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In spite of significant gains in recent elections, women's under-representation in U.S. politics remains an empirical fact. Scholars have identified the persistent gender gap in political ambition as a key component. Research to date has focused on explaining the gender gap in political ambition by identifying gender differences in factors such as self-assessed qualifications, recruitment experiences, risk aversion, and competitiveness. The conventional wisdom emerged that because of these gender differences, potential women candidates need more encouragement than men to overcome reservations about running for office. These propositions remain largely untested. Using an innovative experimental design that allows us to directly examine how individuals respond to information about candidate qualifications in real time, we make several substantive contributions to understanding the role of gender in the decision to run for office. First, we find that women are highly responsive to information about their qualifications to run for office, in some cases more so than their male counterparts. In doing so, we shine a spotlight on how men often ignore information about their own unsuitability to run for office. We also find that being presented with multiple chances to run for election has a positive, but limited effect on women's political ambition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the moment Donald Trump took the oath of office, women's political engagement skyrocketed. This groundswell of activism almost immediately led to widespread reporting that Trump's victory was inspiring a large new crop of female candidates across the country. We rely on a May 2017 national survey of "potential candidates" and the 2018 midterm election results to assess whether this "Trump Effect" materialized. Our analysis uncovers some evidence for it. Democrats – especially women – held very negative feelings toward Trump, and those feelings generated heightened political interest and activity during the 2018 election cycle. That activism, however, was not accompanied by a broad scale surge in women's interest in running for office. In fact, the overall gender gap in political ambition today is quite similar to the gap we've uncovered throughout the last 20 years. Notably, though, about one quarter of the Democratic women who expressed interest in running for office first started thinking about it only after Trump was elected. That relatively small group of newly interested candidates was sufficient to result in a record number of Democratic women seeking and winning election to Congress. With no commensurate increase in Republican women's political engagement or candidate emergence, however, prospects for gender parity in US political institutions remain bleak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ursolestes perpetior gen. et sp. nov. is a large purgatoriid plesiadapiform primate from the middle/late Puercan (earliest Paleocene) Simpson Quarry, Montana, USA. It differs from Purgatorius Van Valen and Sloan, 1965, the only other known purgatoriid and the oldest discovered primate, in its substantially larger body size as inferred from the dimensions of the known parts of its dentition, while resembling Purgatorius in possessing a large lower canine, unreduced p1, and in the upper molars, a protocone twist and weakly developed postprotocone fold; moreover, the m3 of U. perpetior possesses an expanded, plesiadapiform-like posterior lobe of the talonid that supports the hypoconulid. The large lower canine and the greater development of trenchant molar crests suggest that U. perpetior was more insectivorous, differing appreciably from the omnivorous niche long hypothesized for Purgatorius and purportedly marking the insectivore-primate transition. Hence, U. perpetior adds significant new knowledge regarding the breadth of the adaptive zone occupied by purgatoriids in their position at the very beginnings of primate evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on data from the 2011 Citizen Political Ambition Study—a national survey of nearly 4,000 “potential candidates” for all levels of office—we provide the first thorough analysis of the manner in which traditional family arrangements affect the initial decision to run for office. Our findings reveal that traditional family dynamics do not account for the gender gap in political ambition. Neither marital and parental status, nor the division of labor pertaining to household tasks and child care, predicts potential candidates’ political ambition. This is not to downplay the fact that the gender gap in political ambition remains substantial and static or that traditional family roles affect whether women make it into the candidate eligibility pool in the first place. But it is to suggest that family arrangements are not a primary factor explaining why female potential candidates exhibit lower levels of political ambition than do men. Because women remain less likely than men to exhibit political ambition even in the face of stringent controls, the lack of explanatory power conferred by family arrangements highlights that other barriers to women’s emergence as candidates clearly merit continued investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses Internet information, electronic evidence, and the relationship between technology and the law in America as of September 2012, focusing on a call for resistance in relation to the adoption of a heightened authentication standard for evidence which is derived from online social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace. The admissibility of certain types of evidence is addressed, including photographs, business records, and audio recordings.

The prominence and acceptance of gender as an important subject of inquiry in U.S. politics has been steadily growing in political science. Indeed, in the 1960s and 1970s, small sample sizes of women in politics and disdain from the disciplinary gatekeepers made the serious study of gender in U.S. politics difficult to pursue (Flammang 1997; Tolleson-Rinehart and Carroll 2006). The world is clearly different today, as gender politics courses are finding their way into undergraduate and graduate curricula throughout the United States. While the ascension of gender analysis of U.S. politics as a critical variable for study is not complete, the future is bright. Several recent volumes have addressed the current state of the subfield, and most notably, Susan J. Carroll's (2003) edited volume Women and American Politics: New Questions, New Directions focused on the very purpose of laying out a research agenda for those studying gender in U.S. politics (see also Krook and Childs 2010; Wolbrecht, Beckwith, and Baldez 2008). In this essay, I continue the discussion of where the gender and U.S. politics subfield is headed by providing a brief overview of the state of the field and by offering suggestions for future avenues of study, primarily in the area of candidate emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the effects of economic globalization on employee health care benefits in the United States. The author states that the increased globalization of commerce harms employer-based health insurance because many foreign companies operate in countries providing state-sponsored health care. The cost of employer-based health care allegedly affects production costs for United States companies. American companies involved with importing and exporting face the most pressure to compete with other foreign businesses. The author believes the U.S. must adopt a government sponsored health care system to combat rising health care costs.

Based on data from the second wave of the Citizen Political Ambition Panel Study—our national survey of more than 2,000 ''potential candidates'' in 2008—we provide the first thorough analysis of the manner in which gender interacts with political recruitment in the candidate eligibility pool. Our findings are striking. Highly qualified and politically well-connected women from both major political parties are less likely than similarly situated men to be recruited to run for public office by all types of political actors. They are less likely than men to be recruited intensely. And they are less likely than men to be recruited by multiple sources. Although we paint a picture of a political recruitment process that seems to suppress women's inclusion, we also offer the first evidence of the significant headway women's organizations are making in their efforts to mitigate the recruitment gap, especially among Democrats. These findings are critically important because women's recruitment disadvantage depresses their political ambition and ultimately hinders their emergence as candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we develop the concept ofand offer the first empirical assessment of potential candidates' initial interest in seeking elective office. Our analysis is based on the Citizen Political Ambition Study—our national survey of nearly 3,800 individuals in the four professions that most frequently precede a career in politics. We find that a general sense of efficacy as a candidate, as well as a politicized upbringing, motivate well-situated potential candidates' inclinations to run for office. Alternatively, status as a member of a group historically excluded from politics depresses the likelihood of considering a candidacy. These findings shed light not only on the prospects for political representation and democratic legitimacy in the United States, but also the means by which to study candidate emergence and conceptualize political ambition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the experience of serving in various roles in the American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) and explores some of the complexities of authority relationships and their impact on the governance of APsaA. Concept of authority as organizational structure; History of APsaA; Conceptualization of political power; Tasks of leaders.

Analyzes the association of religion with U.S. democracy. Belief of former U.S. President Thomas Jefferson on Jesus Christ; System of morals of Jefferson; Views of Emerson on Jesus Christ and religion.

Examines the manner in which gender affects the decision to seek an elective position in the U.S. Equality of men and women in terms of political ambition and views on campaign environment; Factors contributing to the decision to run for office; Notion that broad patterns of sex-role socialization continue to impede women from full inclusion in the electoral process.

Reveals the electoral fortunes of women candidates for the United States Congress. Hypotheses proposing to explain why women remain underrepresented; Advantage of women candidates in races with a challenger and an incumbent; Open-seat races; Male voters' attitudes concerning the sex of the candidate.

The article examines the influence of gender on city administration in the United States. The specific conception of gender power is most concerned with focuses on the question of whether men and women exert power based on feminine and masculine sex roles. Hartsock and other feminist theorists have argued that men and women bring to positions of power distinct perspectives based on different life experiences. Brunner and Schumaker have posited a feminine vision of power that emphasizes social production and collaboration, while the masculine vision of power emphasizes social control and domination. The idea of a "different voice" for men and women, first articulated by Gilligan, has been most successfully operationalized in social science research by Kathlene. Karhlene, in a study of state legislators, identified the female voice trait of "contextualism" whereby women leaders emphasize context, community, and relationships. This concept stands in contrast to the male voice trait of "instrumentalism," which emphasizes rules and individualism.

Focuses on a research conducted in the U.S. to determine the change in corporate attitudes towards the frequent flier programs of the U.S. airline industry. Basic targets of the frequent-flier programs; Questionnaires for the research; Similarity between the research findings of 1991 and 1986; Change in the attitudes of the corporate travel managers.

This article cites the results of a national survey on the corporate attitudes towards frequent flyer programs in the United States. It is difficult to think of a marketing innovation that has created more airline management excitement and received more praise than frequent-flier programs. Introduced in the 1980s, these programs, which offer free travel and other bonuses as incentives to use an airline, have been called the most successful marketing tools the airlines ever devised to both build customer loyalty and sell the highest priced seats to travelers. Corporate travel managers are highly critical of airline management attitudes and frequent-flier marketing initiatives that have created billions of dollars in excessive annual travel expenditures. Corporate travel managers would like to see the end of frequent-flier programs, or if that goal is unachievable, they want airlines to give frequent-flier benefits to the companies who pay for corporate travel. To date, though, few companies have had any real success obtaining company frequent-flier benefits.

Addresses issues related to the school to adult life transition of students with disabilities in the United States. Post-school needs; Development of programs by special education professionals that assist youth with disabilities; Limitations of school counseling programs; Characteristics of the Transition Intervention Model for School Counselors.

Analyzes the effects of sudden changes in the operating environments of firms, focusing on the long-run effects of hurricane Hugo on hospitals. Background information on the hurricane; Decomposition-type model.

The article focuses on the role of theologian Reinhold Niebuhr on the emergence of liberal realist faith in the U.S. Niebuhr has provided a model of the successful publicist who designed in mobilizing the defense of democracy. Moreover, he propagated a realistic faith into democratic culture and directed the realistic politics free from the impact of secular religion.

The article focuses on a popular religion in American culture, "speak of the devil." Everyone knows that Christianity has been an elemental force in American culture since the seventeenth century, but many do not know how potent it remains even after almost two centuries of liberalization and modernization. Statistics of the religious beliefs of the people are included and article author views that of course statistics of this sort beg the question whether belief in God or public worship mean the same thing in the late twentieth century that they did in the eighteenth or early nineteenth.

The concept of central place theory is examined and a method is described for determining the optimal locations for Maternal and Infant Care Projects so that health services are accessible to and utilized by the greatest number of eligible persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of XYY offender. The issue of the English medical journal "Lancet" published on August 26, 1961, contained the first report of an XYY human male. The case was discovered in the United States in the course of an investigation into the genetic background of this particular man's two mongoloid daughters. This first reported XYY male was of average intelligence, physically unremarkable, and was not drawn from a prison or mental hospital population. Criminologists had no special reason to be interested in this new discovery. Some two weeks before this report was published, a 37-year-old man by the name of Robert Peter Tait broke into a house in a suburb of Melbourne, Australia. While seeking money inside the house, Tait was disturbed by the occupant's 77-year-old mother. His response was to batter her to death. Tait, who was on parole after serving almost two years of a three-year sentence for assaulting a 70-year-old woman in 1959, and whose sexual satisfactions came from wearing or handling woman's underclothes, from making compulsive sexual assaults on young women, and from inflicting pain upon himself while masturbating, then removed his latest victim's clothes, dressed himself in her undergarments, and subjected her body to certain bizarre sexual indignities.

Introduces a series of essays originally written for the opening night panel of the 1989 Organization of American Historians convention in Saint Louis, Missouri to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of World War II.

The article provides information on the study concerning the regio- and stereospecific formation of protected allylic alcohols zirconium-mediated SN2' substitution of allylic chlorides in the U.S. To eliminate the possibility of complications resulting from heterogeneity, the researchers prepared zirconium oxo complex, possessing substantially improved solubility, and examined its reaction with allylic chlorides.

The author reflects on the reduction of annual subscription rate of "Current Anthropology" journal for unemployed and underemployed anthropologists in the U.S. He believes that the rate reduction reaffirms the commitment of the journal in keeping with anthropology as a profession. The establishment of the new rate recognizes the growing number of part-time and traveling anthropologists.