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Humans learn and generate languages, music, games, and seemingly limitless varieties of other structures across domains. Unlike many AI systems, we often do so from little data. How do we learn such large varieties of richly structured representations so efficiently? One possibility is that people ``learn by programming,'' synthesizing data-generating algorithms to explain what we observe. We examine the nature and origins of this learning mechanism in adults, children, and nonhuman primates (macaque monkeys), using a highly unconstrained sequence prediction task. Although adults and children quickly learn many richly structured sequences, monkeys learn only the simplest sequences (e.g. lines). We test multiple learning models, finding that adults are best explained by a ``Language of Thought''-like program-learning model and monkeys by a simpler extrapolation strategy. Children exhibit varied learning strategies but are best fit in aggregate by an intermediately expressive model. Paper available at https://sites.google.com/view/patternlearning.

Children know a lot about counting, even before they can count; for instance, even toddlers know that the counting routine involves establishing one-to-one correspondence between number words and items counted. Here we varied the size, numerosity, density, and layout of elements of sets, and asked children which set was easier to count in pair-wise comparisons across twelve trials. We also asked children themselves to count 5 to 15 items arranged in straight lines. Even children who could not count to 15 recognized that it was easier to count fewer than more dots and recognized that structured sets were easier than random arrays; however, they failed to recognize that some layouts made tracking easier than others. This suggests that children's meta-knowledge about counting precedes their ability to count for some but not all properties of sets.

Bioelectronic Medicine stands as an emerging field that rapidly evolves and offers distinctive clinical benefits, alongside unique challenges. It consists of the modulation of the nervous system by precise delivery of electrical current for the treatment of clinical conditions, such as post-stroke movement recovery or drug-resistant disorders. The unquestionable clinical impact of Bioelectronic Medicine is underscored by the successful translation to humans in the last decades, and the long list of preclinical studies. Given the emergency of accelerating the progress in new neuromodulation treatments (i.e., drug-resistant hypertension, autoimmune and degenerative diseases), collaboration between multiple fields is imperative. This work intends to foster multidisciplinary work and bring together different fields to provide the fundamental basis underlying Bioelectronic Medicine. In this review we will go from the biophysics of the cell membrane, which we consider the inner core of neuromodulation, to patient care. We will discuss the recently discovered mechanism of neurotransmission switching and how it will impact neuromodulation design, and we will provide an update on neuronal and glial basis in health and disease. The advances in biomedical technology have facilitated the collection of large amounts of data, thereby introducing new challenges in data analysis. We will discuss the current approaches and challenges in high throughput data analysis, encompassing big data, networks, artificial intelligence, and internet of things. Emphasis will be placed on understanding the electrochemical properties of neural interfaces, along with the integration of biocompatible and reliable materials and compliance with biomedical regulations for translational applications. Preclinical validation is foundational to the translational process, and we will discuss the critical aspects of such animal studies. Finally, we will focus on the patient point-of-care and challenges in neuromodulation as the ultimate goal of bioelectronic medicine. This review is a call to scientists from different fields to work together with a common endeavor: accelerate the decoding and modulation of the nervous system in a new era of therapeutic possibilities.

OBJECTIVE: To compare pregnancy outcomes using self-reported and objective levels of intracellular tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in pregnant women using preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). DESIGN: We enrolled pregnant women >15 years without HIV at first antenatal care visit in an observational cohort study to compare pregnancy outcomes by PrEP use. METHODS: Exposure defined as: any PrEP use [tenofovir disoproxil and emtricitabine (TDF/FTC]) prescription + reported taking PrEP], or objectively-measured TFV-DP in dried blood spots in PrEP-using pregnant women. The primary outcome was a composite of pregnancy loss, preterm birth (

Introduction: Historically, there have been no systematic programs for teaching peer review, leaving trainees to learn by trial and error. Recently, a number of publications have advocated for programs where experienced reviewers mentor trainees to more efficiently acquire this knowledge.Objective: Our goal was to develop an introductory learning experience that intentionally fosters peer-review skills.Methods: The Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine (CORD) offered education fellowship directors the opportunity to mentor their fellows by reviewing submitted manuscript(s) supplemented by educational material provided by their journal. Reviews were collaboratively created. The decision letter that was sent to manuscript authors was also sent to the mentees; it included all reviewers’ and editor’s comments, as feedback. In 2022, fellows received a post-experience survey regarding prior experiences and their perspectives of the mentored peer-review experience. Results: From 2020–2022, participation grew from 14 to 30 education fellowships, providing 76 manuscript peer reviews. The 2022 survey-response rate of 87% (20/23) revealed that fellows were inexperienced in education scholarship prior to participation: 30% had authored an education paper, and 10% had performed peer review of an education manuscript. Overall, participants were enthusiastic about the program and anxious to participate the following year. In addition, participants identified a number of benefits of the mentored experience including improved understanding of the scholarship process; informing fellows’ scholarly pursuits; improved conceptualization of concepts learned elsewhere in training; and learning through exposure to scholarship. Conclusion: This program’s early findings suggest that collaboration between academic societies and interested graduate medical education faculty has the potential to formalize the process of learning peer review, benefitting all involved stakeholders.

There is a growing need for applications capable of handling large synthesis biology experiments. At the core of synthetic biology is the process of cloning and manipulating DNA as plasmids. Here, we report the development of an application named DNAda capable of writing automation instructions for any given DNA construct design generated by the J5 DNA assembly program. We also describe the automation pipeline and several useful features. The pipeline is particularly useful for the construction of combinatorial DNA assemblies. Furthermore, we demonstrate the platform by constructing a library of polyketide synthase parts, which includes 120 plasmids ranging in size from 7 to 14 kb from 4 to 7 DNA fragments.

An almond stockpile heated and ambient air dryer (SHAD) without an air distributor, did not adequately distribute air throughout the stockpile. Therefore, this project evaluated the effect of adding an air distributor within the SHAD A-frame as an alternative method to conventional windrow drying. Three stockpile drying tests were performed using ‘Nonpareil’, ‘Winter’, and ‘Monterey’ almond varieties with different initial (fresh) weights and kernel dry-basis moisture contents (MC) equal to 4763 kg and 11.8%, 2585 kg, and 11.5%, and 6849 kg and 21.5%, respectively. All tests were directly compared to conventional windrow drying. Almond quality parameters, including kernel MC, color, lipid oxidative stability, peroxide value, free fatty acid content, internal cavities, and insect injury were measured before and after drying. The SHAD with the air distributor properly maintained almond quality, while uniformly dehydrating almonds to the desired MC of ≤6 % within 7 days. Conventional windrow drying took up to 13.6 days, and the desired final MC was only achieved with the ‘Monterey’ variety. Thus, the SHAD fitted with a well-designed air distributor can be used to dehydrate almonds in a stockpile as an alternative to conventional windrow drying.

The familiar format of the pop-up book provides a dynamic artistic springboard for creatives working with digital media in the twenty-first century. This article explores how and why the format of the pop-up book, and other historic paper-engineered artefacts, have been utilised to re-imagine British children’s literature “classics” in contemporary transmedia adaptations. To demonstrate this phenomenon, I compare the formal aesthetics and experiential potential of two recent works. In Mary Poppins Returns (2018), a cinematic Disney adaptation of P. L. Travers’s early-twentieth-century Mary Poppins book series, a CGI-animated pop-up book serves as a theatrical stage for a bawdy music-hall performance. In Curious Alice (2021), a psychedelic virtual reality (VR) rendering of Lewis Carroll’s nineteenth-century Alice books at the Victoria and Albert Museum exhibition Alice: Curiouser and Curiouser, players were whisked into a peepshow Wonderland crafted from pixelated paper. Both texts remediate paper-engineered devices to literally re-animate key chapters of these classics, but also to metaphorically re-animate, and continue, the legacies of celebrated authors from past centuries for the next generation of young readers. In this way, remediated movable books can reinstate the seemingly immovable status of classics such as Alice and Mary Poppins, elevating their “timeless” appeal to the “universal” desires of children to become immersed in fantastical storyworlds. This renewal is partly achieved by the amplification of the movable book’s “temporal paradox”, as an artefact that is both perpetually novel and forward-looking, yet rooted in analogue nostalgia for the past. The icon of the pop-up book, in particular, creates a conceptual bridge between the figure of the imaginative, intuitive, Romantic, nineteenth- and twentieth-century child, and the media-saturated, transliterate young consumer of today, recalibrating classics for modern tastes and challenging current understandings of the child.

Abstract Neural crest cells (NCCs) are central to vertebrate embryonic development, giving rise to diverse cell types with unique migratory and differentiation capacities. This study examines the molecular characteristics of cranial neural crest cell (CNCC)-derived mesenchymal cells, specifically those from teeth which in deer show continuous but limited growth, and antlers, which exhibit remarkable regenerative capabilities. Here, through single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we uncover shared gene expression profiles between adult antlerogenic and dental mesenchymal cells, indicating common developmental pathways. We identify a striking resemblance in transcriptomic features between antlerogenic progenitor cells and dental pulp mesenchymal cells. Comparative analysis of CNCC-derived and non-CNCC-derived mesenchymal cell pools across species reveals core signature genes associated with CNCCs and their derivatives, delineating essential connections between CNCCs and CNCC-derived adult mesenchymal pools. Furthermore, whole-genome DNA methylation analysis unveils hypomethylation of CNCC derivate signature genes in regenerative antlerogenic periosteum, implying a role in maintaining multipotency. These findings offer crucial insights into the developmental biology and regenerative potential of CNCC-derived mesenchymal cells, laying a foundation for innovative therapeutic strategies in tissue regeneration.

Abstract Background Decision thresholds play important role in medical decision-making. Individual decision-making differences may be attributable to differences in subjective judgments or cognitive processes that are captured through the decision thresholds. This systematic scoping review sought to characterize the literature on non-expected utility decision thresholds in medical decision-making by identifying commonly used theoretical paradigms and contextual and subjective factors that inform decision thresholds. Methods A structured search designed around three concepts—individual decision-maker, decision threshold, and medical decision—was conducted in MEDLINE (Ovid) and Scopus databases from inception to July 2023. ProQuest (Dissertations and Theses) database was searched to August 2023. The protocol, developed a priori, was registered on Open Science Framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed for reporting on this study. Titles and abstracts of 1,618 articles and the full texts for the 228 included articles were reviewed by two independent reviewers. 95 articles were included in the analysis. A single reviewer used a pilot-tested data collection tool to extract study and author characteristics, article type, objectives, theoretical paradigm, contextual or subjective factors, decision-maker, and type of medical decision. Results Of the 95 included articles, 68 identified a theoretical paradigm in their approach to decision thresholds. The most common paradigms included regret theory, hybrid theory, and dual processing theory. Contextual and subjective factors that influence decision thresholds were identified in 44 articles. Conclusions Our scoping review is the first to systematically characterizes the available literature on decision thresholds within medical decision-making. This study offers an important characterization of the literature through the identification of the theoretical paradigms for non-expected utility decision thresholds. Moreover, this study provides insight into the various contextual and subjective factors that have been documented within the literature to influence decision thresholds, as well as these factors juxtapose theoretical paradigms.

Abstract Background PD-L1 expression on cancer cells is an important mechanism of tumor immune escape, and immunotherapy targeting the PD-L1/PD1 interaction is a common treatment option for patients with melanoma. However, many patients do not respond to treatment and novel predictors of response are emerging. One suggested modifier of PD-L1 is the p53 pathway, although the relationship of p53 pathway function and activation is poorly understood. Methods The study was performed on human melanoma cell lines with various p53 status. We investigated PD-L1 and proteins involved in IFNγ signaling by immunoblotting and mRNA expression, as well as membrane expression of PD-L1 by flow cytometry. We evaluated differences in the ability of NK cells to recognize and kill target tumor cells on the basis of p53 status. We also investigated the influence of proteasomal degradation and protein half-life, IFNγ signaling and p53 activation on biological outcomes, and performed bioinformatic analysis using available data for melanoma cell lines and melanoma patients. Results We demonstrate that p53 status changes the level of membrane and total PD-L1 protein through IRF1 regulation and show that p53 loss influences the recently discovered SOX10/IRF1 regulatory axis. Bioinformatic analysis identified a dependency of SOX10 on p53 status in melanoma, and a co-regulation of immune signaling by both transcription factors. However, IRF1/PD-L1 regulation by p53 activation revealed complicated regulatory mechanisms that alter IRF1 mRNA but not protein levels. IFNγ activation revealed no dramatic differences based on TP53 status, although dual p53 activation and IFNγ treatment confirmed a complex regulatory loop between p53 and the IRF1/PD-L1 axis. Conclusions We show that p53 loss influences the level of PD-L1 through IRF1 and SOX10 in an isogenic melanoma cell model, and that p53 loss affects NK-cell cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. Moreover, activation of p53 by MDM2 inhibition has a complex effect on IRF1/PD-L1 activation. These findings indicate that evaluation of p53 status in patients with melanoma will be important for predicting the response to PD-L1 monotherapy and/or dual treatments where p53 pathways participate in the overall response. Graphical Abstracts

Abstract Background Diabetes-specific quality of life (QoL) questionnaires are commonly used to assess the impact of diabetes and its management on an individual’s quality of life. While several valid and reliable measures of diabetes-specific QoL exist, there is no consensus on which to use and in what setting. Furthermore, there is limited evidence of their acceptability to people with diabetes. Our aim was to explore perceptions of adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) toward five diabetes-specific QoL measures. Methods Adults (aged 18 + years) with T1D living in Australia or the United Kingdom (UK) were eligible to take part in ‘YourSAY: QoL’, an online cross-sectional survey. Recruitment involved study promotion on diabetes-related websites and social media, as well as direct invitation of people with T1D via a hospital client list (UK only). In random order, participants completed five diabetes-specific QoL measures: Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL-19); Diabetes Care Profile: Social and Personal Factors subscale (DCP); DAWN Impact of Diabetes Profile (DIDP); Diabetes-Specific Quality of Life Scale: Burden Subscale (DSQoLS); Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire (Diabetes QOL-Q). They were invited to provide feedback on each questionnaire in the form of a brief free-text response. Responses were analysed using inductive, thematic template analysis. Results Of the N = 1,946 adults with T1D who completed the survey, 20% (UK: n = 216, Australia: n = 168) provided qualitative responses about ≥ 1 measure. All measures received both positive and negative feedback, across four themes: (1) clarity and ease of completion, e.g., difficulty isolating impact of diabetes, dislike of hypothetical questions, and preference for ‘not applicable’ response options; (2) relevance and comprehensiveness, e.g., inclusion of a wide range of aspects of life to improve personal relevance; (3) length and repetition, e.g., length to be balanced against respondent burden; (4) framing and tone, e.g., preference for respectful language and avoidance of extremes. Conclusions These findings suggest opportunities to improve the relevance and acceptability of existing diabetes-specific QoL measures, and offer considerations for developing new measures, which need to be better informed by the preferences of people living with diabetes.

Abstract Introduction Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease requiring long-term treatment. Bimekizumab, a monoclonal IgG1 antibody that selectively inhibits interleukin (IL)-17F in addition to IL-17A, has demonstrated tolerability and sustained clinical efficacy for up to 1 year for patients with PsA. Here, we report the longer-‍term safety and efficacy of bimekizumab up to 2 years. Methods BE OPTIMAL (biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug [bDMARD]-naïve) and BE COMPLETE (prior inadequate response/intolerance to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors [TNFi-IR]) assessed subcutaneous bimekizumab 160 mg every 4 weeks in patients with PsA. BE OPTIMAL included a reference arm (adalimumab 40 mg every 2 weeks); patients switched to bimekizumab at week 52 with no washout between treatments. BE OPTIMAL week 52 and BE COMPLETE week 16 completers were eligible for the BE VITAL open-label extension. Efficacy outcomes are reported to week 104/100 (BE OPTIMAL/BE COMPLETE). Results A total of 710/852 (83.3%) bDMARD-naïve and 322/400 (80.5%) TNFi-IR patients completed week 104/100. Up to 104 weeks, patients treated with bimekizumab in BE OPTIMAL and BE COMPLETE had treatment-emergent adverse event incidence rates (exposure-adjusted incidence rate/100 patient-years) of 179.9 (95% CI 166.9, 193.7) and 100.3 (89.2, ‍112.4), respectively. The proportion of patients achieving efficacy outcomes (≥ 50% improvement from baseline in American College of Rheumatology [ACR] response criteria, 100% improvement from baseline in Psorisis Area and Severity Index [PASI], minimal disease activity [MDA]) was sustained in all patients from week 52 to week 104/100. Conclusions Bimekizumab was well tolerated for up to 2 years of treatment and no new safety signals were observed. Sustained clinical efficacy was observed up to 2 years in bDMARD-naïve and TNFi-IR patients with active PsA. Patients switching from adalimumab to bimekizumab demonstrated further improvement in skin and nail symptoms, and sustained efficacy in joint symptoms. Trial Registration BE OPTIMAL (NCT03895203), BE COMPLETE (NCT03896581), BE VITAL (NCT04009499).

Abstract Introduction Risankizumab has demonstrated a favourable safety profile in patients with psoriatic disease (moderate-to-severe psoriasis [PsO] and psoriatic arthritis [PsA]). We evaluated the long-term safety of risankizumab in psoriatic disease. Methods Long-term safety was evaluated by analysing data from 20 (phase 1–4) clinical trials for plaque PsO and four (phase 2–3) trials for PsA. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and AEs in areas of special interest were reported among patients receiving ≥ 1 dose of risankizumab. Exposure-adjusted event rates were presented as events (E) per 100 patient-years (PY). Results The long-term safety data analyses included 3658 patients with PsO (13,329.3 PY) and 1542 patients with PsA (3803.0 PY). The median (range) treatment duration for patients with PsO and PsA was 4.1 (0.2–8.8) years and 2.8 (0.2–4.0) years, respectively. In the PsO population, rates of TEAEs, serious AEs and AEs leading to discontinuation were 145.5 E/100 PY, 7.4 E/100 PY and 1.9 E/100 PY, respectively; in the PsA population, these rates were 142.6 E/100 PY, 8.6 E/100 PY, and 1.8 E/100 PY, respectively. The rates of serious infections (excluding COVID-19-related infections) in the PsO and PsA populations were 1.2 and 1.4 E/100 PY, respectively. The rates of opportunistic infections (excluding tuberculosis and herpes zoster) were low (

Abstract Background Although HIV vertical transmission has declined significantly in sub-Saharan Africa, incident HIV infection in pregnant and postpartum women is estimated to account for over one-third of HIV vertical transmission. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for pregnant and breastfeeding women (PBFW) is included in South African PrEP guidelines since 2021; however, integration of PrEP services within ante- and postnatal care remains limited. Methods Between March 2022 and September 2023, we evaluated the integration of PrEP for PBFW in eight antenatal clinics in Cape Town, South Africa, following training and mentorship of providers. We applied an adapted Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework to evaluate the integration of PrEP services for pregnant and breastfeeding women. Before the study, PrEP was not routinely offered. We implemented a staff didactic/practice-based training and mentorship on PrEP provision targeting PBFW. We evaluated the following: (1) Reach as the proportion of women initiating PrEP among women counselled and tested for HIV, (2) effectiveness as PrEP continuation up to 3 months by pregnant vs. breastfeeding women, (3) adoption of PrEP integration via pre- and post-training assessments and ongoing mentorship assessments, (4) implementation through clinic trends of PrEP offer over time, and (5) maintenance: continued PrEP offer 3 months following the intervention. Results In 8 facilities providing ante- and postnatal care, we trained 224 healthcare providers (127 nurses and 37 counsellors). Of those, we mentored 60 nurses, midwives, and HIV counsellors working with pregnant and breastfeeding women, with 80% of nurse/midwives and 65% of counsellors scoring ≥ 80% on the final mentoring assessment. Overall, 12% of HIV-negative pregnant women started PrEP, and 41% of those continued PrEP up to 3 months. Among HIV-negative breastfeeding women, 14% initiated PrEP, and 25% continued PrEP up to 3 months. All eight facilities continued providing PrEP 3 months post intervention. Conclusions In these high HIV prevalence clinics, the proportion of pregnant and breastfeeding women initiating and continuing PrEP rapidly increased but was limited among breastfeeding women. Staff training, mentorship, and PrEP integration were well-adopted by nurses and counsellors, and services continued following the intervention. Barriers included limited HIV testing of breastfeeding mothers and need for additional PrEP-trained nurses.

Abstract A major impediment to wildlife conservation and management, from a quantitative perspective, is dealing with high degrees of uncertainty associated with population estimates. Integrated population models (IPMs) can help alleviate that challenge, but they are often limited to narrow spatial or temporal windows owing to the financial and logistical burdens of acquiring requisite datasets. To expand the spatiotemporal scope of practical IPM implementation, we developed a novel method that expresses demographic relatedness among sampled and unsampled locations using geographic principles of spatial autocorrelation. We interpolated demographic parameters at unsampled locations using parameter estimates from data‐informed locations. Errors attributable to the interpolative process were corrected using a joint likelihood and locally recorded count data (‘cheaper’ and broadly distributed). We evaluated the spatially interpolated IPM (SIIPM) for precision and accuracy under variable levels of spatial autocorrelation using simulated data and a Leave‐One‐Out Cross‐Validation (LOOCV) technique. Conventional IPMs and state‐space models (SSM) were fit to the same simulated datasets to provide a comparative assessment of the novel method. In a final, empirical demonstration we fit the SIIPM to data collected from Greater Sage‐Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sage‐grouse) populations located in Nevada, U.S.A. during 2013–2021. SIIPMs outperformed conventional IPMs when fit to data possessing moderate‐to‐high levels of spatial autocorrelation. Under moderate levels of autocorrelation, the average improvement in parameter estimation was 13.6% for survival, 65.3% for recruitment and 23.7% for rate of population change (λ). When spatial autocorrelation was low, the SIIPM still outperformed contemporary approaches in areas that were geographically close (

Purpose: Although doctoral education has experienced substantial development in recent decades, it remains an elite, hence fragile, dimension of university policy and practice. This study aims to articulate perspectives to guide the next phase of strengthening and growth. Design/methodology/approach: Working from theoretical and empirical research conducted in China, including scholarship on workforce ecosystems, education design and the student experience, this study contributes a framework with qualitative insights which clarify the goals and experiences of doctoral education in ways that will render it more relevant, effective and contributing. Findings: The paper identifies areas for doctoral reform to ensure career readiness, including three distinctive outcomes and four indispensable experiences. Originality/value: This study advances a doctoral design framework which can render transparent the substance of programs and prompt program coordinators to develop and ensure career relevance.

Providing hands-on practical education without access to laboratories during the COVID-19 pandemic has required creativity and innovation. In this paper, co-authored by academic staff and students, we describe an at-home mobile phone-based 'spectrophotometer' experiment used in an introductory undergraduate biology course. Using colour picker apps, a smartphone can be used to quantify concentration, which was used to compare the strengths of different brands of tea. The protocol is designed to be low-cost and safe to perform outside of a laboratory. Students used the methods to learn important biochemical methods such as preparing dilutions, constructing calibration curves, normalising data and testing a hypothesis. We reflect on the experience of developing and using the protocol from a staff and student perspective, which highlights the advantages of this approach in terms of student independence and inclusivity. We also suggest alternative experiments that could be performed using the protocol. We encourage biology educators to think creatively about the possibilities for using mobile phones or at-home experiments in their teaching. Our experience suggests that at-home experiments like this protocol will have value even after the pandemic is over, particularly in terms of inclusivity.

This article examines the use of biographical narratives in contemporary moral education, with particular reference to the exemplarist moral theory (EMT) of Linda Zagzebski. It distinguishes between classical and modern versions of exemplarist moral education, highlighting the seminal contribution of Augustine's "Confessions." Itself an autobiography, "Confessions" presents a new way to read a life, highlighting a transition from the conformist pattern of replication inherent in classical education to a central concern with self-identity and the inner life. We argue the educational benefits of a modern Augustinian approach, presenting and responding to four important concerns: (1) the selectivity of authors and educators in choosing which exemplars and life events to present; (2) the rhetorical power of narratives, which can be used as a means of indoctrination; (3) the need for students to be appropriately receptive in order for exemplar narratives to increase moral motivation; (4) the importance of relevance and realism in the exemplar narratives that are used. Along the way, we highlight a significant tension in EMT, relating to the instability of its grounding on the identification of human exemplars and the possibility of selecting individuals who may later come to light as far from exemplary persons.

Despite the importance of undergraduate research for student learning and development, not enough work has been done to clarify its effects in different disciplinary contexts. Using data from the China College Student Survey, this research adopts Becher and Trowler's theory of discipline classification to understand the relationship between undergraduate research and students' learning outcomes in different disciplines. It indicates that first, contributing to journals/conferences correlates with students' self-reported learning outcomes in Physics, History, and Engineering, but these relationships can be explained by process-centered activities, except in Physics. Second, early-year undergraduates' learning outcomes are relatively weakly related to conducting research with faculty in pure disciplines. By contrast, such relationships are distinct in applied disciplines. Third, in soft disciplines, participating in competitions significantly correlates with more types of students' learning outcomes than conducting research with faculty, while in hard disciplines, they both play quite important roles. It makes recommendations for future research and practice, which enrich insight into how universities can best engage undergraduates in research.

A growing evidence base has demonstrated the value of Forest School as an outdoor learning approach which supports a range of benefits including improved physical, social and mental wellbeing, increased confidence and self-esteem and the development of problem-solving skills. However, critics of Forest School have argued that a lack of theoretical coherence and detail risks the misinterpretation of Forest School and its pedagogy by both practitioners and researchers. This paper responds to these concerns, establishing a comprehensive and detailed theoretical framework for Forest School. Through a thorough examination of evidence supporting Forest School delivery, we examine the theoretical keystones of this pedagogical approach to inform an interdisciplinary theoretical understanding of Forest School. We argue that Forest School is a particular socially constructed approach to outdoor education, which is informed by social constructivist experiential learning theory. This is driven by two core components. First, play-pedagogy, which includes the opportunity to experience risk and be creative. Next, biophilic interaction, which examines the human innate desire to be in nature. This is informed by the cultural origins of Forest School development as underpinned by Nordic notions of "friluftsliv" and by theories of place attachment. Taken together, this theoretical framework considers the breadth of knowledge that underpins Forest School and recognises its growing evidence base, which positions it as a rich and valuable pedagogical approach.

Whilst research examining transgender identities within educational contexts in recent years has increased, there is limited research focused specifically on transgender and non-binary (TNB) experiences in Physical Education (PE). PE is a context where dominant gendered 'ideals' raise the potential for exclusion for those who do not 'fit'. This paper explores the reflective experiences of thirty TNB individuals (aged 18-25 years) and identifies the barriers to/facilitators of their participation in PE. It presents data collected from an online survey and semi-structured interviews with TNB young adults. Findings show that both the implicit and explicit curriculum are strongly binary, making it hard for students who do not conform to dualistic expectations to negotiate the setting. While these findings support the broader view that TNB young people can feel excluded from PE, there is much to learn from the participants' experiences. The paper closes by discussing the implications for shaping more inclusive practice.

Background: General surgeons play an important role in the provision of trauma care in Canada and the current extent of their trauma experience during training is unknown. We sought to quantify the operative and nonoperative educational experiences among Canadian general surgery trainees. Methods: We conducted a multicentre retrospective study of major operative exposures experienced by general surgery residents, as identified using institutional trauma registries and subsequent chart-level review, for 2008-2018. We also conducted a site survey on trauma education and structure. Results: We collected data on operative exposure for general surgery residents from 7 programs and survey data from 10 programs. Operations predominantly occurred after hours (73% after 1700 or on weekends) and general surgery residents were absent from a substantial proportion (25%) of relevant trauma operations. The structure of trauma education was heterogeneous among programs, with considerable site-specific variability in the involvement of surgical specialties in trauma care. During their training, graduating general surgery residents each experienced around 4 index trauma laparotomies, 1 splenectomy, 1 thoracotomy, and 0 neck explorations for trauma. Conclusion: General surgery residents who train in Canada receive variable and limited exposure to operative and nonoperative trauma care. These data can be used as a baseline to inform the application of competency-based medical education in trauma care for general surgery training in Canada. Contexte : Les chirurgiennes et chirurgiens g n ralistes jouent un r le important dans la prestation de soins de traumatologie au Canada, et l' tendue actuelle de leur exp rience en traumatologie durant la formation est inconnue. Nous avons voulu quantifier les exp riences p dagogiques op ratoires et non op ratoires chez les stagiaires en chirurgie g n rale du Canada. M thodes : Nous avons men une tude r trospective multicentrique sur les expositions op ratoires majeures que vivent les r sidentes et r sidents en chirurgie g n rale, rep r es dans les registres de traumatologie des tablissements et dans le cadre d'un examen subs quent des dossiers, pour la p riode de 2008-2018. Nous avons aussi men une enqu te sur la formation en traumatologie et la structure de celle-ci. R sultats : Nous avons recueilli des donn es sur l'exposition op ratoire des r sidentes et r sidents en chirurgie g n rale de 7 programmes ainsi que des donn es d'enqu te de 10 programmes. Les interventions chirurgicales avaient principalement lieu en dehors des heures normales (73% apr s 17h ou la fin de semaine), et les r sidentes et r sidents taient absents d'une proportion consid rable (25%) des interventions de traumatologie pertinentes. La structure de la formation sur le sujet tait h t rog ne entre les programmes, avec une importante variation d'un tablissement l'autre dans la participation des sp cialit s chirurgicales dans les soins de traumatologie. Durant leur formation, les r sidentes et r sidents en chirurgie g n rale qui terminaient leurs tudes avaient chacun particip environ 4 laparotomies initiales de traumatologie, 1 spl nectomie, 1 thoracotomie et 0 exploration du cou pour un trauma. Conclusion : Les r sidentes et r sidents en chirurgie g n rale form s au Canada sont expos s de fa on variable et limit e aux soins de traumatologie op ratoires et non op ratoires. Ces donn es peuvent servir de valeur de r f rence pour orienter l'application d'une formation m dicale fond e sur les comp tences en traumatologie dans la formation en chirurgie g n rale au Canada., Traumatic injury is the leading cause of death and disability for Canadians aged 1-44 years. (1) Care for the trauma patient is provided by a multitude of providers, most notably [...]