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Paw pads are specializations of the integument and important shock absorbers of the locomotor system, as well as pressure, pain, temperature, storage and excretion sensors. Aiming to describe the paw pad morphology of the main arboreal xenarthras species in the Amazon, 16 animals were studied, Bradypus variegatus (6), Choloepus didactylus (5), Tamandua tetradactyla (3) and Cyclopes didactylus (2) that after death were donated to the Animal Morphological Research Laboratory (LaPMA / Ufra). The corpses were thawed and fixed with 10% aqueous formalin solution. The paw pads were measured, photographed and removed by skin incision dorsally to them. Fragments were used for routine histological processing, using two staining techniques: Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Gomori's Trichrome, in sections of 6 to 8 µm. Choloepus didactylus, Tamandua tetradactyla and Cyclopes didactylus have digital paw pads, one in each digit, and one palm, as well as a plantar, whose shapes and colours are distinct from each other. Bradypus variegatus, however, has only one palmar and one plantar pad. Histologically, they have keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, supported by a large amount of collagen fibres and fibroblast cords in the dermis and hypodermis. Groups of eccrine sweat glands were observed in the reticular dermis of C. didactylus, B. variegatus, T. tetradactyla and only in the hypodermis of Cyclopes didactylus.

Bradypus variegatus, popularly known as common sloth or brown-throated sloth, is a species with wide geographical distribution in Brazil. Expand on the literature about the species, we aimed to describe the morphology of its eye and its main annexes. For this study, six frozen specimens donated to the Animal Morphological Research Laboratory of the Federal Rural University of Amazonia were used. The specimens were fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of formaldehyde. The structures that constitute the ocular apparatus were identified and described after dissection and histological analysis using light microscopy. The bulbar conjunctiva presented a stratified cuboidal epithelium, with a considerable number of serous glands. The stroma layer and the posterior limiting lamina were found well defined in the species. The corneoscleral meshwork possessed a large opening for drainage of aqueous humour, followed by a wide retinal region, in which a layer of photoreceptors was visualized. Cones and rods could not be discriminated from each other. Microscopy of the medial angle of the eye revealed the cartilage and glands of the third eyelid, and a well-developed lacrimal gland structure. Bradypus variegatus distinguishing features and similarities in comparison with other domestic and wild mammal and bird species already described were investigated, which expounded the limited knowledge that is presently available on the morphology of wild fauna. The data extend the limited knowledge that are presently available on the ocular histology of B. variegatus.

The pelvis, formed by the ilium, ischium and pubis, forms the coxal, which is the largest of the flat bones of the skeleton, with an important role in the physiology of birth. Vastly studied in domestic animals, there is still much to be investigated regarding the anatomical classification in wild animals, mainly aiming to improve the understanding of the reproductive management of the species. Tamandua tetradactyla is one of these species in which morphological studies are still scarce, especially when it comes to reproductive aspects. In this context, we carried out the pelvimetry of T. tetradactyla using radiographic images to anatomically and obstetrically classify the pelvis of this species, classifying it as dolicopelvic, with evidence of homoscedasticity of the samples. Verification of the existence of a relationship between the variables studied by the statistical method of Pearson coefficients showed positive correlations of high intensity for the diameters studied (P < 0.01). Thus, we believed that our findings may support future reproductive studies in this species. RESUMO: A pelve, constituída pelo ílio, ísquio e púbis, forma o coxal, sendo este o maior dos ossos planos constituintes do esqueleto, com importante papel na fisiologia do parto. Vastamente estudada em animais domésticos, ainda existe muito à se investigar quanto a classificação anatômica nos animais selvagens, visando principalmente melhorar a compreensão do manejo reprodutivo das espécies. Tamandua tetradactyla é uma dessas espécies em que estudos morfológicos ainda são escassos, principalmente quando se trata de aspectos reprodutivos. Neste contexto realizamos a pelvimetria do T. tetradactyla por meio de imagens radiográficas para classificar anato-obstetricamente a pelve desta espécie classificando-a como dolicopélvica, sendo evidenciada homoscedasticidade das amostras. A verificação da existência de relação entre as variáveis estudadas pelo método estatístico dos coeficientes de Pearson mostrou correlação positivas de alta intensidade para os diâmetros estudados (P< 0,01). Assim, acreditamos que nossos achados poderão subsidiar futuros estudos reprodutivos nesta espécie.

Fermentative herbivorous animals have peculiar conformations of the digestive system. It is known that B. variegatus obtained the capacity for evolutionary adaptation, due to their ecology and eating habits. However, despite the literature on feeding management for this species, there is a lack of published information regarding its gastric morphology, and such information would support a better understanding on the diet and digestion of these individuals. We found seven gastric compartments, which histologically revealed three distinct patterns: an aglandular keratinized fraction (mechanical stomach) and two glandular fractions, one a mucus secretor and the other one composed of acid secreting cells (chemical stomach). With these evidences we understand that these individuals have gastric resemblance to ruminants, with some inherent peculiarities of this species, including the transit of the bolus.

Eira barbara, popularly known as irara, is a medium-sized carnivore member of the Mustelidae family. Despite its important role in the ecosystems in which its lives, data on the internal morphology of E. barbara remains scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to provide knowledge regarding the anatomy of the male reproductive system of this species to improve understanding of its reproduction to inform its conservation. We studied seven specimens who had died after being run over. The specimens were dissected for the evaluation of the reproductive system, which comprised a globular scrotum; a small pendulum covered with light-coloured hair; a pair of testicles of firm consistency and ellipsoid shape and suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord; a paired duct system; an ampoule of the deferens duct and prostate constituting the set of attached glands; a urethra divided into pelvic and penile portions; a penis with a baculum having a novel "C" shaped apex; and a prepuce. Microscopically, the testicular parenchyma consisted of seminiferous tubules separated by intertubular spaces formed by loose connective tissue, fibrocytes, Leydig cells, and blood and lymph vessels. The epididymis was surrounded by a capsule of dense connective tissue and extended to form septa. The baculum was microscopically classified as a compact bone containing several bony lamellae with osteocytes and osteoblasts. The macro and microscopic findings were generally similar to those of domestic carnivores, with some notable differences.

Fossil evidence suggests that scent glands are basal features of Testudines. However, we know little about the structure of these glands in the Brazilian Kinosternidae. In this study, we described the macroscopic anatomy, histology, and histochemistry of the scent glands of three males and three females of Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides from the Marajó mesoregion, Pará State, Brazil. In all of the specimens analyzed, regardless of sex, we found four scent glands, including two axillary and two inguinal glands that were structurally similar to each other. Each gland consisted of a single holocrine secretory lobule, a large lumen surrounded by relatively thin glandular secretory epithelium, an adjacent narrow layer of loose connective tissue, and a thick layer of skeletal striated muscle tissue surrounded by a serous tunic. The secretory epithelium produced a characteristic malodorous yellowish substance that was passed via a single duct through a bone channel in the bridge connecting the carapace to the plastron and excreted through an outer pore in the plate of each respective gland. Histologically, the secretory epithelium presented cells with two types of secretory vacuoles. Type 1 vacuoles stained red were the largest and most frequently found, and stained positively with Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), suggesting they contained glycoproteic complexes. Type 2 vacuoles were translucent, smaller in size and fewer in number, and negative for PAS staining. Because they are very primitive structures, scent glands must play important roles in the lives of chelonians, but their real function remains unknown. Several hypotheses suggest that they can act as protection against ectoparasites, as a repellent of predators, in addition to attracting mates and eliciting other pheromonal responses. In this study, all animals reacted by exuding malodorous substances when handled, as a form of defense. However, these are just assumptions that need to be clarified with additional studies on animal behavior. Anat Rec, 303:1489-1500, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.

Bradypus variegatus, vulgarmente conhecida como preguiça comum, pertence a um grupo individualizado de mamíferos, com peculiaridades morfológicas e biológicas já descritas, porém, pouco se sabe sobre questões estruturais do seu trato digestório, incluindo a morfologia do esôfago. Diferindo dos mamíferos em geral quanto ao trajeto completo do órgão, o esfíncter esofágico cranial localiza-se dorsalmente à laringe, desviando à esquerda da traqueia, mantendo-se adjacente a ela, ainda no antímero esquerdo, ao longo da porção cervical. No tórax, seguiu pelo mediastino, atravessou transversalmente o diafragma através do hiato esofágico, alcançando o estômago. Histologicamente, apresentou o mesmo padrão tecidual ao longo das três porções, destacando-se a presença de três camadas musculares, adensando na porção torácica, e na adventícia cercada pela cadeia nervosa simpática, adjacente à região cárdica. Essas características histológicas conferem ao esôfago dessa espécie arquitetura peculiar, que pode explicar o comportamento de deglutição destes indivíduos frente aos seus hábitos posturais.

The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is a Felidae of wide geographical distribution and food flexibility; therefore, it is essential to understand the morphology of the species. Thus, we aimed to describe its lingual morphology in order to gain information regarding the anatomy of this carnivore's digestive system. The tongues ​​were removed for ex situ macroscopic and morphometric analyses, as well as for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, of fragments of the different lingual regions. The tongue of L. pardalis had an elongated form that was subdivided into the apex, body and root, in which four papillary types were observed: filiform, fungiform, circumvallate and conical. It presented with a stratified, keratinized squamous epithelium, followed by loose and dense connective tissues, as well as a skeletal striated musculature that comprised most of the organ. In addition, in scanning electron microscopy the filiform papillae showed a complex with multiple layers of keratin with triangular shape projected caudally in oral cavity. The fungiform papillae were distributed among the filiform and showed a rounded shape with some gustatory pores, and are keratinized but in a lower intensity if compared with filiform. The vallate papillae, located in lingual root, showed an oval format, had a deep groove surrounded the papillae and some gustatory pores. The conical papillae are located in lingual root and are similar to the filiform. The tongue of L. pardalis resembles other carnivorous species, mainly among felids. However, it differed in relation to the quantity of vallate papillae and the absence of foliate papillae.

The lack of clear regulations for the use of veterinary stem cells has triggered the commercialization of unproven experimental therapies for companion animal diseases. Adult stem cells have complex biological characteristics that are directly related to the therapeutic application, but several questions remain to be answered. In order to regulate the use of these cells, well-conducted, controlled scientific studies that generate high-quality data should be performed, in order to assess the efficacy and safety of the intended treatment. This paper discusses the scientific challenges of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in veterinary regenerative medicine, and reviews published trials of adipose-tissue-derived stem cells in companion animal diseases that spontaneously occur.

Callithrix penicillata é um primata não humano endêmico no Brasil, amplamente utilizado para estudos biomédicos, porém, pouco se conhece quanto à anatomia desses indivíduos, incluindo aspectos vasculares. Assim, objetivamos descrever o arco aórtico dessa espécie, a fim de corroborar tanto estudos comparados quanto ensaios hemodinâmicos para modelos experimentais. Foram avaliados cinco C. penicillata, que apresentaram dois tipos distintos de angioarquitetura do arco aórtico, sendo um comumente encontrado em outros mamíferos, e outro em similaridade com Saguinus niger, sugerindo que tal padrão possa ter relação com o fato de ambas as espécies pertencerem à Família Callithrichidae.

Among the Nematodes of Cerdocyon thous, the genus Pterygodermatites is characteristic for presenting cuticular projections along the body, being mentioned in different hosts in South America, although there are no records of its occurrence in the Amazon Biome. To enable further exploration in terms of their morphology and morphometry, the nematodes collected from cadavers of C. thous were fixed and observed using bright field microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, revealing characteristics compatible with P. (Multipectines) affinis, thus contributing more information about the geographic distribution of the parasite, as well as knowledge of the helminthological fauna of wild mammals in the Brazilian Amazon. Resumo Entre os nematodas de Cerdocyon thous, o gênero Pterygodermatites é característico por apresentar projeções cuticulares ao longo do corpo, sendo citado em diferentes hospedeiros na América do Sul, porém, sem registros de sua ocorrência no Bioma Amazônia. Passível de maior exploração quanto à sua morfologia e morfometria, os nematoides colhidos de cadáveres de C. thous foram fixados e observados em microscopia de campo claro e microscopia eletrônica de varredura, revelando características compatíveis com P. (Multipectines) affinis. Com isso contribuiu com mais informações sobre a distribuição geográfica do parasito, bem como o conhecimento da fauna helmintológica de mamíferos selvagens na Amazônia brasileira.

Objetivou-se descrever os acidentes anatomicos dos ossos longos do membro toracico de Tamandua tetradactyla por meio de analises macroscopicas e radiograficas. Foram utilizados 34 especimes, que foram a obito por atropelamento. A avaliacao do umero demonstrou as mesmas estruturas presentes nos animais domesticos, alem de outras sem previa descricao. Ja no antebraco, radio e ulna se apresentaram completamente separados, e apesar de, como o umero, serem identificados alguns dos mesmos acidentes anatomicos descritos em outras especies, tambem notamos particularidades. Todas as estruturas descritas na analise macroscopica foram identificadas a radiografia, quando realizada em pelo menos duas projecoes ortogonais. As estruturas anatomo-radiograficas dos ossos longos do T. tetradactyla demonstraram grande variacao anatomica em comparacao a outros mamiferos, o que torna a referida especie muito singular. Assim o conhecimento de suas particularidades e fundamental para abordagens clinico-cirurgicas mais seguras.

The feline night monkey ( Aotus azarae infulatus ) is an arboreal primate that sleeps during the day hidden among branches of trees, leaving its hideout after nightfall. Little is known about the morphology of these animals, which leads to some difficulty in clinical and surgical approaches, as there has been substantial growth in the veterinarian's role in maintaining the health and well-being of wildlife. Thus, we sought to investigate the topography and morphometry of the medullary cone, a small portion of the nervous system of the feline night monkey, which is of paramount importance in approaches for epidural anesthesia. Specimens from five young females were used, each with eight lumbar vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, and a medullary cone with an average length of 7.5 cm, located between L5 and S3. Based on this finding, we suggest that a probable site for the application of epidural anesthesia is the space between S3 and Cc1.

This work aimed to describe the skeletopy of the medullary cone of the capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) and to lay morphological foundations to propose a route of administration for epidural anesthesia. We used five females adults S. apella, and dissected them to study their medullary cone. The fixated animals were dissected, a skin incision was made from the dorsal median line, epaxial musculature and vertebral arcs was removed to expose the spinal cord, individualizing the medullary cone and the lumbar intumescence. The base of S. apella medullary cone was located near the L5 vertebra and the apex near S3, the structure was 4.5 cm in average. The evaluated specimens presented five lumbar and four sacral vertebrae. We concluded that the positioning of S. apella medullary cone is caudally than in other species, suggesting that the most appropriate location for epidural anesthetic procedures is the sacrocaudal region.

Distribuído geograficamente em todos os estados da Federação do Brasil, o sauim está presente em grandes centros urbanos devido ao aumento quantitativo desta espécie, e, tendo em vista que a prática médica e cirúrgica de animais selvagens está mais presente na medicina veterinária, visamos colaborar com o conhecimento da anatomia do arco aórtico e seus ramos colaterais, contribuindo no contexto de emergências médicas. Foram estudados quatro animais, sendo que três indivíduos apresentaram arquitetura do arco aórtico similar ao descrito nos mamíferos domésticos, com presença da artéria subclávia esquerda e artéria braquiocefálica, e em um animal a disposição dos ramos colaterais do arco aórtico seguiu o padrão encontrado em humanos, com a presença da artéria braquiocefálica, artéria carótida comum esquerda e artéria subclávia esquerda. Independentemente da configuração inicial do arco aórtico do sauim, da artéria braquiocefálica surgiram sequencialmente as artérias subclávia direita, vertebral direita, torácica interna direita, costocervical direita e cervical superficial direita. A artéria subclávia esquerda originou os mesmos ramos correlatos com o antímero direito.

Institute of Animal Health and Production/Federal Rural University of Amazon. Grant Number: ISPA 20/2018 Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Freelance Veterinary Medicine. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil / Federal University of Par?. Institute of Natural Sciences. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil / Federal University of Par?. Institute of Natural Sciences. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Institute of Biomedical Sciences. Department of Microbiology. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. Department of Surgery. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Institute of Biomedical Sciences. Department of Microbiology. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Institute of Biomedical Sciences. Department of Microbiology. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Central nervous system (CNS) trauma is often related to tissue loss, leading to partial or complete disruption of spinal cord function due to neuronal death. Although generally irreversible, traditional therapeutic efforts, such as physical therapy exercises, are generally recommended, but with a poor or reduced improvement of the microenvironment, which in turn stimulates neuroplasticity and neuroregeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have paracrine, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. Here we use stem cells to see if they can promote not only physical but also the functional regeneration of neuronal tissue in dogs with CNS traumas. Two dogs, one with chronic spinal cord injury and one with subacute spinal cord injury, underwent infusion of autologous MSCs in association with physiotherapy. The two treatments in combination were able to partially or completely recover the dog's walking movement again. The treatment of MSCs in association with physical therapy improved the microenvironment, which could be evidence of a paradigm shift that the CNS is not capable of functional regeneration after aggressive traumas.

The tayra (Eira barbara) is a mammal belonging to the Mustelidae family that occurs in all Brazilian biomes. The present work aimed to describe the morphology of the tongue of these specimens highlighting their structures and particularities that will serve as a subsidy to elucidate the anatomy of the same and for comparative studies among other species of domestic and wild animals. Five adult male specimens of E. barbara were studied, which were fixed using 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution. The tongue was removed by opening the oral cavity and separating the maxillary/mandible bone complex. Being in possession of the material, photodocumentations and collection of the fragments were made for the proper preparation of histological slides and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The lingual papillae found in tayra were mechanical: filiform and conical; and gustative: fungiform and circumvallated. Histologically, the papillae are constituted by keratinized stratified epithelium and in the innermost region, it was composed of tissue connective dense unshaped followed by a layer of muscle bundles of skeletal striated. In the region of the root of the tongue of E. barbara, there were a set of small mixed salivary glands (serous and mucous) and the punctual presence of gustatory corpuscles at the level of epithelium. The morphological description of the E. barbara tongue revealed similarity to that described in literature for other domestic and wild mammals. However, the particularity of the absence of foliate papilla and the quantitative of four papillae circumvallate in the region of the root of the tongue of this species.

In veterinary medicine, the cell therapy is still unexplored and there are many unanswered questions that researchers tend to extrapolate to humans in an attempt to treat certain injuries. Investigating this subject in nonhuman primates turns out to be an unparalleled opportunity to better understand the dynamics of stem cells against some diseases. Thus, we aimed to compare the efficiency of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue of Chlorocebus aethiops in induced bone injury. Ten animals were used, male adults subjected, to bone injury the iliac crests. The MSCs were isolated by and cultured. In an autologous manner, the BMMCs were infused in the right iliac crest, and MSCs from adipose tissue in the left iliac crest. After 4.8 months, the right iliac crests fully reconstructed, while left iliac crest continued to have obvious bone defects for up to 5.8 months after cell infusion. The best option for treatment of injuries with bone tissue loss in old world primates is to use autologous MSCs from adipose tissue, suggesting we can extrapolate the results to humans, since there is phylogenetic proximity between species. RESUMO Na medicina veterinária, a terapia celular ainda é inexplorada e há muitas perguntas não respondidas, o que leva os pesquisadores a uma tendência a estender a terapia para os seres humanos, na tentativa de tratar certas lesões. Investigar esse assunto em primatas não humanos revela-se uma oportunidade sem precedentes para compreender melhor a dinâmica das células-tronco contra algumas doenças. Assim, objetivou-se comparar a eficiência das células mononucleares de medula óssea (BMMCs) e das células-tronco mesenquimais (MSCs) do tecido adiposo de Chlorocebus aetiops na lesão óssea induzida. Foram utilizados 10 animais, adultos do sexo masculino, submetidos à lesão óssea nas cristas ilíacas. As MSCs foram isoladas e cultivadas; de forma autóloga, as BMMCs foram infundidas na crista ilíaca direita e as MSCs de tecido adiposo na crista ilíaca esquerda. Após 4,8 meses, a crista ilíaca direita foi totalmente reconstruída, enquanto a crista ilíaca esquerda continuou apresentando defeito ósseo evidente por até 5,8 meses após a infusão. A melhor opção para o tratamento de lesões com perda de tecido ósseo em primatas do Velho Mundo é a utilização de MSCs autólogas de tecido adiposo, sugerindo que se podem estender os resultados para seres humanos, uma vez que há proximidade filogenética entre as espécies.

A macroscopic and microscopic study of the mandibular organ of the silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus) was carried out. The organ extends from below the zygomatic bone line to the middle of the mandible body, between the skin and the masseter muscle, on both sides of the animal. It has an average length of 11.7 mm and a width of 6.3 mm. In the mesoscopic analysis, it was observed that the organ presents in yellowish color due to the high amount of sebaceous content. In the histological analysis, the mandibular organ was observed to be composed of innumerable alveoli of the specialized sebaceous gland, surrounded by a layer of adventitia tunica. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealed an apparent alveolar division with what appeared to be a sulcus at its center. The information here presented regarding the constitution and location of this structure has not been previously explored for other species and differs with respect to other descriptions for anteaters. Based on the present study, it is suggested that the mandibular organ is involved in social interaction in this species.

Resumo: O cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) pertence à família Canidae, encontra-se amplamente distribuído pela América do Sul. Devido à escassez literária a respeito da morfologia desta espécie objetivamos colaborar com o conhecimento da anatomia do arco aórtico e seus ramos colaterais. Foram estudados quatro animais, sendo 2 machos e 2 fêmeas oriundos da Mina de Bauxita, Paragominas, Pará, Brasil/Terra Ltda, sob autorização da SEMA-PA nº 455/2009, que morreram por causas naturais. O sistema arterial foi preenchido com látex corado em vermelho e fixado em solução aquosa de formoldeído 10%. O arco aórtico de Cerdocyon thous apresentou em sua origem apenas dois vasos, o tronco braquiocefálico e a artéria subclávia esquerda. Do tronco braquiocefálico originou-se o tronco bicarotídeo, que se bifurcou nas artérias carótidas comum direita e esquerda, e artéria subclávia direita. Das artérias subclávias ocorreu a formação do tronco costocervical, artéria vertebral, artéria torácica interna, artéria cervical superficial e ao atingir o espaço axilar passa a ser chamada de artéria axilar em ambos os antímeros. Concluímos que o arco aórtico de Cerdocyon thous é similar ao de outros animais domésticos com relação ao número de ramificações em sua origem. Abstract: Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) belongs to the Canidae family distributed in South America. Due to literary scarcity regarding the morphology of this species, we objectifiked to collaborate with description of the anatomy of the aortic arch and its collateral branches. We studied four foxes, 2 males and 2 females, from Mina Bauxita, Paragominas, Pará, Brazil/Terra Ltda, under authorization of SEMA-PA nº 455/2009, that died of natural causes. The arterial system was filled with red latex and fixation with 10% formaldehyde solution. The aortic arch of Cerdocyon thous showed that in its origin are two vessels, brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery. From brachiocephalic trunk originates the bicarotid trunk, bifurcated into left and right carotid common arteries, and right subclavian artery. The subclavian arteries originates the costocervical trunk, vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, superficial cervical artery, to reach the axillary space, and passes to be called axillary artery on both sides. We conclude that the aortic arch of Cerdocyon thous is similar to the one in other domestic animals regarding the number of ramificastions at its origin.

Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz?nia. Faculdade de Medicina Veterin?ria. Instituto de Sa?de e Produ??o Animal. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Centro Nacional de Primatas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Centro Nacional de Primatas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Centro Nacional de Primatas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz?nia. Faculdade de Medicina Veterin?ria. Instituto de Sa?de e Produ??o Animal. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz?nia. Faculdade de Medicina Veterin?ria. Instituto de Sa?de e Produ??o Animal. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz?nia. Faculdade de Medicina Veterin?ria. Instituto de Sa?de e Produ??o Animal. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. University of S?o Paulo. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. Department of Surgery. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. Chlorocebus aethiops is a species of non-human primate frequently used in biomedical research. Some research involves this species as an experimental model for various diseases and possible treatment with stem cells. The bone marrow is one of the main sources of these cells and provides easy access. The aim of this study was to standardize the protocol of collection and separation of bone marrow in C. aethiops. Ten animals were submitted to puncture of bone marrow with access to the iliac crest and cell separation by density gradient. The bone marrow of C. aethiops had an average of 97% viability. From the results achieved, we can conclude that C. aethiops is an excellent model to obtain and isolate mononuclear cells from bone marrow, fostering several studies in the field of cell therapy.

Studies of helminths in road-killed wild animals are still uncommon but may provide promising results since they can identify the parasites in juvenile and adult hosts and meet the recommendations of current discussions on bioethics that prioritize alternative methods for the use of animals. This study evaluated three Cerdocyon thous individuals that were donated after dying from being run over. Two of them had small nematode adults in the epithelial and connective tissues of the tongue. The diagnosis was based on the presence of eggs, observed in histological sections, and morphological characteristics of the nematodes in the tongue. Morphologically, this nematode has a body with transverse grooves, simple mouth opening and no lips, esophagus and stichosome with stichocytes and bacillary bands along the body, which is characteristic morphology of the family Capilariidae and genus Capillaria . The presence of this nematode in the tongue of C. thous is an extremely important fact that contributes to what is known about the biodiversity of zoonotic parasites in wild canid populations. However, an explanation for these findings remains unclear because, until now, this has not been observed in the biological cycle of the species.

The wall of the diaphragm can be affected by changes caused by physical trauma, allowing the passage of viscera between the abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity, thus reducing the space for pulmonary expansion, leading to the formation of hernia and possible death. Thus, we aimed to characterize, size and determine the topography of the diaphragmatic muscle in the Southern Tamandua, since clinical and surgical activities in wild animals have become a reality more and more present in veterinary medicine. We used six adult animals, x-rayed and dissected, followed by collection of fragments of muscular portions for histological analysis. Initially we observed that the animals presented 17 thoracic vertebrae, 3 lumbar vertebrae and 5 sacral vertebrae. The diaphragm was conformed by three segments: sternal, costal and right and left diaphragm pillar, with presence of tendinous centre that housed the passage of the caudal vena cava, called foramen of the caudal vena cava. Dorsally to the tendinous centre, already in the muscle portion, we located the esophageal and aortic hiatus. These findings, as well as the microscopic, were equivalent to that found in the general literature also, corroborating with descriptions already carried out in other mammals’ diaphragms.

Background: The Tayra (Eira barbara) is a mammal of the family Mustelidae with a significant presence in Latin America, it is considered an opportunist and extremely agile omnivorous. Some organs compose the digestive system and the stomach is a substantial organ for this system. The stomach have a small and a large curvature and the regions of the cardia, fundus, body and pylorus. Histologically, the stomach is made up of four layers or tunics that contributes in digestive functions. However, due the limited information available in the literature about morphophysiology of wildlife, this study aimed to clarify the morphology of Eira barbara stomach to understand your digestive system.Materials, Methods & Results: Three males and three females of Eira barbara species were studied (all young adults), all samples were originated of the Bauxite Mine area, in Paragominas, Pará state, Brazil provided of donation to Morphological Animal Research Laboratory (LaPMa) of the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia (UFRA), after death by trampling. The corpses were treated with aqueous 10% formaldehyde solution intramuscular injections, subcutaneous and intracavitary. After dissection, the collected material was processed following histologic standard protocols for the subsequent preparation of slides. The studied animals showed the stomach on the left antimere the abdominal cavity, with saccular format with the presence of large and small curvatures. The organ showed composite mucosa made with various gastric folds distributed in regions of the cardia, fundus and pylorus. A microscopic analysis of Eira barbara stomach revealed the presence of tunics or layers which gradually invaginate the lumen of the organ and underlying lamina propria was located to the prismatic epithelium and muscular mucosae and mucosa itself. In the region of the cardia, the muscle layer was deeply situated on the lamina propria, consisting of smooth muscle tissue with circular and longitudinal fibers. The submucosa consists of loose connective tissue; it is much thicker than the lamina propria and has many vessels. The first portion of the stomach showed long glands, while with short pits. In light microscopy, the fundic region revealed the presence of a highly pleated epithelium with elongated glands composed of clear and basally placed cells, with flattened nuclei. These cells are named mucous. Along the short region of the gastric pits, the presence of large cells was reported, pyramidal or rounded, central nucleus, called parietal. The pyloric region microscopy revealed the presence of short glands, similar to those previously described in the cardia region. The wide presence of goblet cells in the final portion of the pylorus indicated gradual transition between the regions of the stomach to the intestine, called duodenum-pylorus transition. The muscular layer showed thick muscle bundles just in circular direction, being responsible for the formation of the pyloric sphincter.Discussion: The morphological analysis of the stomachs showed morphological and topographical similarities to the literature description for pets and wild mammals, however, were found in abundant quantities goblet cells in the transition duodenal pylorus. The goblet cells are located throughout the length of the small and large intestine and are responsible for the production and maintenance of the protective mucus synthesizing as glycoproteins known as mucins.

The black tamarin (Saguinus niger) occurs in all states of Brazil, including large urban centers due to population growth. Considering that the practice of medicine and surgery on wild animals has become more prevalent in veterinary medicine, this work describes the aortic arch of S. niger with the goal of aiding emergency surgeries. Four animals were studied. Three individuals had an aortic arch like the arch described for domesticated animals, including the presence of a left subclavian artery and brachiocephalic artery. In one individual, the arrangement of the collateral branches of the aortic arch followed the pattern found in humans, including the presence of a brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. Regardless of the initial configuration of the aortic arch of the black tamarin, the right subclavian, right vertebral, right internal thoracic, right costocervical and right superficial cervical arteries arose, sequentially, from the brachiocephalic artery. The branches formed by the left subclavian artery correlated with the right antimer. Distribuído geograficamente em todos os estados da Federação do Brasil, o sauim está presente em grandes centros urbanos devido ao aumento quantitativo desta espécie, e, tendo em vista que a prática médica e cirúrgica de animais selvagens está mais presente na medicina veterinária, visamos colaborar com o conhecimento da anatomia do arco aórtico e seus ramos colaterais, contribuindo no contexto de emergências médicas. Foram estudados quatro animais, sendo que três indivíduos apresentaram arquitetura do arco aórtico similar ao descrito nos mamíferos domésticos, com presença da artéria subclávia esquerda e artéria braquiocefálica, e em um animal a disposição dos ramos colaterais do arco aórtico seguiu o padrão encontrado em humanos, com a presença da artéria braquiocefálica, artéria carótida comum esquerda e artéria subclávia esquerda. Independentemente da configuração inicial do arco aórtico do sauim, da artéria braquiocefálica surgiram sequencialmente as artérias subclávia direita, vertebral direita, torácica interna direita, costocervical direita e cervical superficial direita. A artéria subclávia esquerda originou os mesmos ramos correlatos com o antímero direito.

The wall of the diaphragm can be affected by congenital or acquired alterations which allow the passage of viscera between the abdominal and chest cavities, allowing the formation of a diaphragmatic hernia. We characterized morphology and performed biometrics of the diaphragm in the common squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus. After fixation, muscle fragments were collected and processed for optical microscopy. In this species the diaphragm muscle is attached to the lung by phrenopericardial ligament. It is also connected to the liver via the coronary and falciform ligaments. The muscle is composed of three segments in total: 1) sternal; 2) costal, and 3) a segment consisting of right and left diaphragmatic pillars. The anatomical structures analyzed were similar to those reported for other mammals. Histological analysis revealed stable, organized muscle fibers with alternation of light and dark streaks, indicating transverse striation.

CAPES Federal Rural University of Amaz?nia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Laboratory of Animal Morphology Research. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amaz?nia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Laboratory of Animal Morphology Research. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amaz?nia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Laboratory of Animal Morphology Research. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amaz?nia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Centro Nacional de Primatas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Federal Rural University of Amaz?nia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. Forest destruction has progressively hampered the survival of many species, and this is why it is so important to study of the lives of primates in captivity. This study aimed to describe the morphological aspects of the female reproductive tract of Sapajus apella. We used five animals obtained from the National Primate Center, Ananindeua ? PA. The ovaries were paired, compact and symmetrical and had a smooth surface. The uterine tubes were bilateral and convoluted in adult animals and straight in young individuals. The uterus was simple and located in the pelvic region. The vagina was a long structure due to the position of the uterus. The external genitalia were located in the urogenital perineum and consisted of dark pigmented labia majora and labia minora, a vaginal vestibule as long as the vagina and a well-developed clitoris. The results showed that the genitals of S. apella resemble those of other Neotropical primates.

Diante do escasso conhecimento morfofisiológico do trato digestório do Tamandua tetradactyla, este trabalho pretendeu esclarecer a morfologia do estômago dessa espécie. Utilizaram-se seis espécimes, sendo três machos e três fêmeas jovens, provenientes da área de Mina Bauxita Paragominas - PA, doados, após morte por atropelamento, ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA). Os animais foram fixados com solução aquosa de formaldeído (10%), seguido de dissecação, avaliação da topografia do estômago, com posterior descrição, mensuração e coleta de material para microscopia. As análises topográfica e macroscópica revelaram que o estômago, unicavitário, com presença de pequena e grande curvaturas, estava localizado no antímero esquerdo da cavidade abdominal, ligado cranialmente ao esôfago e caudalmente ao duodeno, e apresentou um aumento de superfície na região pilórica (toro pilórico). Histologicamente, era constituído por epitélio colunar simples (região glandular), epitélio estratificado pavimentoso (região aglandular), lâmina própria, muscular da mucosa, submucosa, muscular circular interna, muscular longitudinal externa e serosa. A região do piloro apresentou um grande espessamento da camada muscular da mucosa, e foram observadas nesta região fossetas gástricas profundas. O estômago de T. tetradactyla revelou características morfológicas macroscópicas e histológicas semelhantes às espécies domésticas e selvagens. Given the limited morphophysiological knowledge about the digestive tract of Tamandua tetradactyla, this study aimed to clarify the morphology of the stomach of this species. We used six young specimens, three males and three females, from the area of Paragominas bauxite mine - PA, donated after death by trampling, to the Research Laboratory Animal Morphological (LaPMA). The animals were fixed with an aqueous solution of formaldehyde (10%), followed by dissection, evaluation of the topography of the stomach, with further description, measurement and collection of material for microscopy. The topographical and macroscopic analysis showed that the stomach was located in left on-timer of the abdominal cavity, connected entirely to the esophagus and caudally to the duodenum, was unicavitary with the presence of small and large curvature and showed a surface increase in the pyloric region (torus pylorus). Histologically it was composed of simple columnar epithelium (glandular region), stratified epithelium (aglandular region), lamina propria, muscular of mucous, submucous, muscular internal circular, muscular external longitudinal and serosa. The region of the pylorus presented a great thickening of the muscular layer of mucous, and deep gastric pits were observed in this region. The stomach of T. tetradactyla revealed macroscopic and histological morphological characteristics similar to domestic and wild species.

A jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) é uma das espécies de felino silvestre que pouco foi investigada quanto a sua morfologia. Assim, o estudo objetivou detalhar a origem e distribuição dos ramos colaterais da aorta abdominal deste animal. Avaliou-se dois exemplares, sendo um macho e uma fêmea, jovens, provenientes de Paragominas-PA, doados ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA) da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA). O sistema arterial foi preenchido com látex pigmentado de vermelho e os cadáveres foram preservados com solução de formaldeído tamponado a 10%. A aorta abdominal do L. pardalis teve origem entre T12 e L1, sendo a artéria celíaca o primeiro ramo visceral no sentido crânio-caudal, resultando nas artérias hepática, gástrica esquerda e esplênica. A artéria mesentérica cranial surgiu como segundo ramo da aorta abdominal, originando as artérias jejunais. Na sequência localizamos artéria pancreáticoduodenal caudal, artérias ileais, artérias ileocólicas, artérias renais direita e esquerda, artérias adrenais direita e esquerda e artérias ováricas ou testiculares direita e esquerda. Parietalmente, a aorta abdominal originou em média seis ramos lombares, bem como a artéria frenicoabdominal, as artérias circunflexas ilíacas profundas e artérias ilíacas externa e interna. A aorta abdominal gerou ainda a artéria mesentérica caudal, a qual dividiu-se em artérias cólica esquerda e retal cranial. A artéria cólica esquerda seguiu cranialmente paralela ao cólon descendente irrigando-o, originando em média 18 ramos, e anastomosando-se com a artéria cólica média. A artéria retal cranial seguiu em direção caudal distribuindo oito ramos à porção final do cólon descendente e ao reto, e uniu-se com a artéria retal média. Por fim, a aorta abdominal emitiu como ramo terminal a artéria sacral mediana. A vascularização arterial abdominal desta espécie é bastante semelhante ao descrito em felinos domésticos e demais mamíferos, com diferenças quanto ao número de artérias jejunais e origem das artérias renais.

Primata endêmico do Brasil, especificamente da floresta Amazônica, o Sauim alimentam-se de pequenos vertebrados, invertebrados, exudatos, flores, néctar, folhas e fungos, cuja morfologia é pouco conhecida. Assim, objetivou-se estabelecer parâmetros morfométricos e topográficos do cone medular dessa espécie, que sirvam de base para a prática das anestesias epidurais. Para tanto, foram avaliados quatro exemplares, provenientes da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA). O Saguinus midas apresentou sete vértebras lombares e três vértebras sacrais. Após a dissecação do cone medular, registrou-se os aspectos anatômicos de interesse, enfatizando seu início (base) e seu término (ápice), que, após mensuração, revelou base em nível de L4 e ápice em S2, com comprimento médio de 5,38cm, o que leva a sugerir a região lombosacral como sendo a mais adequada para o desenvolvimento da prática de anestesias epidurais. Primate endemic to Brazil, specifically in the Amazon rainforest, the Sauim feed on small vertebrates, invertebrates, exudates, flowers, nectar, leaves and fungi whose morphology is poorly known. Thus, the objective was to establish morphometric parameters and topographical conus of this species, as a basis for the practice of epidural anesthesia. For this purpose, four samples were evaluated, from the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA). The Saguinus midas had seven lumbar vertebrae and three sacral vertebrae. After dissection of the conus, we recorded the anatomy of interest, emphasizing its beginning (base) and its end (apex), revealed that after measuring the level of base peak in L4 and S2, with an average length of 5.38cm, which leads us to suggest the lumbosacral region as the most suitable for the development of the practice of epidural anesthesia.

Com o objetivo de ampliar os estudos e conhecimentos anatômicos, bem como impulsionar novas pesquisas com animais selvagens, estudou-se três exemplares de tamanduá-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla) sendo dois machos e uma fêmea, animal proveniente de Paragominas-PA, sob autorização SEMA-PA Nº 455/2009 e 522/2009, doados à UFRA após óbito por causas naturais. O sistema arterial foi preenchido com látex corado em vermelho e os animais foram fixados e dissecados para observação da disposição dos ramos colaterais do arco aórtico. Inicialmente destacamos o tronco braquiocefálico, de onde tem origem a artéria subclávia direita e o tronco bicarotídeo, que se bifurca em artéria carótida comum direita e esquerda. O segundo ramo originado no arco aórtico trata-se da artéria subclávia esquerda que se ramifica em artéria vertebral, artéria torácica interna, tronco costocervical e artéria cervical superficial. Esses mesmos ramos também estão presentes na artéria subclávia direita, a qual, em nível axilar, passa a ser chamada de artéria axilar. De modo geral, podemos observar que os ramos colaterais deste animal assemelham-se aos modelos já descritos anteriormente para alguns animais domésticos, com mínimas diferenças, como por exemplo, a presença de ramificações das artérias carótidas comuns direita e esquerda, que se direcionam ao extenso músculo esternoióideo, irrigando-o.

The fluoroscopy-guided renal arteriography was evaluated in order to be used as an auxiliary method in investigations and as a way to experimentally induce kidney diseases in swine. The technique was effective to obtain sharp images as well as to determine the area of renal irrigation. Despite its easiness, trained professionals are required to perform it.

O Saimiri sciureus é um primata não humano existente na região amazônica e não consta na lista de animais em perigo de extinção, de acordo com o IBAMA. Neste trabalho, sistematizou-se os ramos colaterais viscerais da aorta abdominal de seis animais sendo três machos e três fêmeas, os quais tiveram o sistema circulatório preenchido com látex Neoprene, adicionado de contraste radiográfico. O resultado observado foi que a aorta abdominal emitiu ventralmente, como ramo colateral visceral, a artéria celíaca, que se trifurcou nas artérias gástrica esquerda, hepática e lienal. Os ramos da artéria celíaca promovem a irrigação do estômago, duodeno, fígado, pâncreas e baço. A seguir, a aorta abdominal emitiu a artéria mesentérica cranial, de calibre maior que a artéria celíaca e justaposta caudalmente. A artéria mesentérica cranial emitiu ramos que vascularizaram a parte final do duodeno, pâncreas, jejuno, íleo, ceco, cólon maior e cólon menor. A aorta abdominal emitiu lateralmente as artérias renais direita e esquerda. A artéria adrenal esquerda surgiu como um ramo colateral direto da artéria celíaca e a artéria adrenal direita surgiu da artéria renal direita. A artéria mesentérica caudal foi emitida da superfície ventral da aorta abdominal, logo abaixo das artérias renais. Em L6, a aorta abdominal se bifurcou, dando origem às artérias ilíacas externas direita e esquerda e estas deram origem à artéria ilíaca interna e femoral direita e esquerda. As artérias testiculares ou ováricas tiveram origem na artéria ilíaca interna. A continuidade da aorta abdominal deu origem à artéria sacral mediana e a continuidade desta é chamada de artéria caudal mediana. O estudo da espécie em questão é de suma importância para gerar conhecimentos a respeito dos primatas não humanos existentes em nosso país. Dessa forma, pode-se dizer que o Saimiri sciureus é um importante modelo biológico para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas biomédicas. The Saimiri sciureus is a non human primate that exists in the amazon region, which is not in the list of endangered animals according to IBAMA. So, this research systemized the collateral branches visceral of the abdominal aorta of these animals. It was used six animals, three males and three females, which had the circulatory system filled with latex Neoprene added of radiographic contrast. The results showed that the abdominal aorta ventrally emitted a collateral visceral branch called celiac artery, which originates three branches: left gastric, hepatic and lienal arteries. The branches of the celiac artery promoted the irrigation of the stomach, duodenum, liver, pancreas and spleen. Then the abdominal aorta emitted the cranial mesenteric artery, which was of a larger size than the celiac artery and was caudally juxtaposed. The cranial mesenteric artery supply branches that irrigate the final portion of the duodenum, pancreas, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon. Abdominal aorta emitted laterally the right and left kidney arteries. The left adrenal artery as a collateral branch of the celiac artery and the right adrenal artery has been originated in the right renal artery. The mesenteric caudal artery was emitted from the ventral surface of the abdominal aorta, below the kidney arteries. In L6, abdominal aorta has two derivations to origin the right and left external iliac arteries and these had given origin to the internal iliac and femoral artery right and left. The testicular or ovary arteries were emitted in internal iliac arteries. Of the abdominal aorta led to origin the sacral median artery and in this sequence there is the caudal median artery. The study of this specie is very important to generate knowledge about non human primates existing in our country. It can be said that Saimiri sciureus is an important biological model for development of biomedical researches.

Saimiri sciureus is one of the smallest Cebidae native of Amazon region and also found at the biological reserve of northeast Atlantic forest. It is an omnivore animal, with diversified diet that directly influences the lingual mucosa, which includes certain types of papillae with different organization levels. The present study attempted to describe the morphological and ultrastructure aspects of the dorsal surface of the S. sciureus. Five tongues of de S. sciureus were analyzed from three males and two females who died from natural causes and were obtained from breeding colonies of CENP-Ananindeua-PA. Main macroscopic features were a general triangular shape with a craniocaudal elongation pointed apex. Tissue samples—apex, body, and root of tongue—were fixed in modified Karnovsky solution, following standard scanning protocol, mounted in stubs, coated by gold, and analyzed by Scanning Electron Macroscopy (SEM). Four types of papillae were described: filiform (along all tissue extension with 154 μm of diameter), fungiform (along all tissue extension with 272 μm of diameter), vallate [just three units in caudal (dorsal) portion with 830 μm of diameter] and foliate (one pair at caudolateral surface with ∼13 projections and 3000 μm in length). Data analysis indicates that the distribution and ultra structural morphology of the S. sciureus lingual papillae are some similar to other primates. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Innumerable species of wild animals have not yet been described anatomically. The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), a wild cat with ample geographic distribution, is an example of this. With the aim of describing the morphology of this animal, we studied the reproductive system of a young male taken from the area of Mina de Bauxita Paragominas/PA - Vale do Rio Doce, that was donated post mortem to the Instituto de Saude e Producao Animal (ISPA) of the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia (UFRA). The animal was fi xed with formaldehyde 10%and kept in this same solution until the dissection of system under study. The masculine reproductive organs of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) are represented by: a pair of testis; an epididymis consisting of a head, body and tail; accessory genital glands, i.e. prostate and bulbourethral glands; a masculine urethra and penis.

With the great development of the gestational studies in all of the species, we noticed the necessity of adaptations of these techniques for prenatal diagnosis in dogs. Based on this, we studied the feasibility of chorion biopsy guided by ultrasound. Our results demonstrated accuracy on the sex determination being 2 males and 12 females, as well as it would be possible to identify chromosome alteration due to the quality of samplings. Sex determination was accomplished with the identification of Y gene chromosomes in PCR technique. After the collection, fragments were prepared for light microscopy studies and revealed fetal chorion tissue, blood colloid and erythrocyte. In the whole material we found hemosiderin impregnations due to the hemolysis and to the residue of blood of the placental marginal hematomes. The submitted female dogs to this technique demonstrated normal puppy births without death. Com o grande desenvolvimento dos estudos gestacionais em todas as espécies, percebemos a necessidade de adaptarmos técnicas para diagnóstico pré-natal para cães. Assim, buscamos bases nas técnicas já existentes empregadas em humanos, e através destas, conseguimos estabelecer um método para coleta em cães, utilizando PCR para garantirmos a integridade das amostras. O procedimento foi realizado através de punção da cinta placentária com agulha de biopsia guiada por ultra-som. De todas as 14 amostras coletadas, duas apresentaram-se positivas para o cromossomo Y, presente apenas em machos, confirmando assim a viabilidade das amostras demonstrando com isso que através desta técnica podemos coletar material fetal para diagnóstico de alterações gênicas ou cromossômicas presentes nos cães antes mesmo destes virem a termo. A microscopia de material revelou fragmentos de cório fetal, colóide sangüíneo e eritrócitos. Em todo o material encontramos impregnações de hemosiderina devido à hemólise e ao resíduo de sangue dos hematomas marginais placentários. As cadelas submetidas a esta técnica tiveram partos normais sem óbito de nenhum filhote.

Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz?nia. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz?nia. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. Universidade de S?o Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina Veterin?ria e Zootecnia. S?o Paulo, SP, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Centro Nacional de Primatas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Centro Nacional de Primatas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz?nia. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz?nia. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. The common marmoset is an important Neotropical primate for biomedical research. With the intention of providing pelvimetric values that allow the selection of animals with better characteristics for reproduction, we studied the X-ray of the pelvis, in ventro-dorsal projection of 12 adult animals, six males and six females, belonging to the National Center of Primates - CENP. The measurements were made to right diagonal diameters (RDD), left diagonal diameter (LDD), bi-iliac middle diameter (BIMD), bi-iliac upper diameter (BIUD), bi-iliac lower diameter (BILD), sacrum-pubic diameter (SPD), and the input area of the pelvis (IAP), which were compared in relation to sex and bodily correlated with the biometrics. The results of the means and standard deviations regarding pelvimetry (cm) were: for the RDD in males of 1.91?0.14 and in the females of 2.05?0.08; LDD in males of 1.85?0.16 and in females of 2.03? 0.08; BIMD in males of 1.46?0.12 and in the females of 1.5?0; BIUD showed in males 1.3?0.1 and in females of 1.3?0.06; BILD in males of 1.35?0.15 and in females of 1.25?0.08; SPD in males of 1.68?0.09 and in females of 1.93?0.13; IAP in males of 1.9?0.26 and in the females of 2.23?0.13. It was concluded that the pelvis of Callithrix jacchus could be classified as dolicopelvic type, there is sexual dimorphism in relation to the pelvis of adult animals and that the bodily measurements have low positive correlation with pelvic measurements. O sagui-de-tufo-branco se destaca como um importante primata neotropical para as pesquisas biom?dicas. Com o intuito de fornecer valores pelvim?tricos que permitam a sele??o de animais com melhores caracter?sticas para a reprodu??o, estudaram-se radiografias da pelve, em proje??o ventrodorsal, de 12 animais, sendo seis machos e seis f?meas, adultos, pertencentes ao Centro Nacional de Primatas - CENP. As mensura??es realizadas foram referentes aos di?metros diagonal direito (DDD), diagonal esquerdo (DDE), bi-il?aco m?dio (DBIM), bi-il?aco superior (DBIS), bi-il?aco inferior (DBII), sacrop?bico (DSP), al?m da ?rea de entrada da pelve (AEP), os quais foram comparados em rela??o ao sexo e correlacionados com a biometria corp?rea. Os resultados de m?dias e desvios-padr?o com rela??o ? pelvimetria (cm) foram: para o DDD nos machos de 1,91?0,14 e nas f?meas de 2,05?0,08; DDE nos machos de 1,85?0,16 e nas f?meas de 2,03?0,08; DBIM nos machos de 1,46?0,12 e nas f?meas de 1,5?0; DBIS nos machos de 1,3?0,1 e nas f?meas de 1,3?0,06; DBII nos machos de 1,35?0,15 e nas f?meas de 1,25?0,08; DSP nos machos de 1,68?0,09 e nas f?meas de 1,93?0,13; AEP nos machos de 1,9?0,26 e nas f?meas de 2,23?0,13. Concluiu-se que a pelve de Callithrix jacchus pode ser classificada como do tipo dolicop?lvica, existe dimorfismo sexual em rela??o ?s pelves de animais adultos e que as medidas corp?reas apresentam baixa correla??o positiva com as medidas p?lvicas.

Por ser uma espécie pouco estudada, principalmente do ponto de vista morfológico, objetivou-se conhecer a anatomia da traqueia da preguiça (Bradypus variegatus) a fim de fornecer informações para facilitar a eleição de tubo endotraqueal adequado, máscara laríngea ou cânula de traqueostomia para anestesia e procedimentos de emergência, uma vez que a mesma revelou-se possuidora de uma morfologia especial. Foram investigados 11animais jovens de idades diferentes, sendo quatro machos e sete fêmeas, provenientes do Museu Emilio Goeldi e doados a UFRA. Os exemplares foram perfundidos via intramuscular com solução aquosa de formol a 10% para fins de conservação e posteriormente foram dissecados em nível cervico-torácico, por meio de mesoscopia, expondo-se desde a laringe até os brônquios principais direito e esquerdo ao nível do hilo pulmonar. As traqueias foram divididas em cinco regiões (região cervical, região da primeira flexura, região da segunda flexura, região da terceira flexura e região da carina) as quais foram mensuradas altura e largura, assim como o comprimento traqueal total e parte do material foi submetido à técnicas de rotina histológica. Macroscopicamente, destacou-se a presença de sinuosidades acentuadas em porção médio caudal, contemplando a carina. O comprimento médio traqueal foi de 14,6cm. Microscopicamente, a traqueia era constituída por placas separadas de cartilagem hialina constituindo cada anel, sendo revestido por epitélio estratificado ciliado. Apesar da traqueia da preguiça comum apresentar revestimento padrão encontrado na traqueia de outros animais, na literatura não há registros de outras espécies que tenham morfologia macroscópica nas condições descritas, o que nos leva a sugerir, quando necessário acesso para ventilação de emergência, a prática da IOT e não a de traqueostomia. As the sloth (Bradypus variegatus) is a little studied species, especially from a morphological point of view, this research aimed to define the anatomy of its trachea. The information would facilitate the selection of a proper endotracheal tube, laryngeal mask or tracheostomy tube for anesthesia and emergency procedures, since it appeared to have a special morphology. Eleven young animals of different ages were investigated, four males and seven females, obtained from the Emilio Goeldi Museum and donated to UFRA. The specimens were infused intramuscularly with 10% aqueous formaldehyde for preservation and were later dissected at the cervico-thoracic level, by mesoscopia, exposing the area from the larynx to the right and left primary bronchi at the hilum. The tracheae were divided into five regions (cervical, first flexure, second flexure, third flexure, and carina) for which length and width were measured, as well as the total tracheal length. Sharp windings were seen in the middle caudal portion, including the carina. The average tracheal length was 14.6 cm. Microscopically, the trachea was made up of separate plates of hyaline cartilage forming each ring, lined with ciliated epithelium. Despite the trachea of the common sloth displaying the same lining pattern found in other animals, there are no reports in the literature of other species having a macroscopic morphology as described here, which leads us to suggest, where appropriate access to emergency ventilation, the practice of IOT and not tracheostomy.

Background: The capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) and the night monkey (Aotus azarae infulatus) are primates with broad distribution in South America. Sapajus apella is best-studied species in the genus Cebus, and is commonly found in captivity in parks, zoos, and sorting centers in Brazil. Species in the genus Aotus have a primitive appearance with large eye sockets, and their nocturnal habits are unique among the apes today. Because these two species belong to the same order, they have similar morphological characteristics. In this work, we conduct a comparative study of the forelimb musculature between these two species to produce data for use in veterinary procedures.Materials, Methods & Results: Three capuchin monkey and three night monkey specimens were used, two females and one male for each species. Specimens were acquired from the National Center for Primates under approval from the Animal Research (CEPAN/IEC/SVS/MS) No. 008/2010. Specimens were frozen and donated after death by natural causes to the LaPMA (Animal Morphology Research Laboratory) at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA). After being thawed in running water, the animals were fixed by intramuscular injection with 10% formaldehyde in aqueous solution and dissected to display thoracic limb muscle groups. Dissections were performed using basic instrumentation by creating a medial incision from the carpal region to the axillary region. After incision, the skin was folded and muscles were separated in order to identify muscle groups. The nomenclature adopted was based on the veterinary anatomy, and books about human anatomy for comparison of forearm muscles. The muscles that compound the shoulder was the supraspinal and infra-spinal. The arm was composed by the teres major and minor, the triceps brachii (long head, lateral head, and medial head), brachialis, biceps brachii, tensor muscle of the antebrachial fascia, coracobrachialis, and anconeous. The forearm included the extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorus, extensor digiti minimum, extensor carpi ulnaris, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi radialis, flexor pollicis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and brachioradialis muscles. In general, the two species have the same muscle groups, except for the absence of the teres minor and brachioradialis in Capuchin monkey, and the absence of the long head of the triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis brevis at night monkey.Discussion: The forelimb musculature in the capuchin and night monkey is similar that described in the literature for both domestic and wild species such as coati, paca, and bush dogs, with little variation among the studied species. Regarding the muscles of the forearm, the capuchin monkey and the night monkey have muscular anatomy similar to that of humans, with some variations. The anatomical variations in common traits do not impede function. Interspecific variation is a common occurrence in nature, and can be explained by species divergence which occurs over many years, for various reasons. Knowledge of the comparative miology of the capuchin monkey and the night monkey is still nascent, thus future research is needed to better understand the structure of these animals, which can then serve as a basis for studies of other ethological aspects of the species biology.

Sciurus igniventris is a squirrel with broad distribution in South America. We examined one female adult specimen which was donated after death by trampling. The aim of this work was describe the morphological characteristics of mammary gland of one specimen. The body was fixed using 10% aqueous formaldehyde. Tissues were processed and slides prepared following standard histological protocols. Morphological analysis of the mammary glands revealed similarities to those described in the literature for domestic and wild mammals. As special features in kind, macroscopically identified a pair of thoracic glands, followed by three pairs of abdominal glands. Microscopically the abundant presence of connective tissue dividing the alveolar-tubular glands. Similar to that described for domestic and wild mammals.

O Tamandua tetradactyla é uma espécie da ordem Xenarthra que apresenta coloração amarelada na cabeça, nos membros e na parte anterior do dorso, sendo o restante do corpo negro, formando uma espécie de colete, por isso também é chamado de "tamanduá-de-colete". Objetivou-se descrever a morfologia, a topografia e a irrigação cardíaca do Tamandua tetradactyla. Foram utilizados quatro espécimes jovens, provenientes da área de Mina Bauxita - Paragominas, Pará, que foram doados à Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, após morte por atropelamento. O sistema arterial foi preenchido com látex contrastado, e os animais foram fixados em uma solução de formaldeído a 10%. A cavidade torácica foi acessada e permitiu a análise topográfica do coração, com posterior mensuração, descrição morfológica e vascular. O coração estava localizado entre o terceiro e o quinto espaço intercostal, apresentando duas artérias coronárias, direita e esquerda, que se originaram do seio aórtico. O tipo de irrigação para esta espécie variou entre a do tipo equilibrada e a direita. Nos sulcos coronários, localizavam-se os ramos circunflexos das artérias coronárias, originando os ramos interventriculares paraconal e subsinuoso. Além das quatro câmaras cardíacas, observaram-se também as valvas tricúspide e bicúspide, cordas tendíneas, trabéculas carnosas e trabéculas septo marginal, músculos papilares nas câmaras ventriculares e músculos pectiniformes nas câmaras atriais. The Tamandua tetradactyla and a specie of the Xenarthra order that presents yellowish color in the head, limbs and anterior part of the dorsum and the rest of the black body, forming a sort of vest, so it is also called "collared anteater". This study aimed to describe the morphology, topography and cardiac irrigation of the Tamandua tetradactyla. Four young specimens were used, from the bauxite mine area - Paragominas, Pará, which were donated to the Federal Rural University of Amazon - UFRA, after death due to running over. The arterial system was filled with contrasted latex and the animals were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution. The thoracic cavity was accessed by allowing the topographic analysis of the heart, with subsequent measurement, morphological and vascular description. The heart was located between the 3rd and 5th intercostal space, showing two coronary arteries, dextra and sinistra, that originated from the Sinus aortae. The type of irrigation for this species varied between the balanced and the right. In the coronary sulcus there were branches of circumflex coronary arteries, originating the Ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and Ramus interventricularis paraconalis. In addition to the four cardiac chambers we observed the tricuspid and bicuspid valves, chordae tendineae, trabeculaes carneae and trabeculaes septomarginales, the Musculus papillaris in ventricular chambers and Musculus pectiniform in atrial chambers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-30T18:18:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-06-01Bitstream added on 2014-10-01T14:03:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1809-68912014000200013.pdf: 380477 bytes, checksum: 8b9da15cbc8c168f2a52e579c81aa9dd (MD5) O Cerdocyon thous é um canídeo que possui ampla distribuição na América do Sul e, salvo aspectos gerais, têm sua morfologia pouco conhecida na literatura, principalmente no que tange ao sistema nervoso. Com o objetivo de elucidar a composição anatômica do plexo braquial, estudaram-se três exemplares machos provenientes de Paragominas-PA, doados após morte por atropelamento ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA), da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA). Os animais foram fixados em solução aquosa de formol 10% para posterior realização da dissecação bilateral da origem do plexo braquial. O plexo braquial do C. thous é derivado dos três últimos nervos espinhais cervicais e do primeiro nervo torácico (C6-T1). Os principais nervos que o compõem, com suas respectivas origens foram: n. supraescapular, n. subscapular e n. musculocutâneo (C6-C7), n. axilar (C7-C8), n. radial (C7-T1 e C7-C8), n. mediano, n. ulnar, n. toracodorsal e n. torácico lateral (C8-T1). Concluímos que o plexo braquial do C. thous assemelha-se ao descrito para os cães domésticos, apresentando pequenas diferenças quanto à composição de alguns nervos. The Cerdocyon thous is a canid that has a wide distribution in South America and, besides some general aspects, its morphology is little known in the literature, especially regarding the nervous system. With the aim of elucidating the anatomical composition of brachial plexus, we studied three male specimens from Paragominas-PA, donated to the Morphological Laboratory of Animal Research (LaPMA), Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), after death by trampling. The animals were fixed in an aqueous solution of 10% formaldehyde for bilateral dissection of the origin of the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus of C. thous is derived from the last three cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve (C6-T1). The main nerves that compose it, with their respective origins were the suprascapular nerve, subscapular nerve and musculocutaneous nerve (C6-C7), axillary nerve (C7-C8), radial nerve (C7-T1 and C7-C8), median nerve, ulnar nerve, thoracodorsal and thoracic lateral nerve (C8-T1). We conclude that the brachial plexus of C. thous is similar to that described for the domestic dogs, showing small differences in the composition of some nerves. Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho Médica Veterinária autônoma Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2014v27n2p171 O plexo braquial é constituído por raízes ventrais dos nervos espinhais que se unem para a formação dos troncos nervosos. É geralmente formado por contribuições dos três últimos nervos cervicais e dos dois primeiros nervos torácicos. Devido à escassez de informações relativas à neuroanatomia, objetivou-se buscar a descrição da morfologia macroscópica do plexo braquial da jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis). Foram utilizados dois exemplares de jaguatirica provenientes da área de Mina Bauxita Paragominas – PA, Brasil/Empresa Terra LTDA, doados após morte por atropelamento ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA) da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), os quais foram fixados em solução aquosa de formoldeído a 10% por via intramuscular. Após fixação os animais foram dissecados, possibilitando a observação e identificação dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais cervicais e torácicos que participaram da formação do plexo braquial. O plexo braquial mostrou-se formado por quatro troncos, os quais originaram os ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais cervicais C6, C7 e C8 e do primeiro torácico T1. Tais troncos deram origem aos nervos supraescapular, subescapular, musculocutâneo, axilar, radial, mediano, ulnar, toracodorsal e torácico lateral.

Dextrocardia is a rare cardiac anomaly where the heart is situated on the right antimeres of the thorax. This study had the objective of describing a case of dextrocardia with situs solitus and apex-basis axis inversion in a lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) between five evaluated animals, all from the area of Mine Bauxite - Paragominas - Para. The arterial system was filled with contrasted latex and the animals were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and a posterior dissection was done. The heart of an animal was found in right antimere with inversion of the base-apex axis. The right atrium was more developed then the left and the pulmonary veins arrived directly in the left ventricle. The main vases of the base were identified with some topographic alterations resulting in: aorta dorsal to the cava caudal vein, pulmonary artery dorsal and cranial to aorta, pulmonary veins ventral to the pulmonary artery, cava caudal vein in ventral plain and cava cranial vein in dorsal plan in relation to the other vessels. Internally there were four cardiac chambers, with absence of septal communication.

The spotted paca is the second largest rodent in Brazil, where it is of great economic interest in impoverished regions in view of its prominence as a low-cost source of protein. Little is known about the morphology of the accessory genital glands of this species. Thus, we studied the position and morphology of the genitals in ten adult male spotted pacas. The animals were divided into two groups, five animals were used for fixing of samples in 10% aqueous formaldehyde for macroscopic studies and the other five animals were designated for microscopic analysis. These were arranged in pairs and had the vesicular, prostate, coagulating and bulbourethral glands identified, being structured as mucous glands, which lead into the pelvic urethra. It was concluded that the accessory genital glands found in the paca are the same as those found in most rodents, showing similar histological aspects.

A paca ( Cuniculus paca ) e uma especie de roedor da familia Cuniculidae, encontrada na America do Sul, desde a Bacia do Rio Orinoco ate o Paraguai. Apesar de amplamente estudada quanto aos aspectos morfologico e reprodutivo, ainda nao ha registros sobre a morfologia do aparelho reprodutor masculino dessa especie. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar nao so a anatomia macro e microscopica dos orgaos genitais externos dessa especie, mas, tambem, sua topografia. Foram estudados os orgaos genitais externos de 10 pacas, machos, adultas; 5 especimes, fixados em solucao aquosa de formol a 10%, foram estudados macroscopicamente e de 5 especimes foram coletados fragmentos do aparelho reprodutor, para analise microscopica. Os testiculos apresentavam parenquima estruturado em tubulos seminiferos e o epitelio germinativo repousava sobre sua membrana basal. Esses orgaos estavam localizados na cavidade abdominal, no trajeto inguinal ou no interior do escroto. O penis, fibroelastico, localizava-se na regiao pubica, em direcao caudal. Sua glande, revestida por epitelio queratinizado, era recoberta pelo prepucio e, abaixo deste, identificou-se uma estrutura delgada cartilaginea com bordas serreadas. Um par de esporoes osseos abrigava-se em um saco ventral a uretra, cuja mucosa era revestida por epitelio de transicao. O ducto epididimario apresentava-se enovelado na cabeca, continha corpo e cauda, sendo a cabeca revestida por epitelio pseudoestratificado estereociliado, e a cauda por epitelio cubico simples; desta originava-se o ducto deferente, revestido por epitelio estratificado colunar.

Summary Saguinus niger is a primate of the family Callitrichidae, with a geographical distribution limited to northern Brazil, Guyanas, Suriname and Venezuela, where it inhabits rainforests along the coast. Three adult females from the Paragominas Bauxite Mine – PA were used, donated to the Laboratory of Animal Morphology Research (LAMR) of the Federal Rural University of Amazonia. These animals had died of natural causes. The arterial system was filled with latex, and the animals were fixed in 10% formalin. Afterwards, the abdominal aorta and its collateral branches were dissected. The arrangement of the abdominal aorta branches in this species showed a similar arrangement as domestic animals but differing in the formation of the coeliac trunk. The coeliac trunk originates from the abdominal aorta, and from this trunk, we found the hepatic, left gastric and splenic arteries, where the origin of these vessels was variable. These arteries originate from the coliac trunk or a common trunk originating from the coeliac trunk, a characteristic not described in other species. The other branches of the abdominal aorta from S. niger did not show great differences in origin when compared to other species.