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The extensive use and misuse of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in drug formulations has resulted in their accumulation in food sources and environment, posing noteworthy threats to human health and the global economy. Dapoxetine hydrochloride (DPH) is one of the recent oral drugs frequently misused for the treatment of male sexual dysfunction of premature ejaculation and has lately international attention. Hence, the current study reports a simple and low cost electrochemical probe based on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) combining adsorptive square wave - anodic stripping voltammeter (Ads SW-ASV) for detection of DPH in aqueous solution at pH 3. The proposed probe displayed limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 5.0 × 10−7 and 1.56 × 10−6 M, respectively, with a wide linear dynamic range (LDR) of 1.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−4 M of DPH. The sensor also revealed remarkable reproducibility, stability, and resistance towards interference. The probe also has favorable LOD and good LDR compared to the recent reported assays for DPH detection. The probe was applied for detection of DPH in its drug formulations and its residues in water samples with acceptable recoveries (98.5 ± 0.014–104 ± 0.016 %) with favorable repeatability and reproducibility. The experimental Student texp test (n = 5) was lower than tabulated t value t (2.78) at 95 % confidence (n = 5) demonstrating the reliability of the probe towards DPH detection in water and signifying the potential practices for DPH detection in complex matrices. Thus, the probe revealed good performance making it a talented candidate for practical detection of DPH. Interference of some frequently found components in drug residues in water and long-term stability of the probe was also assigned. The probe is simple, robust, and able to detect DPH in complex matrix with high recoveries.

Background. Currently, during the construction of new nuclear power plants (NPP), its service life has been extended to 60 years, which requires the modernization of information and measurement systems that control many parameters of the dome of the NPP, including temperature parameters. The safety of the NPP as a whole depends on the accuracy of measuring the temperature of the cement base of the dome of the NPP. The measuring instruments used should not create additional electromagnetic interference during measurements, therefore, the use of fiber-optic measuring instruments is considered more preferable. The object of the study is a fiber-optic information and measurement system (FOIMS) of the stress-strain state of the protective shell of the NPP. The subject of the research is scientific and technical solutions of fiber-optic temperature sensors (FOTS) with a compensation channel, which are part of the nuclear power plant protective shell, installed in rigid deformable environments. The purpose of the study is to develop constructive, technological and structural solutions of the FOTS, providing the possibility of its application in rigid deformable environments with minimal dynamic error due to inertial processes in the sensor housing. Materials and methods. The main approach to achieve this goal is to adapt the previously developed technical solutions of the FOTS to the measurement conditions in rigid deformable media, which are the supporting parts of the dome of the NPP. Results. The structure is determined and the design of the FOTS with a compensation channel of the reflective type is developed. The relations between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the materials from which the structural elements of the FOTS are made, providing a reduction in the deformation of the protective housing and the sensitive element of the FOTS when the temperature changes, are determined. The initial distance between the mirror surface and the ends of the optical fibers located opposite the mirror surface, at which the sensor conversion function is linear, and the maximum sensitivity (up to 30%) and the modulation depth of the optical signal conversion (up to 50%) are determined. Conclusions. The design, technological and structural solutions of the FOTS with a reflective type compensation channel for the FOIMS of the protective shell of NPP placed in rigid deformable environments have been developed. The use of the developed fiber-optic temperature sensor will provide: reduction of internal stresses inside the deformable environment of the protective shell when its temperature changes; reduction of the dynamic error of temperature measurement; increase in the accuracy of measuring the temperature of the protective shell.

Test-taking behavior in reading comprehension tests is explained, among other things, by meta-cognitive skills, which can be described by indicators of test behavior. These indicators include reading time, respondent-item interaction time, returning to the text, etc. This study is based on the analysis of the test-taking behavior of fourth graders (N=2168) during a reading comprehension test. Two types of indicators of test behavior were described: 1) timing and action speed control; and 2) nonlinear test navigation from item to item and returns to the text. Based on these indicators and using cluster analysis, we identified groups of students with typical patterns of behavior. These groups were described in the context of student gender and test score in the test. The results showed that the data about nonlinear transitions helps to find out the groups of students with regulatory difficulties, however the presence or absence of nonlinear transitions is not associated with test results. Higher results of students are associated with taking test in a linear pattern and a moderately long time.

Gaslighting is typically viewed as a form of psychological manipulation that makes the victim doubt his or her sense of reality and leads to a loss of agency and mental stability. It was spotted over 60 years ago and has long been the subject of study by psychiatrists. Recently, interest in the phenomenon of gaslighting has grown significantly, becoming the subject of research by scientists of various scientific disciplines, which inevitably leads to the expansion of the meaning of this phenomenon and endowing it with additional properties. Psychology is thought to have contributed to this process through the study of symbolic interactionism, attachment theory, self-verification theory, and shared reality. This article presents the dynamics of the development of this term, defines the main features of this phenomenon, and analyzes the basis on which new approaches to the study of gaslighting in modern international psychology are built. The most common assumption in the latest studies is that gaslighting is possible when standard social-cognitive mechanisms are involved in atypical social situations. Relationships with significant others largely determine people's epistemic needs: close people shape and reflect an individual's self-image and perception of the surrounding reality. It is this special position of loved ones that gives gaslighters leverage over the victim.

The paper addresses the interaction of the focus category and the semantic and syntactic aspects of the cleft sentence of the English language. The features of the focus in a cleft sentence are discussed, taking into account the relationship between the information structure and the category of definiteness-indefiniteness. The authors present a review of studies that investigate the information structure of it-clefts in terms of generative grammar. Two groups of studies are distinguished: the one of the groups integrates the focus into the deep structure of it-clefts; the other group of studies attributes the focus to the surface structure of it-clefts. It is concluded that the study of the role of the focus of clefts in isolation from the discourse leads to the interpretation of the focus exclusively in terms of semantic and structural relations. Consequently, the transformational rules formulated in the studies reviewed may not be universal and differently describe the process of transition to the surface structure of a cleft sentence in different languages.

Background. Nowadays during modernization of domestic rocket-space and aviation equipment (RS and AT) special attention is paid to the accuracy of measurement of spatial position of large-size test stands. Design and technological parameters of RS and AE products depend on the accuracy of measuring the stand inclination angle. The used measuring instruments, including the tilt angle, should not create additional electromagnetic interference during testing of RS and AT products; therefore, the use of fiber-optic measuring instruments is considered more preferable. The object of the research is fiber-optic information- measuring systems (FIMS) of large-size RS and AT test benches. The subject of the research are scientific and technical solutions of fiber-optic tilt angle sensors (FOTAS) of attenuator type, which are a part of FOTAS of large-size test benches. The purpose of the study is to extend the functionality of FIMS in measuring the tilt angles of large-size test benches in the range of ±20 degrees. Materials and methods. The main approach to achieve the set goal is adaptation of known technical solutions of fiber-optic sensors (FOS) of linear and angular displacements to the conditions of tilt angle measurement by modernization of optical-mechanical system (MOMS) of FOTAS. The provisions of the theory of measurements, methods of geometrical optics, mathematical processing of the obtained results, modeling and graphical constructions in Microsoft Office, MathCAD programs were used in the research. Results. The structural scheme of FIMS on the basis of attenuator-type FOTAS has been developed, which is characterized by the possibility of simultaneous measurement of inclination angle, angular velocity and angular acceleration with the help of one inclination angle sensor, since the change of stand position in space is an inertial process. A schematic representation of the mutual spatial position of the light rays and elements of the FOTAS when the pendulum is deflected when the stand is tilted is presented, on the basis of which the possibility of measuring the angle in the range of ±20 degrees is proved. The structure of a two-channel pendulum-type attenuator-type FOTAS is determined. Conclusions. Implementation of FIMS on large-size RS and AT test benches provides their absolute spark-explosion-fire safety. Improvement of the MOMS, in which the attenuator is formed in the body of the pendulum, allowed to extend the range of measurement of the FIMS angle up to ±20 degrees. The new structure of FIMS will allow to significantly reduce hardware costs for measurement of such parameters as tilt angle, angular velocity and angular acceleration of a large-size test stand.

Purpose/objective(s): The growing use of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in metastatic cancer has led to its use in varying anatomic locations. The objective of this study was to review our institutional SBRT experience for axillary metastases (AM), focusing on outcomes and process. Materials/methods: Patients treated with SBRT to AM from 2014 to 2022 were reviewed. Cumulative incidence functions were used to estimate the incidence of local failure (LF), with death as competing risk. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Univariate regression analysis examined predictors of LF. Results: We analyzed 37 patients with 39 AM who received SBRT. Patients were predominantly female (60 %) and elderly (median age: 72). Median follow-up was 14.6 months. Common primary cancers included breast (43 %), skin (19 %), and lung (14 %). Treatment indication included oligoprogression (46 %), oligometastases (35 %) and symptomatic progression (19 %). A minority had prior overlapping radiation (18 %) or surgery (11 %). Most had prior systemic therapy (70 %).Significant heterogeneity in planning technique was identified; a minority of patient received 4-D CT scans (46 %), MR-simulation (21 %), or contrast (10 %). Median dose was 40 Gy (interquartile range (IQR): 35–40) in 5 fractions, (BED10 = 72 Gy). Seventeen cases (44 %) utilized a low-dose elective volume to cover remaining axilla.At first assessment, 87 % had partial or complete response, with a single progression. Of symptomatic patients (n = 14), 57 % had complete resolution and 21 % had improvement. One and 2-year LF rate were 16 % and 20 %, respectively. Univariable analysis showed increasing BED reduced risk of LF. Median OS was 21.0 months (95 % [Confidence Interval (CI)] 17.3-not reached) and median PFS was 7.0 months (95 % [CI] 4.3–11.3). Two grade 3 events were identified, and no grade 4/5. Conclusion: Using SBRT for AM demonstrated low rates of toxicity and LF, and respectable symptom improvement. Variation in treatment delivery has prompted development of an institutional protocol to standardize technique and increase efficiency. Limited followup may limit detection of local failure and late toxicity.

ABSTRACT: Dairy goat kids are commonly disbudded in the United States without pain relief. Our objective was to identify an efficient pain management strategy by monitoring changes in plasma biomarkers and behavior of disbudded goat kids. A total of 42 kids (5–18 d old at the time of disbudding) were randomly allocated to 1 of 7 treatments (n = 6/treatment): sham treatment; 0.05 mg/kg i.m. xylazine (X); 4 mg/kg subcutaneous buffered lidocaine (L); 1 mg/kg oral meloxicam (M); xylazine and lidocaine (XL); xylazine and meloxicam (XM); and xylazine, meloxicam, and lidocaine together (XML). Treatments were administered 20 min before disbudding. One trained individual, blinded to treatment, disbudded all kids; sham-treated kids were handled similarly except the iron was cold. Jugular blood samples (3 mL) were obtained before (−20, −10, and −1 min) and after (1, 15, and 30 min, and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 h) disbudding and analyzed for cortisol and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) testing was performed at 4, 12, 24, and 48 h after disbudding, and kids were weighed daily until 2 d post-disbudding. Vocalizations, tail flicks, and struggle behavior during disbudding were recorded. Cameras were mounted over home pens; continuous and scan observations over 12 periods of 10 min each, in the 48 h after disbudding, captured frequency of locomotion and pain-specific behaviors. Repeated measures and linear mixed models assessed treatment effects on outcome measures during and after disbudding. Models accounted for sex, breed, and age as random effects, and Bonferroni adjustments accounted for multiple comparisons. At 15 min after disbudding, XML kids had lower plasma cortisol concentrations compared with L (50.0 ± 13.2 vs. 132.8 ± 13.6 mmol/L) and M kids (50.0 ± 13.2 vs. 145.4 ± 15.7 mmol/L). Cortisol was also lower in XML kids over the first hour after disbudding compared with L kids (43.4 ± 9 vs. 80.2 ± 9 mmol/L). Change from baseline PGE2 was not affected by treatment. Behaviors observed during disbudding did not differ by treatment group. Treatment affected MNT such that M kids were more sensitive overall compared with sham kids (0.93 ± 0.11 kgf vs. 1.35 ± 0.12 kgf). None of the recorded post-disbudding behaviors were affected by treatment, but study activities did influence behavior over time, with kid activity levels declining in the first day after disbudding but largely recovering thereafter. We conclude that none of the drug combinations investigated here appeared to fully attenuate pain indicators during or after disbudding, but triple modality seems to have offered partial relief compared with some of the single-modality treatments.

The article addresses ekphrasis as a kind of polycode text that combines elements of different sign systems. The purpose of the work is to study the relationship between verbal and visual (iconic) elements in a detailed portrait ekphrasis, represented by the poem of the modern Irish poetess M. McGuckian «The Seed-Picture». The study discovered the main functions and forms of the interaction between verbal and non-verbal components in the polycode structure of the poetic text. Linguistic and stylistic means of creating a visual image underlying the analyzed ekphrasis were identified. It was concluded that the combination of all these factors affects the generation of new meanings and produces the process of artistic communication.

In the present work, a modified Pressure Swirl Atomizer (PSA) was introduced to operate as an Assisted Pressure Swirl Atomizer (AAPSA). Different mass flow rates of assisted air were experimentally tested. The studied parameters are the orifice length to diameter ratio (L/Do), swirl chamber length/diameter ratio (Ls/Ds) and swirling passage size (width × depth). The spray characteristics were studied using water as the atomized liquid. The spray was photographed using a high-speed camera to determine the spray shape, the cone angle and the spray breakup length. Moreover, photos taken by the high-speed camera were processed using IMAGE J software to obtain the droplet size diameters. The spray concentrations were measured by the patternator tubes technique. The results indicated that the spray cone angle increased by increasing the value of the L/Do ratio or by decreasing the assisted air mass flow rate. The spray concentration maximum value is shifted inward with the assist air injection. The breakup length decreased by about 65% for the PSA and 77% for the AAPSA when the value of the Ls/Ds ratio is decreased from 1.163 to 0.664. With the injection of assist air at a rate of 2 g/s, the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) is reduced by about 64% compared to a PSA having the same geometry.

TAE Technologies’ fifth-generation fusion device, C-2W (also called ‘Norman’), is the world’s largest compact-toroid device and has made significant progress in field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma performance. C-2W produces record breaking, macroscopically stable, high-temperature advanced beam-driven FRC plasmas, dominated by injected fast particles and sustained in steady state, which is primarily limited by neutral-beam (NB) pulse duration. The NB power supply system has recently been upgraded to extend the pulse length from 30 ms to 40 ms, which allows for a longer plasma lifetime and thus better characterization and further enhancement of FRC performance. An active plasma control system is routinely used in C-2W to produce consistent FRC performance as well as for reliable machine operations using magnet coils, edge-biasing electrodes, gas injection and tunable-energy NBs. Google’s machine learning framework for experimental optimization has also been routinely used to enhance plasma performance. Dedicated plasma optimization experimental campaigns, particularly focused on the external magnetic field profile and NB injection (NBI) optimizations, have produced a superior FRC plasma performance; for instance, achieving a total plasma energy of ∼13 kJ, a trapped poloidal magnetic flux of ∼16 mWb (based on the rigid-rotor model) and plasma sustainment in steady state up to ∼40 ms. Furthermore, under some operating conditions, the electron temperature of FRC plasmas at a quiescent phase has successfully reached up to ∼1 keV at the peak inside the FRC separatrix for the first time. The overall FRC performance is well correlated with the NB and edge-biasing systems, where higher total plasma energy is obtained with higher NBI power and applied voltage on biasing electrodes. C-2W operations have now reached a mature level where the machine can produce hot, stable, long-lived, and repeatable plasmas in a well-controlled manner.

This article is devoted to the study of the phenotypic manifestations of transformation induced by the Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599 in Nicotiana tabacum L., a model plant sensitive to agrobacteria. For this purpose, we carried out a genetic transformation of tobacco leaf disks that resulted in spontaneous callus and shoot formation on hormone-free media. On average, 6 regenerated shoots per leaf explant were obtained. Overall, 2 out of 87 transplanted shoots spontaneously formed roots, and 21 shoots died. In the remaining shoots, rooting was observed only when the growth regulator IAA was added to the medium. Using the above protocol, a total of 39 transgenic plantlets adapted to the given soil conditions were produced from spontaneous points of regeneration. The transformation also initiated the formation of hairy roots, but there were very few of them – 0.77 roots per explant on average. The isolated cultures of tobacco hairy roots generated using strain K599 did not phenotypically differ from those induced by strains A4 and 15834. On the hairy roots, 10 shoots transgenic for rol genes were regenerated by the induction of shoots using growth regulators, 8 of them were later rooted and acclimated to the given soil conditions. The PCR analysis showed the presence of rol genes in all transgenic plants that regenerated spontaneously or were induced on roots by growth regulators. Thus, strain K599, unlike other strains of A. rhizogenes, has a potential to be used to grow transgenic tobacco plants on hormone-free nutrient media by direct regeneration of shoots on explants.

A rational technology was developed for the production of high-quality cast carbon steel for small castings in small-capacity induction crucible furnaces. In order to determine the carbon and sulfur content, instead of expensive spectral instruments, the cost of which significantly increases the cost of finished products, a metallographic method based on method L (GOST1778-70) for quantitative evaluation of the structural components of steel is proposed. Silicon content was determined using a specially developed device based on the TEMF method. In order to implement metallographic methods of analysis and with the aim of the rapid manufacture of specimens, a mini laboratory was developed and produced, which consists of a small-size cutting machine, a single-spindle grinding and polishing machine with a set of abrasive wheels of different grain sizes and felt polishing discs impregnated with diamond paste, a simplified metallographic microscope MMU-3 with a video camera, a vacuum sampler for sampling liquid metal during smelting process, a device for determining silicon content in steel. Several methods of structural section calculation were tested, but the simplest and proven linear method developed at the «Machines and technology of foundry» Department of National University «Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic» was adopted. The readings of temperature measurements by thermocouple and radiation pyrometers were compared. The latter do not change the solidification conditions of the castings, and the measurement speed is not inferior to thermocouples. Calculation and preparation of the charge were carried out by standard methods, but high precision appliances were used. The studies carried out allowed us to obtain accurate data on the structure and quality indicators of blanks or castings. Testing of the developed technology confirmed the rational consumption of charge materials, guaranteed chemical composition and stable quality indicators of finished products.

Background. High requirements for spark-explosion-fire safety, as well as the absence of harmful electromagnetic influences, ease of installation, measurement accuracy and preservation of operability in severe operating conditions are imposed on the means of measuring the fuel supply rate on board the aircraft. Fiber-optic measuring instruments have proven themselves well for use in such conditions. Despite the obvious advantages, fiber-optic sensors (FOS) in the domestic market are still inferior in demand for electrical measuring instruments, the reason for which was the lack of sufficient information about the technological features of their assembly, alignment and adjustment. Now, it is necessary to conduct experimental studies confirming the operability of mock-up samples of fiberoptic systems for measuring the stability of liquid flows. Materials and methods. To conduct experimental studies of a fiber-optic system for measuring the fluid flow velocity, a methodology for conducting experimental studies of mock-up samples has been developed. Results. Based on the conducted experimental studies, data on the main technical characteristics of fiber-optic information and measurement systems (FOIMS), which includes a FOS of the fluid flow velocity, were obtained. Conclusions. According to the conducted studies, experimental confirmations of the operability of the FOIMS of the velocity of liquid flows in severe operating conditions and under conditions of temperature differences have been obtained.

Background. The military-political situation in the modern world order is undergoing significant changes. Military conflicts affect the national interests of the Russian Federation. Under the current conditions, it has become an objective necessity to create qualitatively new domestic models of military and special equipment devices based on the use of safe, reliable, energy-saving technologies. Such modern promising methods and measuring instruments include fiber-optic technologies and measuring devices developed on their basis. The purpose of this study is to adapt, generalize and classify the designs of devices and elements of information-measuring and control systems based on fiber optics for military purposes. Materials and methods. Prospects of application of fiber-optic technologies and means in the Russian troops are evaluated. Their purposes, tactical and technical characteristics and capabilities are disclosed. Combinations of methods were chosen for the study: analysis of scientific literature and statistical data, deconstruction. Results. The models of fiber-optic systems for military purposes and their structural elements are grouped, the distinctive feature of which is the simplicity and reliability of the design, safety of use, measurement accuracy, durability. Conclusions. New technical solutions of measuring and control devices based on the fiber-optic principle of operation will ensure safe, accurate and reliable measurement of the required physical quantities at military facilities in different operating conditions.

Background. Currently, during the modernization of domestic rocket, space and aviation equipment (RS and AE), special attention is paid to the accuracy of manufacturing large-sized body parts that are part of responsible products. The accuracy of manufacturing large-sized parts is determined by minimizing dimensional tolerances, as well as the measuring instruments used for this. The object of the study is optical-electronic informationmeasuring systems (OEIMS) for determining the linear dimensions of large-sized parts of objects of RS and AE and determining the absolute position of the measured object in space. The subject of the research is scientific and technical solutions for determining the design parameters and connections of optical and electrical circuits, providing the creation of OEIMS with the determination of the absolute position of the measured object in space when measuring the linear dimensions of large-sized products. The purpose of the research is to increase the measurement accuracy and reliability of the linear dimensions of largesized body parts of RS and AE products by improving the optical system of OEIMS and developing new methods for determining the absolute position of the measured object in space. Materials and methods. During the research, the theory of accuracy of measuring systems, mathematical analysis, integral and differential calculus, methods of geometric optics, mathematical processing of the results obtained, modeling and graphical constructions in the programs Microsoft Office, Libre Office, MathCAD, SolidWorks, the provisions of the theory of measurements were used. Results. A method for determining spatial points has been developed that reduces the accumulated measurement error, characterized in that the optical beams are separated by polarization and frequency, with one optical beam passing along vertical and the other along horizontal polarization, the absolute value of the phase difference of the two optical measuring signals determines the absolute position of the object in space. The structure of OEIMS with acousto-optic conversion of optical signals implementing the proposed method is determined. Conclusions. Based on the proposed method for determining spatial points, an OEIMS with increased accuracy of measurement results has been developed to determine the absolute position of the measured object in space when measuring linear displacements during the manufacture of large-sized body parts of aircraft.

The influence of variability in the biology of living organisms is poorly appreciated in toxicology. However, multiple lines of evidence indicate that sex-differences modulate toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics from cellular/molecular to whole animal levels resulting in different toxic responses of living organisms to xenobiotics exposure. In order to investigate the influence of sex in inorganic mercury (Hg) exposure, male and female Wistar rats were exposed to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg Hg/kg body weight orally as HgCl2 twice a week for 12 weeks. Higher Hg levels in the females (except heart) as compared to males were observed in the animals. At the highest dose of inorganic Hg, female renal Hg content was 3.3 times higher than that of the males. Mixed sexual dimorphism characterised circulating-lipid- and organ-lipid lipotoxic and non-lipotoxic dyslipidemia. The highest dose of inorganic Hg, induced hypercholesterolemia in the males as opposed to hypocholesterolemia in the female. Plasma and erythrocyte free fatty acids increased in both sexes, although the increase was more pronounced in the male. Reverse cholesterol transport was inhibited in the male at the highest dose of Hg, whereas female HDL became enriched with cholesterol. Female erythrocytes had all their lipids increased, whereas only male erythrocyte triglyceride increased. Brain cholesterol and phospholipids, and splenic phospholipids were depleted in both sexes. Our findings indicate that inorganic Hg exposure appears to affect Hg and lipid kinetics differently in both sexes, thus underscoring the need to develop sex-tailored approaches in the treatment of metal toxicosis and its metabolic outcomes.

The paper addresses the ways of applying economy principle to the sublanguage of psychology. The authors identify the most productive term formation methods, which show the tendency of both languages to compression of nominal words and phrases. In the system of psychological terms of the English language, the most productive ways of linguistic compression are affixation and compounding. The English terminological system is rich, functional and economical because of its unlimited potential for compounding and affixation. The Russian terminological system is more likely to enrich the vocabulary through phonetic borrowings, semantic derivation and calque. It is argued that the borrowings acquired by the Russian terminological system account for the multitude of synonymous terms. On the other hand, phonetic borrowings and semantic calque have enriched the vocabulary without effort and redundancy. It is concluded that economy principle plays a fundamental role in the creation of new words and their adaptation to the English and Russian terminological systems.

The Leno-Vilyui basin, consisting of the Vilyui syneclise and the Pre-Verkhoyansk deflection, is made of a thick (more than 10 km) sedimentary rock that has formed over a very long geological history (at least 1 billion years). Almost all of the fields identified here are confined to two gross structures, and gas is predominant in the composition of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Studies show that the main hydrocarbon system (Permian-Cretaceous) in most areas is formed by Permian gas source formations, deposited in continental environments with predominance of type III kerogen. Systems with a significant proportion of liquid hydrocarbons may be associated with areas of predominantly marine sedimentation (Pre-Verkhoyansk deflection) or more ancient (Lower Paleozoic) sediments. In all cases, natural reservoirs are distinguished by a complex structure due to sharp facial variability and intensive secondary transformations.

Background. To improve the accuracy of advanced fiber-optic information and measurement systems used in the harsh conditions of rocket and space and aviation technology, it is advisable to use the invariance method, which is based on the principle of multichannel using at least two channels for receiving and converting signals, designed in such a way that joint signal processing in the electronic path leads to interference compensation, reduction of additional errors due to the influence of external influencing factors (climatic, mechanical, etc.), changes in the supply voltage, bends of optical fibers. It is necessary to identify the conditions that ensure the division of the light flux in the miro-opto-mechanical system of fiber-optic sensors into at least two independent streams, the conversion of which is carried out independently in two measuring channels, as well as to determine the structure of an invariant fiber-optic information and measurement system that implements the principle of multichannel. The purpose of the work is to substantiate and implement the principle of spatial two-channel communication in fiber-optic information and measurement systems to reduce additional errors under the influence of external influencing factors. Materials and methods. A theory is presented that develops the principle of two-channel communication, including the necessary and sufficient conditions for its physical implementation in invariant fiber-optic information and measurement systems. A two-channel spatial transformation of optical signals directly in the measurement zone is proposed by dividing one light flux into two using special schemes for the arrangement of optical fibers at the ends of fiberoptic cables and optical-modulating elements, the measurement transformations of which are carried out independently in the first and second measurement channels. Results. An invariant fiber-optic information and measurement system has been developed that implements the principle of spatial two-channel transmission by converting two independent light streams from a single radiation source, which improves its technical and operational characteristics when operating under conditions characteristic of rocket-space and aviation equipment products. Conclusions. The two-channel principle in fiber-optic information and measurement systems made it possible to reduce additional measurement errors due to the influence of external influencing factors inherent in rocket and space and aviation technology by 1.5–2 times when implementing logometric or amplitude-phase conversion.

The objective of this study was to describe the population structure and inbreeding level of the population of Polish Red Cattle (PRC). The structure of the breed was analysed in the context of the existing genetic resources conservation programme. The level of genetic diversity and the effective population size were also determined. The analyses were carried out based on pedigree records of 9 170 animals. Data and pedigree information were collected during the time period of 1950–2014. Records were collected by the National Research Institute of Animal Production in Balice, Poland. The population structure was analysed using the CFC programme. All the animals were grouped into five classes according to their inbreeding coefficient: the first class included non-inbred animals; and the next classes included inbred animals 0% 30%. The average inbreeding in PRC population was 4% and there were 2 182 (23.8%) inbred animals. The study also included the determination of ancestral paths for the PRC population. The longest ancestral path (LAP) consisted of 12 generations (three animals) while only 229 animals (2.53%) had an LAP comprising at least 10 generations. Therefore, a need exists, particularly in PRC as a small local breed, to manage selection and mating decisions to control future coancestry and inbreeding, which would lead to better handling of the effective population size. The study results showed the possibility of disrupting the balance of the structure of a small population like PRC. Hence, endangered populations need to be monitored on a continuous basis.

T.S. Kotomina, E.A. Baryakh, E.N. Misyurina, E.I. Zhelnova, I.Yu. Kokoya, V.M. Grabovskiy, M.A. Lysenko City Clinical Hospital No. 52, Moscow, Russian Federation Recent years have seen the increase in the rate of childbirth after the age of 30 years. This is associated with higher risks for a mother and a child as well as higher rate of cancers diagnosed during pregnancy including non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). The data on pregnancy-associated NHLs are limited by individual case studies. This makes difficult to develop a therapeutic strategy for lymphoma and pregnancy management in women with hematologic malignancies. The paper addresses the case study of a rare combination of Burkitt’s lymphoma and pregnancy. At 20 weeks of the pregnancy, right ovarian tumor was identified by magnetic resonance imaging. Burkitt’s lymphoma was verified by the biopsy of the excised ovary. Progressive tumor growth required chemotherapy. R-DA-EPOCH chemotherapy program was successful and also allowed for pregnancy prolongation and led to favorable perinatal outcome. Keywords: pregnancy, Burkitt’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chemotherapy, remission, adnexectomy. For citation: Kotomina T.S., Baryakh E.A., Misyurina E.N. et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma and pregnancy. Advantages of today’s medicine. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2020;3(3):211–216. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-3-211-216.

Study on assessmentof biodiesel fuel potentials of seed crude oil extracts of Balanites aegyptiaaca (L.) Del was carriedout. Standard methods of the Association of Official and Analytical Chemist (AOAC) were adopted to evaluate the proximate, physico-chemical properties and fatty acid compositions of crude seed oil extracts of the test plant. The proximate constituents of the crude seed oil extract gave crude protein (22.09%), crude fat (56.75%), moisturecontent (1.35%), ash (4.70%), crudefiber (12.75%) and carbohydrate (2.36%). The crude oil physicochemical properties included saponification value(216.439mgKOH/g), peroxide value(4.84meq/kg), acid value(2.18mgKOH/g), iodine value(77.08g/100g), viscosity value(150.3@30°C) and cetane number(54.08), refractive index(1.487 @30°C), relative density (0.949g/cm3) while calorific value was 39.03(MJ/kg). The fatty acids composition of crude kernel oil extract of B. aegyptiaca indicated the presence of four (4) fatty acids, with relative percentage abundance (RPA) in the order of 67.17% (9,12-Octadecanoic acid (C19 H3402)) > 16.22% (Pentadecanoic acid (C17H3402)) > 11.8kg% (Heptacosanoic acid (C28H5602)) > 4.72% (Oleic acid(C18H3402)). These properties conferred relative prospects on the crude oil of the test plant as a suitable potential biodiesel substrate and consequently, large scale aforestation efforts be renewed, to guarantee ready availability of the raw materials. Keywords: Balanites aegyptiaca, Biodiesel, proximate, physicochemical, crude seed oil extracts

The phytochemical screening and antibacterial effects of Aframomum melegueta (K. Schum)on Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae was carried out. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, anthraquinones, terpenoids, glycosides and phenols in the seed extract. The susceptibility test showedzones of inhibition (ZOI) of S. typhi (11.0mm) and K. pneumonia (13.0mm) with methanolic seed extract (MSE), while the hot aqueous seed extract (HASE) recorded 3.0mmas ZOI for both test organisms. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml were recorded against S. typhi and K. pneumoniae respectively with MSE, while HASE indicated 400mg/ml and 200mg/ml MICs against S. typhi and K. pneumoniae respectively. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) obtained from MSE were 200 mg/ml and 25mg/ml for S. typhiand K. pneumoniae, while HASE had > 400mg/ml for test microbes. The effectiveness of different concentrations of the test plant extracts on the test organisms was significant (P

The numerical simulation of the tsunami wave propagation along the Kerch Strait is carried out with localization of possible sources at the entrances to the strait, both from the Black Sea and from the Sea of Azov. Under computation of both generation and tsunami propagation, a system of nonlinear shallow water equations was used. The potential strong earthquakes (with earthquake magnitude M ~ 7) with seismic sources of elliptical shape were considered. Detailed assessments of the wave characteristics in the Kerch Strait, in particular for the Crimean bridge area, were carried out. The obtained wave characteristics are compared with the available data of the work of other authors.

Objective: To evaluate modern diagnostic methods in identifying extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis (EPT) with drug resistance. Methods: To examine the time limits and identification of circumstances and diagnostics in EPT considered TB-06 registration forms for 2017, № 003/U (case history) of the 56 primary diagnosed patients registered for 2017-2018 in the National Center for Phthisiology. Results: The incidence of EPT in Kyrgyzstan in 2017 was 23.9 per 100 thousand of the population. According to TB-06 forms, extrapulmonary tuberculosis is only 1650 cases. 862 sowings were carried out, of which 503 were negative (58%). Positive results of sowings were 359 (42%). In 333 cases, a drug sensitivity test was performed: resistant forms were 192 (57.6%) and sensitive – 141 (42.4%) cases. Conclusion: From modern methods noted the high use of BactecMGIT and molecular genetic methods of research, which shortens the diagnosis time and promotes to the timely start of the treatment process.

Objective: To study the clinical course of multiple drug resistance in patients with tuberculous spondylitis in the Kyrgyz Republic. Methods: Analyzed 877 medical histories of patients with tuberculous spondylitis of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and lumbosacral spine, which was on treatment in the Department of Bones and Joints Tuberculosis Surgery from 2013 to 2017. Results: It is established that 715 patients (81.5%) had a sensitive form of tuberculous spondylitis; 153 (17.4%) is primarily resistant and 9 (0.8%) is a secondarily resistant form. In the group of patients in the sensitive form of tuberculosis men were 370, women 345, and among the patients with the resistant form of tuberculous spondylitis of men and women were 86 and 76 people respectively. Conclusion: Over the period of 2013-2017 y., the Kyrgyz Republic marked the growth in multi-drug resistant forms of tuberculous spondylitis with the rapid development of formidable neurological complications, such as meningitis, paresis, paraparesis, paralysis, and dysfunctions of pelvic organs.

Проведены классификация и синтаксономический анализ кобрезиевников, кустарничковых и кустарниковых тундр юго-западной части нагорья Сангилен. Сообщества с доминированием Kobresia myosuroides вошли в состав ассоциации Kobresio myosuroidis–Pentaphylloidetum fruticosae ass. nova hoc loco (союз Kobresion myosuroidis Mirkin et al. (1983) 1986, порядок Kobresietalia myosuroidis Mirkin et al. (1983) 1986), с доминированием Dryas oxyodonta – в ассоциации Dracocephalo grandiflori–Dryadetum oxyodontae ass. nova hoc loco (союз Dryadion oxyodontae Zhitlukhina et Onishchenko 1987, порядок Kobresietalia myosuroidis Mirkin et al. (1983) 1986). Кустарниковые тундры класса Loiseleurio–Vaccinietea Eggler 1952 представлены двумя порядками. В составе порядка Betuletalia rotundifoliae Mirkin et al. ex Chytrý, Pešout et Anenkhonov 1993 описан новый союз Carici tristis–Betulion rotundifoliae all. nova hoc loco и одна ассоциация Carici tristis–Betuletum rotundifoliae ass. nova hoc loco. Союз Carici tristis–Betulion rotundifoliae all. nova hoc loco объединяет травяно-кустарниковые тундры семиаридных высокогорий Алтае-Саянской горной области и Северной Монголии. В составе порядка Rhododendro–Vaccinietalia Br.-Bl. ex Daniels 1994 выделен союз Saxifrago oppositifoliae–Rhododendrion adamsii all. nova hoc loco, объединяющий кустарниковые тундры с доминированием кальцефильных кустарников и кустарничков (Rhododendron adamsii, Caragana jubata, Salix berberifolia, S. reticulata и др.). В составе этого союза описано две новых ассоциации Saxifrago oppositifoliae–Rhododendretum adamsii ass. nova hoc loco и Saussureo schanginianae–Caraganetum jubatae ass. nova hoc loco. Дана детальная эколого-ценотическая характеристика выделенных синтаксонов, а также проведен экологический, ареалогический и поясно-зональный анализ ценофлор

In this paper, various types of nominalizations are examined in English to Russian translation. A predicative verb at the beginning of a simple English sentence can be replaced by a deverbal noun in translation in order to shift the focus of attention to an adverbial modifier. In a semantically complicated sentence, the nominalization of an adverbial phrase increases its status in the communicative structure of a particular sentence and the entire text. The study showed that the nominalization in English to Russian translation is an effective strategy for preserving the coherence of the text.

The Anabar-Lena trough is one of the least geologically studied areas on the Siberian Platform. A few wells drilled here have not yet revealed direct signs of its oil bearing. However, indirect data indicate that this region can be very prospective. This is proved by the proven oil and gas potential of the adjacent area (oil in the Khatanga saddle, bitumen of the Olenek field) and a thick sedimentary cover in the stratigraphic range from the Riphean to the Lower Cretaceous. The conducted studies show that several hydrocarbon systems are present in the section, which may be associated with the discovery in the future of industrial oil and gas fields. The most ancient of them are Upper Proterozoic and Lower Paleozoic – Riphean, Vendian and Cambrian. There are several levels enriched with organic matter in these deposits. As reservoirs can be sandy-silty units and organogenic carbonates as well. The most prospective is the Permian complex, its thickness can reach 2-3 km. It contains source rocks of good quality. The biomarker analysis shows that hydrocarbon composition of the Permian organic matter is similar to the oils and bitumens of the existing oil fields and showings in this complex. Permian reservoirs have a complex structure with an abundance of wedging and replacement zones, which was predetermined by a frequent change in sedimentation environments.

The paper is dedicated to the problem of determination of the essence of language union and language family in modern linguistics, which is considered important, because these terms are often used as absolute synonyms. The research is relevant due to the need to distinguish the features of languages that are inherited during their functioning within either language union or language family when these languages are compared. The research has been carried out in order to present the historical background of the problem and to justify the need for differentiation of language facts that allow relating languages to particular language union or language family. In order to fulfill the goal of this work, descriptive, comparative, and historical methods have been used. A range of examples has been provided to prove that some languages, mainly Slavonic and Baltic languages, form a language family rather than a language union, because a whole number of features in their systems are the heritage of their common Indo-European past. Firstly, it is necessary to take into account changes having either common or different nature in the system of particular languages; secondly, one must have a precise idea of what features in the phonetic and morphological systems of compared languages allow to relate them to language union or language family; thirdly, it must be determined whether the changes in compared languages are regular or of any other type. On the basis of the obtained results, the following conclusions have been drawn: language union and language family are two different types of relations between modern languages; they allow identifying both degree of similarity of these languages and causes of differences between them. It is most important that one should distinguish and describe the specific features of two basic groups of languages forming language family or language union. The results obtained during the analysis are very important for linguistics to differentiate language family from language union.

Fish can adapt to a wide range of temperature changes, however, the molecular mechanisms that underlie these adaptations are not fully understood. In this study, fluorescently labeled differential display (FDD) technique was used to detect mRNAs that are differentially expressed in hepatic tissues of Tilapia zillii fish subjected to a temperature reduction regime that combined both accelerated and stationary cold stresses. The two arbitrary primers (DD1 and DD2) with the Oligo d(T)23-C generated a total of 18 and 37 unknown messenger RNA (UMR) bands, respectively. Both DD1 & DD2 arbitrary primers with oligo d(T)23-C scored four stress-related unidentified fragments after refining. Using the two arbitrary primers with the Oligo d(T)23-G, a total of 371 and 372 UmRs were yielded, respectively. Both arbitrary primers scored nine stress-related unidentified fragments after refining. All UmR were tested for its correlation to time and temperature factors scaled for the current experiment, only four were found to be correlated for both factors. Thus, T. zillii responded to temperature reduction by adjusting the expression of a set number of genes that may be required for their adaptation and tolerance to low environmental temperature.

Materials of World statistics show that today climate change on the planet coincides with the period of the rise of food shortages in the world community. To assess the possible impact of climate change in Ukraine agro-climatic indicators used two scenarios: a "moderate" - A1B which provides a balance between all energy sources, and "hard" - A2, which provides for ne-uncertainty regarding the determining factors and is based on the use of cut - modeling concepts that are used are similar, assumptions regarding determinant factors. One of the simplest methods reflect possible changes in the climate regime any meteorological values are compared with past data, including se-sized perennial in the reference period. In this study, the baseline is set between 1986 and 2005 according to agro-climatic directory Ukraine. According to calculations by climate change scenarios A2 and A1B terms and sowing spring barley next phase of development before. But the pace of the offensive phase, resulting in phase between the time for all periods will increase, which will increase the growing season. The most significant change scenarios will be observed in the amounts of precipitation. These changes will increase slight moisture crops in all areas except the steppe.

In the article, the personality of Seymour Glass, the chief character of the Glass family saga by J.D. Salinger, is analyzed from social and his own philosophical perspectives. Two of Salinger’s works – “A Perfect Day for Bananafish” and “Hapworth 16, 1924”, which complement each other in terms of character analysis, – are the focus of our attention. They offer answers to the questions (a) how the personality of Seymour predetermines the frame structure of the whole Glass series, (b) why Salinger starts with the end of Seymour’s life and ends with its beginning, and (c) what are the author’s motives in writing “Hapworth” since one of its central ideas – the philosophy of reincarnation – has already been presented in “Teddy”.

A linear two - point boundary value problem for a system of loaded differential equations with impulse effect is investigated. The parameterization method is used to solve the problem. The essence of parameterization method is that segment, where the loaded differential equation is considered, is divided into parts by loading points, and the initial problem is reduced to the boundary value problem with a parameter. The solution to boundary value problem with parameter is defined as a limit of systems sequence, consisting of the pairs of parameter and function. Parameters are defined by a system of linear algebraic equations. System of linear algebraic equations is determined by the matrices of boundary conditions, the system of loaded differential equations, and the conditions of impulse effect. An algorithm for finding the solution to linear two - point boundary value problem for the systems of loaded differential equations with impulse effect is offered. The convergence conditions of the algorithm providing the existence and uniqueness of solution to the considered problem are established. Sufficient conditions for unique solvability of the problem in the terms of initial data are received.

Morphometry and ultrasound of carcasses were used to estimate the growth curve of Criola Lageana cows, raised under natural conditions. A total of 111 cows, raised under extensively production system in Central Plateau of Santa Catarina, were evaluated. Morphometrics and ultrasound measurements were related with the age of the animals using the targeted univariate regression model, assigning the variable response to gamma distribution. The inflection points of the growth curve were 24 and 25 months for withers height and hip height, between 27 and 29 for weight, body length, rump length, thorax perimeter, depth and distance between ilea. For ribeye area (REA), inflection point was 18 months. The Crioula Lageana cows presented greater growth velocity around 27 months, showing good productive performance under the natural conditions of the Central Plateau of Santa Catarina.

The influence of equal channel angular pressure on the microstructure and mechanic properties of aluminum alloy Al-14%Cu-7%Ce, the influence of dragging on the microstructure and failure surface of wire samples of aluminum alloy Al-14%Cu-7%Ce was study.

The redox behavior of spironolactone (SP) drug in BrittonâRobinson (BR) buffer of pH 2â11 was investigated by differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPCSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) at hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE). At pH 9â10.5, the DPCSV of SP drug showed two cathodic peaks at â1.15 and â1.38 V at the HMDE vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. In the CV, at pH 9â10, the dependence of the cathodic peak current, Ip,c and peak potential, Ep,c of the second peak (Ep,c2) on the scan rate (ν) and on the depolizer (SP) concentrations was typical of an electrode coupled (EC) chemical reaction type mechanism. The plot of Ip,c at â1.380 V of the DPCSV vs. SP concentration at pH 9 was linear over the concentration range of 1.2Ã10â10â9.6Ã10â7 M. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the drug were 1.1Ã10â11 and 4.14Ã10â11 M, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of SP residues in industrial wastewater, in pure form (98.2±3.1%) and in drug formulations e.g. Aldactone® tablet (98.35±2.9%).The method was validated by comparison with HPLC and the official data methods. Keywords: Spironolactone drug residue, Cathodic stripping voltammetry, Wastewater, Aldactone® tablets, Electrode mechanism

На основе метода параметризации исследуется нелинейная двухточечная краевая задача для систем нагруженных дифференциальных уравнений. Суть метода параметризации заключается в том, что рассматриваемая задача разбиением заданного интервала точками нагружения и введением дополнительных параметров сводится к эквивалентной нелинейной двухточечной краевой задаче с параметрами. Введение дополнительных параметров позволяет получить начальные условия для неизвестных функций на подынтервалах. При фиксированных значениях параметров решается задача Коши для систем обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений. Подставляя представление решения задачи Коши в краевые условия и условия непрерывности решения во внутренних точках разбиения интервала, построена система нелинейных алгебраических уравнений относительно введенных параметров. Построенные системы нелинейных алгебраических уравнений являются основой алгоритмов метода параметризации и позволяют найти "хорошие" начальные приближения к решению нелинейной двухточечной краевой задачи для систем нагруженных дифференциальных уравнений. Предложен один из способов к выбору "хорошего" начального приближения для нахождения решения нелинейной краевой задачи. Получены условия существования изолированного решения нелинейной двухточечной краевой задачи для нагруженных дифференциальных уравнений при достаточно малых шагах разбиения.

It has been demonstrated that there is an association between serum lipoproteins and survival rate in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, as well as in patients with non-ischemic causes of heart failure. We tested the hypothesis of an association between serum lipoprotein levels and prognosis in a cohort of outpatients with heart failure, including Chagas' heart disease. The lipid profile of 833 outpatients with heart failure in functional classes III and IV of the New York Heart Association, with a mean age of 46.9 ± 10.6 years, 655 (78.6%) men and 178 (21.4%) women, was studied from April 1991 to June 2003. The survival rate was estimated by the Kaplan-Meyer's method and the Cox proportional hazards models. Etiology of heart failure was ischemic cardiomyopathy in 171 (21%) patients, Chagas' heart disease in 144 (17%), hypertensive cardiomyopathy in 136 (16%), and other etiologies in 83 (10%). In 299 (36%) patients, heart failure was ascribed to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Variables significantly associated with mortality were age (hazard ratio, HR = 1.02; 95%CI = 1.01-1.03; P = 0.0074), male gender (HR = 1.77; 95%CI = 1.2-2.62; P = 0.004), idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (HR = 1.81; 95%CI = 1.16-2.82; P = 0.0085), serum triglycerides (HR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.96-0.98; P < 0.0001), and HDL cholesterol (HR = 0.99; 95%CI = 0.99-1.0; P = 0.0280). Therefore, higher serum HDL cholesterol and higher serum triglycerides were associated with lower mortality in this cohort of outpatients with heart failure.

Using modern methods of modeling makes it possible to study mechanical engineering objects, without resorting to costly testing. The results of the virtual testing of the front underrun protective device MAZ carried out in accordance with the requirements of UNECE Regulation number 93.

We studied the role of ethanol on the modulation of liver granulomata around Schistosoma mansoni eggs in mice. Albino mice, receiving 7% ethanol as the sole drinking liquid, at 60 and 90 days post-infection, presented smaller granulomata than controls did, when sacrificed at 120 days post-infection. No differences in diameters could be observed, when ethanol was given 4 months before up to 120 days after infection. The results suggested that modulation of schistosome granulomata by ethanol ingestion varies with time and duration of drug consumption.Estudamos a modulação da resposta inflamatória granulomatosa em torno de ovos de S. mansoni no fígado de camundongos albinos (Mus musculus), que receberam 7% de etanol como única fonte de líquido. Os animais que receberam etanol aos 60 e 90 dias após a infecção apresentaram granulomas menores do que os controles, quando sacrificados aos 120 dias após a infecção. Não houve diferença no diâmetro dos granulomas quando a ingestão de etanol foi iniciada 4 meses antes e prolongada até 120 dias após a infecção. Nossos resultados indicam que a modulação da inflamação granulomatosa varia de acordo com o tempo e a duração da ingestão do etanol.

The effect of chitosan on the growth and morphology of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa), the causal agent of Bayoud disease, and its ability to elicit a defence reaction against this fungus in date palm roots were investigated. Chitosan at 1 mg ml-1 reduced the growth of Foa on potato dextrose agar medium by an average of 75%, while mycelial growth was totally inhibited in a liquid medium. When added to a solid medium, chitosan caused morphological changes in Foa mycelium. In addition, when injected into roots at three concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg ml-1), chitosan elicited peroxidase (PO) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and, particularly at the concentration of 1 mg ml-1, increased the level of phenolic compounds. Concerning phenolics, chitosan led to an accumulation of non-constitutive hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, known to be of great importance in date palm resistance to Bayoud. The accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives was greater in cv. BSTN than in cv. JHL. Chitosan could be used to protect date palm against this vascular disease.