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This paper critically discusses the importance of cooperative environmental governance (CEG) for efficient waste management and waste-to-energy (WtE) generation in the context of growing urban South Asia. Focusing on Bangladesh, India and Pakistan experiences, the paper reveals that even though much progress has been done in the urbanisation in the selected countries, the process of waste management (mainly municipal solid waste) has not been effective due to low level of local inclusion. As a result, the WtE generation potential has not been realised to its fullest. In addition, it has been argued that institutional and social reforms are extremely important for strengthening the CEG, and it will eventually lead to effective and optimal WtE generation in the urban cities of the selected South Asian countries for green transition and urban sustainability. Finally, an integrated solid waste management framework has been formulated for policy implications in South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there has been growing concern about the use of technology by terrorist groups to organize and execute violence, there has been much less academic work on the effectiveness of governmental efforts to control the use of technology to prevent terrorist violence. Governments across the world have relied on network shutdowns to tackle violence, amongst other ends. Using data from one such country, Pakistan, this paper examines the effectiveness of disrupting cellphone networks as acounterterrorism strategy to tackle terrorist violence. This paper relies on daily data on terrorist violence in Pakistan from January 2012 to December 2017 combined with data on government-mandated cellphone shutdowns. The results show a statistically significant decline in the number of terrorist attacks on the day of cellphone shutdowns and an increase in terrorist attacks on the day after cellphone shutdown. Overall, it is argued that while cellphone shutdowns might displace terrorist violence from one day to the next, they are not an effective way to tackle terrorist violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relation between religiosity and generosity is a well explored topic in the literature, however almost no existing study systematically examines the behavioral route through which religiosity influences generosity. This paper proposes a model to systematically study the inter relation between religiosity of the donor and her generosity and hence attempts to fill an important gap in the existing literature pertinent to the religious studies. The behavioral model incorporates religiosity of the donor measured by frequency of prayers in her utility function and predicts a positive relation between religiosity and generosity. The predictions of the model are tested by applying tobit maximum likelihood regressions on real donations data acquired from two controlled lab experiments performed in the United States (Christian majority country; observations = 165) and Pakistan (Muslim majority country; observations = 75). The data from both lab experiments supports the predictions of the behavioral model; ceteris paribus, subjects in the United States who regularly attend religious service donate $0.76 more compared to non-regular attenders, while subjects in Pakistan offering on average four (five) daily prayers donate 31.26 (57.14) rupees more than subjects offering only one prayer a day. The paper extends our understanding by identifying a possible route through which religiosity can influence generosity. Such an understanding can be very useful when designing a mechanism to solicit donations from the religious people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is based on a research conducted to evaluate the curriculum at the primary level in the light of education policies and plans in Pakistan. The article discusses the objectives of the curriculum at the primary level and analyzes different education policies and plans regarding the achievements of objectives. Results revealed that the objectives of curriculum were not fully achieved. The procedure of the implementation of policies and plans regarding curriculum remained weak. (Contains 3 tables.)

The article discusses the process of scientific paper writing among physicians in Pakistan. It mentions the importance of patience, practice, and time in writing scientific papers. It offers some tips on how to write scientific papers. It outlines the advantages, and disadvantages of writing scientific papers.

This paper analyses the challenges and opportunities for Pakistan arising out of Iran-Saudi rapprochement. The reconciliation between these two important countries for Pakistan will define its posture and policies in its immediate and extended neighbourhood. The paper while using qualitative research explores the potential challenges of this normalisation deal for Pakistan. It also discusses the prospects this deal opens up for Pakistan. The paper also proffers recommendations to mitigate the challenges and optimise the opportunities generated by Iran-Saudi rapprochement. The recommendations are primarily aimed at policy-making in the key Government stake holders such as Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Commerce, Economic Affairs Division, Planning Commission and Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis. Recommendations also take into account semi-Government institutions such as academia, Governmentsponsored think tanks and private entities such as research centres and business fraternity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on capturing price movement and price stability in rural and urban markets. Pakistan collects prices from both markets, but only for the computation of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which is calculated on a monthly basis. It is proposed to include rural markets by widening the scope of the Sensitive Price Indicator (SPI), computed by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS). The inconsistency in the prices of rural markets is observed on the basis of different measures, including descriptive and inferential statistics. Therefore, it is suggested to include rural markets as well in the SPI computation. Large numbers of head counts make transactions in rural areas, which may be taken into account for capturing the accurate weekly consumption pattern of the consumers. Prices of all SPI items were taken from urban and rural markets and checked for normality through the Kolmogorov-Smirnovand Shapiro-Wilk tests. Further, the normality was checked graphically by the Q-Q plot (Quantile-Quantile plot) and histogram. Due to the skewness of the data, non-parametric methods like the geometric coefficient of variation and the coefficient of mean deviation from the median have been applied to check the consistency of the prices in rural markets. The prices of rural markets for further framing of policy to widen the scope of capturing the movement of prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper delves into the intricate power dynamics that shape and constrain women's status in society, drawing parallels between the historical portrayal in the film "Agora" and the contemporary scenario in Pakistani society. "Agora," set in ancient Alexandria, depicts the life and struggles of Hypatia, a brilliant mathematician, philosopher, and astronomer, who defied societal norms and faced tragic consequences in a male-dominated world. The paper applies the theoretical framework of Antonio Gramsci to analyze the power relationships depicted in the film. Gramsci's concept of the ruling block and the manufacture of consent is used to examine how Hypatia's intellectual influence challenged the religious and political establishment, particularly Cyril, the Bishop of Christianity. Hypatia's status as an organic intellectual, who did not conform to the ruling class, highlights her commitment to truth, logic, and education. The analysis also reflects on Karl Marx's view of religion as an opiate of the masses and its potential to distract people from their real problems. In "Agora," the influence of Christianity and its impact on the masses' priorities is evident, as religious fervor overshadows pressing issues such as poverty and education. The paper further explores the gendered status of women in "Agora" and compares it to contemporary Pakistani society. It examines how women in both contexts are marginalized, oppressed, and subjected to patriarchal norms. The film portrays how Hypatia's gender posed a threat to male authority, leading to her brutal murder. Examples such as the case of Qandeel Baloch, a social media celebrity who was murdered in the name of honor, and the portrayal of women in Pakistani media are used to illustrate the challenges women face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into a location's historiography to learn more about communities and practices that have contributed to the heritage environment, some of which has been degraded as a result of rapid expansion, megacity migration and failure to conserve the built and cultural heritage. Because of its deep and rich urban historical background, the city of Hyderabad, located in the southern province of Pakistan, was chosen as a case study. The professional communities of Sindh, which once played a vital role in the city's splendour, as well as the region's rich culture and economy, are of particular interest in this paper. The analysis adopted an exploratory approach to explore historicity to achieve and preserve its long-term viability, which included engaging with the people who live in those areas. This research explored the rich connections between geography, history and emotions associated with any location, and explains how mapping aids in understanding different elements through their various dimensions. According to the findings of this paper, history as an exploratory tool has the potential to play a transformative role in Hyderabad city, boosting economic development, creativity and improving the efficiency of the historic built environment. The findings of this study inform that in view of its historicity, the socioeconomic aspect of Hyderabad city has significantly generated unique trading trends, society and spaces that provide a 'sense of place'. Five key elements of the historicity framework developed in this paper include: offshoots of old patterns with revised strategies; designing user-friendly spaces that denote true, authentic and factual claims about the past; regenerating the place using its local products as heritage environments; adopting the historic urban landscapes (HUL) approach as a tool to explore for revitalising heritage; and developing integrated planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the rights of prisoners in Pakistan, with a special focus on the alignment of these rights with Islamic law and international human rights standards. The study is motivated by the increasing concern over reports of human rights abuses in Pakistani prisons and aims to provide a thematic understanding of prisoners' rights within this specific context. The methodology adopted for this research is descriptive and involves a critical analysis of international human rights instruments, Pakistani laws, and Islamic teachings. The study also incorporates case studies and real-life instances to provide a grounded perspective on the practical application of these laws. The paper begins with an overview of the current state of prisoners' rights in Pakistan, outlining the existing legal framework and the realities within the prison system. It then delves into an analysis of prisoners' rights as delineated in Islamic law, emphasizing the humane treatment of prisoners and their access to legal representation, healthcare, and education. This is followed by a discussion of international human rights standards, particularly the Mandela Rules, and their application to the treatment of prisoners. A significant part of the research involves a comparative analysis of the rights of prisoners in Pakistan against the backdrop of Islamic law and international standards. This comparison highlights both congruities and disparities, underscoring the challenges in implementing these rights within the Pakistani context. The paper also presents case studies that illustrate violations of prisoners' rights in Pakistan, emphasizing the urgent need for reform. The conclusion and recommendations section synthesizes the findings, advocating for the implementation of Islamic law and international human rights standards in the Pakistani penal system. It calls for improvements in existing laws and policies to better safeguard the rights of prisoners. The study highlights the need for comprehensive reforms, increased awareness, and advocacy to bridge the gap between policy and practice in the protection of prisoners' rights in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the details of experimental testing of soil, adobe masonry units, and assemblages for the first time in Pakistan. Adobe units were tested both in compression and bending. The compressive strength of adobe masonry was determined by experimentally testing masonry prisms and wallettes, whereas diagonal compression wallettes were tested for determining shear strength. Five and three specimens were used, respectively, for compression and shear strength testing, and an average of these was used as a representative of a particular mechanical property. A soil sample was tested for classification and particle size distribution, which showed that it contained 96% silt and clay contents, which were higher as compared to the soil used for adobe structures in other parts of the world. Both adobe units and soil mortar presented shrinkage cracks upon drying. The compressive strength of adobe units complied with the requirements of international codes despite very high silt and clay contents in the employed soil. The compressive strength of the prism was higher compared to the wallette. The elastic moduli of the adobe masonry prism and wallette were found to be 113 and 114 MPa, respectively. Although the adobe masonry shear strength was comparable to the shear strength reported in the existing literature, its modulus of rigidity was considerably small. The presented data in this paper are essential for improving the built environment in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evacuation models represent one of the main tools used to assess building fire safety. Existing evacuation models are based on data from evacuation drills in western and developed countries, while there is a need for data from South Asian and developing countries (in general). This paper presents the results of an evacuation drill carried out in a library of a developing country in South Asia (Pakistan). The data of 85 student evacuees were recorded and analysed. Pre‐evacuation and walking speed data have been reported in this paper which are compared with the available data for library evacuations in other countries. The average pre‐evacuation time of 24.3 s (± standard deviation [SD] = 19.83 s) obtained in this study was shorter than previously published data for similar building types in other parts of the world. Furthermore, unimpeded horizontal speeds (mean = 0.74 m/s, SD = 0.28 m/s) were also smaller than the values reported in the available literature. Stair descending speeds (mean = 0.97 m/s, SD = 0.36 m/s) were within the ranges of stair movement data listed in previous studies. These findings represent a pioneering dataset for future building designs and evacuation simulations in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to explore the origins and early developments of China-Pakistan ties and the threats posed by India to the robust Sino-Pakistan cooperation. It also highlights India's strategic responses to the strengthening China-Pakistan alliance. The historical analysis of the China-Pakistan relations serves as a very background to the study of contemporary dynamics. The most visible aspect of contemporary economic collaboration is CPEC. It then analyzes Indian strategic responses to this alliance that include bandwagoning with the United States, participation in the QUAD, implementation of Act East and Look West policies under Narendra Modi. In this paper qualitative method of research is used which includes data from research articles, journals, opinions, books and websites. The study further examine changing power dynamics of the China-Pakistan nexus with Indian strategies. This paper proposes that diplomatic interactions, economic diplomacy and role of regional organizations will be worthwhile to reduce acrimony among these states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical negligence is a critical issue affecting countless patients and their families globally, with significant implications for all nations. Despite the existence of legal frameworks designed to protect patients' rights, the implementation and enforcement of these laws are often inadequate. This inadequacy is compounded by the inherent complexity of medical evidence and the stringent legal requirements for establishing negligence. Proving medical negligence involves demonstrating that a healthcare provider owed a duty of care to the patient, breached that duty, and caused harm as a direct result of the breach. This paper delves into the intricacies of Pakistani laws related to medical negligence. It explores notable cases, and discusses the systemic challenges in proving such negligence. The burden of proof, the high threshold for establishing a breach of the care standard, and the scarcity of expert witnesses present significant obstacles for patients seeking justice. Furthermore, the inefficiencies of the judicial system, including prolonged litigation and limited access to legal resources, exacerbate these challenges. The paper argues that a comprehensive and sustainable approach is essential to address these issues effectively. This approach should include raising awareness about patients' rights, enhancing the quality of healthcare services, and implementing and enforcing robust laws and regulations. Additionally, promoting access to justice through specialised medical tribunals and providing support to collect and present medical evidence are crucial steps toward ensuring accountability in healthcare. By leveraging advancements in digital technology, documentation, and information sharing, stakeholders can work towards a more transparent and accountable healthcare system. Such reforms are vital for protecting patients from medical negligence and ensuring that they receive the care they deserve. Through a detailed examination of the current legal landscape and practical recommendations for improvement, this paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on healthcare reform, ultimately striving for a system that upholds the highest standards of medical care and patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of political uncertainty on Pakistan’s economy. Pakistan is grappling with the worst kind of economic crunch due to the cycle of political vengeance. The paper discusses the historical developments that how the country has been plowed by the constant cycle of changing regimes during the muddling nineties and Flat fifties. The constant power struggle and frightened political environment have deterred both domestic and foreign investors. In this research paper, qualitative research method has been used which includes data from research articles, journals, opinions and books. The piece highlights the severe consequences, including energy outages, reduced purchasing power, and mounting inflation due to inconsistent policies and governance anomalies. The path forward lies in establishing a consistent economic policy framework by appointing non-partisan economists and state leaders must address structural reforms as these two solutions are the only pathway towards economic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses socio-economic relations of the bourgeoisie and proletariat relating them to present-day contemporary Pakistani society. The paper is broken down into sections where class consciousness, struggle, and mobility are discussed in view of a Marxist framework and aligned with that of the Victorian English era and that of today's Pakistan. The present paper, therefore, employing qualitative research methods, including close reading, finds persistent class conflicts and socio-economic disparities, in unison with the struggles laid down by Dickens in his narrative. The implications of the findings strongly hint at the fact that these historical literary insights can be of substantial help in guiding socio-economic reforms within the domain of Pakistan. Future research recommendations are to point towards precise measures on how class disparities in Pakistani society could be alleviated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) serves as an effective mechanism to secure justice for the public. It works as a commendable legal instrument for fetching public welfare. It has the capacity to compel the system to implement beneficial policies for all. PIL possesses its distinctive characteristics from the private interest litigation (PL). PIL operates primarily for public interest, whereas, the PL focuses on personal grievances. This paper underscores to maintain the distinction between these two legal recourses. This study explores the potential misuse of PIL for private interests: it has analysed leading case laws from both the Indian and Pakistani jurisdictions. Through this analysis, this article illustrates how PIL is often attempted to be misused. In the end, this study has provided certain recommendations for our courts to follow when they entertain PIL cases. It concludes that PIL is a collaborative effort of all us to give voice to the voiceless. It should never be allowed to be misused. The courts have a primary role in this regard to play in maintaining the integrity and proper use of PIL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century, people are trying alternative methods for solving their disputes instead of the traditional legal system, these methods and systems are called Alternative dispute resolution methods. These alternative methods are known by various names such as mediation, arbitration, and conciliation. It has deep roots in Pakistan's history, it is known by the name of jirgas and panchayat, but such mechanisms had no legal status. To give legal status to it, new laws have been introduced by the parliament to establish a legal body for solving community-level disputes, and it is now known as the Dispute Resolution Council (DRC). DRCs have become a well-liked and practical method for settling disputes in the community. It has community representatives and leaders who offer quick and convenient ways to resolve disputes as compared to the traditional legal system. However, despite its recognition and acceptance in the community, It still faces several problems and challenges, that need to be addressed to increase the effectiveness of the DRCs. To find these challenges and issues, the researcher has used the qualitative method for finding the answers to the research questions. Among the difficulties that are identified are a lack of trained staff, proper funding, low awareness in the public and confidence, lack of expertise to deal with complex issues, and likeness in the appointment of the members. It is suggested in the research paper that the government should allocate proper funding to the DRCs, arrange proper training for the members of the members, enhance public awareness and confidence, better interaction with the formal judicial system, strong monitoring system, and proper legislation for the appointment of its members. These suggestions if put into practice will guarantee that DRCs in Pakistan offer the citizens easy, accessible, cheap, and effective justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the bilateral relations between Pakistan and the European Union, with a specific emphasis on trade dynamics. The primary purpose is to explore the factors influencing trade between these two entities, delving into historical perspectives, contemporary developments, and future milestones set by the European Union and Commission. Design/methodology/approach: The objectives are achieved through a comprehensive analysis of trade data, policy documents, and relevant literature. The research employs a multi20 faceted approach, encompassing both theoretical and empirical considerations. The theoretical scope extends from the historical Silk Road to the contemporary geopolitical landscape, while the empirical analysis involves a PEST analysis and examination of internal and external factors influencing trade. Findings: The research reveals significant insights into the factors shaping trade relations between Pakistan and the European Union. These findings are presented through a thorough analysis, discussion, and interpretation of results, providing a comprehensive understanding of the bilateral trade dynamics. Research limitations/implications: While offering valuable insights, this study recognizes potential limitations, such as data constraints and geopolitical factors. Suggestions for future research are provided, focusing on areas that could further enhance the understanding of the relationship and trade dynamics. Practical implications: The paper identifies outcomes and practical implications for businesses and enterprises engaged in trade between Pakistan and the European Union. Recommendations for changes in business practices are discussed, considering the potential commercial and economic impact of the findings. Social implications: The study assesses the social impact of the Pakistan-European Union trade relationship, exploring how it influences public attitudes, corporate social responsibility, and environmental considerations. The research may inform public and industry policies, potentially affecting the overall quality of life. Originality/value: This paper contributes novelty by offering new insights into the dynamics of the Pakistan-European Union relationship, specifically in the context of trade. Its value lies in its relevance to policymakers, businesses, and researchers interested in understanding and enhancing this bilateral association [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Early Childhood is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As oxygen is essential for the survival of the human being likewise good governance is absolute reality for the survival of any state. Inspite of having tangible and intangible resources, Pakistan is under stress. One of the important reasons, is its' governing pattern which is not only corrupt but also has become malaise. It all weakened Pakistan. In Pakistan, the institutions have institutional gaps which not only restricted the capacity and capability of the institutions but also raised the questions over the credibility of the state. This paper will examine the issue of governance in Pakistan in the context of institutional governance. The research recommends that by keeping in mind the severity of current socio-economic and political challenges, Pakistan needs institutional governance in order to execute quality decisions. This paper is structured on qualitative methodology, based on secondary source data and used exploratory research technique to frame a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), an informal alliance, consists of the US, India, Japan and Australia. Keeping in view the alliances, the objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of the support provided by the US to India, including sanction waivers, diplomatic support, and membership support in the NSG. It also examines the consequences of the US and India's support system on Pakistan's security calculus. Qualitative research methodology is used, applying thematic analysis to explain the implications of the Indo-US nexus on Pakistan. The result of the paper has found that since the formation of the Quad, cooperation between the US and India has increased significantly, and India is playing an effective role in maligning and spreading propaganda against Pakistan. In the end, the paper concludes by mentioning the way forward for Pakistan in such situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores in which ways Imran Khan after no-confidence motion was depicted in two leading English and Urdu newspapers of Pakistan. The sample of the study was comprised of 249 editorials from Dawn newspaper and 99 from Jang newspaper (from April 2022 to April 2023). The findings of the research revealed that Dawn newspaper gives more coverage to the issues of the economy as highlighted by Imran Khan then Jang newspaper. The data demonstrates that the two newspapers' coverage varies significantly. The Daily Dawn publishes a greater number of editorials on numerous political concerns including regime change, economic difficulties, and fair elections. However, Jang newspaper tends to focus more on Imran Khan's perceived flaws and shortcomings. Despite Dawn's perspective, Jang constantly presents Imran Khan negatively, especially after the no-confidence motion. Further findings reveal that the Dawn newspaper gives more prominence to the agenda relating to Imran Khan following the no-confidence vote than the Jang newspapers, which indicates the power of the press in affecting public opinion and setting the agenda for Pakistani political discourse. It is recommended that the quantitative analysis be included in the study to improve its comprehensiveness. Additionally, broadening the research scope to include different media sources other than newspapers, as well as taking into account Pakistan's historical background and political landscape, will provide a more comprehensive view of media portrayal. Furthermore, investigating audience views and potential biases within newspaper editorial boards would help to provide a more comprehensive understanding of media coverage and its impact on public opinion and political debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental objectives of this research paper are to explore the enduring patterns of China's strategic competition in the Asia Pacific and to understand the interplay between states and their struggle for power from the lens of offensive realism. China and the US are currently the largest and the most powerful states. There was a time when the world was bipolar as the Soviet Union and the US during the Cold War were at loggerheads, but with the dismemberment of the Soviet Union, the US became the only superpower. However, in recent times, China has also demonstrated a promising rise in its economic and military power, and owing to its active engagement in Asia Pacific. In response, the US has also sharpened its interests in the given region. This research focuses on the broader analysis of China's Strategic Competition in Asia Pacific from the prism of Offensive Realism. This research has employed the qualitative method. Analytical literature (books and journal articles) for descriptive and historical research methods provide ample fresh information on the debate discussed in the research paper. Looking at the power play between the US and China, all states more or less have offensive capacities, but they fall into different levels of interest. With the realpolitik technique, China aspires to maximize cooperation with Russia, China, and India, though currently, China has flared territorial disputes with India. Through its economic and security capabilities, China would try to dominate the Asia Pacific region and exclude the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies gender disparity and female victimization in Anuradha Roy's All the Lives We Never Lived from radical feminist perspective. It argues that gender discrimination is a fundamental cause of female oppression particularly in Indian context. It emphasizes the need for equal power dynamics and communication between genders to negotiate claustrophobic domesticity and achieve female empowerment. It is a qualitative research that critically studies the problem of female subjugation using Germaine Greer's conceptual paradigm of radical feminism through textual analysis. The paper highlights the imbalanced nature of marriage where men act as dictators and treat women as inferior and sexual objects. Greer pleads the importance of women revolting against patriarchy, and breaking stereotypical gender roles and the protagonist Gayatri acts radically. She establishes her freewill by breaking the bond of her marriage and followed her dreams within an oppressive phallocentric Indian world, she revolted against patriarchal control and established her agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the long-run and short-run relationship between money supply and inflation in Pakistan, utilizing annual data spanning from 1981 to 2021. The key objective is to assess the impact of monetary policy, specifically money supply, on inflation dynamics in the country. To achieve this, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach is employed, which is suitable for analyzing cointegration among variables with mixed integration orders. The results reveal both short and long-run cointegration between inflation, money supply, unemployment, and interest rates. Notably, unemployment demonstrates a negative correlation with inflation, while money supply and interest rates exhibit a positive relationship. These findings underscore the importance of dedicated policy measures to manage inflation effectively. The paper concludes by recommending the establishment of a policy implementation body and collaboration between the government and the central bank to ensure financial stability and control inflation through well-calibrated monetary and fiscal policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research mainly aims to test the impact of green human resource management (GHRM) on environmental performance (EP) and to determine whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) mediates the relationship between GHRM and EP and whether organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) moderates the relationships between CSR and EP. The paper relied on a quantitative research approach with a sample of 204 employees from the pollutant industries of Pakistan. In this paper, the partial least square approach (PLS‐SEM) was employed to verify the proposed hypotheses. The outcomes confirmed that GHRM has a positive impact on EP. Additionally, the findings indicated that CSR affected EP. It was also revealed that CSR fully mediates the linkages between GHRM and EP. This paper acknowledges the existing gaps in the prior literature and enables us to clearly understand the significance of GHRM in affecting EP via CSR as a mediator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the role of field-configuring events (FCEs) and situational context in the institutionalisation of sustainability reporting (SR) in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses insights from the institutional logics perspective and qualitative research design to analyse the interplay of the institutional logics, FCEs, situational context and social actors' agency for the institutionalisation of SR among leading corporations in Pakistan. A total of 28 semi-structured interviews were carried out and were supplemented by analysis of secondary data including reports, newspaper articles and books. Findings: The emerging field of SR in Pakistan is shaped by societal institutions, where key social actors (regulators, enablers and reporters) were involved in the institutionalisation of SR through FCEs. FCEs provided space for agency and were intentionally designed by key social actors to promote SR in Pakistan. The situational context connected the case organisations with FCEs and field-level institutional logics that shaped their decision to initiate SR. Overall, intricate interplay of institutional logics, FCEs, situational context and social actors' agency has contributed to the institutionalisation of SR in Pakistan. Corporate managers navigated institutional logics based on situational context and initiated SR that is aligned with corporate goals and stakeholder expectations. Practical implications: For corporate managers, this paper highlights the role of active agency in navigating and integrating institutional logics and stakeholders' expectations in their decision-making process. For practitioners and policymakers, this paper highlights the importance of FCEs and situational context in the emergence and institutionalisation of SR in developing countries. From a societal point of view, dominance of business actors in FCEs highlights the need for non-business actors to participate in FCEs to shape logics and practice of SR for wider societal benefits. Social implications: From a societal point of view, dominance of business actors in FCEs highlights the need for non-business actors to participate in FCEs to shape logics and practice of SR for wider societal benefits. Originality/value: This paper focuses on the role of FCEs and situational context as key social mechanisms for explaining the institutionalisation of SR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the implementation of a professional development program that aims at enhancing instructional practices to foster student-centered teaching approaches among engineering faculty at two universities in Pakistan. The program was guided by the theoretical perspective of enactivism and involved an initial three-day workshop, online modules, and reflective implementation assignments. The paper provides a detailed account of the program's framework, design, and evaluation. The research questions addressed are: What are the perceptions of faculty members regarding (a) the benefits of the program topics and (b) changes in their actions as a result of the program? Likert-item survey instruments with retrospective items were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-tests. As the program moved from being required to voluntary, participation was declined. Faculty who participated in this engineering pedagogy project reported positive attitudes and significant growth in utilizing student-centered strategies. The three-day workshop was perceived as the most beneficial of the components. The module was perceived to be of the highest benefit when focused on writing effective questions for high-level thinking. All the pre-to-post retrospective items showed statistically significant increases, with the two largest being the use of student response systems (SRS) and the focus on big ideas in teaching. The combined approaches show promise for faculty who persist in long-term professional development projects, catalyzing changes in perceived value and the implementation of active learning techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at street-level strategies employed by the police in their everyday interactions with khwaja sira sex workers using the lens of peripheralization. The findings of this study, based on 35 in-depth interviews with street-based khwaja sira sex workers in Lahore, suggest three important strategies of police repression. These include territorialization; securitization and manipulation of violence across urban centers and peripheries. The paper argues that police repression of khwaja sira sex workers serves to disconnect them from urban centers, key social ties and safety nets, and socio-economic resources critical for their respectful survival in the city. The result is the peripheralization of khwaja sira individuals and their communities, increased dependence on precarious/traditional forms of khwaja sira livelihoods including sex work, and production of difference and marginality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extent to which refugee girls and young women were able to access learning during COVID-19 education closures in Pakistan, and the role that EdTech played in their learning access. It is based on findings from a survey with 403 Afghan refugee students, along with in-depth interviews with six young female refugees. The research shows that, while the majority of female refugee students were able to continue accessing education in some form during school closures, learning access was nevertheless limited, and a sizable minority were not engaged in any learning during this time. Teacher and institutional support was either absent or inadequate for many students, and infrastructure and devices that serve to support remote learning were not always reliable or accessible. Although male respondents were less likely than females to engage in independent study during the closures, refugee girls and young women were significantly less likely than their male counterparts to own the devices they needed for learning. The findings demonstrate how targeted investment in specific types of EdTech and teacher professional development, as well as supporting educational institutions in the establishment of remote learning opportunities, could help sustain learning during future periods of educational restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), established in 1955, after witnessing the days of glory has declined to the highest loss-making enterprise in Pakistan. Its global footprint and reputation are at a loss with every passing day. PIA faces challenges not only on international fronts but also with local airlines on various routes to the Middle East. The current state of affairs cannot be attributed to one factor but rather a multitude of factors primarily from operational mismanagement and lack of accountability to the adverse impact of policies. This paper highlights the commercial aviation environment and trends, factors of success to present times of downfall, emphasizing the contributing factors. This paper also focuses on strategies and efforts that can be made to ensure the resolution of present PIA issues and reconstruct the breakages that made the successful airline go to the verge of doom. The qualitative paper in nature is primarily based on unstructured interviews of different management tiers of PIA, Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (PCAA), Aviation Division, professionals from the aviation industry and union representatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narratives are an important part of nation-building. National narratives not only inculcate a sense of self; they also address a nation's sense of security as well as insecurities. National narratives are an outcome of a nation's collective historical experience and the ideas on which it is built. States facing security challenges and situated among or in a hostile neighbourhood, use their national narrative to achieve alignment both internally and externally. Pakistan's national narrative is a testament of it. Since 1947, it has been facing threats to its national security. Pakistan's national or meta-narrative addresses all such concerns. This paper focuses on the formation of Pakistan's national narrative and the factors involved in its formation. Grounded in the Realism school of international relations theory, the paper overviews and critically analyses Pakistan's national narrative and its contributing factors. This is followed by the development of a "structural-ideational framework" to make sense of the process of the formation of Pakistan's national narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a comparative study of the elite capture in Pakistan and the developmental structure in South Korea. The paper seeks to examine: why does the Pakistani state remain captured by social actors, despite similar post-colonial geopolitical trajectories of Pakistan and South Korea, failing to set up a developmental state and transform into an Asian tiger? On the other hand, South Korea was able to become a developmental state and achieved high rates of social and economic growth, uplifting the living standards of the vast majority of its population. It identifies social structure and conflicting elite interest as twin independent variables explaining the divergent (outcome) dependent variable of a developmental state in South Korea and a predatory state in Pakistan. This paper refutes the neoliberal school of thought that attributes the success of the East Asian Tigers to market forces rather than the role of the state. It aligns itself with the developmental state theory and neo-statist approach emphasizing on state intervention to explain the phenomenon of the East Asian economic miracle and likewise, the failure of Pakistan to achieve similar levels of socioeconomic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper attempts to explore the green-lean-six sigma (GLSS) practices in the continuous process industry particularly in the flexible packaging (FP) industry in an emerging economy for addressing environmental sustainability issues. Design/methodology/approach: The authors have employed a qualitative multiple-case approach to examine managerial perspectives on GLSS adoption in the flexible packaging industry. Semi-structured interviews with senior corporate managers in two large FP organizations in Pakistan were conducted as the primary source of data collection. Findings: Drawing on the natural resource-based view (NRBV), the analysis revealed that organizations are implementing key GLSS practices such as environmental management system (ISO 14001), cause–effect analysis, renewable energy sources, total productive maintenance, and statistical process control to effectively manage waste, conserve resources, control air emissions, and improve environmental and workplace safety. Originality/value: The authors argue that this is one of the first research studies that has utilized NRBV to investigate the application of the GLSS approach in the process industry, specifically in the FP industry in an emerging economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since reporting cases of breast cancer are on the rise all over the world. Especially in regions such as Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Efficient methods for the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer are needed. The usual diagnosis procedures followed by physicians has been updated with modern diagnostic approaches that include computer-aided support for better accuracy. Machine learning based practices has increased the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnosis, which has helped save lives of many patients. There is much research in the field of medical imaging diagnostics that can be applied to the variety of data such as magnetic resonance images (MRIs), mammograms, X-rays, ultrasounds, and histopathological images, but magnetic resonance (MR) and mammogram imaging have proved to present the promising results. The proposed paper has presented the results of classification algorithms over Breast Cancer (BC) mammograms from a novel dataset taken from hospitals in the Qassim health cluster of Saudi Arabia. This paper has developed a novel approach called the novel spectral extraction algorithm (NSEA) that uses feature extraction and fusion by using local binary pattern (LBP) and bilateral algorithms, as well as a support vector machine (SVM) as a classifier. The NSEA with the SVM classifier demonstrated a promising accuracy of 94% and an elapsed time of 0.68 milliseconds, which were significantly better results than those of comparative experiments from classifiers named Naïve Bayes, logistic regression, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Gaussian Discriminant Analysis (GDA), AdaBoost and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). ELM produced the comparative accuracy of 94% however has a lower elapsed time of 1.35 as compared to SVM. Adaboost has produced a fairly well accuracy of 82%, KNN has a low accuracy of 66%. However Logistic Regression, GDA and Naïve Bayes have produced the lowest accuracies of 47%, 43% and 42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study was conducted at Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha, Pakistan during 2020 to determine the effectiveness of different fruit bagging materials to reduce the fruit fly infestation and also to check their impact on skin color of developing fruits and also upon the fruit quality in citrus variety "kinnow mandarin". The fruits were covered with four types of bagging materials such as perforated polyethylene, butter paper, muslin cloth bag and brown paper. No fruit fly infestation was observed in fruits covered with different types of bags as compared with unwrapped fruits. However, 12.43% fruit fly infestation was recorded in non wrapped bags. Fruits covered with brown paper bags and butter paper bags did not show any blemish problem and were also free from citrus canker. Bagging with perforated polyethylene, brown paper and butter paper materials also resulted in improving the fruit colour. None of the bagging material resulted in increase in fruit size (length x width) and fruit weight in citrus fruits. Statistically, the highest amount of juice weight (54.22 g) was detected in fruits enveloped in brown papers followed by butter paper bag (53.31 g), perforated polyethylene bags (50.89 g), muslin cloth bag (48.43 g) and non-bagged (47.43 g) fruits. The highest amount of TSS was found in fruits wrapped in brown paper bags (11.67%) followed by muslin cloth bag (11.41%) and were statistically at par with each other but significantly different with perforated polyethylene bags (11.11%), butter paper bags (10.35%) and un-wrapped fruits (10.60%). Lowest (0.87%) and highest (1.02%) acidity was observed in fruits wrapped with brown paper and muslin cloth bags, respectively was observed. In short bagging material could be used to protect citrus from fruitfly attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper attempts to contextualize the significance of the work of unpaid female family helpers' (UPFFH) for women empowerment. Additionally, it brings into light the subjective feelings and perceptions of unpaid family helpers. The current research is based on primary data collected through a self-structured questionnaire from 200 females aged 15+ years who were helping in the household income generation without getting paid. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among UPFFHs residing in district Lahore, Pakistan. The participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The analysis of UPFFHs empowerment was performed by employing a percentage distribution approach based on four levels of participation in decision making. The research puts emphasis on the impact of excessive, unequal, and unpaid work on women and further argues for social rational of recognizing the work through empowering women in decision-making process at their personal, household, and community level. The findings of the study indicates that the young UPFFHs are less empowered as they face the greatest familial and community pressure when it comes to making their life decisions. However, the paper further documents their aspiration to attain economic independence which would then bring change in gender perceptions and their overall social standing. The paper concludes by highlighting the problems associated with "unpaid work" and why it must be addressed, especially if the country has to fully realize the valued goal of women empowerment and gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes a legal and a South Asian perspective to the emerging scholarship on the materiality of the Qur'an, exploring and analysing the development of the laws and regulations that protect the Qur'an as a sacred object against the risk desecration, defilement as well as heretical translations and interpretations. Starting with the enactment of Indian Penal Code, 1860 in colonial India and ending with amendments to the Punjab Holy Quran (Printing and Recording) Act, 2011 in 2022, this paper identifies multiple layers of statutes and regulations that accompany the life-cycle of the Qur'an from 'cradle to grave'. In analysing the legal developments that have fused the object and the text of the Qurʾan into a legal entity that demands particular interpretations of Islam, this paper identifies an Islamic state doctrine that asks and expects the Pakistani state to protect and promote Islamic law and religion in an increasing number of contexts and occasions, the protection of the Qurʾan being only one of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To review the international evidence base on interventions to support the mental health of family carers of children with brain injuries in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Methods: Searches were conducted with five electronic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL) using search terms related to "family carers", "brain injury", "children" and "low and middle income countries". Studies were independently screened using predetermined eligibility criteria by two authors. Data were extracted from included studies using standardised data extraction and quality appraisal tools. These data were then subjected to narrative synthesis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to govern the review process. Findings: One study met our inclusion criteria and described an acquired brain injury called nodding syndrome which occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study was conducted in Ghana and provided group-based psychotherapy to carers and their children. As such we found no study which sought to solely support the mental health of family carers. Conclusions: There has been a lack of focus in the literature on the mental health of family carers of children with brain injuries in LMIC. Considering the vital importance of caregivers in supporting their children it is imperative that service providers and researchers devise programmes to better meet their needs. The mental health of family carers should be better supported to improve their overall wellbeing, which will in turn improve the wellbeing of their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines poverty and inequality in Pakistan's mountains, using nationally representative data. Our analysis reveals that, despite a slight decline in poverty rates, overall rates remain alarmingly high, with significant variations across provinces and regions. Rural and mountain areas exhibit higher poverty rates (31% in rural areas, 13% in urban areas in 2015/16) compared to urban centers. The national incidence of multidimensional poverty in 2014/15 was 41%, surpassing monetary poverty rates. Notably, rural areas (47%) experienced significantly higher multidimensional poverty than urban centers (12%), with Balochistan's mountainous province recording the highest rates (63%). The four provinces display significant heterogeneity in multidimensional poverty, with district-level variations ranging from 10 to 90% in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. The majority of districts with high poverty incidence are situated in mountainous regions, where people face multidimensional challenges in accessing basic facilities such as health and education, cooking fuel, and housing. To address this issue, Pakistan needs to prioritize mountain areas and implement targeted programs aimed at improving access to basic services, addressing gender inequalities, and promoting sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe pollution-induced flashovers on insulators present a pressing challenge to power system safety. The frequent failure of high-voltage insulators, particularly in the polluted environments of Pakistan, poses a critical concern. This paper investigates the impact of insulator profile on reducing pollution flashovers, testing two designs as per IEC standard 60383 and simulated using the Finite Element Method in COMSOL Multiphysics®. The test results revealed that deep under-ribs insulators exhibited a 5.008% reduction in flashover voltage, while alternating shed insulators experienced a 3.233% decrease in polluted conditions compared to clean conditions. Notably, under both clean and polluted conditions, alternating shed insulators consistently outperformed deep under-ribs insulators, with a 25.377% higher flashover voltage in clean conditions and a 27.400% superiority in polluted conditions. Computational analysis through the Finite Element Method in COMSOL Multiphysics shows a consistent pattern in potential distribution with increasing insulator count, but the presence of a pollution layer introduces spikes in the electric field distribution, validating experimental results. These findings highlight the superior performance of alternating shed insulators, especially in polluted environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the narratives of three deceased high-altitude mountaineers who lost their lives while climbing in the Greater Himalaya. These individuals were participants in part of a larger ethnographic study on 'Tourism in the Death Zone' conducted over the space of 150 days fieldwork in Pakistan and Nepal in 2019. The paper seeks to explore how these participants depth of immersion in the 'social world' of high-altitude mountaineering eventually lead to their deaths. To do so, the phenomenological concept of the lifeworld [lebenswelt] is utilized to show how the participants lived realities and aspirations became entwined with high-altitude mountaineering – a serious leisure community. Previously, the connection between the lifeworld and serious leisure viewed within the context of extreme risk taking and possible death, has not been explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research is the most unwanted, and orphaned part of every discipline in Pakistan. Pakistan Medical & Dental Commission, Higher Education Commission (HEC) or numerous medical universities in the country have been responsible for promoting research, but their responsibilities are finished after counting the number of published papers by any candidate for promotion. HEC has developed a software - called HJRS, but you visit this site and find a jumbled-up data which is four years old. Out of 58 listed Pakistani medical journals only 4 are in 'W' category. Many of the journals have been derecognized, but listed. Research related software like plagiarism check, reference actuality check, reference accuracy check, language etc. are hard to find by the average researcher. 'Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care' was started in 1997, with the objective to foster the culture of research in the members of the neglected specialty of anesthesia, and the journal engaged renowned research fellows to write on the research related topics and published. This invited editorial sheds some light on the barriers to research and the suggested measures to promote research in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper investigates the effect of a religious holiday (Eid-ul-Fitr in Pakistan) on compliance behaviour instituted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Longstanding religion-based norms of behaviour during the Eid holidays (traveling to meet family members, praying in large gatherings, hugging) may counteract newly established (and weaker) norms of health-preserving behaviours. Method: We study the impact of Eid-ul-Fitr on compliance with COVID guidelines for a sample of university students. Our effects are identified by unprompted delays in fielding a survey measuring compliance with prescribed behaviours. Results: We find that compliance with guidelines declines immediately after the religious holiday in our sample of students, with no observable decline in other well documented predictors of compliance behaviour (risk perceptions, trust in the authorities). We find that this decline in compliance is largely attributable to male participants, with one important exception. We further confirm our results by conducting robustness checks incorporating matching techniques and a smaller follow-up study where we randomize invitations to the survey. Conclusion: We conclude that amid the pandemic, newly formed norms pertaining to healthcare guidelines (focusing on social-distancing) emerged, and were subsequently undercut by longstanding norms of behaviour following a religious celebration: Eid-ul-Fitr. This paper underscores the fragility of these newly emerged norms, especially when challenged by a more well-entrenched, traditional norm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has had unprecedented effects on construction markets globally due to supply chain disruptions and workforce restrictions, etc. However, construction industries in developing countries are more vulnerable to the obstacles associated with the pandemic. As such, the goal of this paper is to capture the impact of COVID-19 on construction projects' performance in developing countries by taking the Pakistani construction sector into perspective. A multistep project-based research methodology was adopted, including a literature analysis and questionnaire survey with 20 construction professionals to assess factors affected by COVID-19; formulation of open-ended questions against each factor; collecting data using semi structured interviews; and presenting challenges and adopted mitigation strategies to examine the perceived impact. Results showed that the pandemic has caused a total of 13 factors to impact the project performance, which are grouped under four construction groups, including material and equipment, human resource, occupational health and safety, and financial and contracts. The factors impacted the most by the pandemic are cash flow management, supply chain disruptions, increased overheads, construction safety measures, material shortage, contractual issues, and construction workforce. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a foundation for researchers to enhance investigating the impact of the COVID-19 in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan played a key role in creating the Taliban, which then became its very own Frankenstein's monster. In the run-up to 11 September, debates raged at the heart of its foreign-policy establishment as it became increasingly clear to Pakistani officials that the Taliban were out of control and that Pakistan's attempts to influence the fundamentalist regime were failing. These anxieties are revealed in a set of Pakistani Foreign Ministry documents, providing a picture of Pakistani--Taliban relations for much of the year 2000 and up to June 2001. The documents, which were obtained in Kabul following the collapse of the Taliban, also reveal splits within the Pakistani administration, with the Foreign Ministry complaining that the Ministry of the Interior was undermining its policy of trying to curb the Taliban by letting what it openly described as 'terrorists' transit across and find safe haven in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foundation of quality examination is based on the key features of validity and reliability of question papers. Question papers of examination boards in Pakistan—usually these features as contents of a question paper—are written by a single paper setter. To address these issues, Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (FBISE) recruited and trained senior faculty members to write, review, and moderate multiple-choice question (MCQ) items which are the key components of its question papers. Fitness of these items was determined through field testing and analysis using standard measuring indices. Aggregate item survival rate has been 43% despite relaxed limits of difficulty index (DIFI) and discrimination index (DI). However, the questions with extraordinarily low or high DIFI values were found to be associated with other problems as well. Moreover, apart from utility of point biserial (pbs), mutual relationship of distractor efficiency (DE) and DIFI is also discussed. And based on these attributes, these questions were declared fit or unfit for future use or review respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents the trends in authorship pattern and author collaborative in the Biotechnology research field with the sample of 18119 articles which collected from Scopus database for the year 2007 to 2016. The search string used for data download is same for all country and all data downloaded for each country. The three scientometric tools; Collaboration Coefficient, Authorship pattern and Activity Index have been used for the data analysis. The multi- authorship articles are greater than single authorship. The study found that the researchers in Biotechnology move towards team research or group research rather than solo research. The average Activity Index of four SAARC countries for ten years' time spam is highest for India and lowest counted for Sri Lanka followed by Pakistan and Bangladesh at the 3rd and 4th place. The international collaboration shows that the United States has taken the top position for India and Sri Lanka, another hand China important for Pakistan and Bangladesh contributed with Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the relationship between human resource management (HRM) and organizational outcomes has mainly been studied at the organizational level so far. However, HRM scholars acknowledge that employees are the foundation of organizations, and they play an important role in the effect of HRM on employee and organizational outcomes. While research on HR content focuses on the effects of HR practices, HR process research considers how employee perceptions and attributions of HR influence organizational outcomes. In the special issue of New Frontiers in HR Practices and HR Processes: Evidence from Asia, we focus on emerging research in the Asian region, especially China and Pakistan regarding the role of employees, also known as the micro‐foundations of HR research, in terms of both HR content and HR process. In this Introduction of the special issue, we review the current state‐of‐the‐art studies in both research streams and highlight further research questions. We outline how the papers in this special issue advance our knowledge for the Asian region and we also call for more Asian region HR practice and HR process studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]