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The current work investigates the chemodiversity, in vitro antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of Cinnamomum tamala (CT) leaf essential oil (EO) collected from different localities of East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, India. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of all the extracted leaf essential oils facilitated the identification of several compounds in a variable range along with eugenol as the major component (74.79-95.12 %). CT8 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC 50 =11.23±0.27 μg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and IC 50 =21.54±0.37 μg/mL for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) among all EO evaluated. The results showed that the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values for CT8 were 83.26±1.92 μM trolox/g oil and 70.29±1.90 ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g of oil. α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition were highest in sample CT8 with IC 50 values of 3.62±0.42 μg/mL and 16.29±0.32 μg/mL respectively. Caryophyllene, cyclohexene, 1, 5, 5-trimethyl-6-(2-propenylidene), germacrene D and eugenol showed strong binding potential toward α-amylase and α-glucosidase. It concluded that the chemodiversity and antidiabetic potential of C. tamla oil from Khasi Hills have never been studied. It can be taken as a dietary supplement as an antioxidant and antidiabetic to control blood glucose., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach is to reduce gastrointestinal glucose production and absorption through the inhibition of α-amylase and α-amyloglucosidase enzymes, thereby preventing an increase in the postprandial glucose concentration in diabetics. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of hydroalcoholic extracts of 3 mushrooms, that is, Ganoderma philippii, Lenzites elegans, and Rigidoporus ulmarius, using an in vitro enzymatic starch digestion assay model. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of hydroalcoholic mushroom extracts was tested at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL. Acarbose was used as a control. The amount of glucose liberated (micrograms) was determined using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates in all examined species. In the case of G. philippii and L. elegans, a concentration-dependent increase in the percentage inhibition of enzyme activity was observed, with maximum inhibition at a concentration of 100 mg/mL (40.22% ± 0.83% and 26.57% ± 0.68%, respectively). R. ulmarius showed maximum inhibitory activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL (65.54% ± 0.91%), and this was comparable to acarbose.

Anti-diabetic capacity of Curcuma longa volatile oil in terms of its ability to inhibit glucosidase activities was evaluated. Turmeric volatile oils inhibited glucosidase enzymes more effectively than the reference standard drug acarbose. Drying of rhizomes was found to enhance α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 1.32-0.38 μg/ml) and α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 64.7-34.3 μg/ml) inhibitory capacities of volatile oils. Ar-Turmerone, the major volatile component in the rhizome also showed potent α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 0.28 μg) and α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 24.5 μg) inhibition.

A study was conducted to compare the nutrient utilization, growth, and rumen enzyme profile of mithun (Bos frontalis) and Tho-tho cattle (Bos indicus) reared in the same feeding and managemental conditions. For the purpose, male mithun (n = 8) and male Tho-tho cattle (n = 8) of 1.5 years age, selected from the farm of National Research Centre on Mithun, Nagaland, India, were fed on mixed-tree-leaves-based ration as per the requirement of NRC (2001) for cattle for 12 months. Average daily gain (ADG), average dry matter intake (DMI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) for all animals were recorded. A metabolic trial was conducted at 6 months of the experiment to assess the digestibility coefficient of different nutrients and nutritive value of ration. At 12 months of the experiment, rumen liquor was collected from all animals and analyzed for rumen enzyme profiles, viz., carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase, α-amylase, β-glucosidase, α-glucosidase, urease, and protease. It was found that ADG (507.8 g vs 392.8 g), DM intake (6.59 vs 5.85 kg/day) and DMI/W(0.75) (98.75 g vs 91.00 g/day), crude protein intake (780 vs 700 g/day), and total digestible nutrient intake (3.65 vs 3.32 kg/day) were higher (p < 0.05) in mithun than cattle. The nitrogen balance was higher and FCR was better (p < 0.05) in mithun compared with cattle. The digestibility coefficient of different nutrients was similar (p > 0.05) between the species. The microbial enzyme profiles of mithun and cattle were not different (p > 0.05). The better growth performance of mithun than cattle as found in the present study clearly indicates that the mithun has higher genetic potential for growth than Tho-tho cattle of north-eastern hilly region of India.

A new colchicine glycoside, 3-O-demethylcolchicine-3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, has been isolated from Gloriosa superba seeds. The assigned structure has been corroborated by spectroscopic data and enzymatic hydrolysis.