1. How Should the 3 R's Be Revised and Why?
- Author
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Critser, Rebecca and Locke, Paul
- Subjects
- *
PATIENT selection , *ANIMALS , *HUMAN research subjects , *DECISION making in clinical medicine - Abstract
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique established what many know today as the "3 R's"--refinement, reduction, and replacement--when it was published in 1959. Since their formulation, these principles have guided decision-making for many about nonhuman animal subjects' uses in laboratory-based research. Discussion about how to amend or replace the 3 R's is ongoing, driven mainly by philosophical ethics approaches to nonhuman animal rights and by scientific advancement. This article explores merits and drawbacks of possible updates to and interpretations of the 3 R's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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