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With the continuous increase in the proportion of wind power construction and grid connection, the deployment scale of state sensors in wind-power-monitoring systems has grown rapidly with an aim on the problems that the communication authentication process between the wind turbine status sensor and the monitoring gateway is complex and the adaptability of the massive sensors is insufficient. A security access control method for a wind-power-monitoring system based on agile authentication mechanism is proposed in this paper. First, a lightweight key generation algorithm based on one-way hash function is designed. The algorithm realizes fixed-length compression and encryption of measurement data of any length. Under the condition of ensuring security, the calculation and communication cost in the later stage of authentication are effectively reduced. Second, to reduce the redundant process of wind turbine status sensor authentication, an agile authentication model of wind turbine status sensor based on a lightweight key is constructed. Constrained by the reverse order extraction of key information in the lightweight keychain, the model can realize lightweight communication between massive wind turbine status sensors and regional gateways. Finally, the proposed method is compared and verified using the wind turbine detection data set provided by the National New Energy Laboratory of the United States. The experimental results show that this method can effectively reduce the certification cost of a wind-power-monitoring system. Additionally, it can improve the efficiency of status sensor identity authentication and realize the agility and efficiency of the authentication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines failed mass shootings in the United States between 2003 and 2018. This exploratory research provides a summary of failed mass shooting perpetrator and incident characteristics, drawing from crime script analysis to examine the preparation, attack, and conclusion stages, as well as points of failure. Findings indicate suicidal ideation, attack realities, and weapon preparedness may play a role in attack failures. Furthermore, situational crime prevention (SCP) techniques including target hardening and access control contributed to harm mitigation when individuals without legitimate access conducted attacks. Internal SCP measures, including lockdowns, place managers, and armed security, helped prevent victimization in open access or semi-protected locations once the perpetrator entered the building. A discussion of findings highlights implications for public safety and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we address the question of lethal school violence and suggest some preventive strategies. Previous studies in the field have been dominated of cases from the U.S. or Germany, but in this paper we instead focus on lethal violence which has occurred in Scandinavia. Previous research of lethal violence and prevention against it often stresses the complexity and limitations in research. Mainly since the impossibility to profile perpetrators or make lists of warnings signs. In addition, since lethal violence are rare events, there are methodologic challenges related to studies of the phenomena. In the study, the included cases are different acts of lethal violence, occurred 1961–2016 (n = 12). In the first analysis, the aim is to construct a typology, and in the second analysis the typology is used for analysing suitable prevention strategies. The study emphasizes the relation between perpetrator, victim, school and traceable motive in the typology, and the result concludes three different types of lethal violence. The first is based on interpersonal revenge, the second institutional revenge and the third societal revenge. Two prevention strategies seem suitable: one aiming at schools organizational structure and the second to architectural decisions in the design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses on the significance of science to the security programs in the U.S. According to the authors, science is important to the security program since its offers the clearest proving ground for examining the effect of security concepts. The authors claims that their objective in this article is to provide several specified and practical advances for attaining real security and to search the bases on a realistic security system. The authors divided the problems of security administration into information security and personnel security to facilitate its discussion.

This study examines potential correlates of business research database access through academic libraries serving top business programs in the United States. Results indicate that greater access to research databases is related to enrollment in graduate business programs, but not to overall enrollment or status as a public or private institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the author's claim that various judicial interpretations of the U.S. Stored Communications Act of 1986 (SCA) by courts such as the America District Court for the Southern District of New York offend the principle of international comity, and it mentions how the SCA was enacted to prevent unlawful government searches and seizures of electronic information held by third parties. Email laws and the legal aspects of search warrants and administrative subpoenas are assessed.

An essay is presented on the role of technology in protecting classified information and preventing security leaks while reviewing legal frameworks concerning adjudicating cases of criminal security leaks. Topics discussed include increase in the number of leak prosecutions in the U.S. since 2005, non-legal ways of preventing such leaks, and adoption of measures like access controls and audit trials.

Recent revelations have shown that almost all online activity and increasing amounts of offline activity are tracked using Big Data and data mining technologies. The ensuing debate has largely failed to consider an important consequence of mass surveillance: the obligation to provide access to information that might exonerate a criminal defendant. Although information technology can establish innocence--an ability that will only improve with technological advance--the fruits of mass surveillance have been used almost exclusively to convict. To address the imbalance and inform public dialogue, this Article develops the concept of " digital innocence" as a means of leveraging the tools of Big Data, data mining, ubiquitous consumer tracking, and digital forensics to prevent wrongful convictions and to provide hard proof of actual innocence for those already convicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States Marshals Service (USMS) photographs every arrested suspect as part of the booking process. These photographs, called mug shots, are federal government records to which the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) applies. Federal appellate courts have disagreed about whether FOIA requires disclosure of these mug shots or whether FOIA Exemption 7(C) applies, allowing the USMS to withhold them as law enforcement records that "could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy" if released. This Note argues that Exemption 7(C) should shield mug shots from disclosure to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the legal issues caused by various news outlets both online and off that collate the mugshots of recently arrested people, including both famous and unknown figures, in the United States, such as "Jailbirds," "Just Busted," and TMZ.com. Topics mentioned include the Utah statute protecting the right of publicity, whether the publication of such photographs falls under the public's right to know, and the practice of some websites that charge to have data deleted.

Collaboration is a necessity in the current library environment where time, money, and resources are limited. This is particularly noticeable for institutions housing federal government documents. In addition to keeping up with the influx of current publications, federal depository libraries must address historical documents for which bibliographic records are not readily available. This report discusses how the United States Government Printing Office and the University of Montana Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library are working together to increase access to pre-1976 United States Forest Service publications and gray literature within the same subject area. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This Article addresses anew the question whether rulemaking by the U.S. Copyright Office is constitutional. Formally, the Copyright Office is part of the legislative branch of the federal government; it is a subsidiary unit of the Library of Congress, rather than a freestanding independent agency or a part of the executive branch. The thesis here is that faithful application of Supreme Court precedent could plausibly proscribe not just prospective grants of public-facing regulatory authority to an "Article I" agency like the Copyright Office, but also certain existing rulemaking responsibilities that the Copyright Office regularly carries out in conjunction with the Library of Congress. The Article then goes on to discuss implications of that putative constitutional problem for the rulemaking provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act's anti-circumvention regime, in particular. The claim in this latter portion of the Article is that if the triennial rulemaking mandated by 17 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1)(B)-(C) is unconstitutional, then the statutory ban on the act of circumventing access-control technological protection measures in 17 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1)(A) should be deemed invalid as well. Prevailing constitutional remedies doctrine dictates that the rulemaking process, which creates temporary exemptions from the circumvention ban, cannot be "severed" from the ban itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 20 years, software has evolved from monolithic, stove-piped applications to services that communicate with other distributed components over communications networks. The rise in popularity of Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) and web services has presented unique challenges for securely conveying the identity of end users at every point, especially when mashups, Web service composition and orchestration solutions combine multiple distributed components throughout a network, and where each component may need to know the identity of the end user. Over the past decade, many U.S. government projects have embraced SOA, have identified security risks with certain types of identity propagation, and have built solutions for mitigating the risks. This paper focuses on identity propagation in Web service transactions and describes how several early SOA-based projects utilized “transitive trust” approaches. We categorize the security risks found and describe how these projects minimized or mitigated the risks. Finally, we discuss approaches used in current projects and provide guidance for future implementations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on reformation of the Patent Act in the U.S. to accommodate research in biotechnology and balance innovations with public access of the information. It includes information on the biological roles of genetic sequence and presents the importance patenting in genetic research. It includes information on current state of relationship between biotechnology and the U.S. patent regime, and suggests reforms to accommodate biotechnology innovations.

Military or defence computer systems require an advanced level of protection since their function is to do defend and manage national interests. The nature of such systems is based on common corporate computer networks but their functionality, level of protection and architecture may vary. Therefore the already adapted defence of computer networks can be applied on defensive systems as well but the utilisation of such methods requires consideration of the differences in importance and architecture. This article tries to summarise the well known network defence strategies and pays extra attention of the unique nature of defensive computer network systems by showing a solution how the well known techniques should be applied in such an environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We've all been following the saga of WikiLeaks and the electronic government documents it disclosed. And during congressional hearings on the financial crisis, lawmakers grilled Goldman Sachs executives over the content of their e-mails, airing Goldman's 'dirty laundry.' But your company's e-mails and sensitive electronic documents can also be disclosed-in connection with some civil or criminal case. This process is called e-discovery, and it can threaten the privacy of both US and multinational companies. What special challenges does this pose for companies? And what actions should your company take to cope? The authors of this article explain what you need to know. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attorney-client privilege is the most sacred and important privilege in our legal system. Despite being at the center of daily practice, the privilege still remains a mystery for many lawyers. This is primarily because the privilege is not absolute, and there are certain actions or non-actions that may waive it. The application of the privilege is further complicated by electronic discovery, which has both benefits and drawbacks. On one hand, it has made the practice of law more efficient. On the other hand, it has made it easier to inadvertently waive the attorney-client privilege in response to a discovery request. This Brief examines attorney-client privilege issues that may arise during e-discovery, and provides practical guidelines for attorneys responding to e-discovery requests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, social networking has increasingly influenced the practice of both civil and criminal law. One way to illustrate those influences is to examine a “system” of laws and the parties and lawyers in that system. In this Article, we examine how social networking has influenced workers‟ compensation law. In particular, this Article looks at the intersection of professional responsibility, discovery, privacy, and evidence with social networking in state workers‟ compensation systems. Workers‟ compensation laws are no-fault insurance systems designed to resolve disputes efficiently. Consequently, the rules of evidence are often more relaxed and the rules of discovery often more restricted than in state and federal court litigation. The flexible and self-contained structure of workers‟ compensation systems provides an ideal backdrop against which to examine how information from social networking sites can be used as evidence to resolve civil disputes. A state‟s workers‟ compensation system should use the rules that have traditionally applied to non-electronic information as a starting point to address issues arising from lawyers gathering and introducing into evidence information stored on social networking sites. At the same time, because of the efficiency of workers‟ compensation law and the large discretion vested in its judges, workers‟ compensation systems have the potential to be laboratories for new technologies and how they can be used in the resolution of disputes, both inside and outside of workers‟ compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Center for Research Libraries and its members have engaged in several strategic programs in recent years to provide persistent access to electronic versions of its historical collections, particularly serials. One of these programs is the World Newspaper Archive, a partnership of CRL member institutions and Readex, a division of NewsBank. Through the World Newspaper Archive program, CRL provides its members robust access to historical newspaper content, federates the costs of this large-scale undertaking, and provides for community control over content, archiving provisions, and future collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students and scholars can take full advantage of Open Access journals only if libraries make them available through mechanisms that are familiar to patrons. This study examines the extent to which American liberal arts colleges have provided access to Open Access journals through their journal title lists (Serials Solutions, Ex Libris, etc.) and their online public access catalogs (OPACs). While 57 percent of the colleges provide access to at least 90 percent of the journals in our sample, 20 percent of the colleges provide access to fewer than 20 percent of the journals. Large and high-impact journals are especially likely to appear in libraries' catalogs and journal lists. There is no systematic trend by publication fee status or country of publication, however. The study concludes with a discussion of the strategies libraries can use to select Open Access journals and add them to their collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on Students' Right to Nondisclosure as per the U.S. Family Educational Rights & Privacy Act (FERPA). It is mentioned that according to this Act, it is not necessary for students to provide written consent for disclosures of education records top college officials unless the officials have a legitimate education interest. Also stated is that the national organizations like National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)also doesnt have access to stuident's personally identifiable information without a student's consent.

The article focuses on the implications of the U.S. Pen/Trap Statute on the collection of post-cut-through dialed digits (PCTDDs). It mentions that law enforcement agencies are allowed to record and store digits dialed from a certain phone with the use of a pen register and without the need for a warrant nor notification to the telephone user. It examines the provisions under the statute, one of which states that the policy does not include an exclusion requirement. It also discusses how to amend the statute to address its ambiguity.

The article focuses on the advantage on the downgrading of electronic information into an inaccessible formats in the federal discovery rules and litigation practices in the U.S. The use of the electronic documents over the traditional paper documents have been anticipated to create problems in terms of cost. As stipulated on the federal rules, the cost for the electronic data can be shouldered by the requesting party.

In December of 2006, several amendments and additions were made to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. These changes put companies on notice that electronically stored information is considered evidence and must be handled in a systematic and non-destructive manner. For corporate America these changes translated to significant legal and financial risks. This article examines the risks and provides guidelines corporations can use to mitigate their exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We describe the design of a policy-based spectrum access control system for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) NeXt Generation (XG) communications program to overcome harmful interference caused by a malfunctioning device or a malicious user. In tandem with signal-detection-based interference-avoidance algorithms employed by cognitive software-defined radios (SDR), we design a set of policy-based components, tightly integrated with the accredited kernel on the radio device. The policy conformance and enforcement components ensure that a radio does not violate machine understandable policies, which are encoded in a declarative language and which define stakeholders’ goals and requirements. We report on our framework experimentation, illustrating the capability offered to radios for enforcing policies and the capability for managing radios and securing access control to interfaces changing the radios’ policies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Information about several topics discussed at the American Educational Research Association's (AERA) meeting on July 11-12, 2008 in Washington, D.C. is presented. Topics include plans for the year 2009 Annual Meeting, AERA's and the National Research Council's workshop in April titled "Protecting Students' Records and Facilitating Education Research," and a review of proposed AERA division bylaws.

The article focuses on the competing concerns regarding access of the public to contraceptives in the U.S. It mentions that the evolution of constitutional rights to contraception has originated in Griswold v. Connecticut case where it shows the consistent consideration of the right to privacy as one of the unenumerated rights offered by the Bill of Rights. It provides a comprehensive discussion of the long-standing conflict between a public consumer and a health care provider who denies prescribing or selling contraceptive drugs due to moral obligation. Additionally, it imparts that advancements in reproductive technologies should be understood as a development in the social control of reproductive choice and personal freedom of women.

The article discusses the failure of the Family and Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) to protect the privacy of all U.S. students. The article provides an overview on the provisions of FERPA. It examines the U.S. Supreme Court cases Owasso Independent School District versus Falovo and the Gonzaga University versus Doe. It explores the pitfalls of the FERPA amendments relating to access of student records for terrorism-related investigations, military recruitment, drug use prevention and the Protection of Pupil Rights Act (PPRA) amendments.

The article explores the issue of decreasing the impacts of collateral effects on African Americans in Minnesota by lessening the accessibility to criminal history records. It discusses the current mechanisms of the state which seek to limit the public's accessibility to criminal history records. It also discusses the excessively disproportionate incarceration rate in the state and offers further evidence as to the reason African Americans are subjected to disproportionate collateral effects upon release.

The purpose of this article is to inform and educate the Information Security (IS) professional about some of the key/fundamental tenets of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX), especially in the context of Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability of information, the three cornerstones of every security initiative. The focus is on such Sections of the Act as 404 (Internal Controls), 302 (Management Certifications), 806 (Whistleblower Protections), 409 (Real Time Disclosures), 802 (Alteration of Documents), amongst others. The purpose is to develop an appreciation and understanding of IS requirements and implications of SOX, and likewise to better understand how SOX can provide a basic roadmap for IS that every professional, department and organization may be able to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses that a tagging scheme which is given legal effect only by the government is unlikely to lead to widespread voluntary adoption of tags by content providers in the U.S. It provides an overview of how Internet filtering software works. It analyzes the importance of voluntariness to the success of all tagging proposals. Lastly, it evaluates the claim that tagging would occur voluntarily if tagging legislation were enacted in the nation.