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Insecticide resistance in Panonychus citri is a major obstacle to mite control in citrus orchards. Pyrethroid insecticides are continually used to control mites in China, although resistance to pyrethroids has evolved in some populations. Here, the resistance to the pyrethroid fenpropathrin was investigated and 7 out of 8 field‐collected populations of P. citri exhibited a high level of resistance, ranging from 171‐fold to 15 391‐fold higher than the susceptible (SS) comparison strain. Three voltage‐gated sodium channel (VGSC) mutations were identified in the tested populations: L1031V, F1747L, and F1751I. Amplicon sequencing was used to evaluate the frequency of these mutations in the 19 field populations. L1031V and F1751I were present in all populations at frequencies of 11.6%–82.1% and 0.5%–31.8%, respectively, whereas the F1747L mutation was only present in 12 populations from Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan provinces. Introduction of these mutations singly or in combination into transgenic flies significantly increased their resistance to fenpropathrin and these flies also exhibited reduced mortality after exposure to the pyrethroids permethrin and β‐cypermethrin. Panonychus citri VGSC homology modeling and ligand docking indicate that F1747 and F1751 form direct binding contacts with pyrethroids, which are lost with mutation, whereas L1031 mutation may diminish pyrethroid effects through an allosteric mechanism. Overall, the results provide molecular markers for monitoring pest resistance to pyrethroids and offer new insights into the basis of pyrethroid actions on sodium channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stripe rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. Identification of new and elite Pst-resistance loci or genes has the potential to enhance overall resistance to this pathogen. Here, we conducted an integrated genome-wide association study (GWAS) and transcriptomic analysis to screen for loci associated with resistance to stripe rust in 335 accessions from Yunnan, including 311 landraces and 24 cultivars. Based on the environmental phenotype, we identified 113 protein kinases significantly associated with Pst resistance using mixed linear model (MLM) and generalized linear model (GLM) models. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 52 of 113 protein kinases identified by GWAS were up and down regulated in response to Pst infection. Among these genes, a total of 15 receptor kinase genes were identified associated with Pst resistance. 11 candidate genes were newly discovered in Yunnan wheat germplasm. Our results revealed that resistance alleles to stripe rust were accumulated in Yunnan wheat germplasm, implying direct or indirect selection for improving stripe rust resistance in elite wheat breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the contamination and sources of heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) at historical sites is vital for safeguarding human health and the ecological environment. This study focused on As, Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cr concentrations in the residual soil, groundwater, and surface water around a mineral processing plant. The sources of these elements and the human health risks posed by them were evaluated using various indexes. Soil HM concentrations exceeded background values for Yunnan Province, ranked as As > Pb > Cd > Cu > Hg > Ni. The river water met China's Class II waterbody standard; however, Cd, Cu, Pb, and pH exceeded the maximum permissible sewage discharge concentrations in the accumulated water. The groundwater showed severe HM pollution, meeting China's Class III water quality standard. The average value of the Nemerow pollution index was consistent with that of the single-factor pollution index in the following order: As > Pb > Cd > Ni > Cu > Hg. Children face heightened risk through the oral ingestion of As, Cd, and Pb, particularly in high-value sampling points in the residue deposit area. The main sources of these pollutants are anthropogenic activities and the soil formation matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Our study investigated how different environmental factors influence the diversity and behaviour of wood-boring longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in Yunnan, China's tropical rainforests and temperate forests. Yunnan is notable for its diverse plant species and varying landscapes. We conducted detailed surveys of beetle and plant populations across several forest plots, using various analytical methods, such as diversity comparisons and distance-decay relationships. We found a marked difference in beetle populations between the two forest types. The tropical rainforests were rich in beetle and tree species, with 212 Cerambycidae and 135 tree species identified. In contrast, the temperate forests had a much smaller population, with only 16 Cerambycidae and 18 tree species. This variation was mainly due to differences in environmental conditions and beetle movement limitations. The varied environment of temperate forests resulted in fewer beetle species and weaker interactions with plants, while the more consistent tropical rainforests supported a greater variety of beetles and stronger plant–beetle relationships. Our research highlights the significant impact of environmental factors, such as habitat variability and movement constraints, on the diversity and ecological interactions of Cerambycidae beetles. These findings are crucial for understanding and managing forest biodiversity, particularly in varying climatic zones. (1) Background: Understanding the relationship between community assembly and species coexistence is key to understanding ecosystem diversity. Despite the importance of wood-boring longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in forests, factors affecting their population dynamics, species richness, and ecological interactions remain underexplored. (2) Methods: We surveyed cerambycid beetles and plants within five plots each across three transects in tropical rainforests and temperate forests of Yunnan, China, known for its rich biodiversity and varied elevation gradients. We explored a range of analytical tools, including α-diversity comparisons, distance-decay relationships, redundancy analysis, β-dissimilarity metrics, and various neutral community model analyses. (3) Results: The results revealed a stark contrast between the two forest types: the tropical rainforests hosted 212 Cerambycidae and 135 tree species, whereas the temperate forests had only 16 Cerambycidae and 18 tree species. This disparity was attributed to differences in environmental heterogeneity and dispersal limitations. In temperate forests, pronounced environmental variability leads to steeper distance-decay relationships and reduced α-diversity of Cerambycidae, implying stronger dispersal constraints and weaker plant–beetle associations. Conversely, the more homogenous tropical rainforests exhibited stochastic processes that enhanced Cerambycidae diversity and plant–beetle interactions. (4) Conclusions: Our findings underscore that environmental heterogeneity, dispersal limitations, and host-specificity are pivotal in shaping biodiversity patterns in Cerambycidae, with significant variations across climatic zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial leaf blight is a devastating disease of rice worldwide. The resistant genes are routinely transferred from landraces to cultivated varieties through backcross breeding along with marker-assisted selection. In the present study, we use the gene-specific markers to screen the rice landraces in Yunnan Province of China. We collected 404 representative samples of 24 different rice landraces from Yunnan Province of China. The initial PCR-based screening suggested that the leaf blight resistance was not evenly distributed in Yunnan Province. Our results indicate that there is a complete loss of resistance for landraces based on xa5 and xa13 genes. On the other hand, landraces harboring Xa7 and Xa21 showed a high level of resistance. Using gene-specific PCR-based data, we were able to identify the resistant, susceptible and heterozygous populations across Yunnan Province. The widely used Xa21 gene alone showed a remarkable level of resistance throughout the province, indicating its potential to develop broad-spectrum resistance in rice germplasm. The key aspects of bacterial blight spread according to local sites in Yunnan Province and the resistance conferred by different landraces due to the presence of different resistance genes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2014 Mw 6.2 Ludian earthquake exhibited a structurally complex source rupture process and an unusual spatial distribution pattern of co-seismic landslides. In this study, we constructed a spatial database consisting of 1470 co-seismic landslides, each exceeding 500 m2. These landslides covered a total area of 8.43 km2 and were identified through a comprehensive interpretation of high-resolution satellite images taken before and after the earthquake. It is noteworthy that the co-seismic landslides do not exhibit a linear concentration along the seismogenic fault; instead, they predominantly extend along major river systems with an NE–SW trend. Moreover, the southwest-facing slopes have the highest landslide area ratio of 1.41. To evaluate the susceptibility of the Ludian earthquake-triggered landslides, we performed a random forest model that considered topographic factors (elevation, slope, aspect, distance to rivers), geological factors (lithology), and seismic factors (ground motion parameters, epicentral distance, distance to the seismogenic fault). Our analysis revealed that the distance to rivers and elevation were the primary factors influencing the spatial distribution of the Ludian earthquake-triggered landslides. When we considered the directional variation in ground motion parameters, the AUC of the model slightly decreased. However, incorporating this variation led to a significant reduction in the proportion of areas classified as "high" and "very high" landslide susceptibility. Moreover, SEDd emerged as the most effective ground motion parameter for interpreting the distribution of the co-seismic landslides when compared to PGAd, PGVd, and Iad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceropegia sunhangiana P.R.Luo and T.Deng, a new species from Qiaojia, northeast Yunnan, southwest China, is described and illustrated herein based on its morphological characteristics and molecular evidence. This species is similar to C. christenseniana, and C. sinoerecta but can be distinguished easily by its stem, indumentum, leaf, and floral features, especially the corolla shape and size, the corolla tube and lobe characters. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, trnL‐trnF, trnS‐trnG, psbA‐trnH and rps16 sequences shows that this new species belongs to C. sect. Chionopegia H.Huber with strong support, which was mutually verified by morphology analyses. A table including the morphological characters of related species and a dichotomous key to all 25 species of Ceropegia in China are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species Rosa funingensis and its variant R. funingensis f. rosea, both collected from Yunnan Province, China, are, for the first time, documented and illustrated in this study. Morphological analysis in comparison with two related species in the wild, R. gigantea and R. rubus, presents distinguishable features through leaf surfaces, inflorescences and the shape of styles. R. funingensis leaf surfaces are abaxially villous, purple-red, pale green when mature, adaxially glabrous, dark green; inflorescences solitary or 2–5(7) in corymbose cyme; and styles connate into a column or not, exserted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Small skeletal fossils are reported for the first time from the early Cambrian Guojiaba Formation, southern Shaanxi, China. All specimens were recovered from bioclastic limestone interbeds and encompass a wide variety of skeletal clades, including brachiopods, sphenothallids, archaeocyaths, bradoriids, sponge spicules, echinoderm plates, and trilobite spines. The archaeocyaths described herein are considerably older than those described from the Xiannvdong Formation, which was previously assumed to contain the lowest archaeocyath-bearing horizons in South China. The brachiopod Lingulellotreta yuanshanensis is recorded for the first time from the Fucheng area, with previous records confined mainly to the Chengjiang Fauna-bearing Yu'anshan Formation in the lower Cambrian, the eastern Yunnan Province. Micro-morphological and elemental analyses of the small skeletal fossil assemblages were carried out using SEM, BSEM, and Micro X–ray fluorescence. The skeletal fauna in the Guojiaba Formation resembles the assemblages recovered from the upper Yu'anshan Formation (Chengjiang Fauna) in eastern Yunnan Province. Based on the recovered assemblage, the biostratigraphic age of the Guojiaba Formation correlates with the Chiungchussuan Stage (Stage 3 of Cambrian Series 2). A small skeletal fossil assemblage is described for the first time from the bioclastic limestone interbeds of the siltstone-dominated Guojiaba Formation, southern Shaanxi, China. The carbonate-hosted fossils include brachiopods (Eohadrotreta zhujiahensis, Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis, Spinobolus sp., Kuangshanotreta malungensis, Kyrshabaktella sp., Lingulellotreta yuanshanensis, Eoobolus incipiens, and Eoobolus sp.), sphenothallids (Sphenothallus sp.), archaeocyaths (Robustocyathus sp. and Yukonocyathus sp.), bradoriids (Kunmingella douvillei), chancelloriids sclerites (Onychia sp., Allonnia sp., Diminia sp., Archiasterella pentactina, and Chancelloria cf. eros), echinoderm plates, fragments of trilobites (Eoredlichia sp.), and hyolithelminths. The discovery of archaeocyaths in the Guojiaba Formation significantly extends their stratigraphic range in South China from the early Tsanglangpuian at least to the late Chiungchussuan. Thus, the Guojiaba Formation now represents the lowest known stratigraphic horizon where archaeocyath fossils have been found in the southern Shaanxi area. The overall assemblage is most comparable, in terms of composition, to Small skeletal fossil (SSF) assemblages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang fauna recovered from the Yu'anshan Formation in eastern Yunnan Province. The existing position that the Guojiaba Formation is correlated with Stage 3 in Cambrian Series 2 is strongly upheld based on the fossil assemblage recovered in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant latex is sequestered in laticiferous structures and exuded immediately from damaged plant tissues. The primary function of plant latex is related to defense responses to their natural enemies. Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss. is a perennial herbaceous plant that greatly threaten the biodiversity and ecological integrity of northwest Yunnan, China. Nine triterpenes (1–9), four non-protein amino acids (10–13) and three glycosides (14–16) including a new isopentenyl disaccharide (14), were isolated and identified from the latex of E. jolkinii. Their structures were established on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analyses. Bioassay revealed that meta-tyrosine (10) showed significant phytotoxic activity, inhibiting root and shoot growth of Zea mays, Medicago sativa, Brassica campestris, and Arabidopsis thaliana, with EC50 values ranging from 4.41 ± 1.08 to 37.60 ± 3.59 µg/mL. Interestingly, meta-tyrosine inhibited the root growth of Oryza sativa, but promoted their shoot growth at the concentrations below 20 µg/mL. meta-Tyrosine was found to be the predominant constituent in polar part of the latex extract from both stems and roots of E. jolkinii, but undetectable in the rhizosphere soil. In addition, some triterpenes showed antibacterial and nematicidal effects. The results suggested that meta-tyrosine and triterpenes in the latex might function as defensive substances for E. jolkinii against other organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Anninghe fault forms the eastern boundary of the Sichuan‐Yunnan block in Southwest China and has been identified as an earthquake gap zone. This study intends to construct the upper crustal shear wave velocity (Vs) structure beneath the Anninghe fault to understand its seismotectonics and potential large earthquake hazards. We deployed a dense seismic array along the southern central Anninghe fault valley. From the 3‐month continuous records, we calculated vertical‐component cross‐correlation functions (CCFs). However, the surface wave signals in the CCFs are intensely interfered by near zero‐time‐lag noise. We proposed a mode separation method based on the high‐resolution linear Radon transform, which suppressed the interfered noise and greatly enhanced the surface wave signals for ambient noise tomography of the Vs structure. The fine upper crustal structure reveals a distinct narrow low‐velocity belt within a depth of 3 km beneath the Anninghe fault zone. At deeper depths (4.5–8 km), the narrow low‐velocity belt shifts to the east and correlates with the distribution of local earthquakes. Combining previous results with our new findings, we presented a seismotectonic model of the southern central Anninghe fault, which interprets the narrow low‐velocity belt as a water‐contained fracture zone that forms a seismogenic zone at deeper depths under transpression. In addition, we demonstrated through scenario earthquake simulations that fine structures play a significant role in the assessment of earthquake hazards along the Anninghe fault. As such, this study provides a typical window into seismotectonics and large earthquake hazards in the active southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Plain Language Summary: The Anninghe fault is located in Southwest China, and it has experienced a series of large earthquakes (M ≥ 7) during its history. However, the Anninghe fault has been silent for nearly 30 years; it has been suggested that there is a high risk of large earthquakes occurring there. To investigate the deep structural background and potential earthquake hazards associated with the Anninghe fault zone, we deployed a dense seismic array along this fault zone. During data processing, we proposed a method to eliminate coherent noise and enhance the signals considerably, which is essential for the subsequent tomography of the structures underneath. The final tomographic model shows that the Anninghe fault zone has a distinctively low seismic wave speed at shallow depths and dips to the east at deeper depths. As this observation agrees with the distribution of local earthquakes and previous findings, it may indicate the existence of a seismogenic zone capable of generating earthquakes. Additionally, we further demonstrated through simulations of large earthquakes that the high‐resolution model developed in this study is important for assessing earthquake hazards along the Anninghe fault. Key Points: A mode separation technique is proposed to suppress near zero‐time‐lag noise in cross‐correlation functions for ambient noise tomographyThe fine upper crustal Vs model reveals an apparent low‐velocity belt consistent with local earthquakes beneath the Anninghe fault zoneScenario earthquake simulations highlight the significance of fine structures in assessing large earthquake hazards [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We detailed the valve morphology of five new species of diatom genus Nupela from wetwall communities in Yunnan Province, China, with light and scanning electron microscope. The five new species demonstrate great variability within the genus, as three of them are biraphid and two are monoraphid. In addition, variation was noted in the structure of internal proximal raphe ends, with some species having anchor-shaped ends and other species have hooked ends. The genus Nupela has grown considerably in 30 years since it was first proposed, going from a monotypic genus to over 85 taxa. Diagnosis of the genus is based on the presence of an external covering over the areolae. We discussed the systematic placement of Nupela within the naviculoid diatoms. Yunnan Province appears to harbor many endemic diatom taxa, and many regions of the province have yet to be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trechispora are an important genus of wood-inhabiting fungi that have the ability to decompose rotten wood in the forest ecosystem. In this study, we reported three new species of Trechispora: T. murina, T. odontioidea, T. olivacea from a subtropical region of Yunnan Province, China. Species descriptions were based on a combination of morphological features and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and LSU region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Trechispora murina is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata, grandinioid hymenial surface with a greyish tint, monomitic hyphal system and ellipsoid, thick-walled, ornamented basidiospores; T. odontioidea has an odontioid hymenial surface with cylindrical to conical, blunt aculei and subglobose to globose, colorless, slightly thick-walled, ornamented basidiospores; T. olivacea has a farinaceous hymenial surface with olivaceous tint, basidia clavate and thick-walled, ornamented, broadly ellipsoid to globose basidiospores. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU rDNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. After a series of phylogenetic analyses, the 5.8S+nLSU dataset was constructed to test the phylogenetic relationship of Trechispora with other genera of Hydnodontaceae. The ITS dataset was used to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship of the three new species with other species of Trechispora. Using ITS phylogeny, the new species T. murina was retrieved as a sister to T. bambusicola with moderate supports; T. odontioidea formed a single lineage and then grouped with T. fimbriata and T. nivea; while T. olivacea formed a monophyletic lineage with T. farinacea, T. hondurensis, and T. mollis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new genus and species of Schizopteridae, Cornonannus bui gen. et sp. nov. is described from Yunnan Province, China. The new genus is closest to Pachyplagia Gross, 1951, Ogeria, Distant 1913, and Kaimon Hill, 2004 in morphology, but it can be distinguished from these genera by the male having a frontal process, the absence of pronotal collar, the distinct venation of forewing, a tarsi formula of 3-3-3, and the middle area of abdominal tergites I to VII with small, round tubercles. Photographs of the male habitus, head, thorax, abdomen, appendages, and genitalic structures, as well as scanning electron micrographs of the male head, thorax, abdomen, and genitalic structures and drawings of male genitalia, are provided. Moreover, a key to all known Chinese schizopterid genera is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We provide a comprehensive overview of sequence variations in Dehong humped cattle genomes with important implications for the future; moreover, we unravel the characteristics of other native cattle in China. In the current study, we investigated a high level of genomic diversities using whole-genome resequencing data in 18 Dehong humped cattle. It is speculated that Dehong humped cattle were influenced by two ancestral segments (Chinese indicine and Indian indicine cattle). Additionally, the selection signatures were detected in genomic regions that are possibly related to economically important traits in Dehong humped cattle. These results will establish a foundation for conservation and breeding programs in the future. Dehong humped cattle are precious livestock resources of Yunnan Province, China; they have typical zebu traits. Here, we investigated their genetic characteristics using whole-genome resequencing data of Dehong humped animals (n = 18). When comparing our data with the publicly-available data, we found that Dehong humped cattle have high nucleotide diversity. Based on clustering models in a population structure analysis, Dehong humped cattle had a mutual genome ancestor with Chinese and Indian indicine cattle. While using the RFMix method, it is speculated that the body sizes of Dehong humped cattle were influenced by the Chinese indicine segments and that the immune systems of Dehong humped cattle were affected by additional ancestral segments (Indian indicine). Furthermore, we explored the position selection regions harboring genes in the Dehong humped cattle, which were related to heat tolerance (FILIP1L, ABHD6) and immune responses (GZMM, PRKCZ, STOML2, LRBA, PIK3CD). Notably, missense mutations were detected in the candidate gene ABHD6 (c.870C>A p.Asp290Glu; c.987C>A p.Ser329Arg). The missense mutations may have implications for Dehong humped cattle adaptation to hot environments. This study provides valuable genomic resource data at the genome-wide level and paves the way for future genetic breeding work in the Dehong humped cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have discovered a young, rapidly rotating active star USNO-B1.0 1388−0463685 with a rotational period of 0.508750 ± 0.000153 d in the Yunnan–Hong Kong wide-field photometric survey. Based on the chromospheric activity identified in the dedicated spectroscopic observations, the brightness variation of this star is attributed to cool spots on its photosphere. We derived the spot maps from 14 light curves, which demonstrate that the strong spot tends to appear in the same hemisphere, and the light curve amplitude varies with a period of about 2.4 yr. Low-resolution spectroscopic observations revealed the chromospheric activity of the star through the indicators Hα, Na  i D1 and D2, He  i D3, and Ca  ii H & K lines. Moreover, there was a clear anticorrelation between the equivalent width variation of the Hα, Na  i D1 and D2 lines and the simultaneous light curve, implying the photosphere and chromosphere connection. Using the spectral subtraction technique, the spectral type of the star was determined as K0–2V and its projected rotational velocity v  sin  i is 107.492 ± 7.388 km s−1. Both the lithium equivalent width of 254.0 ± 43.3 mÅ and its location on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram indicate that this star should be in the stage from late pre-main sequence to zero-age main sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Use of an interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assay or tuberculin skin test for detection and management of latent tuberculosis infection is controversial. For both types of test, we assessed their predictive value for the progression of latent infection to active tuberculosis disease, the targeting value of preventive treatment, and the necessity of dual testing.Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, with no start date or language restrictions, on Oct 18, 2019, using the keywords ("latent tuberculosis" OR "latent tuberculosis infection" OR "LTBI") AND ("interferon gamma release assays" OR "Interferon-gamma Release Test" OR "IGRA" OR "QuantiFERON®-TB in tube" OR "QFT" OR "T-SPOT.TB") AND ("tuberculin skin test" OR "tuberculin test" OR "Mantoux test" OR "TST"). We included articles that used a cohort study design; included information that individuals with latent tuberculosis infection detected by IFN-γ release assay, tuberculin skin test, or both, progressed to active tuberculosis; reported information about treatment; and were limited to high-risk populations. We excluded studies that included patients with active or suspected tuberculosis at baseline, evaluated a non-commercial IFN-γ release assay, and had follow-up of less than 1 year. We extracted study details (study design, population investigated, tests used, follow-up period) and the number of individuals observed at baseline, who progressed to active tuberculosis, and who were treated. We then calculated the pooled risk ratio (RR) for disease progression, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of IFN-γ release assay versus tuberculin skin test.Findings: We identified 1823 potentially eligible studies after exclusion of duplicates, of which 256 were eligible for full-text screening. From this screening, 40 studies (50 592 individuals in 41 cohorts) were identified as eligible and included in our meta-analysis. Pooled RR for the rate of disease progression in untreated individuals who were positive by IFN-γ release assay versus those were negative was 9·35 (95% CI 6·48-13·49) compared with 4·24 (3·30-5·46) for tuberculin skin test. Pooled PPV for IFN-γ release assay was 4·5% (95% CI 3·3-5·8) compared with 2·3% (1·5-3·1) for tuberculin skin test. Pooled NPV for IFN-γ release assay was 99·7% (99·5-99·8) compared with 99·3% (99·0-99·5) for tuberculin skin test. Pooled RR for rates of disease progression in individuals positive by IFN-γ release assay who were untreated versus those who were treated was 3·09 (95% CI 2·08-4·60) compared with 1·11 (0·69-1·79) for the same populations who were positive by tuberculin skin test. Pooled proportion of disease progression for individuals who were positive by IFN-γ release assay and tuberculin skin test was 6·1 (95% CI 2·3-11·5). Pooled RR for rates of disease progression in individuals who were positive by IFN-γ release assay and tuberculin skin test who were untreated versus those who were treated was 7·84 (95% CI 4·44-13·83).Interpretation: IFN-γ release assays have a better predictive ability than tuberculin skin tests. Individuals who are positive by IFN-γ release assay might benefit from preventive treatment, but those who are positive by tuberculin skin test probably will not. Dual testing might improve detection, but further confirmation is needed.Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and Natural Foundation of Yunnan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The first in-situ LA–ICP–MS dating of titanite in the A vein of porphyry deposits has been analyzed in polished thin section. • The titanite dating data (44.4 ± 1.5 Ma) in the A1 vein of the Lancang Laochang polymetallic deposit further delineates the evolutionary timeline from magma to ore-forming fluid in 45–43 Ma. • From magma to the initial ore-forming fluid in the Laochang deposit, a slightly pressure increase (from 93 MPa to 98 MPa) and a minor decrease of temperature (from 697 °C to 680 °C) and log f O 2 (from −16.78 to −17.29) have been revealed. The Laochang polymetallic deposit is the only large deposit in the Changning–Menglian Junction Zone. The deposit features by deep porphyry-skarn Mo–(Cu) and shallow vein Pb–Zn–(Ag) mineralization. Researches on the deposit have yielded extensive data, however, details about the initial evolution from magma to ore-forming fluid remain unclear. This study centers on the in-situ analysis of biotite from the porphyry, as well as phlogopite and titanite from the A vein, leading to the following insights: (1) The biotite geothermobarometer suggests the porphyry intruded in a moderate depth (2.57–4.27 km), with average parameters as P = 93 MPa, T = 697 °C, and log f O 2 = -16.78. (2) The A vein in the deposit can be further subdivided into A1 K-feldspar vein and A2 quartz vein. The phlogopite in the A1 vein formed at P = 98 MPa, T = 681 °C, and log f O 2 = -17.29. The pressure of the A1 vein is slightly higher than the static pressure of wall rock, attributed to pressure increment from the initial exsolved fluid. Conversely, the temperature and oxygen fugacity experience a slight decrease, due to buffering of the adjacent tuff. (3) The in-situ LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of the titanite in the A1 vein yields 44.4 ± 1.5 Ma (MSWD = 1.8, n = 48), comparable to the emplacement age of the porphyry (44.6–44.4 Ma). It is slightly older than the main mineralization age (43.78 Ma), further delineated the initial evolution sequence from magma to ore-forming fluid. Our research suggests that the in-situ analysis of titanite is crucial for preciously tracking the magma–fluid system, as titanite records both time and temperature information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the limited research and its potential hazards, the study aimed to determine the prevalence of Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) caused by Rickettsia conorii (R. conorii), a tick-borne disease, in Yunnan Province, China. Through stratified sampling across five distinct regions in Yunnan, 5358 blood samples were obtained from the general healthy population. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were employed for analysis. IFA identified 27 (0.50%) subjects with immunoglobulin G (IgG) positivity; none were positive for immunoglobulin M (IgM) via ELISA. PCR detected one individual with R. conorii outer membrane protein A (ompA). Significant seroprevalence variation was observed, particularly in Southern Yunnan (P = 0.032), with R. conorii subsp. conorii confirmed in the PCR-positive sample. This research reveals a correlation between MSF prevalence, geography, and climate in Yunnan. The paucity of prior studies underscores MSF's potential diagnostic challenges in the region. Comprehensive understanding of the pathogen's distribution is pivotal for intervention. Given the study's scope and Yunnan's unique setting, additional research is advocated. • First finding of Rickettsia conorii seropositive individuals in Yunnan. • Regional study by unique climate and geography. • Seroprevalence strongly linked to geographical factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CT visualization of the mandible and dentition of Hadrocodium wui, a stem mammaliaform from the Lower Jurassic Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China has revealed new features not accessible by previous microscopic study of the fossil. Its mandible shows a postdentary trough with an overhanging medial ridge and a short Meckel's sulcus. An incomplete part of the ectotympanic and possibly a remnant of Meckel's element are preserved in the postdentary trough. Thus, Hadrocodium is similar to other mammaliaforms in retaining a mandibular middle ear, contrary to our earlier interpretation. The mandible exhibits a large postcanine diastema from shedding of anterior premolars without replacement, an age-dependent feature better developed in older adults. Another adult feature is the alignment of the ultimate molar to the coronoid process. This is consistent with age-dependent changes in other mammaliaforms where the last molars of the toothrow shift from medial of the coronoid process in the juvenile, to a position in front of the coronoid process in the adult. The mandible has a short mobile symphysis. The dentition consists of I5, C1 (two-rooted), P3 (including P1 position) and M2 (M2 with confluent roots), and i4, c1 (partially two-rooted), p3, and m2 (m2 with partially confluent roots). The two-rooted upper canines are more derived than other Early Jurassic mammaliaforms from the same fauna, although similar to docodontans. Hadrocodium is unique in that the lower m2 cusp a occludes in the embrasure between upper M1-M2, but the posterior part of m2 shows between-cusp occlusion with upper M2 main cusp A. M2 is half the size of the lower m2, and occludes only with the distal half of m2. The upper postcanines show a steep gradient of posteriorly decreasing tooth size, more so than other mammaliaforms. The CT examination corroborates that there are no unerupted teeth in the upper or lower jaws, and the holotype of H. wui is dentally and osteologically mature and capable of independent feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CT visualization of the mandible and dentition of Hadrocodium wui, a stem mammaliaform from the Lower Jurassic Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China has revealed new features not accessible by previous microscopic study of the fossil. Its mandible shows a postdentary trough with an overhanging medial ridge and a short Meckel's sulcus. An incomplete part of the ectotympanic and possibly a remnant of Meckel's element are preserved in the postdentary trough. Thus, Hadrocodium is similar to other mammaliaforms in retaining a mandibular middle ear, contrary to our earlier interpretation. The mandible exhibits a large postcanine diastema from shedding of anterior premolars without replacement, an age-dependent feature better developed in older adults. Another adult feature is the alignment of the ultimate molar to the coronoid process. This is consistent with age-dependent changes in other mammaliaforms where the last molars of the toothrow shift from medial of the coronoid process in the juvenile, to a position in front of the coronoid process in the adult. The mandible has a short mobile symphysis. The dentition consists of I5, C1 (two-rooted), P3 (including P1 position) and M2 (M2 with confluent roots), and i4, c1 (partially two-rooted), p3, and m2 (m2 with partially confluent roots). The two-rooted upper canines are more derived than other Early Jurassic mammaliaforms from the same fauna, although similar to docodontans. Hadrocodium is unique in that the lower m2 cusp a occludes in the embrasure between upper M1-M2, but the posterior part of m2 shows between-cusp occlusion with upper M2 main cusp A. M2 is half the size of the lower m2, and occludes only with the distal half of m2. The upper postcanines show a steep gradient of posteriorly decreasing tooth size, more so than other mammaliaforms. The CT examination corroborates that there are no unerupted teeth in the upper or lower jaws, and the holotype of H. wui is dentally and osteologically mature and capable of independent feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new wood‐inhabiting fungal species, Lyomyces niveus and L. ochraceoalbus spp. nov. are proposed based on a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. Lyomyces ochraceoalbus is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with tuberculate, cracking hymenial surface, clavate basidia with a median constriction, gathering numerous irregular crystals, and thin‐walled basidiospores with one or two globules. Lyomyces niveus is characterised by resupinate basidiomata, smooth to grandinioid hymenial surface, presence of three kinds of cystidia, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU gene regions were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic reconstruction of Schizoporaceae based on a concatenated ITS+nLSU dataset showed that the two new species are nested in Lyomyces. A second phylogenetic analysis, of the genus Lyomyces, demonstrated that multiple isolates of L. niveus forms a monophyletic lineage which is sister to a clade comprising L. crustosus, L. juniperi, L. ochraceoalbus and L. vietnamensis. Moreover, L. ochraceoalbus is closely related to L. crustosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderma dianzhongense sp. nov. and G. esculentum sp. nov. are proposed as two new species based on both phenotypic and genotypic evidences. Ganoderma dianzhongense is characterized by the stipitate basidiomata, laccate and oxblood red pileus, gray white pore surface, duplex context and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (9.0-12.5 × 6.5-9.0 µm) with coarse interwall pillars. Ganoderma esculentum is characterized by its basidiomata with slender stipe, white pore surface, homogeneous pileus context, and slightly truncate, narrow basidiospores (8.0-12.5 × 5.0-8.0 µm). Phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-a (TEF1-a) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) sequence data. The illustrations and descriptions for the new taxa are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new genus and species of tooth-plated lungfishes, Dianodipterus huizeensis gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Qujing Formation (late Eifelian, Middle Devonian) of Huize County, Qujing, north-eastern Yunnan, China. It differs from other lungfishes in the small proportion of the tooth-bearing part on the pterygoid (less than one-quarter), the extensively developed anteromedial edentulous portion of the pterygoid, and tooth rows few in number (only four). Phylogenetic analysis reveals that Dianodipterus is more plesiomorphic than Dipterus, yet crownward of Melanognathus. As the ninth Devonian lungfish genus from China, the new taxon displays a novel schema of lungfish dentition and increases the diversity of early lungfishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HIV/AIDS has transformed into a chronic controllable but not yet curable infectious disease as other chronic diseases to some extent. The additional of so called fourth 90% that included the improved health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for people living with HIV (PLWHIV) required solutions beyond antiretroviral therapy and viral load suppression. This study will explore the role of personality, social economic and prevention strategy effection on HRQoL among people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among PLWHIV aged more than 16 years old in the 10 municipalities in Yunnan Province, China from October 2019 to May 2020, enrolling total 1997 participants. Individual-level HRQoL data were measured by 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). We assembled municipal-level data about social economic from Yunnan Statistical Yearbook in 2020 and strategy practice information from the self-evaluation system. We used the principal component analysis to build the social economic and strategy effect on each area respectively and one-way ANOVA was used to perform univariate analysis to identify the predictors with significant differences. Finally we used multi-level model (MLM) to explore the personality, social economic and strategy effects in health-related quality of life among PLWHIV. Results: The global score for quality of life measured using EQ-5D-5L had an estimated mean score (standard deviation, SD) of 0.901 ± 0.146. The HRQoL score measured using PCS-12 had an estimated mean score (SD) of 46.62 ± 8.55. The mean MCS-12 score (SD) was estimated to be 47.80 ± 9.71. The area-level predictors explained a proportion of 13.6–17.2% for the between-area variation of the HRQoL scores, regardless of the total HRQoL, physical component and mental component. The impacts of stigma (P < 0.01), social support (P < 0.001), anxiety (P < 0.001), depression (P < 0.05) and social economic status (P < 0.05) on HRQoL at the individual-level were significantly different. The plots visualized the impact of individual-level factors on a respondent's HRQoL was modified by the area-level characteristics. Conclusions: The study identified the possible strategy determinant of individual HRQoL of PLWHIV and also the area effect on HRQoL. Stigma, social support, anxiety, depression and social economic status were the individual-level determinants on HRQoL. These could be a valuable resource for evaluating the overall health of the areas and help improve local decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common female malignant tumor in the world. According to a study in 2018, the incidence of cervical cancer in Yunnan Province of China was 11.42 per 100,000, the mortality rate was 3.77 per 100,000, and higher than the national average. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) can be used not only in the selection and effect evaluation of clinical treatment plans of cervical cancer, but also in the evaluation of prognosis and long-term survival status. In this study, 288 cervical cancer patients admitted to the Yunnan Cancer Hospital in Southwest China from 2018 to 2020 were used as the survey objects to understand the HRQoL of cervical cancer patients and explore the related factors that affect HRQoL.Methods: The Chinese version of the functional assessment of cancer therapy-cervix (functional assessment of cancer therapy-cervix v4.0, FACT-Cx V4) was used to investigate 288 patients with cervical cancer in Yunnan Province. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test, analysis of variance, multiple linear regression and other methods.Results: The total FACT-Cx score of cervical cancer patients was (130.16 ± 14.20), the physical well-being (PWB) score was (22.02 ± 4.47), the social/family well-being (SWB) score was (25.66 ± 3.59), the emotional well-being (EWB) score was (19.75 ± 3.54), the functional well-being (FWB) score was (16.91 ± 5.01) and the additional focus area (cervical cancer subscale, CxS) score was (45.78 ± 4.61). From the multi-factor analysis results, the scores of PWB, FWB, Cxs and the total FACT-Cx were related to the choice of different treatment methods, the PWB scores of patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy was low(β = - 1.67, P = 0.003), the FWB scores of patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy was low(β = - 2.02, P = 0.001), the CxS scores of patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy was low(β = - 1.61, P = 0.006), the total score of FACT-Cx of patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy was low(β = - 5.91, P = 0.001). SWB score was affected by marital status, married patients had high PWB scores(β = 5.44, P = 0.006). The patients with heavy disease expenditures as aproportion of family disposable income(β = - 3.82, P = 0.002) and aged 60 and above(β = - 3.29, P = 0.003) had lower FWB scores. The total score FACT-Cx of patients participating in cervical cancer screening was higher(β = 7.61, P = 0.001).Conclusion: The choice of treatment method is the common influencing factor of PWB, FWB, Cxs and the total FACT-Cx. Disease expenditures as a proportion of family disposable income, the treatment method, the marital status and whether to participate in cervical cancer screening affect the patient's evaluation of their own HRQoL. Medical staff should pay special attention to the choice of different treatment methods, popularize vaccination knowledge and cervical cancer screening, give more humanistic care and health education to cervical cancer patients who have low education level, poor economic conditions, divorced or separated, and encourage patients to participate in active treatment to improve the health-related quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HIV/AIDS has transformed into a chronic controllable but not yet curable infectious disease as other chronic diseases to some extent. The additional of so called fourth 90% that included the improved health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for people living with HIV (PLWHIV) required solutions beyond antiretroviral therapy and viral load suppression. This study will explore the role of personality, social economic and prevention strategy effection on HRQoL among people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among PLWHIV aged more than 16 years old in the 10 municipalities in Yunnan Province, China from October 2019 to May 2020, enrolling total 1997 participants. Individual-level HRQoL data were measured by 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). We assembled municipal-level data about social economic from Yunnan Statistical Yearbook in 2020 and strategy practice information from the self-evaluation system. We used the principal component analysis to build the social economic and strategy effect on each area respectively and one-way ANOVA was used to perform univariate analysis to identify the predictors with significant differences. Finally we used multi-level model (MLM) to explore the personality, social economic and strategy effects in health-related quality of life among PLWHIV. Results: The global score for quality of life measured using EQ-5D-5L had an estimated mean score (standard deviation, SD) of 0.901 ± 0.146. The HRQoL score measured using PCS-12 had an estimated mean score (SD) of 46.62 ± 8.55. The mean MCS-12 score (SD) was estimated to be 47.80 ± 9.71. The area-level predictors explained a proportion of 13.6–17.2% for the between-area variation of the HRQoL scores, regardless of the total HRQoL, physical component and mental component. The impacts of stigma (P < 0.01), social support (P < 0.001), anxiety (P < 0.001), depression (P < 0.05) and social economic status (P < 0.05) on HRQoL at the individual-level were significantly different. The plots visualized the impact of individual-level factors on a respondent's HRQoL was modified by the area-level characteristics. Conclusions: The study identified the possible strategy determinant of individual HRQoL of PLWHIV and also the area effect on HRQoL. Stigma, social support, anxiety, depression and social economic status were the individual-level determinants on HRQoL. These could be a valuable resource for evaluating the overall health of the areas and help improve local decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rickettsia and related diseases have been identified as significant global public health threats. This study involved comprehensive field and systematic investigations of various rickettsial organisms in Yunnan Province. Methods: Between May 18, 2011 and November 23, 2020, field investigations were conducted across 42 counties in Yunnan Province, China, encompassing small mammals, livestock, and ticks. Preliminary screenings for Rickettsiales involved amplifying the 16S rRNA genes, along with additional genus- or species-specific genes, which were subsequently confirmed through sequencing results. Sequence comparisons were carried out using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using the default parameters in the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) program. The chi-squared test was used to assess the diversities and component ratios of rickettsial agents across various parameters. Results: A total of 7964 samples were collected from small mammals, livestock, and ticks through Yunnan Province and submitted for screening for rickettsial organisms. Sixteen rickettsial species from the genera Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neoehrlichia, and Wolbachia were detected, with an overall prevalence of 14.72%. Among these, 11 species were identified as pathogens or potential pathogens to humans and livestock. Specifically, 10 rickettsial organisms were widely found in 42.11% (24 out of 57) of small mammal species. High prevalence was observed in Dremomys samples at 5.60%, in samples from regions with latitudes above 4000 m or alpine meadows, and in those obtained from Yuanmou County. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis were broadly infecting multiple genera of animal hosts. In contrast, the small mammal genera Neodon, Dremomys, Ochotona, Anourosorex, and Mus were carrying individually specific rickettsial agents, indicating host tropism. There were 13 rickettsial species detected in 57.14% (8 out of 14) of tick species, with the highest prevalence (37.07%) observed in the genus Rhipicephalus. Eight rickettsial species were identified in 2375 livestock samples. Notably, six new Rickettsiales variants/strains were discovered, and Candidatus Rickettsia longicornii was unambiguously identified. Conclusions: This large-scale survey provided further insight into the high genetic diversity and overall prevalence of emerging Rickettsiales within endemic hotspots in Yunnan Province. The potential threats posed by these emerging tick-borne Rickettsiales to public health warrant attention, underscoring the need for effective strategies to guide the prevention and control of emerging zoonotic diseases in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lancang-Mekong River Basin (LMRB) has been particularly vulnerable to serious and successive droughts during the last decades. Nevertheless, the characteristics of spatiotemporal variations in meteorological drought (MD) and hydrological drought (HD) with an emphasis on drought propagation have yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, based on reanalysis data, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized runoff index (SRI) were employed to comprehensively examine the evolution and propagation characteristics of MD and HD. Spearman rank correlation and wavelet analyses were employed for the correlation and propagation of MD to HD. The influencing factors of the drought propagation time (DPT) were also explored. The results indicate that: (1) During 1950–2021, the regions with worsening drought conditions were primarily in the Lancang River Basin in Yunnan Province, the highlands in north Laos, and the Khorat Plateau in Thailand. (2) The drought characteristics varied significantly on different timescales. For the longer timescales, the MDs and HDs corresponded to fewer drought events but longer durations and larger severities. The average duration and severity of HD were higher than MD on all selected timescales. (3) The DPTs from MD to HD exhibited noticeable spatial variability ranging from 2 to 9 months. In addition, there were statistically positive correlations between the MD and HD in each sub-region. (4) Precipitation was the dominant factor influencing the spatial distribution of DPTs at the basin scale, while the catchment properties, represented by the land use and elevation, had non-negligible influences on the DPTs. (5) Human activities weakened the correlations between MD and HD. Meanwhile, the DPTs were prolonged as a result of human influence. Our findings highlight the characteristics of HD response to MD in the diverse sub-regions of the LMRB and provide crucial information for early warning and improvement of drought resilience in this transboundary international river. • The duration and severity of the MD prolonged and aggravated in the HD. • The DPTs exhibited noticeable spatial variability and varied from 2 to 9 months. • The spatial patterns of DPT were closely linked with climate and catchment properties. • The linkages between MD and HD have been diminished by human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lime mud (i.e., micrite) is a major component of carbonate deposits. Various mechanisms (biotic versus abiotic) have been proposed for the formation of lime mud in Earth's history. However, the detailed role that microbes play in the nucleation and subsequent precipitation of micrites remains to be resolved. Herein we undertook a detailed geobiological characterization of laminated lime mudstone from the Middle Triassic Guanling Formation in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Morphological features, together with previous geobiological investigations, suggest that the laminated lime mudstones represent the former presence of microbial mats. These lime mudstones consist mainly of calcite, dolomite and quartz, with clay minerals and pyrites as subordinate components. In particular, micro-analysis shows copious nano-globules (65–878 nm) and capsule-shaped nano-rods in laminations. These low-Mg calcite nano-globule aggregates are closely associated with mucilaginous biofilms resembling extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Nano-sized globules coalesce to form semi-euhedral micrite crystals. We suggest that a decaying hydrolytic destruction of the EPS by microbial communities within microbial mat leads to the precipitation of the nano-globules by enhancing alkalinity in local micro-environment. As an intermediate, these nano-globules further aggregate to form micrite crystals possibly through a dissolution-reprecipitation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bengge biotite aegirine‐augite syenite (BAS) is located in the southern part of Yidun Arc, eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau area. It is an integral part of the Bengge ultrapotassic rocks (UPR), an alkalic complex mainly consisting of BAS, biotite pyroxene syenite (BPS), and biotite syenite (BS). Geochronological studies including zircon LA‐ICPMS U–Pb dating and biotite 40Ar/39Ar dating have been conducted on the Bengge BAS to constrain its emplacement age. The zircon U–Pb dating yields a wide range of ages from 209 ± 2 Ma to 239 ± 2 Ma, with the concordia 206Pb/238U age being 228 ± 8.9 Ma (MSWD = 0.13). Meanwhile, the biotite 40Ar/39Ar dating yields a plateau age of 205.7 ± 1.5 Ma. The whole‐rock Zr‐saturation temperature (Tzir‐sat) of the Bengge BAS has shown to be very low (86 ± 13°C to 634 ± 13°C), which is much lower than Ti‐in‐zircon temperature (>758°C) of the zircons used for U–Pb dating. This indicates that the zircons in the Bengge BAS are inherited, and they were already present in the BAS melts before the melts became Zr‐saturated. Similarly, the Tzir‐sat of the Bengge BPS and BS are 346 ± 14°C ~ 549 ± 13°C and 281 ± 14°C ~ 525 ± 13°C, respectively, which is also too low for magmatic zircon crystallization in the melts. The inherited zircons of Bengge BAS have typical features of magmatic zircon, with high (Sm/La)N ratios (2.54–819), Ce/Ce* ratios (4.77–304) and low La concentration. Low εHf (T) values (−5.0 to 0.42) and high U/Yb (0.67–12.6) values imply that the inherited zircons (209–239 Ma) in the Benge BAS are derived from an early arc‐magma system of the Yidun Arc. The biotite 40Ar/39Ar dating constrains the Bengge BAS emplacement age at 205.7 ± 1.5 Ma, the time when the arc‐magma activity had ceased, and a regional geodynamic transition in the Yidun Arc from convergence to back‐arc spreading had started. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, although Inula nervosa Wall is substantially investigated, little is understood about blossoms of Inula nervosa Wall (BINW). Objective: In this work, we systematically investigated the antioxidant activity of the extract from BINW by various standard assays including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical ability, 2,20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) di-ammonium salt radical cation (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP). Methods: Chemical compounds were tentatively identified through an UHPLC-QTOF-MS system. Furthermore, the contents of nine compounds were detected with UHPLC method coupled with photodiode array (PDA) detector. By carefully analyzing the quantitative data via clusters analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Results: Forty-six compounds were tentatively identified, and our results showed that nine compound samples in 21 batches of BINW collected from different areas could be differentiated and analyzed by a heatmap visualization. In addition, the contents of nine compounds (flavonoids, phenolic acids) exhibited a total of higher amounts and better antioxidant activities from Yunnan than those from the other three origins. Conclusions: Our study not only developed a powerful platform to explain the difference between traditional Chinese medicines species that are closely related through the chemometric and chemical profiling, but also presented a useful method to establish quality criteria of BINW with multiple origins. Highlights: To characterize the BINW in detail, we not only performed DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays to investigate its antioxidant activity, but also established UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS- and UHPLC-PDA-based methods to comprehensively identify and qualitatively analyze its components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens L., the largest genus in the family Balsaminaceae with approximately 1000 species, is a controversial and complex genus that includes many economically important species well known for medicinal and ornamental values. However, there is limited knowledge of molecular phylogeny and chloroplast genomics, and uncertainties still exist at a taxonomic level. In this study, we have assembled four chloroplast genomics specimens of Impatiens cyanantha and Impatiens monticola, which are found at the different altitudes of Guizhou and Yunnan in China, and compared them with previously published three wild Balsaminaceae species (Impatiens piufanensis, Impatiens glandlifera, and Hydrocera triflora). The complete chloroplast genome sequences ranged from 152,236 bp (I. piufanensis) to 154,189 bp (H. triflora) and encoded 115 total distinct genes, of which 81 were protein-coding, 30 were distinct transfer RNA genes(tRNA), and 4 were ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA). A comparative analysis of I. cyanantha (Guizhou) vs. I. cyanantha (Yunnan) and I. monticola (Guizhou) vs. I. monticola (Yunnan) revealed minor changes in lengths; however, similar gene contents, gene orders, and GC contents existed among them. Interestingly, highly coding and non-coding genes, and regions matK, psbK, atpH-atpI, trnC-trnT, petN, psbM, atpE, rbcL, accD, psaL, rps3-rps19, ndhG-ndhA,rpl16, rpoB, ndhB, ndhF, ycf1, and ndhH were found, which could be suitable for identification of species and phylogenetic studies. During the comparison between I. cyanantha (Guizhou) and I. cyanantha (Yunnan), we observed that the rps4, ycf2, ndhF, ycf1, and rpoC2 genes underwent positive selection. Meanwhile, in the comparative study of I. monticola (Guizhou) vs. I. monticola (Yunnan), The accD and ycf1 genes were positively selected. Additionally, phylogenetic relationships based on maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) among whole chloroplast genomes showed that a sister relationship with I. monticola (Guizhou) and I. monticola (Yunnan) formed a clade with I.piufanensis proving their close connection. Besides, I.cyanantha (Guizhou) and I. cyanantha (Yunnan) formed a clade with I. glandlifera. Along with the findings and the results, the current study might provide valuable significant genomic resources for systematics and evolution of the genus impatiens in different altitudes of regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small Kedengjian volcanic rock-hosted hydrothermal vein-type Cu deposit (100,000 t Cu metal content at about 3% Cu) is located in the Lanping Basin, one of several Mesozoic–Cenozoic continental sedimentary basins in the northern part of the Indochina block and in the eastern part of the North Qiangtang block. Many sediment-hosted base metal ore deposits with ages of < 65 Ma, which coincide with the Indian–Asian continental collision or the Himalayan orogeny, are present in these basins and are collectively referred to as the Sanjiang sediment-hosted base metal metallogenic belt. The Kedengjian volcanic rock-hosted hydrothermal vein-type Cu deposit has been commonly regarded as part of the Cenozoic Sanjiang sediment-hosted base metal metallogenic belt. We determined the age of mineralization for the Kedengjian deposit using hydrothermal titanite and molybdenite. The U–Pb ages of the first and second generations of titanite are 107.4 ± 5.6 Ma and 100.1 ± 3.4 Ma (2 σ), respectively. The associated molybdenite yields a Re–Os isochron age of 98.2 ± 2.2 Ma (2 σ) and a mean age of 98.3 ± 2.2 Ma, which are identical (within analytical error) to the U–Pb age of the younger titanite. Our new results indicate that the Kedengjian deposit formed at ~ 100 Ma, much older than the Cenozoic sediment-hosted base metal deposits in the Lanping Basin. This significant age difference dismisses the Kedengjian deposit as a member of the Cenozoic Sanjiang sediment-hosted base metal metallogenic belt. The Kedengjian deposit formed during the Late Cretaceous subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic plate beneath the previously amalgamated Indochina and North Qiangtang blocks of the Asian continent. On the basis of this tectonic correlation, we suggest that there is potential for pre-Cenozoic hydrothermal Cu mineralization in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plokiophiloides bannaensis sp. nov., is described from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, representing the first record of the family Plokiophilidae from China. The new species also represents the first record of the genus Plokiophiloides in the Oriental Region, a second zoogeographical region besides the Afrotropical Region. Photographs of the live individuals inhabiting a spider web within natural habitats, male and female habitus, wings of adult, male genitalic structures, female abdomen structures and scanning electron micrographs of forewing, head, thorax and legs are provided. A key to all known species of Plokiophiloides is presented, with a distribution map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species with primitive characteristics, Ameletus daliensis Tong, sp. nov., is described, based on the morphology of imago, larva and egg with molecular data of the mitochondrial COI from Mount Cangshan, Dali, China. The new species is closely related to one of the most primitive mayflies, Ameletus primitivus Traver, 1939, by sharing persistent mouthparts in the alate stage, but it can be distinguished from the latter by the morphological differences of the mouthpart remains, wings and genitals in the imaginal stage. Both morphological and molecular evidence support that A. daliensis Tong, sp. nov. is a new member of the genus Ameletus. The discovery of the new species could help understand the origin and evolution of the genus Ameletus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zhenzhu Spring, located in the Tengchong volcanic field, Yunnan, China, is an acid hot spring with high SO42− concentrations and intense acid aerosol generation. In order to understand the formation mechanism of sulfate minerals at the Zhenzhu Spring and provide a better insight into the sulfur isotope geochemistry of the associated Rehai hydrothermal system, we investigated the spring water hydrochemistry, mineralogy and major-element geochemistry of sulfate minerals at the Zhenzhu Spring together with the sulfur-oxygen isotope geochemistry of sulfur-containing materials at the Rehai geothermal field and compared the isotope results with those in other steam-heated environments. Subaerial minerals include a wide variety of sulfate minerals (gypsum, alunogen, pickeringite, tamarugite, magnesiovoltaite and a minor Mg–S–O phase) and amorphous SiO2. The δ34S values of the subaerial sulfate minerals at the Zhenzhu Spring varied subtly from –0.33 to 1.88‰ and were almost consistent with the δ34S values of local H2S (–2.6 to 0.6‰) and dissolved SO42− (–0.2 to 5.8‰), while the δ18O values (–8.94 to 20.1‰) were between that of the spring waters (–10.19 to –6.7‰) and atmospheric O2 (~23.88‰). The results suggest that most of the sulfate minerals are derived from the oxidation of H2S, similar to many sulfate minerals from modern steam-heated environments. However, the rapid environmental change (different ratio of atmospheric and water oxygen) at the Zhenzhu Spring accounts for the large variation of δ18O. The formation of subaerial sulfate minerals around the Zhenzhu Spring is related to acid aerosols (vapour and acid water droplets). The intense activity of spring water around vents supply the aerosol with H2SO4 (H2S oxidation and acid water droplets formed by bubble bursting) and few cations. Deposition of the acid sulfate aerosol forms the acid condensate, which attacks the underlying rocks and releases many cations and anions to form subaerial sulfate minerals at the Zhenzhu Spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbes play an important role in host disease and health. The Asian honey bee Apis cerana is an important pollinator of agricultural crops in China. However, there are still few studies on the structure and composition of the microbiota in the intestine of A. cerana, especially A. cerana in Yunnan. To understand the species and composition of the microbiota in the intestine of A. cerana in Yunnan, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to carry out 16S rRNA sequencing on 50 samples from Kunming, Xishuangbanna and Mengzi. The results show that both from the phylum level and the genus level, the structure and abundance of the microbiota in the gut of A. cerana from the three regions tended to be the same. At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and other species was high in A. cerana from different areas. At the genus level, the abundance of Lactobacillus, Gilliamella, Snodgrassella, Apibacter, Candidatus Schmidhempelia and other species was high in A. cerana from different areas. Due to its unique geographical environment and climatic conditions, at the genus level, the diversity of bacterial communities in Xishuangbanna was significantly lower than that in the other two regions, which was about 100 genera less. In conclusion, our results reveal the composition and structure of the intestinal microbiota of bees in Yunnan and deepen our understanding of the intestinal microbiota of bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longchuan River Basin is located in Chuxiong (central Yunnan province, China) that is subject to severe drought. Agriculture is critical to local economy, which can lead to intense agricultural activity. Accordingly, delineating groundwater potential zones and developing usable groundwater resources are required to meet potable and irrigating water demands in the zone. Remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and improved fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) were adopted to delineate the groundwater potential zones to assess the groundwater availability in Longchuan River Basin. The surveys of China geological map, Landsat 8 OLI and GDEM Aster satellite images were employed to generate eight thematic layers, i.e., lithology, land use/land cover (LULC), lineaments density, rainfall, slope, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), drainage density and elevation; subsequently, the mentioned layers were converted into raster data in ArcGIS. According to the ability of thematic layer to impact groundwater potential, the mentioned criteria were weighted differently by improved FAHP. Next, a map based on weighted linear combination (WLC) model was generated. Lastly, the groundwater potential zones of study area fell into 'poor' zone, 'moderate' zone and 'good' zone. As revealed from the results of the study, nearly 31.22% of the area exhibited 'good' groundwater potential, approximately 36.46% was terrain exhibiting 'moderate' groundwater potential, and the residual 32.23% were considered to exhibit 'poor' groundwater potential. The results provide more insights, and the groundwater potential zones map can be exploited by local governments for groundwater resources management and exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The fruits of the genus Rosa, commonly known as rosehips, have attracted significant attention owing to their rich content of various bioactive compounds. However, their utility is generally secondary to the ornamental appeal of their flowers. This study aimed to explore the quality differences among tea‐scented rosehips found in Yunnan, China, including those of Rosa odorata var. odorata (RO), Rosa odorata var. gigantea (RG), and Rosa yangii (RY). Morphological characteristics, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of their fruits were evaluated. RESULTS: The study revealed significant variability in composition and biological activities based on fruit color. RO exhibited the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and vitamin C, with the strongest antioxidant activity (10.99 μmol Trolox·g−1), followed by RG (7.91 μmol Trolox·g−1) and RY (6.52 μmol Trolox·g−1). This supports RO's potential as a functional food source. Untargeted metabolomics identified and quantified 502 metabolites, with flavonoids (171) and phenolic acids (147) as the main metabolites. The differential metabolites among the fruits are primarily enriched for flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Insights into color formation supported the role of anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonols in fruit color variation. CONCLUSION: Tea‐scented rosehips offer vibrant colors and high nutritional value with potent biological activities. Rosa odorata var. odorata stands out as a functional food source owing to its rich bioactive compounds. These findings lay the groundwork for utilizing rosehips in functional foods, health supplements, and food additives, emphasizing the practical and beneficial applications of Rosa spp. independent of their ornamental value. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eastern extension of the Tibetan Plateau (EETP) has complex terrain, unique climate characteristics, and significant regional differences. Based on the hourly precipitation data from 444 stations over the EETP, the characteristics of the extreme precipitation event (EPE) diurnal cycle over the EETP and their regional differences during the warm season (May–September) have been indicated and revealed in this study. The mean duration of EPEs at most stations over the EETP is over 6 h, except for some stations in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau and Yunnan province. In addition to the Qinba Mountain area, EPEs developed rapidly in most stations. EPEs with long (short) durations usually start at night (afternoon). But in the southwestern part of the Sichuan Basin (eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau), long-duration EPEs and short-duration EPEs often start at night (afternoon to early night). Meanwhile, the long-duration EPEs lead to the nocturnal diurnal peaks and eastward propagating features of extreme precipitation amount (EPA) over the EETP. In the Sichuan Basin (the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau), the onset and peak moments of total EPEs show a single diurnal peak and appear at midnight (late afternoon to early night). The onset and peak moments of EPEs in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau and the Qinba Mountain area exhibit two diurnal peaks, one at midnight and the other from afternoon to early night. Over the EETP, for the long-duration EPEs, the peak moments are often delayed by 2–3 h compared to the start moment, while for the short-duration EPEs, the peak moment and the start moment almost coincide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operation parameters and performance of a flash-binary power system are analyzed based on four scenarios of the experiment, optimum design, error correction Model 1 and error correction Model 2. The operation parameters of a flash-binary power system are tested to explain steady in the experiment with heat source temperature ranges from 100-150°C. The results show that the simulation data of error correction Model 2 have a good agreement with the experiment and most parameter values of relative error, δ, are less than 5%. The expander with low isotropic efficiency results in the largest exergy losses in the flash-binary power system. The flash-binary power system has better performance to adapt to the mid-high temperature geothermal resource in China. Some valuable data obtained from the research can be applied in the future power plant construction in China's southern Tibet, western Yunnan and Sichuan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The column height of earth forest is generally 8~30m in Yuanmou county of Yunnan province, which is far higher than the self-supporting height of general soil column. Ferruginous cement is an important reason for formation of the tall and erect columnar soil. Macroscopic physical and mechanical tests confirmed that the strength of the stratum containing ferruginous cement was much higher than that of the formation without ferruginous cement. The microstructure and morphology of ferruginous cement were analyzed by SEM and EDS. It is found that ferruginous cement is mainly composed of iron compounds and clay minerals, which only exists in certain stratum. In the process of growth, Iron compounds chemically bond with clay minerals during growth to form ferruginous cements, which first form unique sphere on the surface of particles or clay minerals. It then clumps together and fills the spaces between the particles. Finally, the dispersed particles are connected together to form a stable lamellar spatial structure, which greatly improves the strength of the soil. Through the study of ferruginous cement, the mechanism of this natural curing agent is understood, which enriches the research content in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates Xiyi Pb-Zn deposit in Yunnan Province, China, which has little mineralized outcrop and rare supergene enrichment. The deposit is overlain by transported cover with a thickness of ~0.2–50 m. The geoelectrochemical extraction method (GEM) was tested over well-characterized areas of the deposit (sections A–B, C–D), and in an unexplored region (area E). GEM results are compared with soil geochemical methods (SGM) in areas of known mineralization and show that the geoelectrochemical anomalies (Pb, Zn, Ge, As, Au) exhibit a positive response to the deep concealed ore body, and that GEM can be more effective for finding the concealed Pb-Zn ore in the study area compared to SGM. A geoelectrochemical prospecting index was created for this deposit type and tested in an area without known mineralization (area E). The index shows that anomalies can be identified where the contrast value (CV) is >1 for Pb and Zn, and where there is the Y1 factor score (y 1) >0 (for Pb-Zn-Ge-As-Mo-Bi). Correlation and factor analysis identify two comprehensive anomaly zones (CAZ) in area E with good prospecting potential, which can be used as the focus of the next exploration. The strong surface geoelectrochemical and soil geochemical anomalies above the fracture belt, with weak to moderate anomalies over thick transported cover above the fracture belt extension, suggest that dilatancy pumping is a dominant migration mechanism in the formation of anomalies in areas of shallow transported cover. • The geoelectrochemical extraction method (GEM) is feasible and more effective than soil geochemical method (SGM). • The anomalies of GEM can indicate the deep concealed mineralization or ore bodies. • The CV anomalies of Pb, Zn (CV<1), Y1 (Pb-Zn-Ge-As-Mo-Bi) factor score (y 1 <0) are shown to be prospecting indicators of GEM. • Define and evaluate two comprehensive anomaly zones in the unexplored area E by the GEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The faults in the Anninghe-Zemuhe-Daliangshan fault system are mechanically coupled and interact with each other over various timescales. • The fault interactions and mechanical coupling between faults can cause regional earthquake clusters. • The model seismicity, seismic moment release rates, and slip rates on the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault and Daliangshan fault are interdependent and complementary. • The change in mechanical strength of the Daliangshan fault can influence seismicity and slip rates on itself and other faults in this region. The mechanical coupling and interactions between faults over various timescales, and their relationships with regional seismicity have not been clarified. In order to study these problems, we built a three-dimensional viscoelastoplastic finite element model to simulate stress evolution, long-term fault slip rates, and regional seismicity in the Anninghe-Zemuhe-Daliangshan fault system. The fault system consists of two parallel faults, the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault and Daliangshan fault, and is a main boundary between Sichuan-Yunnan block and South China block in southeastern Tibetan Plateau. By analyzing the model results, we investigated mechanical coupling and fault interactions in the fault system, the characteristics of seismicity, and the relationship between them over timescales of earthquake cycles. The results showed that mechanical coupling or fault interaction in a fault system is an important factor to cause earthquake clusters. The model results and observation data showed that seismicity and seismic moment release rates on the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault and Daliangshan fault are interdependent: active seismicity or high seismic moment release rate on one fault is usually accompanied by relatively quiescent seismicity or low seismic moment release rate on the other fault. We observed that the two faults collectively accommodate crustal relative motion and their slip rates are complementary. We also found that the development and maturity of Daliangshan fault in the future can increase its own seismicity and slip rate, but decrease those on the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault. This study reveals mechanical coupling and fault interactions over various timescales and their impact on regional seismicity in the Anninghe-Zemuhe-Daliangshan fault system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Breeding biology stands as the paramount component within avian life history. In this study, for the first time, we provided detailed information on the breeding biology of the Indian Blue Robin (Larvivora brunnea), a little-known forest understory bird, for which the breeding biology has been largely unknown. We conducted our fieldwork in northwestern Yunnan, China, in May of 2021. Both parent birds were observed to participate in the breeding process, but the female participated in incubation only. This study highlights how a small single-parent bird adapts its incubation behavior, as well as how parent birds coordinate their breeding to adjust to the cold and unpredictable environmental conditions in high-altitude regions. Breeding biology lies at the core of life history research on birds, and it provides important information for avian conservation. We discovered one nest of the Indian Blue Robin (Larvivora brunnea) on 28 May 2021, at the Laojun mountains in Lijiang, northwestern Yunnan, China. Field observation was combined with the use of a GoPro camera for video shooting to quantitatively study the incubation and brooding behavior. We also conducted measurements of the eggs and nestlings on site and inspected the nesting materials used. A bowl-shaped nest with four eggs was located at 2830 m in the evergreen deciduous broad-leaved forest. All eggs were successfully incubated and two nestlings fledged on 22 June 2021, resulting in a total breeding success of 50%. Only the female bird incubated the eggs and brooded the nestlings. The incubation period was at least 13 days and the nestling period was 13 days. As incubation progressed, the incubation bout duration decreased. During the incubation period, the nesting time of the female bird shows a declining trend as incubation progresses. Both parents participated in feeding the nestling, and the frequency of parental supply increased with the maturity of the nestling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Hongshiyan landslide, the largest landslide (volume ~ 12.24 Mm3) triggered by 2014 Mw 6.2 Ludian earthquake, blocked the Niulan river forming a rockslide dam; the failure potential of the dam created an elevated risk to population and infrastructure downstream. We provide insight into the failure mechanics of the Hongshiyan landslide using data obtained by means of remote sensing techniques and traditional in-situ surveys. Geological data obtained by these methods was then used for kinematic and numerical analyses. Our study shows that failure of the Hongshiyan landslide involved a high rock slope with an average slope of 55° and aspect of 185° SSW, in which the geological setting consists of an upper strong limestone slab and an underlying weak silty mudstone. The geological setting allowed the landslide to develop, as follows: i) the silty mudstone, due to its poor mechanical properties, was subject to ductile deformation under the compressive loading from the overlying strong limestone slabs; ii) a large number of release fractures in the limestone developed as a consequence of pre-failure progressive deformation in the underlying weak mudstone; iii) the oxidation and solution along steep joint walls in the upper limestone indicates that the joints are pathways that allow water ingress into the mudstone, further promoting the degradation of shear strength in this layer. Distinct element modelling (UDEC) was used to back analyse the failure mechanism and develop the geological model that best reproduced the Hongshiyan failure geometry. Results show that the failure surface consisted of two elements. The upper steeply dipping release surface formed along the slope-parallel steep cross joints defining a jointed, strong limestone slab, and the toe of the failure formed a curved failure surface through the ductile weak silty mudstone, underlying the limestone slab, independent of any discontinuities within it. The pre-failure observations and numerical analysis suggest that the Hongshiyan slope was in a state of marginal static stability prior to the earthquake as a result of pre-failure progressive deformation controlled by the shear strength of the underlying mudstone. Overall, the marginal pre-earthquake stability of the Hongshiyan slope, coupled with the strongest seismic loading, which the Hongshiyan slope has been historically subjected to, are the reasons why this moderate earthquake induced a large-scale catastrophic rock slope failure. Highlights • We study a large-scale deep-seated rockslide triggered by a moderate earthquake. • Through a successful numerical analysis we show the mechanics of co-seismic failure. • The slope had been deforming prior to its catastrophic failure as a result of the earthquake. • Instability was only possible because of a weak element in the slope system. • The key to failure was an upper rigid layer overlying a lower ductile layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing can provide a fast and reliable alternative for traditional in situ water status measurement in vineyards. Several vegetation indices (VIs) derived from aerial multispectral imagery were tested to estimate midday stem water potential (Ψ stem ) of grapevines. The experimental trial was carried out in a vineyard in the Shangri-La region, located in Yunnan province in China. Statistical methods and machine learning algorithms were used to evaluate the correlations between Ψ stem and VIs. Results by simple regression between VIs individually and Ψ stem showed no significant relationships, with coefficient of determination (R 2 ) for linear fitting smaller than 0.3 for almost all the indices studied, except for the Optimal Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI); R 2  = 0.42 with statistical significance (p ≤ 0.001). However, results from a model obtained by fitting using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), using all VIs calculated as inputs and real Ψ stem from plants within the study site (n = 90) as targets (Model 1), showed high correlation between the estimated water potential through ANN (Ψ stem ANN ) and the actual measured Ψ stem . Training, validation and testing data sets presented individual correlations of R = 0.8, 0.72 and 0.62 respectively. The models obtained from the study site were then applied to a wider area from the vineyard studied and compared to further Ψ stem measured obtained from different sites (n = 23) showing high correlation values between Ψ stem ANN and real Ψ stem (R 2  = 0.83; slope = 1; p ≤ 0.001). Finally, a pattern recognition ANN model (Model 2) was developed for irrigation scheduling purposes using the same Ψ stem measured in the study site as inputs and with the following thresholds as outputs: Ψ stem below −1.2 MPa considered as severe water stress (SS), Ψ stem between −0.8 to −1.2 MPa as moderate stress (MS) and Ψ stem over −0.8 MPa with no water stress (NS). This model can be applied to analyze on a plant by plant basis to identify sectors of stress within the vineyard for optimal irrigation management and to identify spatial variability within the vineyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yunling cattle (YL) is a recently developed beef breed harboring a quarter of Yunnan ancestral cattle genome, spanning over past 30 years. Compared with Diqing cattle (DQ), a Yunnan native cattle breed, YL presents various advantages, including rapid growth and exquisite meat quality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypic differences are not clearly understood. To further identify the candidate genes responsible for the quality of the meat in the muscle, longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle was used for RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 508 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in YL (adjusted p-value <0.01 and log2FoldChange >1), of which 243 were up-regulated and 265 were down-regulated. Functional association analysis showed that the identified DEGs mainly enriched the lipid and fat metabolism pathways. Moreover, it was also observed that several fat-related genes were differentially expressed in both cattle breeds, including three up-regulated genes (MOGAT1, ACSM3, PLPP2) and two down-regulated genes (ADIG, GPAT3). In addition, alternative splice analysis was also performed revealing an important 9–11 exon skipping variation of GPAM gene (crucial for beef marbling) in YL, which is three times higher than that in DQ, suggesting that this variation might have played the central role in the 'snow beef' effect in YL. We believe that our results will help in understanding the mechanism of muscle development and promote the further breeding programs in YL cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cenozoic post-collisional potassic igneous suites with compositions varying from mafic to felsic members are widespread in western Yunnan, China, but the major controls on magmatic redox states of the felsic members remain not well understood. To answer this outstanding question, we have carried out an integrated petrological–geochemical study for the potassic felsic volcanic rocks in Jianchuan area, western Yunnan. The samples from Jianchuan are trachytes, containing 59.74–63.96 wt% SiO 2 and 5.50–6.72 wt% K 2 O, with K 2 O/Na 2 O of 1.43–2.02. Zircon grains from the Jianchuan trachytes yield a U Pb age of ∼35 Ma. These rocks are characterized by significant LREE and LILE enrichments, pronounced negative Nb–Ta–Ti–P anomalies and enriched Sr Nd isotopic compositions, which are very similar to those of the mafic endmember in the region, such as the Wozhong shoshonites. The Jianchuan trachytes have zircon ε Hf from 0.04 to 1.48 and δ18O from 7.06 to 7.77 ‰, apatite ε Nd from −3.5 to −2.5, and clinopyroxene (87Sr/86Sr) i from 0.70571 to 0.70746. The above-mentioned similarities, together with uniform whole-rock and mineral isotope compositions, as well as modeled parental magma compositions using trace elements of clinopyroxenes, strongly support the interpretation that the Jianchuan trachytes were formed by fractional crystallization of mantle-derived potassic mafic parental melts similar to the Wozhong shoshonites. Elements and Sr isotopes of clinopyroxenes suggest multiple magma recharge from the same source during the formation of the Jianchuan trachytes. Using the amphibole and sphene-magnetite-quartz oxybarometers, magmatic oxidation states of the Jianchuan trachytes are estimated to be at ΔFMQ (FMQ = fayalite + magnetite + quartz redox buffer) between 1.74 and 2.66, similar to the previously reported values for the Wozhong shoshonites. Our new results show that source, rather than magmatic evolution processes, is the first-order control on magmatic oxygen fugacity of the Jianchuan trachytes. Our results also suggest that, Eocene post-collisional mantle-derived potassic magmas in western Yangtze Craton are most likely oxidized in nature, which are likely crucial for post-collisional porphyry Cu Au formation in the region. • Felsic volcanic rocks formed by fractional crystallization of mafic magmas. • Felsic volcanic rocks have high magmatic oxygen fugacity. • Source is the first-order control on magmatic oxygen fugacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]