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ABSTRACT: This study explored the use only of ultrasound (US) for extracting proteins from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) backbones at low temperature and examined its impact on hydrophobicity, solubility, electrophoretic profile, and sulfhydryl levels. Backbones were treated with 35 and 130 kHz for 20, 30, and 40 minutes at 14 ºC, resulting in two protein fractions: solid (TPS) and liquid (TPL). US increased yield compared to the non-sonicated fraction. TPL (35 kHz) exhibited a 16% reduction in total and free sulfhydryl levels and a 25% increase in hydrophobicity. US induced protein conformation and band intensity alterations, particularly between 25 to 100 kDa for TPL at 130 kHz and below 30 kDa for TPS at 35 kHz. This study demonstrated the efficacy of US for protein extraction from fish by-products and its capacity to modify protein characteristics, facilitating the development of innovative food products.

Beef patties are highly consumed worldwide. However, its formulations often include synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobials. Murtilla (Ugni molinae Turcz.), a shrub native to southern Chile, has leaves with a polyphenolic concentration 3.2 times higher than its fruits. This study evaluated the effects of three concentrations of murtilla leaf powder (500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg) on the microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory parameters of beef patties, compared to controls without antioxidants and with erythorbate (500 mg/kg). The patties were stored at 2 °C for 12 days in a modified atmosphere (80% O2/20% CO2). No changes were observed in proximal composition; however, the 1500 mg/kg concentration affected the redness (a*) of the beef patties (15.04 vs. 19.37 in the control) (p ≤ 0.05). Oxidative stability increased as follows: Mu1500 (88.21%) > sodium erythorbate (83.5%) > Mu500 (79.7%) > Mu1000 (78.8%). Natural antioxidants decreased the deterioration of essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid. Aerobic mesophilic microorganism growth in the murtilla treatment was lower than in the control (2.06 log cfu/g vs. 3.83 log cfu/g). Murtilla leaf powders show promising results as a substitute for synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobials. Mu500 treatment improved the physicochemical and microbiological quality parameters without compromising the sensory characteristics.

This study aims to develop plant-based burgers with partial replacement of texturized soy protein (TSP) by Agaricus bisporus mushrooms at proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The substitution was evaluated regarding its impact on the burgers’ chemical composition, texture, color, cooking performance, and sensory properties. Chemical analyses showed a significant increase in moisture content starting from the 10% substitution level, contributing to improved juiciness. Protein content remained similar to the control until the 15% substitution level, while the fat content showed no significant variation among treatments. The texture profile indicated reduced hardness in burgers with mushroom enrichment, particularly at 5% and 10%, leading to a more tender product. Color analysis revealed a reduction in lightness (L*) and red intensity (a*) with increased mushroom levels. Sensory analysis showed that burgers with up to a 15% substitution level maintained consumer acceptance comparable to the control, with attributes such as “softness”, “pleasant color”, and “good appearance” positively correlated with consumer acceptance. The findings indicate that Agaricus bisporus mushrooms can be effectively used as a partial substitute for TSP in plant-based burgers, enhancing sensory properties without compromising quality. This substitution offers a promising approach to diversifying ingredients in plant-based products while maintaining desirable characteristics for consumers.

This study evaluated the effects of high-intensity pulsed light (PL) on sliced mortadella, assessing how the parameters pulse width (1260 to 2520 µs) and number of pulses (one to three) influence color, oxidative stability, and Listeria monocytogenes population. The different PL parameters generated a fluence ranging from 2.64 to 6.57 J/cm2 and irradiance ranging from 1046.9 to 1738.8 W/cm2. The PL slightly increased the temperature and pH of the samples, and this elevation was well correlated to the higher number of pulses and higher fluence. The color parameter a* was reduced while b* values increased after PL application, with these effects being more significant in treatments with a higher number of pulses and higher fluence. The highest values of TBARS were found in treatments with higher fluence (5.28 and 6.57 J/cm2), which were characterized by the attribute “oxidized color” in sensory evaluation. The different PL conditions reduced the count of L. monocytogenes by up to 1.44 Log CFU/cm2. The treatment with a pulse width of 1260 µs, two pulses, fluence of 4.38 J/cm2, and irradiance of 1738.3 W/cm2 achieved the same efficacy in pathogen reduction as the treatments with higher fluence. Moreover, these PL conditions had a minimal impact on the color and oxidative stability of mortadella, demonstrating an effective balance between microbiological safety and quality preservation.

ABSTRACT: Millions of tons of fish are filleted each year, and a significant portion of unwanted carcasses is discarded worldwide. An alternative approach to use these materials is through hydrolysis reactions, which allow for the production of compounds with modified technological properties such as solubility, emulsification capacity, foam formation ability, and viscosity. In addition, they may exhibit different biological activities with beneficial effects such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, anticarcinogenic, lipid profile-lowering, and neuroprotective properties. Thus, these compounds can be included in food formulations as promising adjuncts in treatments, with health benefits to consumers. This study discussed the different enzymatic hydrolyses used in the treatment of fish waste and evaluate the compounds and their effects.

The chicken meat industry generates by-products containing lipids and proteins, requiring high treatment costs. Staphylococcus xylosus is used in fermented meat products to promote proteolysis and differentiated volatile compounds. Ultrasound (US) is an effective tool to accelerate the process in the meat industry. This study evaluated whether the US potentiates the action of S. xylosus in the bioconversion of cooked chicken meat by-products. By-product was sterilized and inoculated with S. xylosus. After, it was sonicated at 130 kHz and 35 kHz for 30 min at 37 °C and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. The US stimulated the proteolytic activity of S. xylosus, forming compounds of 25 kDa and producing volatile compounds. At 130 kHz showed the production of alcohols and aldehydes, while at 35 kHz, carboxylic acids. US and S. xylosus promoted good bioconversion of the cooked by-products.

Partial substitution of meat with non-protein sources in hybrid meat products generally leads to a decrease in texture attributes and, consequently, in sensory acceptance. In this study, we investigated the effects of transglutaminase (TG) at two concentrations (0.25% and 0.5%) on the physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of hybrid sausages formulated with concentrated soy or rice proteins. TG caused a reduction in the heat treatment yield of hybrid sausages, particularly those made with rice protein. pH and color parameters were marginally affected by TG addition. Texture parameters increased substantially with TG, although escalating the TG level from 0.25% to 0.5% did not result in a proportional improvement in texture parameters; in fact, for rice-based hybrid sausages, no difference was achieved for all attributes, while only cohesiveness and chewiness were improved for soy-based ones. TG enhanced the sensory attributes of soy-based hybrid sausages to a level comparable to control meat emulsion, as evidenced by ordinate preference score and projective mapping. Our findings suggest that TG is a viable strategy for enhancing texture and sensory parameters in hybrid sausages, particularly for plant proteins that exhibit greater compatibility with the meat matrix.

A wide variety of by-products are produced by the industry when animals are slaughtered. However, the proteins present in these by-products, are not being fully useable, in the elaboration of value-added products. Staphylococcus xylosus is commonly used as a starter culture in meat products subjected to ripening for a long period, as it produces proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes that improve the sensory quality of the products. Ultrasound (US) has been arousing interest in the meat industry, as it reduces processing time and also improves the technological and sensory quality of meat products. However, the stimulate effect of US on the growth of S. xylosus in by-products from the poultry industry is still unknown. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the stimulate effect of US on the growth of S. xylosus inoculated in by-products from the poultry industry. S. xylosus was inoculated (5.63 log CFU/g) in sterilized by-products from the poultry, which were then sonicated at 37 °C for 0, 15, 30, and 45 min according to the following parameters: frequencies of 130 and 35 kHz, amplitudes of 50% and 80% and normal and degas operating modes. The sonicated samples were incubated at 37 °C for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. Soon after sonication, no stimulate effect of US was observed on the growth of S. xylosus. However, after 24 h of incubation, the samples sonicated for 15 and 30 min in normal mode, at 35 and 130 kHz, and amplitudes of 50 and 80% exhibited better stimulate effect at the growth S. xylosus counts (p

This study investigated the feasibility of replacing pork meat with pea protein isolate in canned pâtés at proportions ranging from 12.5% to 50%. The results indicated that protein reformulation did not significantly impact the protein content and lipid oxidation of the pâtés. Reformulated products exhibited a decrease in a∗ values and an increase in b∗ values. These color changes were also sensorially identified in the Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) test, where the reformulated pâtés were associated with attributes such as ‘yellow color’ and ‘unpleasant color’, which were inversely related to product acceptance. The protein reformulation reduced the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness parameters of the pâtés. These textural changes were positively reflected in the CATA test, where the reformulated products were characterized by attributes like ‘soft texture’, ‘pleasant texture’, and ‘good spreadability’, which strongly correlated with higher consumer acceptance. Notably, pâtés with 37.5% and 50% substitutions of pork meat with pea protein showed acceptability levels comparable to the control, and those with up to a 25% substitution exhibited superior sensory acceptability. However, the color alteration suggests the need for future optimization, such as using natural colorants. In summary, the results of this study not only validate the feasibility of replacing pork meat with pea protein in pâtés but also offer valuable insights for future investigations to develop more innovative and sustainable meat products.

This study produced two gels: one solely using psyllium fiber (GP) and another combining this fiber with linseed oil (GL+P). Both gels replaced 15% and 30% of the animal fat content of salamis. The objective was to evaluate the impact of this lipid reformulation on the technological, nutritional, oxidative, and sensory properties of the salamis. The lipid reformulation did not alter the evolution of pH and lactic acid bacteria during processing. The addition of GL+P did not interfere with the product’s drying process. However, replacing 30% of animal fat with the GP resulted in greater weight loss and a lower final Aw value. The lipid reformulation minimally affected the color of the salamis but significantly enhanced their nutritional profile. This improvement was marked by a decrease in fat content and an increase in protein. Specifically, in the samples with GL+P, there was a rise in linolenic acid content and a reduction in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Adding GP did not affect the salamis’ oxidative stability and sensory profile. However, substituting 30% of the animal fat with GL+P increased the TBARS values, and volatile compounds derived from lipid oxidation hampered the products’ sensory profiles. A reduction in these negative effects was observed when replacing 15% of the fat with GL+P, suggesting this to be the ideal dosage for balancing the nutritional benefits with maintaining the product’s oxidative stability.

Hydrogelled emulsions (HEs) of linseed oil and pea protein (PP) were produced with four levels (0, 5, 7.5, and 10%) of raspberry extract obtained by a green extraction technique (microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity—MHG). HEs were applied in burgers to replace 50% of pork backfat content. The products’ technological, nutritional, oxidative, microbiological, and sensory properties were evaluated. Besides reducing the fat level by approximately 43%, the reformulation reduced the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio to healthy levels, decreased the diameter reduction by 30%, and increased the cooking yield by 11%. Including 7.5 and 10% of raspberry extract in the HEs decreased the oxidative defects caused by the enrichment of the burgers with omega-3 fatty acids. In addition, the raspberry extract did not cause alterations in the mesophilic aerobic count and the burgers’ sensory profile.

In this study, prebiotic and low-sodium burgers were produced. In the first experiment, burgers were elaborated with 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12% inulin. The addition of up to 9% inulin did not affect the sensory quality, increased yield and reduced shrinkage. Thus, in the second experiment, prebiotic burgers were produced with 9% inulin and a sodium reformulation was performed by replacing 60% NaCl with KCl and adding monosodium glutamate (MG) and/or liquid smoke (LS). The replacement of NaCl for KCl impaired the sensory quality of the burgers. The isolated or combined addition of MG and LS reduced the sensory defects caused by KCl. Thus, prebiotic and low-sodium burgers with high technological and sensory quality can be produced using 9% inulin, 1% NaCl, 1.5% KCl, 0.2% MG, and 0.1% LS.

Ultrasound is a form of green technology that has been applied efficiently to improve processes in the food industry. This study evaluated the application of ultrasound to reduce the cooking time of mortadella. The volatile compounds, oxidative stability, and sensory quality of mortadella were evaluated. Four cooking conditions were used, as follows: Control, corresponding to the cooking time traditionally used in the meat industry; TUS100 and TUS50: cooking with US (25 kHz) and 50% reduction of the cooking time of Control, using 100% (462 W) and 50% (301 W) amplitude, respectively; and TWUS: cooking without the application of US and 50% reduction of the cooking time of Control. TUS100 and TUS50 showed an increase of 10.8% and 29.4%, respectively, in the total amount of terpenes on the first day of storage in relation to the Control. The presence of nonane on the 60th day only in the US-treated samples (0.22 × 106 vs 0.11 × 106 for TUS100 and TUS50, respectively) indicated that the US treatment may have induced higher oxidation in mortadella. The oxidative stability index ranged from 274 to 369 days for TUS100 and the Control, respectively. The treatments TWUS and TUS50 showed a lower sensory quality at the end of storage. On the other hand, TUS100 presented sensory quality similar to the Control, demonstrating that ultrasonic-assisted cooking using a 100% amplitude is an alternative to reduce the cooking time without affecting the product quality.

This work aimed to produce collagens and hydrolysates with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity from sheep slaughter by-products. The by-products (sheep and lamb) were treated and extracted. The collagens were hydrolyzed with the enzyme Alcalase®. The spectra of collagens and hydrolysates were similar (amide bands I, II, III, A, B). The bands presented by the collagens (α1, α2, β) were characteristic of type I collagen. The hydrolysates showed molecular weight peptides equal to/lower than 15 kDa. Collagens had a denaturation temperature of 39.32 (lamb) and 36.38 °C (sheep), whereas the hydrolysates did not undergo thermal transition. Hydrolysates showed lower values of antioxidant activity (AA) than the collagens. The collagens from lamb and from sheep displayed an AA of 13.4% (concentration of 0.0002%) and 13.1% (concentration of 0.0005%), respectively. At the concentration of 0.0020%, the lamb hydrolysates displayed an AA of 10.2%, whereas the sheep hydrolysates had an AA of only 1.98%. Collagen also showed higher antimicrobial activity compared to hydrolysates, requiring a lower concentration to inhibit the microorganisms tested. Sheep slaughter by-products proved to be a viable source for obtaining protein hydrolysates and collagens with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, which can be applied in the development of nutraceuticals beneficial to human health.

The effect of pork backfat replacement by gels containing pork skin and canola oil on some physicochemical, technological, nutritional, and sensory parameters of burgers was evaluated. Three different batches were manufactured: a control with 100% of pork backfat, and treatments T1 and T2 where 50% of pork backfat was replaced by pork skin/water/canola oil mixtures at 45 : 45 : 10 (T1) or 40 : 40 : 20 (T2) ratios. A fat reduction up to 34% and an improvement of the fatty acid profile were achieved in the reformulated burgers. Lower diameter reduction and lower cooking loss were observed in the modified samples. Although an increase in TPA parameters (hardness, gumminess, and chewiness) and lightness (L*) was observed, the overall acceptability of the reformulated burgers was not affected. Therefore, the use of pork skin and canola oil is an effective strategy to confer technological and nutritional advantages to low-fat burgers.

The effect of a 50% reduction of NaCl and its replacement by KCl, CaCl2, and a blend of KCl and CaCl2 (1 : 1) on lipid oxidation of dry fermented sausages was investigated. We found that a 50% reduction in NaCl decreased the intensity of the reactions to lipid oxidation, while treatments with added CaCl2 resulted in increased lipid oxidation during manufacture and storage. Fatty acid composition also changed owing to the presence of KCl and CaCl2, showing a decrease in saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids after 30 days of storage. Furthermore, a decreased intensity of L⁎ and increased b⁎ values were found in salamis with CaCl2. These results suggest that using CaCl2 as a substitute for NaCl increases the intensity of oxidative reactions while the addition of KCl could be a good alternative to reduce the NaCl content in fermented meat products.

O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar se a raça e/ou o sistema de criação afetam o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de ovelhas de descarte. Foram utilizadas 20 ovelhas, sendo 10 da raça Ideal e 10 da raça Texel, aleatoriamente distribuídas por grupo genético, em dois sistemas de manejo: confinadas e recebendo dieta à base de silagem de sorgo e concentrado ou mantidas em uma pastagem cultivada de clima temperado. Os principais ácidos graxos presentes no músculo Longissimus das ovelhas em todos os tratamentos foram o oléico (C18:1), o palmítico (C16:0) e o esteárico (C18:0). O grupo genético não afetou o perfil de ácidos graxos encontrados nesse músculo. No entanto, os teores de ácidos graxos do tipo ù3 foram mais altos e a relação ù6/ù3 foi mais baixa nas ovelhas mantidas a pasto. Com base no perfil de ácidos graxos, as ovelhas terminadas em pastagem cultivada proporcionaram uma carne mais saudável para o consumo humano que as ovelhas terminadas em confinamento.The objective of this experiment was to evaluate if the fatty acids profile in meat is affected by sheep breed or managing system. Twenty sheep, being 10 of the Ideal and 10 of the Texel breed, were randomly distributed according to its genetic group in two managing systems: feedlot and receiving sorghum silage and concentrate-based diet or grazing on a temperate pasture. The major fatty acids present in Longissimus muscle of sheep in all treatments were the oleic (C18:1), palmitoleic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0). The genetic group did not affect the fatty acids profile of this muscle. However, the content of ù3 fatty acids was higher (P