., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

A study of 1500 male students at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India was conducted to establish the prevalence and related social and behavioural aspects of venereal diseases. The prevalence was found to be 3.93 per cent. The majority of the students (86.4 per cent) belonged to the Hindu religion which is based on the caste system. Students from the Vaishya caste were more affected with venereal diseases. The social acceptability of having more than one wife had a definite impact on the incidence of venereal diseases. Students who practised masturbation and homosexuality were also more affected with venereal diseases. Prostitutes were the main source of infection. It was found that 28.8 per cent of these students had been infected on a previous occasion.

The merits of three indices based on weight (W) and height (H) were examined in the age group six to 15 years: W/H, W/H2, W/H3. The analysis was based ona survey of 1673 schoolchildren of both sexes from a rural housing block in Delhi. It showed that the index W/H2 was invariant with age in the range six to 15 years and that the other two indices were biased with respect to age. The index W/H2 was found to be of value for the proper assessment of nutritional status in the schoolchildren of a developing country.

The smoking habits of 1284 school children in Delhi Urban Areas (India) were studied. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 8.7% overall, increasing from 5.4% amongst boys age 14 to 26.7% at age 19. Nearly 80% started smoking between the ages of 11 to 14 years. Smoking habit was associated with family income and presence of smokers in the family.