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Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is linked to age-related diseases like cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer. It can also cause congenital defects and severe illness in immunocompromised individuals. Accurate HCMV seroprevalence assessment is essential for public health planning and identifying at-risk individuals. This is the first HCMV seroprevalence study conducted in the general Spanish adult population in 30 years. We studied HCMV seroprevalence and HCMV IgG antibody titres in healthy adult donors (HDs) and HCMV-related disease patients from 2010 to 2013 and 2020 to 2023, categorized by sex and age. We compared our data with 1993 and 1999 studies in Spain. The current HCMV seroprevalence among HDs in Spain is 73.48%. In women of childbearing age, HCMV seroprevalence has increased 1.4-fold in the last decade. HCMV-seropositive individuals comprise 89.83% of CVD patients, 69% of SMI patients, and 70.37% of COVID-19 patients. No differences in HCMV seroprevalence or HCMV IgG antibody titres were observed between patients and HDs. A significant reduction in Spanish HCMV seroprevalence among HDs was observed in 1993. However, women of childbearing age have shown an upturn in the last decade that may denote a health risk in newborns and a change in HCMV seroprevalence trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushroom consumption has increased in recent years due to their beneficial properties to the proper functioning of the body. Within this framework, the high potential of mushrooms as a source of essential elements has been reported. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the mineral content of seven essential metals, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, K, Ca, and Na, in twenty samples of mushrooms of the genus Lactarius collected from various locations in southern Spain and northern Morocco, by FAAS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and ICP-OES after acid digestion. Statistics showed that K was the macronutrient found at the highest levels in all mushrooms studied. ANOVA showed that there were statistically significant differences among the species for K, P, and Na. The multivariate study suggested that there were differences between the accumulation of the elements according to the geographic location and species. Furthermore, the intake of 300 g of fresh mushrooms of each sample covers a high percentage of the RDI, but does not meet the recommended daily intake (RDI) for any of the metals studied, except for Fe. Even considering these benefits, the consumption of mushrooms should be moderated due to the presence of toxic metals, which may pose health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the impact of the foot health and health behavior and the characteristics of outdoor footwear among minority ethnic groups. Design and measures: A cross‐sectional study design using the Foot Health Status Questionnaire: foot pain, foot function, shoe, general foot health, general health, physical activity, social capacity, and vigor. Outcomes included the self‐reported type of outdoor footwear and clinical characteristics by sex were collected in 2019–2020. Sample: A total of 78 Roma participants self‐identified as members of this ethnic minority and 72 participants non‐Roma were assessed (n = 150). Results: The lower score values was recorded in the footwear and general foot health domains in Roma population. General population obtained higher scores in general health domains. The most common outdoor footwear types were running shoes and walking shoes in non‐Roma population, versus flip flops and slippers in Roma population. Clinical characteristics did not show any statistically significant differences (p <.05). Conclusion: Roma people wear flip flops and slippers and non‐Roma people running shoes and walking shoes. These findings reveal cultural differences that make it easier for the Roma population to experience a greater burden of foot health problems. General foot health and foot pain dimensions show statistically significant differences among ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand and interest in mushrooms, both cultivated and wild, has increased among consumers in recent years due to a better understanding of the benefits of this food. However, the ability of wild edible mushrooms to accumulate essential and toxic elements is well documented. In this study, a total of eight metallic elements and metalloids (chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se)) were determined by ICP-MS in five wild edible mushroom species (Agaricus silvicola, Amanita caesarea, Boletus aereus, Boletus edulis, and Russula cyanoxantha) collected in southern Spain and northern Morocco. Overall, Zn was found to be the predominant element among the studied species, followed by Cu and Se. The multivariate analysis suggested that considerable differences exist in the uptake of the essential and toxic elements determined, linked to species-intrinsic factors. Furthermore, the highest Estimated Daily Intake of Metals (EDIM) values obtained were observed for Zn. The Health Risk Index (HRI) assessment for all the mushroom species studied showed a Hg-related cause of concern due to the frequent consumption of around 300 g of fresh mushrooms per day during the mushrooming season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In spite of the global implementation of standardized surgical safety checklists and evidence-based practices, general surgery remains associated with a high residual risk of preventable perioperative complications and adverse events. This study was designed to validate the hypothesis that a new "Trigger Tool" represents a sensitive predictor of adverse events in general surgery. Methods: An observational multicenter validation study was performed among 31 hospitals in Spain. The previously described "Trigger Tool" based on 40 specific triggers was applied to validate the predictive power of predicting adverse events in the perioperative care of surgical patients. A prediction model was used by means of a binary logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of adverse events among a total of 1,132 surgical cases included in this study was 31.53%. The "Trigger Tool" had a sensitivity and specificity of 86.27% and 79.55% respectively for predicting these adverse events. A total of 12 selected triggers of overall 40 triggers were identified for optimizing the predictive power of the "Trigger Tool". Conclusions: The "Trigger Tool" has a high predictive capacity for predicting adverse events in surgical procedures. We recommend a revision of the original 40 triggers to 12 selected triggers to optimize the predictive power of this tool, which will have to be validated in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Signa is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the beginning of the Cold War, the United States established military bases at various points around the globe to counter Soviet influence. The construction of these bases was an unprecedented undertaking because its scope. In Spain, an extensive network of military installations was built throughout the country in only 5 years. The main nuclei of this network were the bases of Torrejón, Zaragoza, Morón, and Rota. This article aims to show that these bases share a common design project which implements an underlying grid-like system in the organization of their masterplans. After detailed study of the Torrejón air base, we aim to demonstrate that this grid-like system was conceived as a sophisticated and precise graphic tool able to facilitate the design, construction, and maintenance of the bases, as well as to back an ideological project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foot health of the Roma population is a challenge for the health professionals where this minority is significant, as is the case in Spain. At present, little is known about foot health of the Roma population and their knowledge would promote the training of these professionals at the community level. Foot pain is common and a reason for consulting podiatry services. The purpose of this study was to determine foot health among the Roma population according to the Foot Health Status Questionnaire.Method: An observational, cross-sectional and quantitative study conducted at the Roma population living in Spain in 2018. Self-reported data and the Foot Health Status Questionnaire were recorded. Examining the general health and foot health (foot pain, foot function, footwear and general health) and general (general health, social capacity, physical activity and vigour). This questionnaire is recommended as a valid and reliable patient-reported outcome. The obtained scores were compared.Results: A sample made up of 624 men and women from the Roma population took part in this study. 45% were Roma men and 55% Roma women. In the first section of the FHSQ, a lower score of values was recorded in the footwear domain (62.5) and in the general foot health domain (60). Gypsy women obtained lower scores in all the domains. In the second section, lower scores were obtained in the vigour (56) domain and in the general health (60) domain. A large effect size (r-Rosenthal) was found by gender in the footwear domain (0.334) and in the vigour domain (0.195). Roma women showed higher values in cardiac disorders, serious illnesses, doctor visits and foot problems. 67.8% reported that they had never been assisted by a podiatrist.Conclusions: The studied Roma population has foot health problems, and these are more pronounced among women. They show lower values in the footwear and vigour domains. More professional training is required for health workers in this field to avoid cultural diversity stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Imafronte. Revista de Historia del Arte is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ars Longa is the property of Ars Longa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educación XX1 is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A culture of training teaching staff in specific teaching skills is spreading throughout higher education in Europe and other regions. In recent years, service-learning has been one of the active methodologies that has attracted the most attention in educational literature and in training practices. This piece uses an ex post facto cross-sectional study to quantify and describe service learning training provision in Spanish universities, using an information recording sheet to gather evidence from institutional websites and an unstructured questionnaire as a complementary data source. Our results support the claim that teaching training activities are growing and that there are some advances in the consolidation of this trend. However, significant limitations were identified, such as a lack of a practice-based orientation in teacher training and the lack of a coordinated plan to facilitate learning ecologies, something that is hindering the reflective, cooperative, and transformative impact that is attributed to the service learning method. Based on this diagnosis, we suggest that training activities be incorporated into multi-year plans, and note that sociocritical and practical orientations would work better together, and that collaborative work between universities and community services should be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to determine the incidence and causes of structural valve deterioration (SVD) among all models of Mitroflow bioprostheses (A12/LX/DL), as well as to define their long-term clinical and hemodynamic performance. Methods and Results: We retrospectively reviewed a series of 1023 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement with Mitroflow bioprostheses between 2001 and 2014. A small aortic root was found in 22.4% of patients. There were two cases of severe patient-prosthesis mismatch. Only 31 patients developed SVD. The rate of incidence was 8.1 cases per 1000 patient-years. Cumulative incidence of SVD was 1.4% and 3% at five and 10 years, respectively. Freedom from SVD was 97.4% and 88.2% at five and 10 years, respectively. Anticalcification phospholipid reduction treatment (PRT) for model DL was a protective factor for SVD. Multivariable analysis confirmed age <70 years and use of 19 mm valve as independent predictors of SVD. Cumulative survival was 76.6% at five years and 42.3% at 10 years (mean follow-up 3.8 ± 3.1 years). In multivariable analysis, neither the use of small aortic prosthesis (p = 0.18) nor the occurrence of SVD (p = 0.85) was found to be independent predictors of long-term survival. Conclusions: Mitroflow valves demonstrate an acceptable rate of SVD and satisfactory long-term hemodynamic performance, particularly in patients with small aortic roots, age >70 years, and cases with severe left ventricular hypertrophy. PRT might contribute to improved long-term durability. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12726 (J Card Surg 2016;31:264-273). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale, aims and objectives Transcatheter aortic valve implantation constitutes an example of a technology introduced into the Galician Health Care System basket and subjected to a post-introduction observational study after coverage. This paper aims to describe the process and results of this experience, illustrating the main challenges and opportunities in using these studies for supporting decision making. Methods The study protocol was developed by a multidisciplinary team consisting of experts from the Galician HTA Agency (avalia-t), interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. Together they agreed on the information that was relevant and feasible for collection, and planned the study design, data collection and analysis of results. Results During the 1-year recruitment period, 94 patients underwent percutaneous aortic valve replacement in the three authorized centres. Implantation rate and prosthesis models differed substantially across the centres. Overall, procedural success rate was 96.8% and hospital mortality was 7.4%. Complications during post-surgical admission were recorded in 40.4% of patients. Moderate residual aortic regurgitation was observed in 10% of patients, and the procedure was associated with a stroke rate of 3.3% at 30 days and 5.3% at 1 year. Conclusions Post-introduction observation has made it feasible to determine the use of this procedure within the SERGAS context and has enabled the assessment of performance in real-life conditions. The proposed strategic actions and interventions have been drawn up based upon the collective judgement of a group of experienced professionals, and have served to establish recommendations on further research that would be required to optimize health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pixel-Bit, Revista de Medios y Educacion is the property of Pixel-Bit, Revista de Medios y Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the contribution to the field of theatrical research of "SIGNA" magazine, which is a Spanish journal of semiotics published by the Instituto de Semiótica Literaria, Teatral y Nuevas Tecnologías in Madrid, Spain. Topics addressed include research on the presence of Spanish theater in Europe and the Americas, studies on drama written by women in the 21st century, and the use of new technologies in the performing arts.

Throughout the scientific literature shows that studies evaluating the effectiveness of school-based substance abuse prevention programs have used a wide range of intervention agents. Nevertheless, in Spain, the school-based programs in daily practice, the vast majority, are applied only by regular classroom teachers of schools. In this regard, some research suggests that the variable type of applicator affects the effectiveness of school-based programs for drug prevention. This article presents a review of studies comparing the results obtained in the school-based programs when applied by regular classroom teachers to other external contributors. Taken together, the results of the reviewed studies are contradictory and, therefore, the evidence is not conclusive. However, it highlights the moderating role of the variable type of monitor on the effects of programs. Finally, it is recommended to lead studies to evaluate the specific characteristics or skills that must have an effective monitor as the training can contribute to its acquisition or improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the efficacy of intermediate penalty kickers by comparing file effect of applying an automated WiFi system on the field of play to simulate a strategy that takes account of goalkeeper action (dependent) with another for which goalkeeper strategy is irrelevant (independent). Intermediate penalty kickers (n = 12) took a pretreatment test of 32 kicks in a "real-play" situation with intermediate goalkeepers (n =3). Two groups of kickers underwent 11 treatment sessions using different strategies and then were administered a posttreatment test. The variables measured were the number of goals scored, whether the direction of the shot was the same or different from the direction of the goalkeeper's move (DDG), ball speed, and the duration of the kicking movement. Data suggested the goalkeepers had a greater capacity to identify advance cues when faced with independent strategy kickers and that dependent strategy kickers achieved lower ball speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of a pilot study on the analysis of web pages in Spain containing information about addictions. We also analyze in which ways internet users utilize such pages through the test INDEXA. We have analyzed, so far, 203 Spanish web resources on addictions and surveyed 294 university students about their usage of the Internet for informational purposes on addictions. Results indicate that the most part of web resources in addictions belong to associations (33%), with an approach centered in the treatment (22%) and a general approach when one is to offer information on addictive substances or addictions. The most mentioned substances in the contents of websites are the tobacco (41%) and the alcohol (38%). Results of the questionnaire INDEXA show that 84% of internet users were considered well informed on addictions and 64% had looked for or received information on the topic in the latest year. The level of satisfaction with websites on addictions is good (67%) their questions concentrate in the information search on a substance in particular, , that usually is the alcohol (15%) followed more distance of the cannabis (13.18%) and the tobacco (11%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Signa is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The topics concerning advertising arise great interest because of the persuasive effects of publicity but also for its influence on the behaviour of the individuals to whom it is directed. From the beginning we found several controversies, which motivate research on advertising and its perception and interpretation on the part of the public. In this work we aim at analyzing the advertising of alcohol, in Muy Interesante magazine, taking as a sample students from State Universities in the Province of Alicante. The sample consists of 380 insertions of 51 brands of different alcoholic drinks. Our intention is double; 1. To describe the contents of the spotted advertising messages; 2. To identify the underlying values in the advertising of alcohol. The analysis was performed by two groups of key reporters: one consisted off seven university students from different qualifications and sex, and another one integrated by seven experts of different areas related to the main goals of this study.. The gathering of information was done through a structured questionnaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the status of evidence-based interventions for preventing drug dependence in Spain. The evolution of the perception that the Spanish have of the problem and how this has influenced prevention efforts is described. An analysis is made of how programs designed to prevent drug use have been translated from the field of experimental research to implementation. The characteristics of evidence-based programs developed in Spain are outlined, analyzing their efficacy and the adaptations of programs from other countries to the Spanish context. Most have been school based, although some family and leisure-time based programs also have been developed. The processes for translation and cultural adaptation of evidence-based programs are described. Finally, pending aspects of the adaptation of research in drug dependence within Spain are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Principalship practice may be based upon one of at least two different models: (1) the socio-political model, in which the duties of the principalship are conditioned by political tensions both inside and outside of the educational institution; and (2) the professional model , which is characterized by operating criteria based on scientific efficiency, autonomy and objectivity. The Spanish principalship model, on which the present study is based, matches the socio-political model and has been strongly criticized ever since its introduction. Our research provides adequately justifiable criteria for replacing this model. The results show that educators are not against the professionalization of the principalship in Spain. This may lead us to suppose that when education professionals understand the complexity of the principalship practice, they ultimately accept the need to improve the professionalization of this sphere of activity. From a more general perspective, the results help strengthen what is a common and important trend in every education system: the objective of establishing a professional basis for the principalship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to analyse the profile of the protagonist-antagonist dichotomy in all children's television content, of all genres, offered by Spanish television channels. The analysis of protagonist and antagonist characters focuses on variables such as: type and number, age, gender, nationality, skills, relationship between the characters, characterisation, means used to achieve goals, consequences of the action of the antagonist over the antagonist and vice versa. The sample consists of 168 series that were analysed using descriptive content analysis and multivariate analysis. The results showed that over 50% of the series do not have an antagonist and that when there is one the most common type is a single human, which appears in more than 15% of the analysed series, followed by the fantastic creature type, which is present in just 10%. In 80% of the series the skills of the protagonists are social and human, and in 45.24% the exhibited skill is intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to analyze the protagonist-antagonist profile in all television content scheduled for children in Spanish television channels, analyzing variables such as type and number, age, gender, nationality, skills, relationship between the characters, characterization of the character, targets used to achieve goals, consequences of the action of the antagonist on the antagonist and vice versa. The sample consists of 168 series analyzed using descriptive content analysis and multivariate analysis. We may note that over 50% of the series antagonist, and when there is any, the most common is a unique human, appearing in more than 15% of the series, followed with just 10% by a fantastic creature. In 80% of the series social and human skills are belonging to the main character, and in 45.24% the type of skill is intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cu was the major element found in the M. procera samples followed by Zn. • The TF calculation confirmed a greater tendency for metal and metalloid accumulation in the caps. • No significant differences in metal and metalloid content between the geographical areas studied. • Concern due to frequent consumption of Cr, Cd, As, and Hg was observed. Anthropogenic activities, such as mining and fossil fuel combustion, produce large amounts of pollutants that affect environmental homeostasis. Wild edible mushrooms fructify exposed to environmental conditions, proving to be efficient accumulators of trace elements and toxic and potentially toxic elements. Due to the increasing consumption of mushrooms worldwide, this is of public health concern. In this work, the total content of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) was determined by ICP-MS in the caps and stipes of the high valued wild edible mushroom Macrolepiota procera collected in several locations of the South of Spain and the North of Morocco. The results obtained have indicated that the cap of M. procera contains a broad spectrum of both toxic elements and trace elements, occurring in higher contents in this part of the fruiting body with respect to the stipe. Moreover, Cu was the predominant element found in the samples studied, followed by Zn in most of the cases. The one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that there were no significant differences in metal and metalloid content between the geographical areas studied. In addition, the results obtained through Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) support the conclusions drawn through univariate statistical studies, indicating that there is no obvious clustering trend for the M. procera cap samples based on the sampling area. The health risk assessment for M. procera caps showed a cause for concern related to Cr, Cd, As, and Hg due to frequent consumption of around 300 g of fresh caps per day during the mushrooming season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Zn was found to be the major element found in the Lactarius genus studied. • Mushroom samples trend to be grouped together according to their metal content. • Some mushroom samples exceeded the established permissible levels of As and Se. • Only a small percentage of the daily requirements of Cu, Zn and Se is covered. In this work, the concentration of five non-essential (Cr, As, Cd, Pb and Hg) and three essential elements (Cu, Zn and Se) in five different species from the genus Lactarius collected from Southern Spain and Northern Morocco were determined by ICP-MS after a block acid digestion. Zn was found to be the major element in all the studied samples, followed by Cu and Cr in almost all the cases. The data obtained from the Health Risk Index (HRI) assessment suggested that As content in L. semisanguifluus and L. deliciosus collected from different locations in Granada and Cadiz provinces (Spain) may pose a risk to human health. The comparison between the Daily Intake of Metals (DIM) and the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) indicated that the consumption of the studied mushrooms only covers a small percentage of the daily requirements of Cu, Zn and Se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to analyze: (a) the relationship between alcohol and tobacco use and academic performance, and (b) the predictive role of psycho-educational factors and alcohol and tobacco abuse on academic performance in a sample of 352 Spanish adolescents from grades 8 to 10 of Compulsory Secondary Education. The Self-Description Questionnaire-II, the Sydney Attribution Scale, and the Achievement Goal Tendencies Questionnaire were administered in order to analyze cognitive-motivational variables. Alcohol and tobacco abuse, sex, and grade retention were also measured using self-reported questions. Academic performance was measured by school records. Frequency analyses and logistic regression analyses were used. Frequency analyses revealed that students who abuse of tobacco and alcohol show a higher rate of poor academic performance. Logistic regression analyses showed that health behaviours, and educational and cognitive-motivational variables exert a different effect on academic performance depending on the academic area analyzed. These results point out that not only academic, but also health variables should be address to improve academic performance in adolescence.

Schools play a key role in transmitting attitudes towards sexual diversity. Many studies stress the importance of teachers' and other professionals' attitudes towards gay men and/or lesbian women. This study evaluates attitudes and prejudices toward homosexuality in a sample of 254 elementary and high school teachers in Barcelona and its surrounding area. The results obtained using a scale of overt and subtle prejudice and a scale of perceived discrepancy of values indicate that discrepancy between likely behavior and personal values was significantly greater in women, those who hold religious beliefs, churchgoers and people without any gay or lesbian acquaintances. Approximately 88% of the teachers showed no type of prejudiced attitudes towards gay men and lesbian women. The experience of proximity to gay men and/or lesbian women reduces not only the discrepancy between personal values and likely behavior but also the presence of homophobic prejudice. It would be advisable to expand specific teacher training in the subject of sexual diversity in order to reduce prejudicial attitudes, thus fostering non-stereotyped knowledge of homosexuality.

Introduction: Rhinitis and asthma share epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical features. The aim of the RINOASMAIR study was to examine the prevalence and characteristics of rhinitis in asthmatics in a Primary Care setting in Spain., Methods: A prospective epidemiological study was conducted with the participation of 1,027 Primary Care Physicians (PCP). A total of 4,174 asthmatics were included and demographic data, rhinitis prevalence, lung function, atopy, and rhinitis treatment were analysed., Results: 71% of asthmatics suffered from rhinitis, these being younger (42.8 vs 50.2 yr; p<0.0001) and having milder asthma (FEV1=80.2% vs 76.1%, p<0.002) than those with-out rhinitis. A significant correlation (Rho=0.35, p<0.0001) between asthma and rhinitis severities was found. Atopy was associated to rhinitis, 77.8% of atopic compared to 47.6% of non atopic having rhinitis., Conclusions: Most asthmatics (71%) visited by Spanish PCP suffer from rhinitis, and these patients are younger and have milder asthma than asthmatics without rhinitis.