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Highlights • Identification of relevant consequences in Aviation Safety at state level. • Multiattribute utility models to forecast and assess consequences of occurrences. • Models to facilitate the definition of national Safety Management Systems. Abstract Aviation safety is essential for the healthy growth and sustainability of the global economy. The implementation of Safety Management Systems to support safe service delivery has become one of the most important goals within the airline industry over the last years. However, in most cases the involved organisations use unsophisticated methods based on risk matrices for the development of such systems. In this paper, we present models to forecast and assess the consequences of aviation safety occurrences as part of a framework for aviation safety risk management at state level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the need to develop strategies for dirty eggs incubation and the demand to use renewable methods of sanitation, the use of ultraviolet light for disinfecting hatching dirty eggs was the objective of this research. Eggs not disinfected (C-), disinfected with paraformaldehyde (C+) and exposed to different times of UV radiation (UV 3'30", UV 4'30" and UV 5'30") were tested. The eggs C(+) and those exposed to UV for 3'30" and 5'30" presented a significant reduction on the number of colonies of eggshells comparing to C(-), with a 0.64 to 1 logUFC/g variation. The treatments C(+), UV 3'30" and UV 5'30" were applied in an incubation phase. The hatchability of treatment UV 3'30" (70,51%) was superior to UV 5'30" (51,16%) and alike C(+) (55,81%). In conclusion, the treatment UV 3'30" is effective in reducing microbiologic contamination of dirty eggs and do not affect negatively hatchability and quality of chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: CIGB-247, a VSSP-adjuvanted VEGF-based vaccine, was evaluated in a phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors (CENTAURO). Vaccination with the maximum dose of antigen showed an excellent safety profile, exhibited the highest immunogenicity and was the only one showing a reduction on platelet VEGF bioavailability. However, this antigen dose level did not achieve a complete seroconversion rate in vaccinated patients. These clinical results led us to the question whether a "reserve" of untapped immune response potential against VEGF could exist in cancer patients. To address this matter, CENTAURO-2 clinical trial was conducted where antigen and VSSP dose scale up were studied, and also incorporated the exploration of aluminum phosphate as adjuvant. These changes were made with the aim to increase immune response against VEGF. Results: The present study reports the characterization of the humoral response elicited by CIGB-247 from the combining of different antigen doses and adjuvants. Cancer patients were immunologically monitored for approximately 1 year. Vaccination with different CIGB-247 formulations exhibited a very positive safety profile. Cancer patients developed IgM, IgG or IgA antibodies specific to VEGF. Elicited polyclonal antibodies had the ability to block the interaction between VEGF and its receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. The highest humoral response was detected in patients immunized with 800 μg of antigen + 200 µg of VSSP. Off-protocol long-term vaccination did not produce negative changes in humoral response. Conclusions: Vaccination with a human VEGF variant molecule as antigen in combination with VSSP or aluminum phosphate is immunogenic. The results of this study could contribute to the investigation of this vaccine therapy in an adequately powered efficacy trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CIGB-247 is a cancer therapeutic vaccine, based on recombinant modified human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as antigen, in combination with the adjuvant VSSP, a bacterially-derived adjuvant. The vaccine have demonstrated efficacy in several murine malignancy models. These studies supported the rationale for a phase I clinical trial where safety, tolerance, and immunogenicity of CIGB-247 was studied in patients with advanced solid tumors at three antigen dose level. Surviving individuals of this clinical trial were eligible to receive off-trial voluntary re-immunizations. The present work is focus in the immunological follow up of these patients after approximately three years of immunizations, without additional oncological treatments. Long term vaccination was feasible and safe. Our results indicated that after sustained vaccination most of the patients conserved their seroconversion status. The specific anti-VEGF IgG titer diminished, but in all the cases keeps values up from the pre-vaccination levels. Continued vaccination was also important to produce a gradual shift in the anti-VEGF IgG response from IgG1 to Ig4. Outstanding, our results indicated that long-term off-trial vaccination could be associated with the maintaining of one reserve of antibodies able to interfere with the VEGF/Receptor interaction and the production of IFNγ secretion in CD8 + cells. The results derived from the study of this series of patients suggest that long term therapeutic vaccination is a feasible strategy, and highlight the importance of continuing the clinical development program of this novel cancer therapeutic vaccine candidate. We also highlight the future clinical applications of CIGB-247 in cancer and explain knowledge gaps that future studies may address. Registration number and name of trial registry: RPCEC00000102. Cuban Public Clinical Trial Registry (WHO accepted Primary Registry). Available from: http://registroclinic o.s l d.c u/ . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) constitute a group of small synthetic peptides that stimulate the growth hormone secretion and the downstream axis activity. Mounting evidences since the early 1980s delineated unexpected pharmacological cardioprotective and cytoprotective properties for the GHRPs. However, despite intense basic pharmacological research, alternatives to prevent cell and tissue demise before lethal insults have remained as an empty niche in the clinical armamentarium. Here, we have rigorously reviewed the investigational development of GHRPs and their clinical niching perspectives. METHODOLOGY: PubMed/MEDLINE databases, including original research and review articles, were explored. The search design was date escalated from 1980 and included articles in English only. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: GHRPs bind to two different receptors (GHS-R1a and CD36), which redundantly or independently exert relevant biological effects. GHRPs' binding to CD36 activates prosurvival pathways such as PI-3K/AKT1, thus reducing cellular death. Furthermore, GHRPs decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) spillover, enhance the antioxidant defenses, and reduce inflammation. These cytoprotective abilities have been revealed in cardiac, neuronal, gastrointestinal, and hepatic cells, representing a comprehensive spectrum of protection of parenchymal organs. Antifibrotic effects have been attributed to some of the GHRPs by counteracting fibrogenic cytokines. In addition, GHRP family members have shown a potent myotropic effect by promoting anabolia and inhibiting catabolia. Finally, GHRPs exhibit a broad safety profile in preclinical and clinical settings. Despite these fragmented lines incite to envision multiple pharmacological uses for GHRPs, especially as a myocardial reperfusion damage-attenuating candidate, this family of "drugable" peptides awaits for a definitive clinical niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CIGB-247, a VEGF-based vaccine, was studied in a clinical trial. This advance demands the refinement of the methodologies for assessment of vaccine immune responses. This study aimed to improve the performance of ELISAs for detecting IgG antibodies against human VEGF and the blocking activity of the serum to inhibit the VEGF/VEGFR2 interaction. The best experimental conditions were established through the evaluation of several blocking buffers, immobilization surfaces, and plate suppliers using human sera as test samples. As a result, two controlled ELISAs were used in testing of elicited immune response against VEGF in patients immunized with CIGB-247. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the Fourth International Particle Accelerator Conference held in Shanghai, China in May 2013. The event was hosted by the Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP) and the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP). The topics of the oral presentations included the challenges facing high power proton accelerators and the progress of neutrino experiments.

Abstract: Different kinds of challenge can alter spontaneous ongoing electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms in animal models, thus providing paradigms to evaluate treatment effects in drug discovery. The effects of challenges represented by pharmacological agents, hypoxia, sleep deprivation and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on EEG rhythms are here reviewed to build a knowledge platform for innovative translational models for drug discovery in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It has been reported that antagonists of cholinergic neurotransmission cause synchronisation of spontaneous ongoing EEG rhythms in terms of enhanced power of EEG low frequencies and decreased power of EEG high frequencies. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and serotonergic drugs may restore a normal pattern of EEG desynchronisation. Sleep deprivation and hypoxia challenges have also been reported to elicit abnormal synchronisation of spontaneous ongoing EEG rhythms in rodents. The feasibility and reproducibility of TMS have been demonstrated in rodents but information on a consistent modulation of EEG after TMS manipulation is very limited. Transgenic mice over-expressing human amyloid precursor protein complementary DNAs (cDNAs) harbouring the ‘Swedish’ mutation and PS-1 cDNAs harbouring the A264E mutation, which recapitulate some of the pathological features of AD, exhibit alterations of spontaneous ongoing EEG rhythms at several low and high frequencies. This does not appear, however, to be a consequence of beta-amyloid deposition in the brain. The present review provides a critical evaluation of changes of spontaneous ongoing EEG rhythms due to the experimental manipulations described above, in order to stimulate the promote more adherent models fitting dynamics in humans. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The role of microglial motility in the context of adult neurodegeneration is poorly understood. In the present work, we investigated the microanatomical details of microglia-neuron interactions in an experimental mouse model of Parkinson's disease following the intraperitoneal injection of MPTP. The specific intoxication of dopaminergic neurons induces the cellular polarization of microglia, leading to the formation of body-to-body neuron-glia contacts, called gliapses, which precede neuron elimination. Inhibiting ROCK/Cdc42-mediated microglial motility in vivo blocks the activating features of microglia, such as increased cell size and number of filopodia and diminishes their phagocyting/secreting domains, as the reduction of the Golgi apparatus and the number of microglia-neuron contacts has shown. High-resolution confocal images and three-dimensional rendering demonstrate that microglia engulf entire neurons at one-to-one ratio and the microglial cell body participates in the formation of the phagocytic cup, engulfing and eliminating neurons in areas of dopaminergic degeneration in adult mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediastinal masses are relatively frequent in patients coming to specialized oncology services. It is important to recognize the effects and influences of these lesions on the anesthetic management of the patient, considering that associated complications are usually devastating, and even fatal. We present the case of an adult patient with a large anterior mediastinal mass compressing the airway, who required endobronchial stenting before treatment of the tumor with radiotherapy. It was decided to perform the procedure under sedation in the operating room. After the onset of sedation, the patient developed acute airway obstruction leading to catastrophic consequences. There are descriptions in the literature of how anterior mediastinal masses affect the airway with different degrees of severity depending on factors such as the size and location of the tumor, the degree of invasion of the tracheobronchial lumen, etc. There are clinical and paraclinical elements that help predict airway-associated complications, and that need to be assessed carefully as part of the preanesthetic evaluation. The challenge for anesthesiologists in the face of patients with this type of tumor is to understand the mechanical and physiological effects of these lesions, to recognize predicting factors of intra-operative and post-operative complications, and to initiate rapid and appropriate management when difficulties arise during the anesthetic procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CCL2 is a chemokine involved in brain inflammation, but the way in which it contributes to the entrance of lymphocytes in the parenchyma is unclear. Imaging of the cell type responsible for this task and details on how the process takes place in vivo remain elusive. Herein, we analyze the cell type that overexpresses CCL2 in multiple scenarios of T-cell infiltration in the brain and in three different species. We observe that CCL2+ astrocytes play a part in the infiltration of T-cells in the brain and our analysis shows that the contact of T-cells with perivascular astrocytes occurs, suggesting that may be an important event for lymphocyte extravasation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The administration of anti-trypanosome nitroderivatives curtails Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Chagas disease patients, but does not prevent destructive lesions in the heart. This observation suggests that an effective treatment for the disease requires understanding its pathogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings: To understand the origin of clinical manifestations of the heart disease we used a chicken model system in which infection can be initiated in the egg, but parasite persistence is precluded. T. cruzi inoculation into the air chamber of embryonated chicken eggs generated chicks that retained only the parasite mitochondrial kinetoplast DNA minicircle in their genome after eight days of gestation. Crossbreeding showed that minicircles were transferred vertically via the germ line to chicken progeny. Minicircle integration in coding regions was shown by targeted-primer thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR, and detected by direct genomic analysis. The kDNA-mutated chickens died with arrhythmias, shortness of breath, cyanosis and heart failure. These chickens with cardiomyopathy had rupture of the dystrophin and other genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Tissue pathology revealed inflammatory dilated cardiomegaly whereby immune system mononuclear cells lyse parasite-free target heart fibers. The heart cell destruction implicated a thymus-dependent, autoimmune; self-tissue rejection carried out by CD45+, CD8γδ+, and CD8α lymphocytes. Conclusions/Significance: These results suggest that genetic alterations resulting from kDNA integration in the host genome lead to autoimmune-mediated destruction of heart tissue in the absence of T. cruzi parasites. Author Summary: The Trypanosoma cruzi acute infections can be asymptomatic but approximately one third of the chronically infected cases may present Chagas disease. Parasite persistence and autoimmunity are theories trying to explain the clinical and pathological manifestations of Chagas disease in the heart and the digestive system. To clearly demonstrate roles played by parasite persistence and autoimmunity in Chagas disease we used a chicken model refractory to the T. cruzi. In this study we inoculated the invasive T. cruzi in the air chamber of embryonated eggs. The infection was eradicated by the innate immunity and the chicks were parasite-free at hatching, but they retained the parasitic mitochondrial kinetoplast DNA minicircle in their genome. We documented the kDNA minicircle integrated in the chicken genome by a targeted prime TAIL-PCR, Southern hybridizations, cloning and sequencing. The kDNA minicircles integrated in coding regions of various chromosomes, and mutated chickens developed an inflammatory cardiomyopathy hallmark of Chagas disease, whereby immune system mononuclear cells lyse parasite-free target heart fibers. Genotype alterations resulting from transfers of the parasitic DNA were associated with the tissue destruction carried out by effectors CD45+, CD8γδ+, CD8α lymphocytes. This research provides insights about a protozoan infection that can induce genetically driven autoimmune disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The administration of anti-trypanosome nitroderivatives curtails Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Chagas disease patients, but does not prevent destructive lesions in the heart. This observation suggests that an effective treatment for the disease requires understanding its pathogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings: To understand the origin of clinical manifestations of the heart disease we used a chicken model system in which infection can be initiated in the egg, but parasite persistence is precluded. T. cruzi inoculation into the air chamber of embryonated chicken eggs generated chicks that retained only the parasite mitochondrial kinetoplast DNA minicircle in their genome after eight days of gestation. Crossbreeding showed that minicircles were transferred vertically via the germ line to chicken progeny. Minicircle integration in coding regions was shown by targeted-primer thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR, and detected by direct genomic analysis. The kDNA-mutated chickens died with arrhythmias, shortness of breath, cyanosis and heart failure. These chickens with cardiomyopathy had rupture of the dystrophin and other genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Tissue pathology revealed inflammatory dilated cardiomegaly whereby immune system mononuclear cells lyse parasite-free target heart fibers. The heart cell destruction implicated a thymus-dependent, autoimmune; self-tissue rejection carried out by CD45+, CD8γδ+, and CD8α lymphocytes. Conclusions/Significance: These results suggest that genetic alterations resulting from kDNA integration in the host genome lead to autoimmune-mediated destruction of heart tissue in the absence of T. cruzi parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent knowledge that 10 years after transplantation surviving human fetal neurons adopt the histopathology of Parkinson's disease suggests that Lewy body formation takes a decade to achieve. To determine whether similar histopathology occurs in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-primate models over a similar timeframe, the brains of two adult monkeys made parkinsonian in their youth with intermittent injections of MPTP were studied. Despite substantial nigral degeneration and increased α-synuclein immunoreactivity within surviving neurons, there was no evidence of Lewy body formation. This suggests that MPTP-induced oxidative stress and inflammation per se are not sufficient for Lewy body formation, or Lewy bodies are human specific. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hyaluronidase gel on the prevention of post-operative peritoneal adhesions to prosthetic materials used in laparosopic ventral hernia repair. Ten pigs were included in this study. The animals were anesthtetized using Na-penthotal for induction and isofluorane for maiteneance. The abdomen was opened and, using helical fasteners, four implantantions were perfomed (squares of 4 × 4 cm). Two of the implants, placed in an upper location, were in polypropylene mesh, and two of the implants, placed in a lower aera, were in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE-e, Dualmesh® Plus Corduroy). The implants located in the right side of animals were painted with hyaluronidase gel. Two helical fasteners, painted and unpainted, were implanted in a medial location. After a five-week period the pigs were operated on again, intraperitoneal adhesion ratios and grades were determined, and the pigs later sacrificed. Specimens having abdominal wall implants were taken for histological studies. Intraperitoneal adhesions decreased in implants painted with hyaluronidase gel in a comparative study with implants located in the left side of animals (not painted). On the other hand the polypropylene mesh, said typically to produce intraperitoneal adhesions, produced almost no adhesion in many animals. Hyaluronidase gel reduces post-operative peritoneal adhesions ratio and grades including in the presence of polypropylene mesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Manufactures of biotechnological/biological products (including vaccines) frequently make changes to manufacturing processes of products both during development and after approval. In our case, a non-inferiority bridging study was carried out to demonstrate that changes in the production plant facilities of Cuban recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, Heberbiovac HB, did not affect the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine. This controlled, randomized, doubled-blinded trial included 501 volunteers, aged between 20 and 64, who were given three doses of vaccine (20 μg HBsAg/mL) at month 0, 1, and 2. Four lots were evaluated (three corresponding to the new production facilities and a control one produced in the older facilities). One month after the third dose, were observed protective levels of anti-HBsAg in 97% of the subjects that concluded the study with a geometric mean antibody titer (GMT) of 931.18 IU/L. Normal values of body mass index (BMI), the younger ages, and being a female, were significantly related to a good antibody response. The vaccine was well tolerated. Pain at the injection site was the most commonly reported symptom. We conclude that Heberbiovac HB vaccine maintains its characteristics after the modifications carried out in the production plant facilities and both, lot obtained in previous facilities and in the new ones, are comparable in terms of safety and immunogenicity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Interferon (IFN) α-2b is a protein with antiviral, antiproliferative and immunoregulatory properties that is approved for several clinical indications. A new liquid, albumin-free, IFNα-2b formulation has recently been developed. This study aimed to evaluate the equivalence of the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety properties of the new formulation with a reference one in healthy male volunteers. Methods: A randomised, crossover, double-blind study with a 3-week washout period was performed in which Heberon Alfa R® (formulation A) and Viraferon® (formulation B) were compared. A single 20 × 106 IU IFNα-2b dose was administered subcutaneously to 14 apparently healthy male subjects. Serum IFN level was measured over 48 hours by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and by antiviral activity titration. Clinical and laboratory variables were determined, as were pharmacodynamic and safety criteria. Results: Groups were homogeneous with regard to all demographic and baseline variables. Pharmacokinetic comparison by EIA did not show differences between the formulations: area under the curve (AUC) 2572 versus 2561 ng · h/L, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) 318 versus 354 ng/L, time to Cmax (tmax) 8.2 versus 8.5h, elimination half-life (t1/2) 5.87 versus 6.08h, terminal elimination rate (λ) 0.122 versus 0.118h-1, and mean residence time (MRT) 10.9 versus 12.0h for formulations A and B, respectively. The differences never reached 20%, which is the clinically significant threshold. The 90% confidence interval of the ratio between them was in all cases within the 0.8, 1.25 range. The two formulations were clinically equivalent with regard to serum IFN antiviral activity titration (0.8, 1.25 criterion) regarding their pharmacokinetic parameters. There were no significant differences with respect to the pharmacodynamic variables: serum β2-microglobulin and temperature increase. Heart rate and blood pressure changes did not differ either. Both products provoked similar haematological count decreases and had similar safety profiles. The most frequent adverse reactions were fever, tachycardia, headache and arthralgias. Conclusion: The overall analysis strongly suggests the bioequivalence of these two products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Abscisic Acid (ABA) treatment can effectively prevent memory impairment in a murine model of Alzheimer disease (AD). • ABA treatment can prevent microglia transition to inflammatory state in transgenic model of AD. • The beneficial effects of ABA, PPARᵧ agonist and an insulin sensitizer in the central nervous system are independent of peripheral insulin resistance. • Further studies will establish whether later intervention (when the disease may be in initial stages), but longer treatments can guarantee better rescue of memory impairment. Neuroinflammation and insulin resistance in the brain are intimately linked to neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Even though traditionally Alzheimer´s disease has been associated to Aβ deposits and hyperphosphorylated Tau intracellular tangles, several studies show that neuroinflammation may be the initial cause that triggers degeneration. Accordingly, a number of natural supplements that improves brain insulin sensitivity and reduce neuroinflammation have been proposed as good choices in the therapeutic prevention of cognitive decline. Further supporting this evidence, we show that phytohormone Abscisic Acid, can prevent memory impairment and neuroinflammation markers in a triple transgenic mouse model, where no peripheral inflammatory changes have occurred. Moreover, our data strongly suggests that early intervention is critical for good prognosis, and that cognitive improvement requires longer treatment than recovering neuroinflammation markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in physiological angiogenesis, but also is considered one of the key factors that promotes tumor angiogenesis. CIGB-247 is a VEGF-based vaccine that has been evaluated in phase I clinical trial patients with advanced solid tumors. This specific active immunotherapy is able to reduce platelet VEGF levels; however it is unknown whether this effect leads to a decrease in VEGF below the levels that can be observed in healthy individuals. The objective of the present study is to investigate platelet VEGF levels in cancer patients vaccinated with CIGB-247, and then compare these values with those obtained in healthy individuals. To achieve this, platelet VEGF levels of 62 cancer patients and 93 healthy individuals were compared. Cancer patients were those individuals recruited in CENTAURO and CENTAURO-2 clinical trials. Results: Before vaccination, platelets of cancer patients carried more VEGF than the levels seen in platelet of healthy individuals. However, after vaccination, cancer patients had platelet VEGF values within the range established by healthy individuals, indicating that the antibody response elicited by CIGB-247 is not able to induce a complete suppression of VEGF. Vaccination with CIGB-247 helps to normalize VEGF levels within platelets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cooling system design for the processing of radioactive waste drums is investigated in this work, with the objective of providing insights for the determination of the air flow rate required to ensure an acceptable slag temperature (323 K or below) after 5 days. A methodology based on both 3D and 2D axisymmetric Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling is developed. Transient temperature distributions within the drums in time and space determined by the heat transfer characteristics are studied in detail. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out assuming different physical properties of the radioactive slag. It was found out that for all variations analyzed, the maximum temperature of slag at the end of five days cooling is below 323 K, where the maximum outlet air temperature for a minimum air inlet velocity of 1 m/s is between 320 K and 323 K depending on the radioactive slag properties. When glass-like radioactive slag properties are assumed, the internal heat conduction within the slag is limiting the overall heat transfer, therefore requiring significantly longer cooling times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective To evaluate the use of a combination of tiletamine/zolazepam and xylazine (TZX) in collared and white-lipped peccaries and to compare its efficacy as an anesthetic technique with that of tiletamine/zolazepam and butorphanol (TZB). Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Seven white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari ) (four females and three males) and four collared peccaries (Tayasu tajacu ) (two males and two females). Methods Animal immobilization was attempted with TZX and TZB (IM) on two different occasions. Heart and respiratory rates (HR, RR), rectal temperature (RT), sedation, muscle relaxation, posture, auditory response and analgesia were evaluated every 15 minutes during immobilization. Induction, anesthesia, standing and walking time were determined after drug administration. Results Doses for white-lipped peccaries were 1.23 ± 0.26 mg kg-1 (mean ± SD) of TZ and 1.23 ± 0.26 mg kg-1 of X, and 1.46 ± 0.09 mg kg-1 of TZ and 0.14 ± 0.008 mg kg-1 of B; doses for collared peccaries were 1.51 ± 0.29 mg kg-1 of TZ and 1.51 ± 0.29 mg kg-1 of X and 1.68 ± 0.02 mg kg-1 of TZ and 0.17 ± 0.002 mg kg-1 of B. In white-lipped peccaries, both drug combinations provided a smooth induction and good immobilization for more than an hour. Anesthesia and standing times were significantly longer in animals given TZB, whereas walking time was significantly longer in animals given TZX. A significant decrease in HR was observed with both treatments. Respiratory rate decreased significantly with TZX, but the rate remained higher than with TZB. Induction and recovery quality in white-lipped peccaries was better with TZB than with TZX. Neither protocol provided adequate immobilization in collared peccaries. Conclusion and clinical relevance At the doses described, TZB is effective in providing a long period of... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]