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Echinops abuzinadianus belongs to the sunflower or Asteraceae family, which is widely found in an abandoned area in Abha city in Saudi Arabia. The properties of this endemic plant have not been yet researched. This study used agar well diffusion methods to investigatethe antimicrobial inhibition activity of solvent-extracted dry and fresh E. abuzinadianus leaves against some human pathogenic microbes. The results show that almost all solvent extracts had significant inhibitory activity against Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Candida albicans. Fresh leaf-extract had more potent activity against all tested microorganisms than dry leaf-extract. The maximum antibacterial activity against S. Flexneri was gained from methanol extract, chloroform extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, diethyl ether extracts against K. pneumoniae and acetone extract against C. albicans. Petroleum ether extract showed moderate antibacterial activities against P. mirabilis, while petroleum ether extract exhibited the minimum antibacterial activity against K. pneumonia. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the presence of five phytochemical compounds: palmitic acid (the most dominant compound), followed by 9-octadecenoic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, and trace quantities of octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid and phytol. The inhibition of the microbial growth in the presence of solvent extracts of E. abuzinadianus leaves and the secondary metabolites produced by the plants, make it a promising medicinal plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In recent years a considerable amount of attention has been paid to the design of the jobs of the workers and a great deal has been written about the effects of job design on employee intention to stay (1). Job design defines as, the process of determining the specific tasks to be performed, the methods used in performing these tasks and how the job related to other work in the organization. Job design considers the primary role of human resources management in each organization ,their most crucial function include designing of the content, methods, features of a job and monitoring the performances of their employees on how well they perform, maintenance duties and responsibilities assigned to them, Performance assessment of employees is done periodically and is crucial aspect of humanresources(2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Rumex nervosus, common weed plant in Sarawat Mountains, Saudi Arabia, belongs to family Polygonaceae and usually used as traditional herbal medicines. In the current study, R. nervosus plants dissected into roots, stems, leaves, and flowers that collected from seven locations in Aseer region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The antimicrobial activity of methanol and n-hexane extracts was investigated against three pathogenic bacterial strains and one pathogenic fungus by using agar well-diffusion method. The phytochemicals and vitamins content present in the methanol extracts was investigated by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed that all extracts showed significant activity against tested microbes. Methanol extracts demonstrated the highest degree of antimicrobial inhibition activity as compared with n-hexane extracts. The root extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against the tested microbes. The GC-MS and HPLC indicated the presence of numerous phytochemicals in the different parts of R. nervosus as well as a set of vitamins including vitamins B1,B2,B12, and folic acid. In conclusion, the present study showed that methanol and n-hexane extracts of all parts of R. nervosus could be used as promising alternative drugs to treat bacterial and Candida spp. infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Objective: To isolate and characterize the bioactive secondary metabolites from aerial parts of widespread Chenopodiaceae taxa growing in Saudi Arabia: Salsola villosa Delile. ex Schul. Methods: Antibacterial activities of chloroformic extract, fractions and isolate compounds was evaluated against five bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), using a paper disc diffusion method. The purification of compound(s) of chloroform extract was done by chromatographic column of silica gel. The structure elucidation was determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis (¹H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence and nuclear overhauser enhancement spectroscopy) and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy analysis. Results: Bioactivity guided fractionation of the chloroformic extract led to the isolation of two bioactive compounds: 4-(4'-hydroxy-2'-methylcyclopent-2'-enyloxy)-4-methylcyclopent-2- enol (1) named salsolanol and 4'-[3-(hydroxymethyl)oxiran-2-yl]-3-[(E)-3-hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl]-6, 2'-dimethoxy [1, 1'-biphenyl]-2-ol (2) named biphenylsalsinol. The antibacterial effects of the chloroform extracts, fractions and isolated compounds 1 and 2 were also evaluated in this work. Results showed that the compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antibacterial activities against four strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with diameter of zone of inhibition ranging between (9.33 ± 0.94) to (26.33 ± 0.94) mm. Conclusions: Based on data presented here, two new natural compounds secondary cyclic alcohol 1 and biphenylpropanoid 2 isolated from bioactive chloroformic extract from aerial parts of Salsola villosa can be responsible for its antibacterial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The Arabian desert is rich in different species of medicinal plants, which approved variable antimicrobial activities. Phoenix dactylifera L. is one of the medical trees rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids. The current study aimed to assess the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) green-synthesized by two preparations (ethanolic and water extracts) from palm leaves. The characteristics of the produced AgNPs were tested by UV-visible spectroscopy and Transmitted Electron Microscopy (TEM). The antifungal activity of Phoenix dactylifera L. was tested against different species of Candida . Moreover, its antibacterial activity was evaluated against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative strains. The results showed that AgNPs had a spherical larger shape than the crude extracts. AgNPs, from both preparations, had significant antimicrobial effects. The water extract had slightly higher antimicrobial activity than the ethanolic extract, as it induced more inhibitory effects against all species. That suggests the possible use of palm leaf extracts against different pathogenic bacteria and fungi instead of chemical compounds, which had economic and health benefits. more...

The therapeutic molecules recovered from the marine biological origin are widely used for the treatment of diverse levels of infections caused by microbial pathogens. In addition, the eco-friendly preparations of nanomaterials together with the secondary metabolites' producing active microbial strains effectively suppress the spreading of the pathogenic bacteria. Considering their importance, the present study evaluated the environmental friendly synthesis of Silver nitrate nanomaterials (SNM) from the active marine Streptomyces strain Al-Dhabi-91 isolated from the Dammam region of Saudi Arabia. The obtained SNM was chemically characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as UV, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and EDAX; and its biological applications such as antimicrobial properties and antioxidant potential were recorded by DPPH methods. Biochemical and micromorphological studies together with the molecular techniques confirmed that the isolate Al-Dhabi-91 belonged to Streptomyces species. The characterization techniques confirmed that the UV spectrum showed maximum absorption peak at 305 nm indicating the plasmodium characteristics. SEM and TEM analyses evidenced 5–2 nm which are agglomerated, cool to form porous asymmetrical networks. Additionally, the FTIR spectrum showed maximum peak at 1194 cm−1 and 1394 cm−1, confirming the presence of aromatic C H bending and aromatic C C bending in the SNM. SNM exhibited prolific antibacterial activity against Gram negative pathogens, K. pneumoniae (28.33 mm) and E. coli (21.66 mm) respectively. The MIC values of SNM were significant with respect to E. faecalis (125 μg/ml), S. aureus (250 μg/ml), P. aeruginosa (125 μg/ml), K. pneumoniae (500 μg/ml) and E. coli (250 μg/ml) respectively. In addition, the antioxidant potential of the SNM was another value added importance. Especially 50 μg/ml of the nanoparticles showed 33% antioxidant potential; similarly in nitric oxide radical inhibition assay the concentration of 50 μg/ml nanoparticles showed 33% of inhibition potential. Overall, the eco-friendly synthesis of SNM from the marine Streptomyces strain Al-Dhabi-91 was an ideal active source for the treatment of infectious disease and health associated disorders. • Silver NPs of Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi-91 showed antibacterial and antioxidant activities. • Maximum absorption of the Silver nanoparticles were observed at 310 nm. • TEM and SEM analysis confirmed the size of 9.7 to 20 nm and cubic in appearance. • NPs exhibited Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 125 μg/ml towards P.aeruginosa. • Silver NPs pronounced significant antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...