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Hydrogen energy technologies are envisioned to play a critical supporting role in global decarbonisation. While low-carbon hydrogen is primarily targeted for reducing industrial emissions, alongside decarbonising parts of the transport sector, environmental benefits could also be achieved in the residential context. Presently, gas-dependent countries such as Japan and the United Kingdom are assessing the feasibility of deploying hydrogen home appliances, as part of their national energy strategies. However, prospects for the transition will hinge on consumer acceptance, alongside an array of other socio-technical factors. To support potential ambitions for large-scale and sustained technology diffusion, this study advances a Unified Theory of Domestic Hydrogen Acceptance. Through an integrative, comparative literature review targeting hydrogen and domestic energy studies, the paper proposes a novel Domestic Hydrogen Acceptance Model (DHAM), which accounts for the cognitive and emotional dimensions of human perceptions. Through this dual interplay, the proposed framework can increase the predictive power of hydrogen acceptance models. [Display omitted] • A unified theory of domestic hydrogen acceptance is proposed. • Researchers should integrate multiple acceptance constructs into survey studies. • Comprehensive perceived risks, costs, and benefits predict attitudes toward hydrogen. • Cognitive and emotional processes influence perceptions of hydrogen homes. • Community-level factors should be incorporated into hydrogen acceptance research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open innovation is a concept of collaboration of ideas, knowledge, and resources that originates from within the organization and involves external organizations. University-industry collaboration is a factor driving innovation and competitiveness. Most research on interactions between universities and industry concentrated on the industrial side meanwhile, universities, as knowledge producers, play a vital role in creating an open innovation ecosystem that encourages realizing innovations that benefit society. Therefore, the problem raised in this research is how university collaboration can support open innovation. This research aims to identify research trends, the latest technologies, and inter-university collaboration frameworks that can support open innovation. The methodology used is Kitchenham's Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and bibliometric. SLR consists of Identification Study, Selection Studies, Quality Assessment, Data Extraction and Study Synthesis. From the SLR stages, 21 papers published between 2019 and 2023 were obtained. Synthesis and additional literature review were carried out to identify trends, technologies, and frameworks related to the topic comprehensively. In terms of trend, based on the application bibliometric, it was found that there was an increase in the number of publications and the top list of open innovation journals. University collaboration in open innovation more frequently takes place in the UK, and the industries mostly involved are small-medium enterprises. Quantitative research methodology and data analyses, comprising of hypothesis test, regression test, and descriptive statistics, are mostly preferred. Meanwhile, descriptive data analysis is the most common means of qualitative data analysis. Numerous suggestions on topics for future research were also identified. In addition, data analysis using machine learning survival data is identified as a novelty among data analysis methods. Technology transfer and the use of digital platforms may support open innovation processes, and the use of blockchain technology may promote digital platforms development. Seven domains form the framework for university collaboration in open innovation, namely Social Behavior, People, Process, Organization, Environment, Technology, and Performance. The findings of trends, technologies, and frameworks in this research may serve as a foundation for research on similar topics, and the identified framework domains could serve as framework components that might be used by universities to collaborate with partners in implementing open innovation processes. The research have contributes to knowledge management theoretically and practically. Theoretically, open innovation can expand the knowledge base by supporting the concept that knowledge and expertise can be found outside organizational boundaries. Practically, it can enrich knowledge management practices by emphasizing the importance of utilizing digital platform technology in supporting knowledge management sourced from external knowledge and collaboration services in the open innovation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the patterns of technology transfer from Britain to France during the early phases of industrializing using a dataset comprising all patents granted in France in the period 1791–1844. Exploiting the peculiarities of French legislation, we construct an array of patent quality indicators and investigate their determinants. We find that patents filed by British inventors or French inventors with personal connections to British inventors were of relatively higher quality. Overall, our results show that the French innovation system was capable of attracting and effectively absorbing key technologies from Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology has attracted significant attention across various disciplines, including company law. This article examines the potential of such technology for share transfers in non-listed Swiss stock corporations and UK private limited companies. At the outset, an overview of the traditional way to transfer shares in these companies is presented in order to subsequently identify the problems involved. The article then explores the technological background and the characteristics of blockchain technology that are relevant to share transfers. After a hypothetical example, it analyses whether blockchain-based share transfers offer the potential to mitigate the problems of the traditional methods applied in connection with Swiss stock corporations and UK private limited companies. In this context, the main conceptual challenges raised by critics against blockchain are also addressed. Finally, an assessment is undertaken as to whether blockchain-based share transfers are, at present, legally possible in Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The article concludes that blockchain technology may mitigate issues in connection with the traditional way to transfer shares in non-listed Swiss stock corporations and UK private limited companies; the related challenges may not be insurmountable for such a use case to be meaningfully realised. While Switzerland has introduced legislation that facilitates the tokenisation of shares along with their transfer, the wait-and-see approach of the United Kingdom appears to lead to legal uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baseball in the United Kingdom has long been considered a contradiction in terms, especially during the nineteenth century, with both the 1874 National Association Tour and the 1888 Spalding Tour viewed as financial and cultural failures in a sophisticated consumer society already dominated by cricket. This article takes a fresh look at evidence from the 1870s and 1880s in order to challenge this perspective. It presents the 1874 Tour as a transnational success, articulating shared Anglo-American assumptions about modernity, science, and social progress. This discourse informed a broad process of technology transfer involving new sources of industrial power as well as the corporal techniques of modern sport. The article also places the tour in the context of a unique historical phenomenon: the transatlantic diffusion of an early modern English game to the United Kingdom as the New York Game, a modern American sport. Previous accounts of the tour focused on a few selected reports, confirming American views of its financial failings and British disinterest in its exhibitions. When considered in light of hundreds of British accounts from the 1870s, including unexamined evidence of the first British baseball clubs less than two years after the tour, this perspective becomes unsustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities' decisions during technology transfer may affect affordability, accessibility, and availability of COVID-19 health technologies downstream. We investigated measures taken by the top 35 publicly funded UK universities to ensure global equitable access to COVID-19 health technologies between January and end of October 2020. We sent Freedom Of Information (FOI) requests and analysed universities' websites, to (i) assess institutional strategies on the patenting and licensing of COVID-19-related health technologies, (ii) identify all COVID-19-related health technologies licensed or patented and (iii) record whether universities engaged with the Open COVID pledge, COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (C-TAP), or Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM) COVID-19 licensing guidelines during the time period assessed. Except for the Universities of Oxford and Edinburgh, UK universities did not update their institutional strategies during the first year of the pandemic. Nine universities licensed 22 COVID-19 health technologies. Imperial College London disclosed ten patents relevant to COVID-19. No UK universities participated in the Open COVID Pledge or C-TAP, but discussions were ongoing in autumn 2020. The University of Bristol endorsed the AUTM guidelines. Despite important COVID-19 health technologies being developed by UK universities, our findings suggest minimal engagement with measures that may promote equitable access downstream. We suggest universities review their technology transfer policies and implement global equitable access strategies for COVID-19 health technologies. We furthermore propose that public and charitable funders can play a larger role in encouraging universities to adopt such practices by making access and transparency clauses a mandatory condition for receiving public funds for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Select Committee Report of 1817 states that the New Land Pattern Musket has 'a lock so tallying in all its parts, that any part of one lock may fit another'. This is the earliest claim of interchangeability to have been found for Board of Ordnance firearms. It has focussed the authors' attention on understanding the British efforts in the interchangeable manufacturing of firearms in the early 19th century, and more specifically on the manufacture of the lock of the New Land Pattern Muskets. This has also necessitated and included some work to unravel the story of the development of the New Land Pattern Musket and its variants, and to appreciate the contemporary use of lock jiggers by the East India Company (EIC) and others. Our approach has blended multiple iterations of archival research, object study, analysis of musket lock 'Types', and experimental evaluations of interchangeability. The methods used have allowed a comparison with contemporary American achievements at the Springfield and Harpers Ferry National Armories. This paper reports our results, including those of a close study of 35 New Land Pattern Muskets; the generation of a typology identifying three distinct variants of New Land Pattern Musket locks and a chronology of key aspects of their design, manufacture and supply; a five-lock component exchange experiment with 20 potential interchanges and other supplementary interchange tests; and an experimental evaluation of the use of two surviving EIC lock jiggers (i.e. gauges). These demonstrate that Great Britain had made significant strides in the interchangeable manufacturing of musket locks by 1817, but that these achievements, based upon the use of gauges and other similar tooling, were limited by their use of manual methods, chiefly filing by hand. They also show that Henry Nock, Ezekiel Baker and others contributed to the design of the variants of the musket, the lock and the tooling. The work also indicates that Britain was attempting interchangeable lock manufacturing in more than one geographical location, at the workshops of key suppliers in Birmingham and the Black Country (the metal working district to the West and North West of Birmingham), the London trade and the new Royal Manufactory in Lewisham. This multiple site approach would have been particularly challenging, and it is also important to note that much of this work was carried out in time of war. These British innovations may have influenced others through the transfer of technology by former Ordnance artificers, including at the Imperial Manufactory at Tula in Russia via John Jones, father and son. The experimental comparison with contemporary American achievements shows that the British were realising levels of interchangeability at least equivalent to those at US National Armories, but that whilst the dimensional control sought in Britain may have been less demanding it was being attempted at many more sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research and Development (R&D) service firms make significant contributions to innovation in other businesses. The extant literature considers these firms a homogenous sub-group of Knowledge Intensive Business Service firms (KIBS). The objective of this study is to investigate how R&D service firms innovate and the variety of innovation practices within these firms. Employing data from semi-structured interviews with senior managers from 32 UK-based R&D service firms, we suggest that there are two different modes of innovation: in the first mode, R&D service firms innovate similarly to KIBS whose innovation is ad-hoc in nature and driven by customers' requests; another group of R&D service firms innovate like New Technology-based Firms (NTBFs) relying more on structured in-house R&D activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a description of ways where the Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT) pursued an altering vision of an alternative socio-technical culture in Great Britain. It discusses the evolution and nature of socio-technical culture of CAT in the areas of research and electricity supply. It explores the gradual pattern of reconciliation with mainstream technology and retreat from radical social practices.

The author discusses the history of eyeglass makers in medieval England. He mentions the history of eyeglasses, the eyeglass makers in the Netherlands, and the immigration of Dutch workers to London to deal in eyeglasses.

This paper explores the importance of early-career characteristics of academic inventors and how they affect their patenting activity. Using a novel dataset on 555 UK academic inventors, we find that the quality of the first invention is the best predictor for subsequent participation in the patenting process. We further find evidence for a positive training effect whereby researchers who were trained at universities that had already established commercialisation units patent more. In addition, researchers who gained their first patenting experience in industry are able to benefit from stronger knowledge flows and receive more citations than their purely academic peers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With the UK's legislation of a 2050 net zero emissions target, there is urgent need for radical industrial decarbonisation. The steel sector represented 12% of UK industrial emissions in 2016 and is therefore a critical target for mitigation. Mainstream scenario analyses variously assume use of unproven Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) or reductions to steel demand in order to reach a 1.5 °C compatible budget by 2050. This analysis aims to: a) assess the mitigation potential of current technology options (excluding CCS) towards a cumulative budget aligned to net zero and assuming constant steel demand; b) to evaluate the potential of material efficiency to close any mitigation gaps, (where material efficiency is providing the same useful 'service' with less input of energy-intensive materials); and c) to discuss the importance of sectoral budget assumptions and other uncertainties in estimating the scale of future mitigation required by the industry and the policy implications of this. We modelled four key technology scenarios including steel plant retrofit, replacement of steelmaking technologies to best practice standards, fuel shifts to greater Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) production, and implementation of selected novel technologies, under different ambition levels. Technology scenarios could reduce cumulative Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions (2016–2050) by as much as 44% against a constant baseline, whilst coupled technology and material efficiency scenarios could achieve reductions of as much as 53%. We also find that whilst grid electricity decarbonisation and earlier demand reduction can achieve additional mitigation, there may still be a need for some CCS capacity in the long-term to address residual emissions. In the most ambitious case, absolute GHG emissions from the steel sector reduced by 80% by 2050 against 2016 levels, assuming grid decarbonisation. We found that the most effective interventions were through established technologies, such as retrofit, replacement and EAF production, since they were immediately available, with the condition they are implemented faster than previously observed. Given the commercialisation constraints of novel technologies, structural shifts such as material efficiency and EAF production were considered highly important. However, structural changes are necessarily more complex to influence via policy, and there is little precedent for structural change by design in the UK. Our results show that only complementary scenarios combining material efficiency and technology options would achieve a level of mitigation near to net zero in the UK. We conclude that it is possible to achieve net zero emissions in the UK steel sector, but that this would require greater and earlier levels of material efficiency and some degree of CCS removal capacity. [Display omitted] • We develop a scenario model of the steel sector to evaluate mitigation options. • Retrofit technologies suggest the highest short-term mitigation potential. • Coupled technology and material efficiency scenarios achieved the greatest reductions. • Greater and earlier material efficiency should complement technology interventions. • Challenges include reducing emissions by design and adding value to low-carbon steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical geography of the British motorcycle industry (its distribution over time and the rate at which motorcycle marques entered and exited) shows two major agglomerations or clusters (West Midlands and Greater London) to have been the driving force behind the industry. Motorcycle marque exits from the industry (shakeout) had a net positive effect on the West Midlands and a net negative effect on the Greater London area. Spin-off of new companies was primarily an internal process in the West Midlands and an external process in the Greater London area. The high level of spatial concentration, the rapid rate of technology diffusion, and large number of spin-off firms helped the British motorcycle industry to maintain a wide variety of marques over a long time. However, each successive shakeout period resulted in an industry that was increasingly innovation-averse and stagnant, eventually ending in its near total collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the history of the engineer in Great Britain at a time when the transformation in the infrastructure of the country being brought about by the Industrial Revolution turned the practice of engineering from a trade into a profession. In pursuing the theme of technology transfer, it also sheds light on the trans-national context in which the early engineers acquired their experience and conducted their business. This article draws on research into the Archives of Soho (the Boulton & Watt steam engine partnership) and the technological travel literature of the ‘industrial enlightenment’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glorious history of the Indian war rocket, also known as the Mysore rocket, is examined, including the role of Tipu Sultan, the son of the King of Mysore. The technological aspects are explained in brief to reveal the reasons for the destructiveness of the rocket. This weapon provides significant evidence of the advanced state of development of military technology in the Indian continent during the pre-colonial era at the time of the Anglo-Mysore wars against the British. The use of captured Indian rockets to develop the British Congreve rocket is described and the global spread of rocket technology from these Indian rockets is explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between design and the determination of social and skill practices has been under-considered within the literature. This paper investigates the relationship between design and skill transmission in the context of the Second World War 'Shadow Factory' programme. The Shadow Factory programme formed an integral part of the Second World War re-armament strategy of the British Government. The term came into widespread use to describe both (1) duplicated facilities under the direct control of the parent company and (2) distributed facilities managed by other companies with appropriate skills. This paper examines the Shadow Factory component of the wartime expansion of manufacturing production in Britain, and its implications for skill formation and gender in the workplace. The paper also explores the extent to which these shadow plants represented a government-sponsored attempt at technology transfer from the automobile industry to the aircraft industry. The rationale for the advent of this policy was that the introduction of metal fabrication to both aircraft and motor industries had narrowed the difference between them. The managerial skills developed in mass car production were deemed essential to the volumes now required from an aircraft industry that had survived the inter-war period on limited government orders. The shortage of appropriately experienced labour had, during the recovery of the 1930s, prompted the dilution of the proportion of skilled employees and the deskilling of component tasks. In this situation, women were seen as a significant additional source of factory labour. With the advent of preparations for re-armament, this source of labour gained enhanced importance. The paper charts, in the context of re-armament, the alliance between government and unions on the temporary and crisis character of the widespread employment of women. It also documents the deliberate and open governmental strategy of 'containing' the impact of women's employment by defining it as a discrete and reversible state of affairs appropriate only to a crisis situation. It is within this context that this paper examines the genesis of the policy decisions relating to the deployment of new manufacturing technology, its impact on work organisation, and the responses of managements, unions and workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are an increasing number of university courses throughout the UK and worldwide which deal with enterprise and innovation, including both undergraduate and masters programmes, not just for business school students, but also as modules as part of many other subject areas. However, there is little in the way of integrated enterprise training for postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers outside of business school programmes. Many of these researchers are likely to need this training in the future if they obtain employment in commercial or non-profit organisations, or remain in academia as researchers where they may find spin-out ventures. This paper describes a strategy used to assess the enterprise training needs of researchers using primary and secondary data and trying to cater for these needs within the framework of an academic research setting by creating an integrated enterprise training programme for researchers at university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the cultural and technological obstacles to be overcome before China was able to adopt steam power from the West in the 19th century. The cultural differences between China and Europe that made this technology transfer difficult are discussed, especially the Western engineering traditions of precise technical drawing and the use of precision machine tools. The use of steamships by Great Britain in the Opium Wars is also discussed, as is the amount of time it took the Chinese to adopt this military technology.

Companies often develop collaborative joint ventures with nonprofits, and sometimes help their nonprofit partners with the marketing activities associated with these projects. Often, the assistance furnished is embodied in a transfer of knowledge from a firm to a nonprofit and involves knowledge about marketing techniques, strategies and methods. This article presents the results of a survey concerning the extents, natures and effectiveness of marketing knowledge transfers taking place between 291 UK enterprises and their nonprofit partner organisations. The survey covered the knowledge transfer methods that companies employed, the scope of the knowledge communicated, the factors that encouraged or impeded marketing knowledge transfer, and the considerations that determined which partner completed most of the marketing tasks associated with a project. It emerged that knowledge transfers occurred mainly through face-to-face communications, though with little formal teamworking. Both the extent and the effectiveness of transfers depended on the degree of marketing knowledge within the nonprofit partner, on levels of knowledge specificity and project complexity, and on the financial importance of the collaboration. The extent of knowledge transfer was additionally influenced by cultural and organisational distance. Similar considerations affected commercial partners' decisions to do most of the marketing work required by a collaboration. Such decisions were especially likely if anti-marketing bias existed within the nonprofit organisation and if the nonprofit's staff knew little about marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Written on the 50th anniversary, this article focuses on the negotiations between Britain and the United States which led to the 1958 Mutual Defence Agreement and the beginning of the 'special nuclear relationship' which has lasted down to the present day. It is argued that the eventual success of the negotiations had a lot to do with the key roles of Eisenhower and Macmillan but that a transatlantic 'advocacy coaltion' of nuclear scientists, defence and intelligence officials also played an important part at the operational level in achieving and subsequently shaping the kind of relationship which developed. Attention is also given to the longer term significance of the agreement, especially in terms of the arguments about its impact on nuclear proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study decomposes the productivity advantage of foreign multinationals into a technology and a scale effect and analyses the causal relationship between foreign ownership and these two components. This is done by analyzing the effects of an acquisition of a domestic establishment by a foreign multinational, using a combined propensity score matching and difference-in-differences estimation. The main results show that any positive impact of acquisition is predominantly due to changes in technical efficiency and not in scale and that the preacquisition productivity of the target plays a role in mediating the rate of technology transfer from the multinational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses in a detailed way on operations and accounting procedures for the first railway of the Gold Coast from Sekondi to Kumase during the early years of the twentieth century. Although the article underscores numerous flaws and shortcomings, it also balances the picture by marking out the improvements in railway performance that were made despite the pioneering nature of the line, and also by showing that accounting methods and the resultant statistics were not that far off the standard of other railways, including those of industrialised countries of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge transfer (KT) has entered the higher education arena in the UK as the ‘third sector’ of higher education activity—along with research and teaching. Its antecedents lie in the commercialization and technology transfer of the late 1980s and 1990s, and this business-like orientation remains dominant in the KT policy discourse. This paper explores the extent to which policy for KT may be understood both as ‘travelling’ policy shaped by globalizing trends in pursuit of successful competition in the new knowledge economy (KE) and as ‘embedded’ policy mediated by local contextual factors that may translate policy to reflect local priorities and meanings. In considering evidence of ‘embedded’ policy the paper develops its arguments through preliminary analysis of KT policy in Scotland where—at least at the level of discourse—there is an attempt in post-devolution Scotland to encourage KT in the broader public interest. However, KT’s antecedents may continue to shape the engagement of academic staff in Scotland, as may the wider context of UK policy steering in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the reasons for the failure of academic spin-outs in Great Britain. Some of the very poor quality spin-outs have evolved due to inherent differences in attitude and skills between academia and managers of commercial business. The British government has set up the University Challenge Seed Fund (UCSF) to support university spin-out companies. UCSF is now giving mixed results and it is unlikely that it will be followed by a second wave of funds. It has been found that most academic institutions do not have a proper focus or strategy on UCSF.

One commonly cited antidote for UK manufacturers against the effects of outsourcing is to innovate and increase the rate of technology transfer. Government policy supports this approach through the creation of knowledge economy - designed to promote the generation of high value-add knowledge, technology and associated skills. Attention is focused on the generation side of the knowledge economy, but without associated swift application, these policies are most likely to fail. This paper discusses the barriers which have to be broached by the UK manufacturing sector in order to gain the benefits of technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the gas centrifuge in the 1960s revolutionized the production of enriched uranium. More simple and efficient than gaseous diffusion, the centrifuge offered countries a means of producing enriched uranium independently of America. For Britain, the centrifuge possessed political as ell as economic advantage. IT provided the opportunity for Britain to share nuclear knowledge with its European partners, so improving the prospect of successful admission to the European Common Market. In Washington, the prospect of a joint European centrifuge project received an ambivalent response. The State Department, keen to foster a strong Europe as a bulwark against Soviet expansionism, welcomed collaboration. In contrast, the Atomic Energy Commission, charged with maintaining US nuclear security, sought to block the venture on the grounds that it infringed US law. This paper reviews this debate, examining Anglo-American nuclear relations in the context of Britain's entry into the European Common Market. It argues that Britain was determined to establish a purely European solution to the question of uranium supply even if this led to a breach in Anglo-American relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the conduct and results of Operation Surgeon, an effort of Great Britain to exploit the aeronautical innovations of the Nazis in Germany. Information on the antecedents and key phases of the execution of the operation; Impact of the technology transfer from Germany on the post-war British aircraft program; Discussion on the historiography of Great Britain's intellectual reparations.

Independent Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) provide an increasing proportion of the UK's technology services requirements. RTOs, often former state research establishments spun out into the private sector, provide technology consulting and networking services to specific sectors or for generic technologies; some are membership-based organizations while others work for contract clients. In this paper we explore the roles and services provided by RTOs, together with the measures being taken to assist small firms that, for many RTOs, form a new and challenging market. The diversity of services and approaches to SMEs are related, in part, to the different origins of RTOs. The research indicates three forms of technology services market failure that suggest a need for ongoing external support for the market's mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the importance of network relationships between HEIs (higher education institutes) and small- and medium-sized firms (SMFs) in the United Kingdom. Distinctive capabilities of small- and medium-sized firms for innovation; Impact of technology transfer; Effectiveness of HEI-SMF links; Advantages of links.

This article examines the transformations that took place during the industrial revolution in Great Britain. The indirect technique of ironmaking was introduced to the British Isles at the end of the fifteenth century. As was so often the case in the early modern world technological transfer was effected through the wholesale movement of skilled workers into a new environment. In this case, furnace and forge workers from Normandy were brought across the English Channel to operate ironworks in the Weald of Kent and Sussex. At least five hundred of these workers arrived in southern England between the 1490s and the 1540s. They were themselves the descendants of migrant ironworkers from the southern Netherlands where indirect reduction methods had advanced the furthest in the later-middle ages. The spread of the indirect technique across the British Isles, which was gradually effected between the mid-sixteenth and the early-eighteenth centuries, followed the same pattern: groups of skilled workers were transplanted into new locations where the necessary resources of wood and water power were available. Those forge workers who fanned out across the British Isles in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were very often the descendants of the first francophone migrants of the sixteenth century.

Examines Britain's acquisition of German technology between 1945-48. Allies' occupation of Germany after World War II; History of the concept of war; Distinction between booty and reparations; Britain's authority to gather intelligence; Confiscations; Debate over the definition of booty; British unilateral gains in the sphere of information and technology.

The article provides information on the book "Technology on Trial: The Introduction of Steam Power Technology Into Sweden, 1715-1736" by Svante Lindqvist. This book is about technology transfer, the attempted introduction of the Newcomen engine into Sweden in the early eighteenth century. The core of the book is an historically meticulous account of the trials and tribulations involved in building and operating a large Newcomen engine at the Dannemora mine in Sweden between 1726 and 1730, and of the trial for breach of contract that followed this unsucecessful experiment. The moving force in this project was a polymath called Marten Triewald. Triewald, whose family was of German origin, became involved in technology after his original chosen occupation-that of foreign trade ended in disaster. After various vicissitudes, he found himself as the superintendent of one of the earliest Newcornen engines built in Great Britain, and in the period between 1718 and 1723 he was involved in the construction of four such engines in the collieries around Newcastle. Having grasped the principles of its operation, he sought to patent various modifications and returned to Sweden in 1726 in order to try to profit both economically and socially from the expertise that he had acquired in England.

The article presents the experience of the consultancy firm DBD Ltd. regarding the intellectual property (IP) transfer internationally from a small and medium enterprise (SME) perspective. It mentions challenges for IP technology transfer including the communication cycle, the relationship with the knowledge owner and assets required to secure the contract. It also mentions that the DBD's main role was to technically interpret the British technology to the client.

The paper aims to understand the impacts of the spatial and temporal diffusion of Anaerobic Digestion (AD) on the Water Energy Food (WEF) nexus and to quantify the associated environmental, social and economic benefits. Contemporary tight carbon reduction targets urge the need to deploy renewable energy technologies however due to interdependencies across the WEF nexus, various technologies are beneficial for some but not all sectors. This paper quantifies the impacts of future possible AD technology diffusion choices on the environment, society and economy. This can aid decision makers to identify the potential consequences of various AD alternatives within the next three decades. The study considers an integrated WEF nexus approach and accounts for the interdependencies within the nexus. This was done by developing an Agent-Based Model (ABM) and simulating the relations between the main players within the nexus, thus examining the upscaling of AD diffusion and its consequences for water consumption, energy production, transportation, landfill use, food waste processing and digestate generation. Three future WEF nexus scenarios, that reflect potential alternatives of society and technology in Great Britain up to 2050, were utilised by the ABM implementation to test the sensitivity of AD diffusion choices. These scenarios describe possible changes to lifestyle, governance, technologies, climate, and social structures. Accounting for the uncertainty associated with such future simulations, the Monte Carlo method was employed to estimate the potential variations in scenario outputs. Results suggest that decentralisation results in the largest carbon reduction, but can incur more costs. Centralisation consumes 35% more water but produces 37% more energy (biogas). The paper has visualised the scenario outputs graphically to highlight the consequences of neglecting the inter-relationships between environmental, social and economic aspects of AD. • The future diffusion of AD plants in GB was simulated using an Agent-Based model. • Future energy scenarios were utilised to reflect different lifestyles and economies. • Intersectoral complex dependencies in the water-energy-food nexus were considered. • Impacts of AD implementation on environment, society and economy were quantified. • Trade-offs were assessed between the impacts of centralised & decentralised scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the strategy of Imperial College's technology transfer arm, Imperial Innovations, to spin out biotechnology companies in Great Britain. Factors contributing to the success of commercial exploitation at Imperial College; Steps in commercialization; Protection of intellectual property.

Looks into developments affecting academic spin-outs in Great Britain. Effort of the British Treasury to threaten spin-outs from universities despite a proclamation from Prime minister Tony Blair of an increase in knowledge transfer and spin-outs from universities. Effort of tax specialists in the Treasury to find ways to unravel a tax that has frightened-off plans for spin-out of academic research; Optimism that Chancellor Gordon Brown will announce his intention to undo tax changes that have prompted a decline in spin-out activity from academic research.

The transfer of technology from the research laboratory to the dental surgery may be a difficult process. Ideas may come from various sources including the researcher in the laboratory to the dentist working on a patient. It is important to get these good ideas put into action so that they can be quickly transferred to the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports that the British government intends to increase its nanotech funding, support interdisciplinary research and commercialize academic nanotech research as recommended in an Institute of Nanotechnology (IoN) report, 'Opportunities for Industry in the Application of Nanotechnology'; How technology transfer in nanotechnology can strengthen the country; Criticism of Great Britain's approach to funding.