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The analysis of the agents that took part in the invention, promotion and broadcasting of photography in the XIX century -photographers, politics, scientists, intellectuals and artists- permit us to reconstruct the photography’s space. These agents, their practices, spaces, institutions and relations constitute a mediation system, which participated actively in the construction of photographic value as a cultural product of modernity. However, the most relevant fact is that we can analyse it as a privileged subject to study for understanding the capacity of artistic practice to suit the needs of modern society. The permanent tension and dialogue among the aesthetic, scientific, technical and commercial appreciation, places photography in an unprecedented space between formal valorisation -next to the institutions and norms of the world of high culture- and the utilitarian logic -close to the patterns of progress and democratic access to the culture-. Thus, it is possible to suggest a theory of mediation for cultural products of modernity: intermediaries influence the construction of the value at the same time that they reveal the state of the cultural object and the needs of the society that consumes it.El análisis de los agentes que participaron en la invención, promoción y difusión de la fotografía en el siglo XIX - fotógrafos, políticos, científicos, intelectuales y artistas- permite reconstruir el espacio de lo fotográfico. Estos agentes, sus prácticas, espacios, instituciones y relaciones constituyeron un sistema mediador que participó de manera activa en la construcción del valor de la fotografía como producto cultural de la modernidad. No obstante, lo más relevante es que se presenta a la investigación científica como un objeto de estudio privilegiado para comprender la capacidad que tuvo la práctica fotográfica para adaptarse a las necesidades de la sociedad moderna. La constante tensión y diálogo entre la apreciación estética, científico, técnica y comercial, sitúa a la fotografía en un espacio inédito entre la valoración formal -cercano a las instituciones y a las normas del mundo de la alta cultura- y la lógica utilitaria -cercana a los patrones de progreso y acceso democrático a la cultura-. De esta manera, es posible plantear una teoría de la mediación para los productos culturales de la modernidad: los intermediarios influyen en la construcción del valor a la vez que revelan el estado del objeto cultural y las necesidades de la sociedad que lo consume.

ABSTRACT Although microbial systems are well suited for studying concepts in ecological theory, little is known about how microbial communities respond to long-term periodic perturbations beyond diel oscillations. Taking advantage of an ongoing microcosm experiment, we studied how methanotrophic microbial communities adapted to disturbances in energy input over a 20-day cycle period. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes together with quantification of microbial abundance and ecosystem function were used to explore the long-term dynamics (510 days) of methanotrophic communities under continuous versus cyclic chemical energy supply. We observed that microbial communities appeared inherently well adapted to disturbances in energy input and that changes in community structure in both treatments were more dependent on internal dynamics than on external forcing. The results also showed that the rare biosphere was critical to seeding the internal community dynamics, perhaps due to cross-feeding or other strategies. We conclude that in our experimental system, internal feedbacks were more important than external drivers in shaping the community dynamics over time, suggesting that ecosystems can maintain their function despite inherently unstable community dynamics. IMPORTANCE Within the broader ecological context, biological communities are often viewed as stable and as only experiencing succession or replacement when subject to external perturbations, such as changes in food availability or the introduction of exotic species. Our findings indicate that microbial communities can exhibit strong internal dynamics that may be more important in shaping community succession than external drivers. Dynamic “unstable” communities may be important for ecosystem functional stability, with rare organisms playing an important role in community restructuring. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for internal community dynamics will certainly be required for understanding and manipulating microbiomes in both host-associated and natural ecosystems.

Este artículo explora la representación en los medios del último gobierno catalán formado a partir de las elecciones de noviembre de 2010. Aplicando el análisis de contenido a una muestra de artículos extraída de cinco diarios españoles (El País, El Mundo, ABC, La Vanguardia, El Periódico de Catalunya), se analizan los primeros días de la formación del gobierno. Se compara la cobertura recibida por los miembros del govern utilizando seis variables: 1) visibilidad, 2) menciones a la apariencia, vida privada y referencias a la experiencia profesional, 3) menciones al género y asociación con una figura masculina, 4) nombre, 5) declaraciones, 6) características de la personalidad, y 7) tono de la cobertura. El análisis refleja cómo las mujeres políticas aún reciben una cobertura diferenciada de la de sus colegas varones.

In questo contributo si ripercorre la storia della media literacy in Spagna e si descrivono i molti cambiamenti avvenuti sinora: tutti i soggetti coinvolti (educatori, autorità regolatrici, industria, società civile) sono ben consapevoli dell’importanza della media literacy e della media education, e le azioni intraprese mirano a un ulteriore potenziamento di questa importanza. Tuttavia, malgrado gli sforzi compiuti, occorre un maggiore coordinamento e una più accurata programmazione. Lo sviluppo della media literacy viene qui descritto a partire dagli anni Sessanta, quando alcune scuole cominciano a usare i media come strumenti didattici in classe, sino ai Novanta con il boom delle nuove tecnologie digitali e della convergenza mediale e con l’affermarsi dei concetti di digital literacy e, più tardi, di media literacy. Per quanto riguarda l’educazione permanente, in questo contributo si solleva la questione della formazione degli insegnanti e delle specializzazioni postlaurea. Si accenna anche al processo di introduzione della materia nel curricolo. Rispetto alla ricerca e a progetti particolari, si citano alcune esperienze realizzate sia da istituzioni nazionali che da associazioni della società civile. Infine, si auspicano sviluppi futuri per la media literacy in Spagna grazie alla promulgazione della Ley General de la Comunicación Audiovisual (LGCA 2010) e all’istituzione del Consejo Estatal de Medios Audiovisuales (CEMA).

El present article se centra en l'estudi i anàlisi dels diferents models i estratègies que la Unió Europea (UE) ha desenvolupat en l'última dècada amb l'objectiu d'adaptar-se a la nova i canviant conjuntura comunicativa i social. Amb l'objectiu d'establir com la UE s'ha adaptat a aquest nou panorama, s'identifiquen i descriuen els principals models d'alfabetització (des de la digital fins a la mediàtica) aplicats en els últims deu anys.

: Aims Diadenosine polyphosphates are vasoactive mediators that may be released from platelet granules and which may be present at higher concentrations during coronary ischaemia–reperfusion. The objective of this study was to analyse their effects in such conditions. : Methods and results Rat hearts were perfused in a Langendorff preparation and the response to diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A, 10−7–10−5 M) was recorded. In control hearts, Ap5A produced a small, transient coronary vasoconstriction followed by marked vasodilatation, as well as a reduction in the left ventricular developed pressure dP/dt and heart rate, both at the basal coronary resting tone or after pre-contracting coronary arteries with 9,11-dideoxy-11α, 9α-epoxymethanoprostaglandin F2α (U46619). After ischaemia–reperfusion, the vasoconstriction in response to Ap5A was augmented and vasodilatation diminished, both in hearts with basal or increased vascular tone. The pyridoxal derivative P2 purinoceptor antagonist, pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2’,4’-disulfonic acid (PPADS, 3 × 10−6 M), inhibited this vasoconstriction, while the antagonist of purinergic P2Y receptors, Reactive Blue 2 (2 × 10−6 M), inhibited the vasodilatation, both before and after ischaemia–reperfusion. The antagonist of nitric oxide synthesis N-ω-nitro-L- arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10−4 M) did not modify the response to Ap5A, whereas the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, meclofenamate (2 × 10−6 M), reduced contraction and increased the relaxation in response to Ap5A after ischaemia–reperfusion but not under control conditions. : Conclusion Ischaemia–reperfusion reduces the vasodilatory response to Ap5A and increases the vasoconstriction provoked due to a reduced influence of purinergic P2Y receptors and/or to the production of vasoconstrictor prostanoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Type 2N von Willebrand disease (VWD) is characterized by a decreased affinity of von Willebrand factor (VWF) for factor VIII (FVIII). Abnormal binding of FVIII to VWF (VWF:FVIIIB), results in low FVIII plasma levels, which can lead to a misdiagnosis of mild haemophilia A. Accurate diagnosis of type 2N VWD is essential for appropriate genetic counselling and therapy. This disease can be distinguished from haemophilia A by in vitro assays (measurement VWF:FVIIIB activity) and/or genetic analysis. Aim: To identify the current challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of this type of VWD and provide an in‐depth description of the phenotypes and mutations identified. Results: Twenty‐eight patients had at least one type 2N mutation, and 13 of these had a type 2N mutation combined with other variations. Three type 2N mutations were detected: p.Arg816Trp, p.Arg854Gln, and p.Arg763Ser. Two of these are the most frequently described mutations worldwide. This mutational spectrum differs from the broad spectrum seen in neighbouring France, where at least eight distinct 2N mutations have been found. In the PCM‐EVW‐ES cohort, 11 asymptomatic type 2N carriers with borderline FVIII plasma levels would probably have been excluded if the evaluation had been based on clinical and laboratory data only. Likewise, three patients with a severe phenotype would have been classified as homozygous for a 2N mutation if only the phenotype study had been performed. Conclusion: The high detection yield and affordability of next‐generation sequencing support the use of this technology as a first‐line diagnostic tool in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Incluir la visión clínica del profesional sanitario en la estratificación mediante la asignación de un nivel de intervención (NI) para poner en marcha intervenciones y actuaciones acordes a las necesidades reales de atención al paciente en todo el proceso y ámbitos de atención. Resumen: En 2015, nuestra comunidad comenzó a estratificar a su población según niveles de riesgo (NR) mediante grupos de morbilidad ajustada (GMA) asignando cuatro NR, sin patología crónica relevante (NR0), pacientes crónicos con nivel de riesgo bajo (NR1), medio (NR2) y alto (NR3). Desde abril de 2017, los profesionales sanitarios comenzaron a registrar en la historia clínica electrónica (HCE) de atención primaria, tras valoración integral multidimensional, los niveles de intervención (NI), aportando un conjunto de actuaciones y recursos adaptados a las necesidades reales de los pacientes, sustentadas en la cartera de servicios de AP y en el proceso asistencial integrado del paciente crónico complejo (PAIPCC). Los NI asignados son cuatro, un nivel de promoción y prevención de la salud (NPPS) y tres niveles de intervención, bajo (NIB), medio (NIM) y alto (NIA). Estos NI están visibles en la HCE de los diferentes ámbitos sanitarios, lo que supone tanto una mejora en la continuidad de la asistencia como en la coordinación. Este modelo de asignación mediante NI está desarrollándose de forma más específica en el grupo poblacional con mayores necesidades de atención, los pacientes NIA, personalizando el abordaje de todos los pacientes crónicos complejos (PCC) y activando acciones coordinadas de los equipos asistenciales de atención primaria y hospitalaria. El equipo formado por médico y enfermera de atención primaria (AP), enfermera de continuidad asistencial y médico de referencia en el hospital se ocupa, mediante intervenciones coordinadas y proactivas, de todo el proceso de los PCC. Del total de la población de nuestra comunidad a fecha 20 agosto 2018, ya son 1.090.304 los pacientes a los que los profesionales sanitarios han signado algún NI, de los cuales 15.995 son NIA, 214.045 son NIM, 609.411 son NIB y 250.853 son NPSS. Conclusiones:La clasificación de los pacientes mediante NI por parte de los profesionales sanitarios es más selectiva que la estratificación poblacional, principalmente con los pacientes más frágiles. La inclusión de la visión clínica favorece la adaptación de las actividades a las necesidades del paciente y la puesta en marcha de procesos asistenciales integrados.

The biodegradability conditions for both, petroleum-based plastics and bioplastics needs to be evaluated under environmentally realistic conditions. We assessed the biodegradability of low-density polyethylene and biobased polyethylene terephthalate microplastic films by a consortium of marine bacteria during 45 days. Bacterial growth and pH were higher in the samples inoculated with bacteria, compared to the controls. Fourier Infrared spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflectance and scanning electron microscopy indicated changes in the chemical functional groups, and the presence of fractures and biofilms in the surface of both plastics exposed to the bacterial community, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand further indicated signs of biodegradation of both polymers. Specific groups of bacteria showed preference for each type of microplastic. Overall, our results show signs of biodegradation, or at least biodeterioration and biofragmentation, of both types of plastics, when subjected to the selected bacterial community. Biobased PET was no more prone to biodegradation than conventional, petroleum-based LDPE., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The aim of the study is to report the results obtained from performing a Proximal Abduction Ulnar Osteotomy (PAUL) technique in a cohort of dogs with medial compartment disease with short- and long-term follow-up, assessing the perception of the owners and describing the long-term complications associated with the technique. This is a clinical prospective study, including dogs diagnosed with medial compartment disease treated with elbow arthroscopy and PAUL between 2013 and 2020. Long-term follow-up data and postoperative complications were registered, and a questionnaire adapted from Fitzpatrick et al. 2009 was collected from owners. Thirty-three elbows in 26 dogs were included. The duration of follow-up ranged from 4 to 61 months (median: 24.76 months). At the end of the study, 73.1% of the owners reported excellent satisfaction and 74.1% of the owners would repeat the surgery in the same circumstances. The owner questionnaire showed a greater capacity to walk and run, without lameness and pain, and climb up and down stairs a year after surgery, being constant at the end of the study. Major postoperative complications were documented in 4/33 elbows (12.12%), including delayed union, implant failure, and osteophytosis of the medial aspect of the coronoid process. In conclusion, elbow arthroscopy and the PAUL technique achieved an evident improvement in the quality of life of patients with great satisfaction for most of the owners.