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How did Asian states and peoples try to achieve better lives across the twentieth century, and how far did they succeed? Modern discussions of development concentrate on the importance of enhancing personal capabilities and human development, rather than on simple economic growth. The comparative history of colonial Asian countries, both before and after political independence, shows the range of economic, political, social, and environmental conditions necessary for such improvements. Increases in life expectancy across the range of countries are a useful metric to compare public health and the supply of basic needs. Countering endemic disease – especially malaria – has played an important part here. One key to success in the fight against malaria has been the ability of states, local authorities, and communities to provide support-based security to those who require it. Some colonial Asian countries have been better at this than others and have prospered accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Histórica: Historia Moderna is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pedagogía y Saberes is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents an overview of the history of tax dispute resolution in Canada. It traces the history of Canada’s system of tax dispute resolution through eight distinct phases from 1918 through to the present-day operation of the Tax Court of Canada. With this history outlined, Canada’s contemporary tax dispute resolution system is compared with the systems in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Singapore. This comparative analysis reveals that Canada is unique among its peers in its employment of a specialist judicial body to adjudicate tax appeals at first instance. The article concludes with some tentative normative reflections on Canada’s unique system of tax dispute resolution. Adopting Lon Fuller’s inner morality of law framework, the author suggests that the decision to dispose of tax appeals by way of a specialised judicial body may be problematic for the principles of generality, clarity, and congruence of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogenetic comparative methods have long been a mainstay of evolutionary biology, allowing for the study of trait evolution across species while accounting for their common ancestry. These analyses typically assume a single, bifurcating phylogenetic tree describing the shared history among species. However, modern phylogenomic analyses have shown that genomes are often composed of mosaic histories that can disagree both with the species tree and with each other--so-called discordant gene trees. These gene trees describe shared histories that are not captured by the species tree, and therefore that are unaccounted for in classic comparative approaches. The application of standard comparative methods to species histories containing discordance leads to incorrect inferences about the timing, direction, and rate of evolution. Here, we develop two approaches for incorporating gene tree histories into comparative methods: one that constructs an updated phylogenetic variance-covariance matrix from gene trees, and another that applies Felsenstein's pruning algorithm over a set of gene trees to calculate trait histories and likelihoods. Using simulation, we demonstrate that our approaches generate much more accurate estimates of tree-wide rates of trait evolution than standard methods. We apply our methods to two clades of the wild tomato genus Solanum with varying rates of discordance, demonstrating the contribution of gene tree discordance to variation in a set of floral traits. Our approaches have the potential to be applied to a broad range of classic inference problems in phylogenetics, including ancestral state reconstruction and the inference of lineage-specific rate shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales is the property of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Synthetic Control Method (SCM) has become a widely used tool in both identifying and estimating the causal impact of policies, shocks, and interventions of interest on economic and social outcomes. The technique has become particularly popular in estimating the effect of these shocks on a single treated unit. As a transparent and data-driven statistical technique, the goal of the SCM is to construct an artificial control group for the treated unit that has similar pretreatment characteristics but has not undergone the treatment itself thus developing a plausible counterfactual against which impacts resulting from structural changes can be evaluated as part of a historical investigation. The method works well when the control group balances pre-intervention outcomes and auxiliary covariates as much as possible. In spite of its widespread adoption, the use of the SCM in comparative economic history has lagged behind other areas of economics. In this article, we critically review the properties of the SCM and discuss the necessary conditions for a plausible application of the technique to comparative economic history in support of research designed to answer some of the long-running historical questions and demonstrate the potential to use SCM in comparative economic history studies by estimating the impact of the oil discovery in the 1920s on Venezuela's long-term economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of digital technologies in the 1980s led to the development of new formalist frameworks, as scholars tried to identify what distinguished so-called "new media" from all that came before it. Tracing this history across textual and media studies, I show how this formalism catalyzed the desire for more comparative histories of media even as it increased misunderstandings across fields. I then introduce and define four words that cut across textual and media studies: substrate, platform, interface, and format. Together, these terms offer a shared, cross-disciplinary schema for describing the media technologies that store, transmit, and process human culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his critique of Modernity and the modern Gnosis, the prominent Italian Catholic philosopher Augusto Del Noce was particularly influenced by Eric Voegelin's use of the two concepts in his political theory. The aim of this article is to present the various aspects of the idea of history proposed by Voegelin followed by Del Noce's response and interpretation of them in order to show the similarities and differences between their views. More specifically, the comparison between Voegelin and Del Noce centers on the question of the eidos or "form" of history and on the difference, important for Del Noce, between ancient and modern Gnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses new quantitative data to systematically test established arguments concerning the origins of party strength in 11 West European countries between 1870 and 1939. Through time-series cross-sectional analyses and using a wide range of sources, I investigate the role of the development of parliamentarism, suffrage extension, civil society, and the adoption of proportional representation. I further theorize that the development of parliamentarism and suffrage had an interactive effect because the legislative strength of a party affected its electoral strength, and vice versa. The main findings are that the development of parliamentarism most consistently helps explain party strength and that suffrage extension also was important, and I find support for an interactive effect of the two. A qualitative illustration of the Dutch development offers further support. Thus, the study provides a general explanation for the historical origins of a key component of West European parliamentary democracy, its strong parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Anzac Nations: The Legacy of Gallipoli in New Zealand and Australia 1965-2015" by Rowan Light is a comparative analysis of the Gallipoli legacy and commemorations in New Zealand and Australia. The book examines the memory of Gallipoli and its meanings, showing that New Zealand has been more inclusive and elastic in its commemoration compared to Australia. It highlights the influence of government organizations and money in shaping national narratives and explores the strategies and reactions of protest groups against Anzac Day. The book also discusses the integration of Indigenous voices into the Anzac national story, with M¿ori traditions being more prevalent in New Zealand than Indigenous voices in Australia. [Extracted from the article]

This article is a comparative study on the political developments in the Byzantine Empire between 912 and 1025. In this period, the members of the Macedonian dynasty (867-1056) were politically neutralized because power was seized and shared either by eunuch-ministers or military officers, acclaimed co-emperors under the pretext of protecting the interest of the dynastic emperors. Although regencies for minor emperors were a recurrent power-sharing arrangement in Byzantine history, the regencies of this period differed, for they maintained the dynastic emperor in an everlasting status of minor until late adulthood. Therefore, this article analyses the so far exceptional degree of dynastic legitimacy achieved by the Macedonian emperors, which ended up creating the ideal conditions for their political neutralization. It also emphasizes the unusual position of emperor-protector. In addition, the discursive strategies that tried to legitimate the political neutralization of the dynastic emperors and the movements made by the political actors of the time to enforce it were analysed, along with how Basil II (976-1025) finally put an end to it by emancipating himself from the extended minority forced upon him, reinforcing his right as emperor to rule by himself. Finally, a comparison with the political developments simultaneously taking place in Baghdad, the centre of the Abbasid Caliphate, which share several similarities with what was happening in the Byzantine Empire, will be made as to understand why the political neutralization of the caliph was finally achieved while that of the Byzantine emperor failed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ottoman Empire and Ireland seem an unlikely pair in every respect. In the secondary literature, the paths of the two countries never converge. Except for Sultan Abdülmecid's famous aid during the Famine, there has been virtually no discussion of the relationship between the two countries. By using the accounts of Ottoman authors and through a careful reading of archival materials from different eras, this article analyses the Ottoman perceptions of Ireland from the early modern era to the twentieth century. These documents and testimonies suggest that there was considerable interest in Ireland among Ottoman intellectuals and statesmen. They saw the country as some sort of anomaly which could be possibly useful in their dealings with Britain. For that reason, they diligently followed the developments taking place in Ireland. The case study developed in this article demonstrates first the importance of Ottoman archival materials for the purposes of comparative history; second the vibrant interest of the Ottoman Empire in the outside world in general and in Ireland in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sergio Guerra Vilaboy (1949, La Habana) as director of the American History Department of the University of Havana and honorary president of Association of Historians of Latin America and the Caribbean has developed a prolific career focused on the study of the Latin American framework in comparative perspective according to the teachings of the German historian Manfred Kossok. Author of numerous publications, his knowledge about Latin-American and Cuban historiography makes him a leading figure in the field. For all that, this interview it's focused on his personal career and how it has influenced his intellectual creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laws should endure and change only if assumed benefits don't materialize over time. Yet frequent modifications of laws shortly after their enactment distort this compromise between stability and change. While, Impact Assessments (IAs) are designed to improve the quality of legislation, we know little about IAs' impact on legal stability post‐enactment. We fill this gap by analysing whether the ex‐ante application of IAs influences the incidence and frequency of legal modifications. The analysis is based on a complete dataset of more than 2500 laws in France, Hungary, Italy, and the UK between 2006 and 2012. We apply a comparative event history analysis to account for both first and subsequent modifications. We find across‐the‐board that IAs are associated with legal stability. IAs are predicted to have the largest effect when political power changes both in terms of seat shares and party ideology, suggesting that IAs can, to some degree, tame legislative drift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the institute of treasure trove throughout history by analyzing solutions from Roman law and throughout the presentation in legal texts in European and Anglo-American legal cultures. After the introduction, first part of this paper contains explanation of institute of treasure trove within the solution of Roman law. In addition, this paper presents the institute of treasure trove in legal texts in France, Netherlands and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Second part of this paper contains historical review and explanation of acts in Anglo-American legal cultures, in particular in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America and Canada. The dogmatic-normative method in the analysis of solutions and legal texts, the historical method in the presentation of the institute throughout history and the comparative method in the comparison of laws in relation to a different legal system were used in writing this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the processes of class formation and workers’ organization in the cities of Rosario and Santa Fe, Argentina, between 1870 and the first decade of the twentieth century. An analytical perspective of local-regional and comparative history was chosen, seeking to observe how these processes operated between both cities beyond the links with the Federal Capital, paying attention to the ideological current that hegemonized the working-class world at that time, anarchism, as well as the workers’ federations. A heuristic analysis and the triangulation of workers’ sources with official documents were carried out and, through the comparative method, an attempt is made to account for the close links and repertoires of collective action shared and used by the workers in their process of union organization, showing the regional organizational capacity beyond the links with Buenos Aires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the result of research whose objective was to investigate the genesis of Library Parks as an expression of political and architectural discourse in Colombia. For this purpose, a methodology based on a comparative historiography of the phenomenon of libraries and educational buildings built in public parks as a government policy at the beginning of the 20th century, and later, in the interstice between the 20th and 21st centuries, is proposed. The conclusions show that, contrary to the general perception, the library park model is not an ex novo phenomenon of the contemporary world. In this sense, the results evidence not only the identification of a set of antecedent projects of this phenomenon, built between 1932 and 1940, but also a set of existing correlations between political and architectural discourses, as a predetermining reflection of a system of thought that gave rise to the library park model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos Ibero-Americanos is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although comparative philosophy (also commonly referred to as "transcultural" or "intercultural" philosophy) would at first sight seem to present itself as a highly suitable if not ideal discursive space for contributing to the decolonization of philosophical knowledge, my paper argues that this relatively recent subdiscipline of academic philosophy has generally failed to reflect on its own historical entanglement with colonialism as well as practices of epistemic exclusion intrinsically related to processes and experiences of colonization. My argument is focused on analyzing how the very notion of "culture" (and "civilization") can be read as a symptom of, rather than a solution for, this overall lack of historical self-awareness and uses examples drawn from specific subfields within the discipline of comparative philosophy (African, Chinese, Latin-American) to call attention to the latter's profound entanglement with comparative religion and ethnography, fields of knowledge which are quite simply impossible to separate from colonialism. In doing so, I offer some reflections on the implications of arriving at a better understanding of the history of the comparative endeavor for calls to decolonize the practice of philosophy more generally speaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A comparative history of the Slavic literatures in south-eastern Europe from their beginnings to the present has not been written yet. National frames of literary history have established categories of exclusion rather than considering interconnections of the region's multicultural writing. The article discusses how to write literary history of the South Slaves today and suggests applying the history of knowledge to literary historiography throughout a dynamic cultural and historical space (the Balkans, Southeast Europe, the Mediterranean) taking into account young and 'small' literatures as well as 'nomadic' writers against the background of migration and globalization. On the one hand, epoch-specific aspects of aesthetics, axiology, cultural semiotics, imagology, (inter)mediality, and multilingualism of the region's literatures are to be characterized as diverse and plural. On the other hand, the comparative approach on the historically changing yet overlapping commonalities of religious-cultural, transcultural, discursive, and generally communicative figurations of south-eastern European literature suggests a shared sphere of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This short introduction prefaces an ENDS special issue devoted to the topic of "interreligious founding", whose contributions stem from an online workshop held April 8th–9th, 2021. This workshop was planned as a continuation of the dialogue on charitable foundations held between experts of various academic disciplines in Tokyo (2019) and Singapore (2020). As a result of discussions begun at these venues, it has become apparent that the scholarship on endowments, which has unfolded to the greatest extent within Medieval Studies and therefore with the context of the medieval Latin West foremost in mind, has not adequately addressed the phenomenon of interreligious patronage, that is the participation in foundation activities by persons of different religious traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Politico is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paperwork aims to investigate the notarial deed, especially its legal nature, and the development of the legal expression "notarial deed" in the legislation of the Republic of Moldova. Although the authentic form is used to ensure the civil circuit, the permanent changes in the legislation in the field of notarial procedure do not correspond to this objective, thus violating the principle of security of legal relations, and the attempts to improve it do not cease. On March 31st, 2022 the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova adopted amendments to the Law no. 246/2018 in the second reading. Thus, inter alia, for the fourth time, the essence and content of the "notarial deed" has undergone adjustments. In the content of this research, you will find all the approaches of the notarial deed that have been used in the legislation of the Republic of Moldova, both in terms of history and in terms of comparative aspects with the legislation of other states. As a result of this research, you will inevitably come to the conclusion that the last edition adopted by the legislative authority may lead to the finding of the nullity of several notarial deeds to be prepared, on purely formal grounds, which are due to the imperfection of the proposed edition. Experiments at the law level without a thorough analysis in the field create premises for a new Regulation, which must solve the problems created and remove the negative effects of the previous edition. Finally, the author proposes a new legal framework, which can achieve this objective and would provide clarity either for the state and the exponent of its power - the notary, or for the persons, who turn to the notary to obtain qualified notary assistance. The proposed edition is based on the level of the legal culture currently existing in civil society and at the same time ensures a clarity of the legal terminology used in the field of notarial procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consequences of fisheries-induced evolution on stock productivity and yield depend, to a large extent, on the general prospects for growth and survival. Here, we compare the selection pressures imposed by two distinct patterns of exploitation—principally targeting spawning or non-spawning aggregations—on age at maturity among 15 Canadian stocks of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) that have exhibited a consistent pattern of length-at-age responses to common large-scale environmental drivers since the 1960s. In accordance with expectations for maturity-dependent harvesting, the establishment of a spawner-targeted fishery in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence coincided with a shift towards delayed maturity in both resident stocks, whereas stocks elsewhere subject to fisheries that also exploited juveniles more commonly exhibited trends towards earlier maturity. Despite these differences, we find that environmentally driven changes in length at maturation, combined with total mortality, may overwhelmingly determine lifetime reproductive success and possibly fitness. By linking phenotypic changes experienced in the juvenile period to simple correlates of egg production in mature age classes, our study highlights the importance of managing fisheries in the context of ubiquitous but contrasting environmental constraints on life histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning in the fourth-century with Eusebius of Caesarea and continued by writers such as Socrates, Sozomen and Theodoretus, church historiography is very important in terms of historiography. The main purpose of church historians is to tell the story of Christianity, which has survived despite being suppressed and persecuted many times since its first emergence. The Christians, who were exposed to various persecutions until the beginning of the fourth-century century, experienced great relief with the conversion of Constantine the Great to this religion. After this date, the Christians, who found a relatively free environment, focused more on the nature of Jesus and gathered many councils to solve problems within the scope of theology and the hierarchy of the churches. Church History works, which contain these theological and hierarchical debates, need to be carefully examined in order to understand the conflicts. In addition, church historians, who were too concerned about secular events, reflected the turbulences of the Late Roman Empire in their works. At this point, the works of church historians, who sometimes refer to the Germans and from time to time to regions such as Armenia and Persia in the more eastern parts, shed light on political events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia's pavilions at the Franco-British Exhibition (London, 1908) and the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (Paris, 1937) were among the first to represent the new nation to the world, yet both have eluded close examination. Through a comparative history of each pavilion and its displays, this article seeks to demonstrate the evolving strategies towards using the visual arts to help forge both a national identity and a distinctive cultural identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Species in genus Amomum always have important medicinal and economic values. Classification of Amomum using morphological characters has long been a challenge because they exhibit high similarity. The main goals of this study were to mine genetic markers from cp genomes for Amomum species identification and discover their evolutionary history through comparative analysis. Results: Three species Amomum villosum, Amomum maximum and Amomum longipetiolatum were sequenced and annotated for the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes, and the cp genomes of A. longipetiolatum and A. maximum were the first reported. Three cp genomes exhibited typical quadripartite structures with 163,269-163,591 bp in length. Each genome encodes 130 functional genes including 79 protein-coding, 26 tRNAs and 3 rRNAs genes. 113-152 SSRs and 99 long repeats were identified in the three cp genomes. By designing specific primers, we amplified the highly variable loci and the mined genetic marker ccsA exhibited a relatively high species identification resolution in Amomum. The nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution ratios (Ka/Ks) in Amomum and Alpinia showed that most genes were subjected to a purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary relationships of Amomum and Alpinia species and proved that Amomum is paraphyletic. In addition, the sequenced sample of A. villosum was found to be a hybrid, becoming the first report of natural hybridization of this genus. Meanwhile, the high-throughput sequencing-based ITS2 analysis was proved to be an efficient tool for interspecific hybrid identification and with the help of the chloroplast genome, the hybrid parents can be also be determined. Conclusion: The comparative analysis and mined genetic markers of cp genomes were conducive to species identification and evolutionary relationships of Amomum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the developments of the project For There to be a Timeline — GENEALOGIES OF DANCE AS Art PRACTICE IN PORTUGAL from 2016 to 2021, wherein a state of the art regarding the production of dance performances throughout the twentieth century was generated. In particular, a chronological map with entries referring to protagonists, institutions, events and contexts was drawn heuristically, each iteration corresponding to the exhibition of a different timeline, taking place in theatrical venues as well as independent art spaces, and institutional museums. This procedure allowed for essaying temporary versions of the histories being told, resulting in a collection of perspectives which offer an overview of dance in Portugal throughout the twentieth century. The comparative historiography which guided the research from the beginning is expounded and analyzed, in particular with regards to the socio-political, but also of pedagogies and critical reception. The various ways in which the collected contents were shown in relation to one another and in relation to the chronological representations of the century are discussed, allowing to comment on the project character and results, in particular its open endedness and potential reformulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constitutional Foundings in South Asia is as important an addition to understanding constitutionalism in South Asia as it is a work of wider interest to scholars of comparative constitutional law everywhere, featuring all the eight countries of SAARC in one impressive volume for the first time. In this review, we critically explore the two larger premises of Constitutional Foundings: an inclusive-regional approach to comparative constitutionalism, and a history-centred method for theory-building on constitution-making and its aftereffects. We argue that if we are to truly look beyond western liberal constitutionalism for contextualizing constitution-making, we need to move in the direction of embedding the field as much as possible within the existing political history debates on South Asia. We accordingly suggest ways for bridging the gaps between case study, history and comparative theory in the context of constitutionalism in South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper argues that Mr. Science and the May 4th Movement was a significant chapter in the global history of science. To contextualize the story better, I will adopt three broad interpretive frames. First, I shall place Mr. Science and May Fourth in a longer view than the particular events in the 1910s–1920s. This will allow us to trace the historical changes and the evolving institutions, discourses, and practitioners of science over a few generations. Second, I shall highlight the most relevant global conditions. Western imperialism was of course a crucial setting, but there were more specific historical moments that also deserve attention. Finally, comparisons and connections; it is necessary to examine the transmutations of ideas, knowledge, and institutions across political and cultural borders. In other words, we should study Mr. Science and May Fourth in the mode of global intellectual history. Other than China, my main comparative cases are India and Japan, though I will also refer to Ottoman Turkey. Taken together, these examples provide a range of comparisons central to our inquiry into Mr. Science and the global history of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the otherwise unstudied Arabic treatise on knowledge, the Book of Giving, penned by the influential Muslim mystic, Ibn al-ʿArabī (d. 1240). It presents a critical edition, English translation, and initial analysis of this short yet original work. It authenticates this work, situates it in Ibn al-ʿArabī's career, and analyzes its content. Combining textual scholarship and intellectual history with a comparative perspective, it discusses some outstanding features of the Book of Giving in light of Buddhism in order to provide an initial philosophical bridge between the two intellectual traditions. It argues that knowledge is presented in the Book of Giving as a causal relationship constructed in the mind. Ibn al-ʿArabī's approach to causality is one of philosophical idealism, and it contains significant parallels with the notion of dependent origination in Buddhism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desert ecosystems are one of the most fragile ecosystems on Earth. The study of the effects of paleoclimatic and geological changes on genetic diversity, genetic structure, and species differentiation of desert plants is not only helpful in understanding the strategies of adaptation of plants to arid habitats, but can also provide reference for the protection and restoration of vegetation in desert ecosystem. Northwest China is an important part of arid regions in the northern hemisphere. Convolvulus tragacanthoides and Convolvulus gortschakovii are closely related and have similar morphology. Through our field investigation, we found that the annual precipitation of the two species distribution areas is significantly different. Thus, C. tragacanthoides and C. gortschakovii provide an ideal comparative template to investigate the evolutionary processes of closely related species, which have adapted to different niches in response to changes in paleogeography and paleoclimate in northwest China. In this study, we employed phylogeographical approaches (two cpDNA spacers: rpl14–rpl36 and trnT–trnY) and species distribution models to trace the demographic history of C. tragacanthoides and C. gortschakovii, two common subshrubs and small shrubs in northwest China. The results showed the following: (1) Populations of C. tragacanthoides in northwest China were divided into three groups: Tianshan Mountains—Ili Valley, west Yin Mountains—Helan Mountains‐Qinglian Mountains, and Qinling Mountains—east Yin Mountains. There was a strong correlation between the distribution of haplotypes and the floristic subkingdom. The three groups corresponded to the Eurasian forest subkingdom, Asian desert flora subkingdom, and Sino‐Japanese floristic regions, respectively. Thus, environmental differences among different flora may lead to the genetic differentiation of C. tragacanthoides in China. (2) The west Yin Mountains—Helan Mountains‐Qinglian Mountains, and Qinling Mountains—east Yin Mountains were thought to form the ancestral distribution range of C. tragacanthoides. (3) C. tragacanthoides and C. gortschakovii adopted different strategies to cope with the Pleistocene glacial cycle. Convolvulus tragacanthoides contracted to the south during the glacial period and expanded to the north during the interglacial period; and there was no obvious north–south expansion or contraction of C. gortschakovii during the glacial cycle. (4) The interspecific variation of C. tragacanthoides and C. gortschakovii was related to the orogeny in northwest China caused by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during Miocene. (5) The 200 mm precipitation line formed the dividing line between the niches occupied by C. tragacanthoides and C. gortschakovii, respectively. In this study, from the perspective of precipitation, the impact of the formation of the summer monsoon limit line on species divergence and speciation is reported, which provides a new perspective for studying the response mechanism of species to the formation of the summer monsoon line, and also provides a clue for predicting how desert plants respond to future environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History has a special importance for countries that have close relations for political, military, economic and other reasons. In this study, the results of the World War I, in which the conflicts of interest of the countries that have an important place in the shaping of world history and are examined in the context of this study, were discussed comparatively. It is aimed to comparatively examine the results of the World War I covered in the high school history books of Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia and Greece. Document review, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. In this context, textbooks dealing with the consequences of World War I were examined in high school level history courses of 4 countries (Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia and Greece). For this reason, history textbooks in Russia (10th grade), Greece and Azerbaijan (11th grade) and Revolution History and Kemalism textbook in Turkey (12th grade) were examined. As a result of the research, it is seen that the textbooks taught in countries other than Russia include the post-World War I peace agreements, Wilson's principles and the Paris Peace Conference. In addition, while agreements are included in textbooks by name and chronology in some countries, in others they are not included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GENDER: Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study seeks to offer a comparative analysis of the History of Mathematics (HoM) elements identified in the secondary school mathematics textbooks of different countries. Drawing on document analysis method, this study analyzes the secondary school mathematics textbooks of Turkey, Singapore, Ireland and Canada. The HoM elements in the textbooks are examined in terms of famous mathematicians they present, civilization they are related to, content type, associated learning area and whereabouts they are inserted in the text. This study concludes that the textbooks of Ireland present the highest number of HoM elements quantitatively, and Ireland is followed by Turkey, Singapore and Canada, respectively. The most mentioned mathematicians in the HoM elements are Al-Khwarizmi and Pythagoras; further, the most mentioned civilization is Ancient Egypt. Further, Singapore and Canada prioritize discussion-project whereas Ireland and Turkey focus on history of concepts. Moreover, Turkey, Ireland and Canada present the highest number of HoM elements in the learning area of geometry and measurement. Singapore has the highest number of HoM elements in the area of numbers and operations. This study reveals that the countries do not sufficiently incorporate HoM into their textbooks. The countries with relatively higher number of HoM elements like Ireland use HoM for motivational purposes, rather than for teaching purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This history of Cold War-era migration policy compares two emblematic guestworker programs that recruited several million Mexican and Spanish migrants to labor in the United States and Germany. Proponents of the bilateral accords defended them as diplomatic achievements that secured contractual labor rights, improved foreign relations, and sent migrants home with savings and skills to achieve the diverse development goals of the sending states. The study traces the programs' historical and ideological roots, juxtaposes the guestworkers' experiences, and uses the cases of Mexican braceros and Spanish gastarbeiter to explore the contested nexus between migration and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conjuntura Austral is the property of Conjuntura Austral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soli-Pompeiopolis, once a glorious harbor city of Roman Empire, have not been settled after its destruction due to an earthquake in 525 AD until the modern times of the city of Mersin. During the time of their visits to Soli-Pompeiopolis, the 19th century European travelers have presented their observations on the ancient city in their notes. Most of the archaeological remains mentioned in travelers' notes are not present currently in the site. The main question arises as what has happened to the ancient city within the last two centuries so that archaeological remains had disappeared. The aim of this article is to explore settlement history of Soli-Pompeiopolis ancient site and its vicinity in order to determine factors resulted in loss of archaeological remains. The article intends to conduct historical analysis to detect settlement history and comparative analysis to understand the severity and reason of the damage given to the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the tools of comparative history to address an important aspect of the Spanish Civil War: the fact that it generated waves of both internally displaced persons and cross-border refugees. Situating the conflict within the context of inter-war Europe, and particularly historical processes of deportation, forced migration, and exile, it analyses the challenges that the crisis of the war and subsequent post-war period in Spain introduced in the realm of humanitarian protection for displaced populations, and how existing international policies largely failed to protect those displaced by the conflict. Drawing on the Spanish Civil War example, the article shows how this kind of engagement with the history of refugees can produce insights that are useful for the broader body of scholarship on refugees, even for scholars who are not historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological differentiation among diverging species is an important component of the evolutionary process and can be investigated in rapid and recent radiations. Here, we use whole genome sequences of five species from the genus Leopardus , a recently diversified Neotropical lineage with species bearing distinctive morphological, ecological, and behavioral features, to investigate genome-wide diversity, comparative demographic history and signatures of positive selection. Our results show that divergent ecological strategies are reflected in genomic features, for example a generalist species shows historically larger effective population size and higher heterozygosity than habitat specialists. The demographic history of these cats seems to have been jointly driven by climate fluctuations and habitat specialization, with different ecological adaptations leading to distinct trajectories. Finally, a gene involved in vertebrate retinal neurogenesis (POU4F2) was found to be under positive selection in the margay, a cat with notoriously large eyes that are likely associated with its nocturnal and arboreal specializations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]