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To quick and accurate identify poverty-stricken areas in the context of poverty eradication is a challenge that has troubled researchers. Based on the nighttime light data of NPP-VIIRS, this study takes three prefectures in South Xinjiang in China as the study objective to analyze the development and changes of concentrated contiguous poverty-stricken areas from 2012 to 2018. The multidimensional poverty index of administrative region of the study area and county is constructed, with the optimal light index selected through correlation analysis with different nighttime light indexes. Spatial visualization analysis of poverty differences in the study area from 2012 to 2018 was conducted. The landscape ecological index was used to analyze the nighttime light patches classified by DN (Digital Number) interval. The results show that: (1) There are significant differences in poverty among different administrative regions in the study area. From 2012 to 2018, the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) of all county-level administrative regions showed a significant growth trend, with corresponding decrease in poverty to varying degrees. (2) The fitting analysis of MPI and the three different light indexes show that MPI has the highest correlation with nighttime light area, and the administrative area with a larger nighttime light area develops better while the poverty level is lower in the administrative area with a smaller nighttime light area. (3) From 2012 to 2018, the nighttime light area in the study area increased steadily, and the growth area was mainly in villages and towns, indicating that the development level of rural and township areas where poverty mainly clustered was improved, and the possibility of poverty decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of photosynthetic vegetation (PV) and non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV) is critical for the study of vegetation in arid and semiarid regions. However, the evaluation of the fractional cover of PV (fPV) and NPV (fNPV) in Xinjiang has received very little attention. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of PV and NPV and their responses to precipitation and temperature in Xinjiang from 2001 to 2020. The results showed that the overall stability of fPV and fNPV were of the low fluctuation and high fluctuation types, respectively. A significant increase trend of fPV was found in most regions (P < 0.01), while fNPV showed an insignificant increase trend in general, except for eastern Xinjiang (P > 0.05). The comparison of fPV and fNPV shows that the vegetation of Xinjiang has improved over time, except for the Yili region, showing the need to strengthen the environmental protection of this region. Through the spatial analysis, some agricultural oasis areas experienced an expansion in the distribution of vegetation, while some sparse vegetation distribution area has not improved. From the climate perspective, the response degree of fPV and fNPV with precipitation is higher than that of temperature. The responses of fPV and fNPV to precipitation are greater in the summer and spring phases, respectively. Whereas, the responses of both fPV and fNPV to temperature are greater in the autumn phase. In the time phase, precipitation mainly promotes the distribution of PV and NPV, while temperature mainly inhibits their distribution. This study provides a theoretical basis for ecological restoration and conservation in Xinjiang and other arid and semiarid regions worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xinjiang is an important arid region in the northwest of China and plays an important role in the field of ecological security protection in China. Because of its aridity, the identification of critical areas for ecological protection and the optimization of ecological space structure in Xinjiang are of great significance for promoting the harmonious development of the oasis economy, enhancing the ecological environment, and improving human well-being. This study applied an ecological security evaluation from the three dimensions of habitat quality, ecosystem service value, and soil-water conservation to identify the basic situation of the ecological security pattern. The core "source" area of ecological protection was extracted using the morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) method, while the ecological corridor and important ecological nodes were identified using the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR). The "point-line-plane" three-dimensional ecological network structure was then constructed, providing a case for the development of the ecological security and construction in the oasis. The results showed that in the arid regions of Xinjiang, the ecological land is extremely fragmented and is mainly distributed in the mountains and waters distant from human activities. Overall, there is a substantial geographical disparity with a low level of ecological security, particularly in the ecological marginal areas. The ecological network framework of Xinjiang is characterized by an uneven distribution of "sources", broken corridor structure, and a low degree of networking. Therefore, this study proposed an ecological space layout system consisting of "7 ecological subsystems, 51 source areas, 87 ecological corridors, and 33 ecological nodes" by combining the regional physical and geographical characteristics with the overall development plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ebinur Lake is the largest brackish-water lake in Xinjiang, China. Strong winds constantly have an impact on this shallow water body, causing high variability in turbidity of water. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously monitor suspended particulate matter (SPM) for water quality management. This research aims to develop an advanced spatiotemporal fusion model based on the inversion technique that enables time-continuous and detailed monitoring of SPM over an intermontane lake. The findings shows that: (1) the enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM) fusion in blue, green, red, and near infrared (NIR) bands was better than the flexible spatiotemporal data fusion (FSDAF) model in extracting SPM information; (2) the inversion model constructed by random forest (RF) outperformed the support vector machine (SVM) and partial least squares (PLS) algorithms; and (3) the SPM concentrations acquired from the fused images of Landsat 8 OLI and ESTARFM matched with the actual data of Ebinur Lake based on the visual perspective and accuracy assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under economic globalization, synergy among cities has been actively promoted. Establishing inter–city networks and joint regional development could catalyze economic growth. The mode and pace of urban growth could be gauged by construction land expansion and human–land coordination. This study adopted the dynamic change, the center of gravity, and coordination analyses to comprehensively portray spatial patterns and changes amongst 13 oasis town groups in Xinjiang, China, from 2000 to 2018. The results identified that 2010 was the turning point of acceleration in construction land expansion, demonstrating notable spatial differentiations among town groups. Northern Xinjiang experienced faster urban growth than southern Xinjiang. The Urumqi–Changji–Shihezi (UCS) town group on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains constituted the crucial urban core with the fastest construction land expansion. Although the towns in southern Xinjiang were small and beset by inherent limitations in the early period, some town groups acquired new impetus and vitality and became the fastest–developing areas in Xinjiang in recent years. The growth was driven by China's western development program, economic assistance, and Silk Road Economic Belt. Eastern Xinjiang had convenient transportation, but its small urban entities needed population supplementation to invigorate urban expansion. In the far north, the Altay and Tacheng–Emin (TE) town groups were situated too far from development cores. They lacked the collateral benefits of nearby strong–growth loci, resulting in sluggish growth. A north–south dual–hub strategy was proposed to spearhead the dissemination of urban growth by fostering core–periphery linkages pump–primed by improved road connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface water quality deterioration is commonly associated with environmental changes and human activities. Although some research has been carried out to evaluate the relationship between various influencing factors and water quality, there is still very little scientific understanding on how to accurately define the key factors of water quality deterioration. This study aims to quantify the impact of environmental factors and land use land cover (LULC) changes on water quality in the Ebinur Lake Watershed, Xinjiang, China. A total of 20 water parameters were used to calculate the Environment Water Quality Index (CWQI). Meanwhile, the partial least squares-structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was used to quantify the impact of eleven factors influencing water quality in the watershed. About 33.3% of the monitoring points that located mostly in the downstream region with dominant anthropogenic activities were detected as poor quality. There were no obvious temporal changes in water quality from 2016 to 2019. The PLS-SEM simulation shows that the latent variable "land use/cover types" (path coefficient = − 0.600) and "Environmental factor" (path coefficient = − 0.313) are two major factors affected water quality in the Ebinur Lake Watershed, with a strong explanatory power to water quality change (R2 = 0.727). In the latent variable "Environmental factors", the "NDVI" and "night light brightness value" have a great influence on water quality, with the weights of 0.451 and 0.427, respectively. Correspondingly, the "farmland" and "forest land" within the latent variable of "Land use/cover type" have a considerable impact water quality, with the weights of 0.361 and − 0.340, respectively. In conclusion, the influence of anthropogenic activities on surface water quality of the Ebinur Lake Watershed is greater than that of environmental factors. Compared with the traditional multivariate statistical method, PLS-SEM provides a new insight for quantifying the complex relationship between different influencing factors and water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current context of rapid development and urbanization, land use and land cover (LULC) types have undergone unprecedented changes, globally and nationally, leading to significant effects on the surrounding ecological environment quality (EEQ). The urban agglomeration in North Slope of Tianshan (UANST) is in the core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt of China. This area has experienced rapid development and urbanization with equally rapid LULC changes which affect the EEQ. Hence, this study quantified and assessed the spatial-temporal changes of LULC on the UANST from 2001 to 2018 based on remote sensing analysis. Combining five remote sensing ecological factors (WET, NDVI, IBI, TVDI, LST) that met the pressure-state-response(PSR) framework, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of EEQ were evaluated by synthesizing a new Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI), with the interaction between land use change and EEQ subsequently analyzed. The results showed that LULC change dominated EEQ change on the UANST: (1) From 2001 to 2018, the temporal and spatial pattern of the landscape on the UANST has undergone tremendous changes. The main types of LULC in the UANST are Barren land and Grassland. (2) During the study period, RSEI values in the study area were all lower than 0.5 and were at the [good] levels, reaching 0.31, 0.213, 0.362, and 0346, respectively. In terms of time and space, the overall EEQ on the UANST experienced three stages of decline–rise–decrease. (3) The estimated changes in RSEI were highly related to the changes of LULC. During the period 2001 to 2018, the RSEI value of cropland showed a trend of gradual increase. However, the rest of the LULC type's RSEI values behave differently at different times. As the UANST is the core area of Xinjiang's urbanization and economic development, understanding and balancing the relationship between LULC and EEQ in the context of urbanization is of practical application in the planning and realization of sustainable ecological, environmental, urban, and social development in the UANST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lack of water quality monitoring stations in arid regions makes it difficult to estimate the exact level of water pollution. Satellite technology is crucial for monitoring the water quality of salt lakes, but due to the diversity of terrestrial water bodies, it is challenging to establish relationships between lake water color parameters and remote sensing reflectance. This study aims to evaluate the reliability of the colored Quasi-Analytical Algorithm Dissolved Organic Matter (QAA-CDOM) model over Ebinur Lake. The absorption coefficient measured on May 19, 2021 was used to analyze the optical properties of Ebinur Lake. The findings show that the QAA-CDOM model performed well in estimating the absorption coefficient of CDOM at 443 nm, with the r2 and RMSE values of 0.69 and 0.12 m−1, respectively. The Landsat 8 OLI data and QAA-CDOM model were then used to derive the spatial-temporal characteristics of the CDOM concentration over Ebinur Lake from 2014 to 2021. The concentration of CDOM changes significantly across time and space, ranging from 0 to 2.5 m−1, with the lowest concentration in May and the highest in August. The central region of the lake has a lower concentration of CDOM than the other regions due to the reflectance of the shallow parts of the lake. This study clarified the inherent optical characteristics of saline lakes and proved the applicability of using the QAA-CDOM model to monitor surface water quality in arid regions of China. This research may be useful for future analyses of the carbon cycle calculations in salt lakes in arid regions. • Explore the optical characteristics of Lake. • Validate model's applicability. • Analyze CDOM change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed information pertaining to soil erosion is required to ensure eco-environment protection and economic development for Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and remote sensing and geographical information system technologies are adopted to obtain an accurate distribution of soil erosion. An improved estimation method for wind erosion is developed, which proves to be effective with an overall precision of 87.24%. The proposed model uses six critical factors: number of snow cover days, soil erodibility, aridity index, vegetation fraction, soil crust index, and wind field intensity. Results show that soil wind erosion is widely distributed throughout the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The average erosion intensity is 0.50, which is determined to be a moderate erosion level. The wind erosion intensity increases from a slight level in the western part to a severe level in the mid-eastern part. The mean intensity of soil wind erosion for varying land use types is ranked in descending magnitude of barren or sparse vegetation, open shrubland, grassland, cropland, evergreen coniferous forest, and mixed forest. There are large differences in soil wind erosion intensities among soil types; grassland has severe wind erosion and Luvic Arenosols has the lowest erosion intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aggravation of climate change and human activities have challenged the fragile ecology of the arid and semi-arid Xinjiang in Northwest China. The concept of ecological carrying capacity (ECC) refers to the ability of an ecosystem to support the healthy development of the human social system and provide adequate resources and enabling environmental conditions. A comprehensive evaluation of ECC could rationalize ecological restoration and sustainable development. This study evaluates the ECC of Xinjiang's unique landscape structure of mountain-oasis-desert ecosystems from 1982 to 2017, using remote sensing data such as vegetation and evapotranspiration and geographic information system technology, and index evaluation method. The ECC patterns and change trends were explained from multidisciplinary perspectives, and the internal drivers of ECC spatio-temporal variations were evaluated by partial correlation analysis and residual analysis. The results showed an average ECC value at the median level of 0.29. For spatial distribution, ECC value decreased from west to east, the median ECC area was the most widespread, and the poorest ECC area was concentrated mainly in Southern Xinjiang's deserts. From the analysis of the significance of the change, ECC in Xinjiang had generally declined, with the decreasing areas exceeding the increasing areas. The driver analysis found temperature exerting a greater impact than precipitation on ECC improvement, and human activities positively impacted ECC. Altitude was closely associated with ECC distribution with better ECC in high elevation areas. The positive correlation between urbanization and ECC level was significant. The findings provide a relatively comprehensive and synoptic framework for ecological assessment in arid and semi-arid areas to inform sustainable development and ecological restoration in Xinjiang. [Display omitted] • Spatial pattern of ecological carrying capacity (ECC) is shaped largely by altitude. • ECC decreases from west to east, and shows increase in some prefectures. • Good ECC exist mainly in the mountains and oasis with increasing trends. • Temperature is a better driver of ECC improvement than precipitation. • Agriculture, water and urban developments may continue to depress ECC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the remote sensing application has been increasingly relying on ground object spectral characteristics. In order to further research the spectral reflectance characteristics in arid area, this study was performed in the typical delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers located north of Tarim Basin. Data were collected from geo-targets at multiple sites in various field conditions. The spectra data were collected for different soil types including saline-alkaline soil, silt sandy soil, cotton field, and others; vegetations of Alhagi sparsifolia, Phragmites australis, Tamarix, Halostachys caspica, etc., and water bodies. Next, the data were processed to remove high-frequency noise, and the spectral curves were smoothed with the moving average method. The derivative spectrum was generated after eliminating environmental background noise so that to distinguish the original overlap spectra. After continuum removal of the undesirable absorbance, the spectrum curves were able to highlight features for both optical absorbance and reflectance. The spectrum information of each ground object is essential for fully utilizing the multispectrum data generated by remote sensing, which will need a representative spectral library. In this study using ENVI 4.5 software, a preliminary spectral library of surface features was constructed using the data surveyed in the study area. This library can support remote sensing activities such as feature investigation, vegetation classification, and environmental monitoring in the delta oasis region. Future plan will focus on sharing and standardizing the criteria of professional spectral library and to expand and promote the utilization of the spectral databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xinjiang has experienced a relatively rapid economic growth over the last few decades due to China's silk road economic belt initiative. This study aims to develop a coordinated development index for exploring the relationship between urbanization, resources and environment from 2004 to 2018. The inflection points of resources environment pressure caused by urbanization rate were measured using the Kaya identity, Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model and regression analysis. The results show that: (1) Urbanization has growth rapidly, with the comprehensive urbanization level of 0.851 in 2018, which is about eight times higher than that in 2004. In contrast, resources and environment have decreased at an average annual declining rate of 0.77% and 5.29%, respectively; (2) From 2004 to 2018, the coordination degrees of the resources-environment, urbanization-environment, and urbanization-resources had a fluctuating growth trend, with the coordination values of 0.505–0.987, 0.171–0.847 and 0.469–0.923, respectively. Overall, the coordinated development index of urbanization, resources and environment has achieved an average annual growth rate of 1.89%; and (3) The urbanization rate of Xinjiang has reached 50.91% in 2018, enters middle rising channel of inverted N-shaped curve implied that the resources environment pressure tended to deteriorate first and then gradually improve. Therefore, it is necessary continue to follow the path of resources-conserving urbanization and environment-friendly urbanization to achieve the sustainable development in Xinjiang. [Display omitted] • The coordinated development index between URE showed a fluctuating growth trend. • The resources environment pressure increased due to urbanization rate. • Resource-conserving urbanization and environment-friendly urbanization is important for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water Resource Sustainability Management plays a vitally important role in ensuring sustainable development, especially in water-stressed arid regions throughout the world. In order to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to study and monitor the water quality in the arid region of Central Asia, an area that is increasingly affected by climate change. In recent decades, the rapid deterioration of water quality in the Ebinur Lake basin in Xinjiang (China) has severely threatened sustainable economic development. This study selected the Ebinur Lake basin as the study target, with the purpose of revealing the response between the water quality index and water body reflectivity, and to describe the relationship between the water quality index and water reflectivity. The methodology employed remote sensing techniques that establish a water quality index monitoring model to monitor water quality. The results of our study include: (1) the Water Quality Index (WQI) that was used to evaluate the water environment in Ebinur Lake indicates a lower water quality of Ebinur Lake, with a WQI value as high as 4000; (2) an introduction of the spectral derivative method that realizes the extraction of spectral information from a water body to better mine the information of spectral data through remote sensing, and the results also prove that the spectral derivative method can improve the relationship between the water body spectral and WQI, whereby R2 is 0.6 at the most sensitive wavelengths; (3) the correlation between the spectral sensitivity index and WQI was greater than 0.6 at the significance level of 0.01 when multi-source spectral data were integrated with the spectral index (DI, RI and NDI) and fluorescence baseline; and (4) the distribution map of WQI in Ebinur Lake was obtained by the optimal model, which was constructed based on the third derivative data of Sentinel 2 data. We concluded that the water quality in the northwest of Ebinur Lake was the lowest in the region. In conclusion, we found that remote sensing techniques were highly effective and laid a foundation for water quality detection in arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the pollution characteristics and sources of heavy metal elements for the first time in the Zhundong mining area in Xinjiang using the linear regression model. Additionaly, the health risks with their probability and infleuencing factors on different groups of people's were also evaluated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation approach. The results shows that 89.28% of Hg was from coal combustion, 40.28% of Pb was from transportation, and 19.54% of As was from atmospheric dust. The main source of Cu and Cr was coal dust, Hg has the greatest impact on potential ecological risks. which accounted for 60.2% and 81.46% of the Cu and Cr content in soil, respectively. The all samples taken from Pb have been Extremely polluted (100%). 93.3% samples taken from As have been Extremely polluted. The overall potential ecological risk was moderate. Adults experienced higher non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals from their diets than children. Interestingly, body weight was the main factor affecting the adult's health risks. This research provides more comprehensive information for better soil management, soil remediation, and soil pollution control in the Xinjiang mining areas. • Quantitative assessment the source of heavy metal elements in soil. • Assessment the ecological and health risks of heavy metals in soil. • Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty were also assessed for health risk. • Heavy metal pollution has perturbed the soil environment to pose serious health hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-frequency monitoring of suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration can improve water resource management. Missing high-resolution satellite images could hamper remote-sensing SPM monitoring. This study resolved the problem by applying spatiotemporal fusion technology to obtain high spatial resolution and dense time-series data to fill image-data gaps. Three data sources (MODIS, Landsat 8, and Sentinel 2) and two spatiotemporal fusion methods (the enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM) and the flexible spatiotemporal data fusion (FSDAF)) were used to reconstruct missing satellite images. We compared their fusion accuracy and verified the consistency of fusion images between data sources. For the fusion images, we used random forest (RF) and XGBoost as inversion methods and set "fusion first" and "inversion first" strategies to test the method's feasibility in Ebinur Lake, Xinjiang, arid northwestern China. Our results showed that (1) the blue, green, red, and NIR bands of ESTARFM fusion image were better than FSDAF, with a good consistency (R2 ≥ 0.54) between the fused Landsat 8, Sentinel 2 images, and their original images; (2) the original image and fusion image offered RF inversion effect better than XGBoost. The inversion accuracy based on Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 were R2 0.67 and 0.73, respectively. The correlation of SPM distribution maps of the two data sources attained a good consistency of R2 0.51; (3) in retrieving SPM from fused images, the "fusion first" strategy had better accuracy. The optimal combination was ESTARFM (Landsat 8)_RF and ESTARFM (Sentinel 2)_RF, consistent with original SPM maps (R2 = 0.38, 0.41, respectively). Overall, the spatiotemporal fusion model provided effective SPM monitoring under the image-absence scenario, with good consistency in the inversion of SPM. The findings provided the research basis for long-term and high-frequency remote-sensing SPM monitoring and high-precision smart water resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The construction land and farmland in Jinghe County has changed dramatically. • The farmland increased significantly and expanded along with a "triangle" three sides. • The biodiversity of farmland decreased, while the fragmentation degree of forest land increased. • Human factors are the main driving force of landscape pattern change in Jinghe County. The eco-environment of the arid area is constantly fragile global-wide. The study on the spatial and temporal variation of its landscape pattern can quickly identify the driving factors, which is an effective analysis method of ecological conservation in the arid area. In this study, Jinghe County, Xinjiang, in Northwestern China, is chosen as a case study of understanding the major driving force of the oasis landscape. Landsat satellite images of 1994, 2007, and 2017 are used as the basic data sources for analysis. The moving window method, transition matrix, and factor analysis are selected as the main technical means for this paper to reveal the temporal and spatial variation of landscape pattern in Jinghe County, and to quantitatively describe its driving factors. The results of the analysis show that: (1) The landscape pattern of Jinghe County has changed dramatically, especially the construction land and farmland. Both show an increase of 351.29% and 269.01% respectively between 1994 and 2017. Farmland increased the most, with the proportion of 6.45% in Jinghe County, and expanded along with the "triangle" three sides. The area of forest land increased slightly, the area of grassland and unused land decreased, and the area of water did not change significantly. (2) The dominant obvious regional differences of landscape types in Jinghe County are mainly manifested in farmland and forest land. Taking the unused land as the boundary, the biodiversity of farmland decreased, and the aggregation degree deepened, while the fragmentation degree of forest land increased. (3) The spatial–temporal variation of landscape patterns in Jinghe County is the result of the combination of natural and human factors, but the correlation between human factors and the change of landscape area is significantly greater than that of natural factors. Thus, human factors are the main driving force of landscape pattern change in Jinghe County. The scientific management and planning of the intensity of human activities in Jinghe County should be the focus of ecological environment restoration and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The relation between urbanization and eco-environment in SREB was explored. • Coupling coordination degree model between UAEE of SREB was established. • The negative interaction effect of UAEE is mainly focused on the northwest regions. • Advocate sustainable development, realize the balance between UAEE. Rapid urbanization in China in recent decades has given rise to increasingly serious ecological and environmental problems. Specifically, the provinces along the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) in China have experienced rapid urbanization, and need to take pro-active action in balancing urbanization development with eco-environment conservation. This paper aims to develop comprehensive urbanization and eco-environment (UAEE) evaluation models to explore UAEE development of SREB in China from 2004 to 2018. In terms of methodology, these evaluation models are subsequently combined with CCDM (Coupling coordination degree model) and GTWR (Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression) models to measure and analyze coupling degree and spatio-temporal heterogeneity of UAEE. The results show that: Firstly, from 2004 to 2018 in all regions of the SREB, the urbanization showed a gradual upward trend. Among them, comprehensive urbanization index (CUI) of Guangxi increased by 3.067%. Secondly, the comprehensive eco-environment index (CEI) of Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, Shaanxi and Gansu has improved; while the eco-environment quality of Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang has deteriorated during this period, with the rate of decrease in Xinjiang reaching a significant 2%; Thirdly, in 2018, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, Shaanxi and Gansu are in a state of high coordination level with the eco-environment under the rapid urbanization process, while Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang are at a moderate coordination level. Since 2011, these areas are in a state of lagging development of the eco-environment. Finally, the interactive relationship between UAEE tends to converge. There is heterogeneity in time and space among SREB regions. The negative interaction effect of UAEE is mainly focused on the northwest regions. In conclusion, this research will provide a basis of scientific evaluation for the coordinated degree of UAEE, promote regional urbanization vis-à-vis the improvement in environmental policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to measure the emissivity of natural surface objects in Shuixigou coalfield fires area of Xinjiang. The smooth spectral iterative method was used to separate the temperature and emissivity, and the accurate temperature and emissivity of the surface objects were obtained. The thermal infrared emissivity spectral characteristics of seven typical types natural surface objects were analyzed, and five ASTER thermal infrared bands were selected to conduct the data simulation. The results show that: 1 The characteristics of thermal infrared emissivity spectrum show distinct differences in wavelength range of 8 ~ 13 µ m, especially in 8. 5 ~ 10,11.3 and 12~13 µm. Therefore these bands can be used as identifying characteristics of different bands; 2 Emissivity spectrum shows a characteristic difference at five ASTER thermal infrared bands it is practically useful in the process of using remote sensing images to extract information for surface objects in coalfield fires areas; 3 The emissivity can provide surface temperature retrieval with a precise parameter, so as to improve precision of temperature retrieval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]