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Reducing the risk of primary noninvasive ventilation failure in extremely low birthweight infants is linked to reducing bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In a secondary analysis of randomized data, we identified that failure rates and time to failure were similar for nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure.

Background T cell redirection strategies, such as CAR-T and bispecific antibodies (bsAb), are rapidly changing the way in which we approach and treat cancer. While CAR-T and bsAb have shown impressive clinical efficacy in a limited number of cancers, both strategies are ultimately limited by on-target toxicity that currently restricts application to B-cell lineage tumors as the number of genuinely tumor-specific surface antigens is extremely limited. BsAb also suffer from off-target toxicity relating their ability to directly active T-cells severely restricting the therapeutic window. We sought to solve these inherent problems with the current generation bsAb by re-designing the molecule to alter the mechanism of T-cell activation. By splitting the T-cell engaging VHVL antibody paratope between two separate molecules we created two molecules that formed an active T-cell engaging unit through protein domain complementation following proteolytic activation. Each antibody could target independent surface antigens vastly increasing targeting permutations. Thus, these two antibodies functioned as an "antibody circuit" permitting Boolean type logic to precisely control T-cell activation in multi-dimensional targeting space. We selected AML as model cancer to develop T-cell Engaging Antibody Circuits (TEACs) due to the highly characterized surface antigen landscape and the clear challenges and limitations of single-antigen targeting approaches. Results We first screened 10 AML cell lines for candidate surface antigens based upon prior studies of surface antigen display (Perna F et al, 2016) and identified CD33, CD123, CD49d, CD70, CD71, CD38, CLEC12A, Flt3, CD24, CD244, TIM3 and CCR1 as promising targets. We developed a secondary TEACs screening assay where the two TEAC molecules contained either a FITC or biotin binding domain and paired these to commercial FITC or biotin conjugated antibodies targeting the antigens above. We screened 72 TEAC pairs against the 10 cell lines which identified optimal antigen target combinations which included CD33xCD123, CD33xCLEC12A, CD33xCD49d and CD33xCD24. Using a FRET-based fluorescent peptide assay to identify peptide linkers susceptible to proteases we found MMP2 to be highly expressed in AML samples and thus designed all our TEACs with this cleavage site. We next generated IgG4 format TEACs targeting CD33, CD123, CLEC12A and CD24 that included the MMP2 cleavage activation site and tested these as TEAC pairs in vitro. This screen identified the CD123xCD33 as the most active TEAC pair which was active in 9/10 cells lines. To assess potential safety concerns, we tested TEACs and CD123 and CD33 BiTEs individually and as pairs on PBMCs and on plate-immobilized molecules. These data demonstrated that BiTEs were extremely active against healthy monocytes and also activate T-cells non-specifically once plate-immobilized. In contrast CD123xCD33 IgG TEACs pairs did not activate T-cells when plate-immobilized and did not target healthy monocytes.Finally, we examined the activity of both CD33 BiTEs and CD123xCD33 TEACs on primary patient AML samples. We conducted FRET based assays which confirmed high activity of MMP2 cleavage site on all primary AML samples. When we examined T-cell activation, CD123xCD33 TEACs were active in all CD123+ CD33+ AML samples evaluated with an EC50 of 30ug/ml. Conclusion These data suggest T-cell engaging antibody circuits is a new approach that could be safely applied toward AML. TEAC agents do not directly activate T-cells and CD123xCD33 TEAC pairs do not activate PBMC or monocytes. However, CD123xCD33 TEACs show strong activity against AML cell lines and primary CD123+CD33+ AML cells. Disclosures Millar: Revitope Oncology: Equity Ownership. Minshull:Atum Biotechnology: Employment, Equity Ownership. Narayan:Takeda: Other: Employment (spouse); Genentech: Other: Equity ownership (spouse); Merck: Other: Equity ownership (spouse). Graubert:Biogen: Other: Spouse Employee; Calico Life Sciences: Other: Research Support; Janssen Pharmaceuticals: Other: Research Support. Cobbold:Gritstone Oncology: Equity Ownership; Revitope Oncology: Consultancy; Revitope Oncology: Equity Ownership.

The junctionless MOSFET (JLFET) architecture has attracted much attention as an enabling technology for ultra-scaled CMOS devices [1]. The dominant scattering mechanism in JLFETs is impurity scattering due to its necessarily highly doped channel [1]. Accordingly, III-V's may offer an even greater advantage as the channel material for JLFETs than for conventional MOSFETs as they suffer less from mobility degradation due to impurity scattering [2]. Current Si CMOS devices employ non-planar architectures with high aspect ratio fins which serve to increase the on current $(\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{on}})$ per chip surface area [3]. This necessitates that any incarnation of a III - V MOSFET must also exploit the vertical dimension. Additionally, it must do so by employing a ‘top-down’ fabrication approach to remain compatible with Si CMOS processing. This requires a low $\mathrm{D}_{\mathrm{it}}$ dielectric interface to etched III-V fin sidewalls. To date, all III-V junctionless FinFETs (JLFinFETs) demonstrated have employed fin heights which are smaller than the maximum depletion width of their respective channels, and therefore can be well modulated by the top gate only: offering little insight into the effectiveness of the gated sidewalls. We implement a low damage etch process to form high aspect ratio, $\mathrm{In}_{053}\mathrm{Ga}_{047}\mathrm{As}$ JLFinFETs which have record performance in terms of $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{on}}$ normalized to fin width.

In an era of power-constrained transistor scaling, III-V semiconductors, with high electron velocities, appear promising as the n-channel solution in post-Si CMOS technologies [1]. To make this a reality, substantial undertaking has gone into finding solutions for the technological challenges facing III-V MOSFETs [1,2]. InGaAs, in particular, has been the centre of extensive research effort. This has led to the development of surface passivation measures capable of significantly minimizing the defects at the gate dielectric/III-V interface [3,4], ultra-low resistance source/drain contact technology [5], III-V heterointegration capability on Si substrates [6] and demonstration of record performing planar MOSFETs suited for high-performance and low-power logic [7-9]. Currently, InGaAs is being primed for entry into CMOS at the 7nm technology node and beyond. However, given the transition to FinFETs in CMOS technology [10], there is a need to develop dry etch processes capable of nanometer-scale fin definition in III-Vs. Key requirements of the dry etch process are vertical sidewalls and minimum etch damage. The former provides for efficient device electrostatics while the latter is required for a high quality sidewall MOS interface [11]. However, satisfying both criteria is challenging. Highly anisotropic dry etching required for sidewall verticality is more damaging due to the physical nature of the process. Unlike Si, the induced damage cannot be cured by post etch annealing in III-Vs [1]. In this talk we will first report on the dry etch processing systematically investigated for fin formation, with the aim of obtaining high resolution fins with vertical sidewalls and clean etch surfaces. Fins were etched in InGaAs, masked with HSQ of nanometric linewidths, for a variety of dry etch gas chemistries using either a RIE or an ICP process. A fin profile within 3¢ª of vertical was achieved with an ICP etch process based around Cl2/CH4/H2 gas chemistry (Fig. 1a). Highly vertical 10nm fins with 16:1 aspect ratio, perhaps the highest aspect ratio, smallest critical dimension fins to date in InGaAs, have also been demonstrated using this chemistry (Fig. 1b). Impact of the various ICP processes were assessed on Al2O3/InGaAs(100) MOS capacitors subject to blanket etch processing prior to (NH4)2S wet treatment and ALD gate dielectric. Despite the promising fin profile, the Cl2/CH4/H2 based ICP process yielded a severely degraded CV characteristic, featuring a peak Dit that is ~5x higher than the control (unetched) sample (Fig. 2). TEM and AFM were used to further elucidate the impact of the various ICP etch processes on the physical properties of the Al2O3/InGaAs interface. The second part of the talk will focus on the mitigation of etch-induced sidewall damage via dry etch process optimization and sidewall passivation techniques. It will be demonstrated that the modification of Cl2/CH4/H2 gas chemistry to include O2 results in the substantial reduction of etch-induced damage, due to the lowering of the ICP power. A near-vertical sidewall profile similar to that obtained for the etch chemistry without O2 is further retained. Some examples of nanowires realized using this gas chemistry will also be shown. The sidewall damage arising from Cl2/CH4/H2/O2 etch chemistry will be assessed on both (100) and (110) oriented InGaAs. To alleviate the damage two post-etch sidewall passivation schemes were explored. The first was based on a photon-assisted hydrogenation process developed by Amethyst Research Inc., applied post-etch or post ALD high-k, and was investigated on Al2O3/InGaAs(100) MOS capacitors subject to Cl2/CH4/H2 blanket etch. The CV results indicated a larger reduction of etch damage for hydrogenation done post ALD high-k (Fig. 3). In the second approach, a wet “digital” etch surface clean was applied following a Cl2/CH4/H2/O2 blanket etch, resulting in a complete recovery of etch damage as determined from CV characteristics of Al2O3/InGaAs(100) MOS capacitor. The process was also investigated for (110) oriented InGaAs. Details of the passivation schemes and the associated results will be discussed further. References [1] J. del Alamo, Nature, 479, 317 (2011). [2] S. Oktyabrsky et al., IJHSES, 18, 761 (2008). [3] P.K. Hurley et al., IEEE T-DMR, 13, 429 (2013). [4] V. Chobpattana et al., JAP, 116, 124104 (2014). [5] R. Oxland et al., IEEE EDL, 33, 501 (2012). [6] R.J.W. Hill et al., IEEE IEDM, 2010. [7] S. Lee et al., VLSI Symp., 2014. [8] C.Y. Huang et al., IEEE IEDM, 2014. [9] S.W. Chang et al., IEEE IEDM, 2013. [10] C.C. Wu et al., IEEE IEDM, 2010. [11] X. Zhao et al., IEEE EDL, 35, 521 (2014). Figure 1

Zero-order drainage basins, and their constituent hillslopes, are the fundamental geomorphic unit comprising much of Earth's uplands. The convergent topography of these landscapes generates spatially variable substrate and moisture content, facilitating biological diversity and influencing how the landscape filters precipitation and sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide. In light of these significant ecosystem services, refining our understanding of how these functions are affected by landscape evolution, weather variability, and long-term climate change is imperative. In this paper we introduce the Landscape Evolution Observatory (LEO): a large-scale controllable infrastructure consisting of three replicated artificial landscapes (each 330 m 2 surface area) within the climate-controlled Biosphere 2 facility in Arizona, USA. At LEO, experimental manipulation of rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed are possible at unprecedented scale. The Landscape Evolution Observatory was designed as a community resource to advance understanding of how topography, physical and chemical properties of soil, and biological communities coevolve, and how this coevolution affects water, carbon, and energy cycles at multiple spatial scales. With well-defined boundary conditions and an extensive network of sensors and samplers, LEO enables an iterative scientific approach that includes numerical model development and virtual experimentation, physical experimentation, data analysis, and model refinement. We plan to engage the broader scientific community through public dissemination of data from LEO, collaborative experimental design, and community-based model development.

Indigenous knowledge exists and particularly in Africa and is being challenged as science and this negatively influences the harnessing of it globally. The study focused on the history of knowledge as science and the evolutionary analysis of science as a body of knowledge, within a Grounded Theory approach. The findings revealed that indigenous knowledge is a body of knowledge like the western science and has survived the custodians of this body of knowledge for generations; it dictates the progress and the well-being of the knowledge community. The study also revealed that colonialization and globalization have negatively influenced the recognition of indigenous knowledge and hence its utilization. The study recommends the deschooling and reschooling of African’s scholars who have the potential of ensuring that the development of Africa reflects the African cultural, social and spiritual context.

This paper reviews some recent activity at the James Watt Nanofabrication Centre in the University of Glasgow in the area of plasma processing for energy efficient compound semiconductor-based transistors. Atomic layer etching suitable for controllable recess etching in GaN power transistors will be discussed. In addition, plasma based surface passivation techniques will be reviewed for a variety of compound semiconductor materials ((100) and (110) oriented InGaAs and InGaSb).

Aim: To assess if testosterone therapy, with suppression of LH and FSH altered AMH levels in men. Study background: AMH is an important male hormone and is increasingly measured by laboratories for men and women’s health assessments. This prospective study was conducted in community medical centres to assess the effects of testosterone on AMH levels in men. Methods: Men (n=15) with androgen deficiency symptoms, who were prescribed a trial of testosterone therapy by their own practitioner for at least 6 months, consented to participate in a study measuring AMH pre-therapy and post-therapy. Testosterone therapy was given to achieve LH and FSH suppression. Measurement of testosterone, LH, FSH and AMH at baseline and post testosterone therapy on at least 2 occasions including at 6 months was completed in all men. Men with abnormal baseline biochemistry (elevated LH or testosterone below age appropriate ranges) were excluded (n=5) from further study. Results: In the study group baseline LH was normal (

This article aims to provide knowledge and practical guidance to managing and implementing within the framework of endogenous development. The paper gives a theoretical overview of endogenous development, linked to issues of globalisation and poverty, and ongoing work among European institutions and academics that suggest shifts in Europe from exogenous to endogenous development approaches. It then makes a case for a paradigm shift – an African alternative to modernisation and development, namely endogenous development – using experiences with two NGOs in Ghana and Zimbabwe to locate theory in practice. The paper concludes with some empirical pre-requisites for conducting endogenous development with rural communities.This article is prompted by the requests of my students at the University for Development Studies, Ghana, for knowledge and information, and practical guidance to managing and implementing within the framework of endogenous development. I start by giving a theoretical overview of the concept ...

Objective: To relate neurophysiologic changes after mild/moderate traumatic brain injury to cognitive deficit in a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging investigation. Methods: Fifty-three patients were scanned an average of 6 days postinjury (range = 1–14 days). Twenty-three patients were rescanned 1 year later. Thirty-three matched control subjects were recruited. At the time of scanning, participants completed cognitive testing. Tract-Based Spatial Statistics was used to conduct voxel-wise analysis on diffusion changes and to explore regressions between diffusion metrics and cognitive performance. Results: Acutely, increased axial diffusivity drove a fractional anisotropy (FA) increase, while decreased radial diffusivity drove a negative regression between FA and Verbal Letter Fluency across widespread white matter regions, but particularly in the ascending fibers of the corpus callosum. Raised FA is hypothesized to be caused by astrogliosis and compaction of axonal neurofilament, which would also affect cognitive functioning. Chronically, FA was decreased, suggesting myelin sheath disintegration, but still regressed negatively with Verbal Letter Fluency in the anterior forceps. Conclusions: Acute mild/moderate traumatic brain injury is characterized by increased tissue FA, which represents a clear neurobiological link between cognitive dysfunction and white matter injury after mild/moderate injury.

O1 IL-15 primes an mTOR-regulated gene-expression program to prolong anti-tumor capacity of human natural killer cells #### Andreas Lundqvist1, Vincent van Hoef1, Xiaonan Zhang1, Erik Wennerberg2, Julie Lorent1, Kristina Witt1, Laia Masvidal Sanz1, Shuo Liang1, Shannon Murray3, Ola Larsson1

The Pseudomonas syringae acetyltransferase HopZ1a is delivered into host cells by the type III secretion system to promote bacterial growth. However, in the model plant host Arabidopsis thaliana, HopZ1a activity results in an effector-triggered immune response (ETI) that limits bacterial proliferation. HopZ1a-triggered immunity requires the nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat domain (NLR) protein, ZAR1, and the pseudokinase, ZED1. Here we demonstrate that HopZ1a can acetylate members of a family of ‘receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases’ (RLCK family VII; also known as PBS1-like kinases, or PBLs) and promote their interaction with ZED1 and ZAR1 to form a ZAR1-ZED1-PBL ternary complex. Interactions between ZED1 and PBL kinases are determined by the pseudokinase features of ZED1, and mutants designed to restore ZED1 kinase motifs can (1) bind to PBLs, (2) recruit ZAR1, and (3) trigger ZAR1-dependent immunity in planta, all independently of HopZ1a. A ZED1 mutant that mimics acetylation by HopZ1a also triggers immunity in planta, providing evidence that effector-induced perturbations of ZED1 also activate ZAR1. Overall, our results suggest that interactions between these two RLCK families are promoted by perturbations of structural features that distinguish active from inactive kinase domain conformations. We propose that effector-induced interactions between ZED1/ZRK pseudokinases (RLCK family XII) and PBL kinases (RLCK family VII) provide a sensitive mechanism for detecting perturbations of either kinase family to activate ZAR1-mediated ETI., Author summary All plants must ward off potentially infectious microbes, and those grown in large-scale crop operations are especially vulnerable to the rapid spread of disease by successful pathogens. Although many bacteria and fungi can supress plant immune responses by producing specialized virulence proteins called ‘effectors’, these effectors can also trigger immune responses that render plants resistant to infection. We studied the molecular mechanisms underlying one such effector-triggered immune response elicited by the bacterial effector HopZ1a in the model plant host Arabidopsis thaliana. We have shown that HopZ1a promotes binding between a ZED1, a ‘pseudokinase’ required for HopZ1a-triggered immunity, and several ‘true kinases’ (known as PBLs) that are likely targets of HopZ1a activity in planta. HopZ1a-induced ZED1-PBL interactions also recruit ZAR1, an Arabidopsis ‘resistance protein’ previously implicated in HopZ1a-triggered immunity. Importantly, ZED1 mutants that restore degenerate kinase motifs can bridge interactions between PBLs and ZAR1 (independently of HopZ1a) and trigger immunity in planta. Our results suggest that equilibria between active and inactive kinase domain conformations regulate ZED1-PBL interactions and formation of ternary complexes with ZAR1. Improved models describing molecular interactions between immunity determinants, effectors and effector targets will inform efforts to exploit natural diversity for development of crops with enhanced disease resistance.

Two series of homoleptic phenolate complexes with fluorinated aryloxide ligands A2[M(OAr)4] with M = Co2+ or Cu 2+, OAr- = (OC6F5)- (OArF) or {3,5-OC6H3(CF3) 2}- (OAr′), A+ = K (18-crown-6) +, Tl+, Ph4P+, Et3HN +, or Me4N+ have been synthesized. Two related complexes with nonfluorinated phenoxide ligands have been synthesized and studied in comparison to the fluorinated aryloxides demonstrating the dramatic structural changes effected by modification of OPh to OArF. The compounds {K(18-crown-6)}2[Cu(OArF)4], 1a; {K(18-crown-6)}2[Cu(OAr′)4], 1b; [Tl 2Cu(OArF)4], 2a; [Tl2Cu(OAr′) 4], 2b; (Ph4P)2[Cu(OArF) 4], 3; (nBu4N)2[Cu(OAr F)4], 4; (HEt3N)2[Cu(OAr F)4], 5; {K(18-crown-6)}2[Cu 2(μ2-OC6H5)2(OC 6H5)4], 6; {K(18-crown-6)} 2[Co(OArF)4], 7a; {K(18-crown-6)} 2[Co(OAr′)4], 7b; [Tl2Co(OAr F)4], 8a; [Tl2Co(OAr′)4], 8b; (Me4N)2[Co(OArF)4], 9; [Cp 2Co]2[Co(OAr′)4], 10; and {K(18-crown-6)}2[Co2(μ2-OC6H 5)2(OC6H5)4], 11, have been characterized with UV-vis and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and solution magnetic moment studies. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study 1a, 1b, 7a, and 7b, X-ray crystallography was used to characterize 1b, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7a, 7b; 10, and 11. The related [MX4]2- compound (Ph 4P)2[Co(OArF)2Cl2], 12, has also been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically, as well as with conductivity and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Use of fluorinated aryloxides permits synthesis and isolation of the mononuclear, homoleptic phenolate anions in good yield without oligomerized side products. The reaction conditions that result in homoleptic 1a and 7a with OArF upon changing the ligand to OPh result in μ2-OPh bridging phenoxides and the dimeric complexes 6 and 11. The [M(OArF)4]2- and [M(OAr′)4]2- anions in 1a, 1b, 3, 4, 5, 7a, 7b, 9, and 10 demonstrate that stable, isolable homoleptic phenolate anions do not need to be coordinatively or sterically saturated and can be achieved by increasing the electronegativity of the ligand.

Achieving tight glycaemic control early following the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is key to optimising clinical outcomes, yet many patients and clinicians are reluctant to initiate and intensify insulin therapy. Reasons for this arise primarily from a lack of time, clinical expertise and patient understanding. However, meaningful progress can be achieved with self-management educational programmes soon after diagnosis. Clinician education and training, along with easy-to-use and well-tolerated therapies (for example, those carrying a low risk of hypoglycaemia and/or avoiding weight gain), may also increase the likelihood of patient adherence.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost-effectiveness of nasal continuous positive pressure (nCPAP) compared with nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in the context of the reported randomized clinical trial. STUDY DESIGN: Using patient-level data from the clinical trial, we undertook a prospectively planned economic evaluation. We measured costs, from a third-party payer perspective in all patients, and from a societal perspective in a subgroup with a time horizon through the earlier of discharge, death or 44 weeks post-menstrual age. RESULTS: From the third-party payer perspective, the mean cost of hospitalization per infant was statistically similar, $143 745 in the NIPPV group compared to $140 403 in the nCPAP group. Cost-effectiveness evaluation revealed a 61% probability that NIPPV is more expensive and less effective than nCPAP. Similar results were found in subgroup analysis from a societal perspective. CONCLUSION: In addition to being clinically equivalent, economic evaluation confirms that NIPPV, as employed in this trial, is also not economically favorable.

Although common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) has long been considered as a group of primary Ab deficiencies, growing experimental data now suggest a global disruption of the entire adaptive immune response in a segment of patients. Oligoclonality of the TCR repertoire was previously demonstrated; however, the manner in which it relates to other B cell and T cell findings reported in CVID remains unclear. Using a combination approach of high-throughput TCRβ sequencing and multiparametric flow cytometry, we compared the TCR repertoire diversity between various subgroups of CVID patients according to their B cell immunophenotypes. Our data suggest that the reduction in repertoire diversity is predominantly restricted to those patients with severely reduced class-switched memory B cells and an elevated level of CD21(lo) B cells (Freiburg 1a), and may be driven by a reduced number of naive T cells unmasking underlying memory clonality. Moreover, our data indicate that this loss in repertoire diversity progresses with advancing age far exceeding the expected physiological rate. Radiological evidence supports the loss in thymic volume, correlating with the decrease in repertoire diversity. Evidence now suggests that primary thymic failure along with other well-described B cell abnormalities play an important role in the pathophysiology in Freiburg group 1a patients. Clinically, our findings emphasize the integration of combined B and T cell testing to identify those patients at the greatest risk for infection. Future work should focus on investigating the link between thymic failure and the severe reduction in class-switched memory B cells, while gathering longitudinal laboratory data to examine the progressive nature of the disease.

A qualitative psychoanalytic clinical research project using a post-Kleinian contemporary approach was undertaken by a team of seven qualified and experienced child psychotherapists working in community Tier 3 Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). A number of referred young people who deliberately harmed themselves or attempted suicide, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and consented to participate, were offered an extended individual and family assessment. Grounded Theory analysis of the qualitative data led to the formulation of the Truth Danger Theory. Typical situations in which suicidal behaviour occurred were identified, including intergenerational confusion, neglect, physical and/or sexual abuse within the family, Oedipal conflict, maternal depression and families in which there was a chronically ill sibling. We found that there was a marked disparity between the young person's experience of relationships in the family and the family's own account of their situation, a fractured r...

In this paper we discuss the adaptation of TCP transport-oriented client-server messaging protocols to many-to-many peer-to-peer networking environments more suitable for deployment in dynamic wireless networks capable of multicast forwarding. We describe four main issues in adapting such protocols: exposing a network server for receiving TCP session data; the creation of server-side semantic proxies to process the messages and adapt to a serverless environment; service discovery to enable the discovery of necessary services on the network and to maintain the network state; and finally support for multicast interfaces for the transportation of messages amongst peers. We show that our system, called GUMP, can be used to support such protocol adaptations and to illustrate we use GUMP to implement an XMPP proxy allowing existing off-the-shelf XMPP client software to dynamically create and operate multi-user chat sessions in a serverless network environment. We then present two sets of results that show how appropriate discovery systems and transport protocols can dramatically increase the success of protocols, such as XMPP, within a mobile wireless networked environment. Specifically, we first demonstrate that a GUMP supported discovery system, INDI, can significantly increase the success rates and decrease latency of discovering services through profiles, caching and retrying schemes. Second, we show that success rates for XMPP transmission of messages can be vastly improved through the use of multicast as apposed to TCP within the mobile environment. These two factors provide strong empirical support for the justification of GUMP in its ability to adapt between a client-server and serverless world.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that significant positive end-expiratory pressure level variation exists between neonatal centers. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a secondary analysis cohort study of the Nasal Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation trial. Our study population was extremely low birth weight infants requiring mechanical ventilation within 28 days of life. The exposure was neonatal center; 34 international centers participated in the trial. Subjects from centers with fewer than five eligible cases were excluded. The main outcome was the maximal positive end-expiratory pressure level used during the first course of mechanical ventilation. Infant characteristics judged a priori to directly influence clinical positive end-expiratory pressure level selection and all characteristics associated with positive end-expiratory pressure at P < .05 in bivariable analyses were included with and without center in multivariable linear regression models. Variation in positive end-expiratory pressure level use between centers following adjustment for infant characteristics was assessed. RESULTS: 278 extremely low birth weight infants from 17 centers were included. Maximal positive end-expiratory pressure ranged from 3-9 cm H(2)O, mean = 5.7 (SD = 0.9). Significant variation between centers remained despite adjustment for infant characteristics (p < 0.0001). Further, center alone explained a greater proportion of the positive end-expiratory pressure level variation than all infant characteristics combined. CONCLUSIONS: Marked variation in positive end-expiratory pressure levels for extremely low birth weight infants exists between neonatal centers. Research providing evidence-based guidance for this important aspect of respiratory care in preterm infants at high risk of lung injury is needed.

We measured conductance traces while breaking gold point contacts in a solution of molecules containing the I-p-phenylenediethynyl X-CtC-C6H4-CtC-X unit, with eight different capping X groups: AuP(OMe)3 (1 ), H( 2), SiMe3 (3), Au-P(cy)3 (4), Au-PMe2Ph (5), Au-PMePh2 (6), Au-PMe3 (7), and AuPPh3 (8). Our goal with this work was to achieve a direct Au-C link with a conjugated organic group, potentially forming a molecular junction without chemical link groups that typically decrease junction conductances, such as thiols or amines. Conductance traces collected in the presence of molecules 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 reveal additional steps at conductances as high as 0.1 G0 (G0 ) 2e 2 /h) down to the measurable limits of the experimental setup. Conductance histograms generated from these traces therefore show a broad increase of counts when compared to a control histogram collected in the solvent alone suggesting the binding of the molecules to the broken Au contacts. The histograms for molecules 1, 5, 7, and 2 were not distinguishable, although that of molecule 3 had considerably fewer counts over the entire conductance range, suggesting that the steric bulk of the SiMe3 prevented frequent junction formation. The histograms collected in a solution of molecules 4, 6 ,o r8 did not differ from that of the control histogram probably because of the steric bulk of the Au-PR3 capping groups prevented the formation a molecular junction.

Objective To evaluate bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), serious brain injury, and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) as predictors of poor long-term outcome in very low birth weight infants. Study design We examined the associations between counts of the 3 morbidities and long-term outcomes in 1514 of 1791 (85%) infants with birth weights of 500-1250 g who were enrolled in the Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity trial from October 1999, to October 2004, had complete morbidity data, and were alive at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). BPD was defined as use of supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks PMA. Serious brain injury on cranial ultrasound included grade 3 and 4 hemorrhage, cystic periventricular leucomalacia, porencephalic cysts, or ventriculomegaly of any cause. Poor long-term outcome was death after 36 weeks PMA or survival to 5 years with 1 or more of the following disabilities: motor impairment, cognitive impairment, behavior problems, poor general health, deafness, and blindness. Results BPD, serious brain injury, and severe ROP occurred in 43%, 13%, and 6% of the infants, respectively. Each of the 3 morbidities was similarly and independently correlated with poor 5-year outcome. Rates of death or disability (95% CI) in children with none, any 1, any 2, and all 3 morbidities were 11.2% (9.0%-13.7%), 22.9% (19.6%-26.5%), 43.9% (35.5%-52.6%), and 61.5% (40.6%-79.8%), respectively. Conclusions In very low birth weight infants who survive to 36 weeks PMA, a count of BPD, serious brain injury, and severe ROP predicts the risk of a late death or survival with disability at 5 years.

Objective To compare the rates of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infants who received nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) delivered by a conventional mechanical ventilator (CMV) or a bilevel device. Design A preplanned non-randomised comparison of infants randomised to the NIPPV arm of the NIPPV trial. Setting Thirty-six tertiary neonatal units in three continents. Patients Infants Interventions Infants received treatment with CMV NIPPV or bilevel NIPPV, as a primary mode of respiratory support or following first extubation. Results 241 received mainly bilevel NIPPV and 215 mainly CMV NIPPV. No difference was found in death or BPD at 36 weeks corrected age (adjusted OR 0.88 (95% CI 0.57 to 1.35)). More deaths occurred in infants receiving bilevel NIPPV (9.4%) than in CMV NIPPV (2.3%) (adjusted OR 5.01: 95% CI 1.74 to 14.4). There was a corresponding but not statistically significant decrease in BPD in the bilevel NIPPV group (30% vs 37%) (adjusted OR 0.64 (95% CI 0.41 to 1.02)). No difference was observed in extubation failure or age at last extubation. A post hoc test of interaction between device type and synchronisation was not statistically significant. Conclusions We did not observe a statistically significant difference in the composite outcome of death or BPD between infants who received mostly bilevel NIPPV compared with mostly CMV NIPPV. Differences in component outcomes of morbidity and BPD may be due to the competing nature of these outcomes or differences in baseline characteristics of infants. Trial registration number NCT00433212.

The wet and dry venom yields for most Australian native dangerous snakes and a number of non-Australian species are presented. Snakes from the Pseudonaja genus yielded higher than previously published amounts and suggest reconsideration be given to increasing the volume of antivenom in each vial. Higher percentage solids were obtained from venoms from the 4 cobra species (Naja) and Pseudechis genus included in this series.

This paper attempts to look at the adolescent experience as a kind of tertiary stage of omnipotent development. If this ‘third time lucky’ scenario is played out against a benign or benevolent background then more ordinary development ensues. If met with belligerence, fear or retaliation then a route to delinquency may be opened up. An adolescent therapy group is used to illustrate this thesis.

Two thallium aryloxide compounds TlOC6F5 (TlOAr(F)) and bis-3,5-TlOC6H3(CF3)2 (TlOAr') have been recrystallized from THF and crystallographically characterized in different isomeric forms. The latter compound forms a solvated tetrameric cubane, [TlOAr']4.THF, 1. The TlOAr(F) compound crystallized with a similar stoichiometry, [TlOAr(F)]4.2 THF, 2, but contains a [Tl2(mu2-OAr(F))4] unit that includes a thallophilic interaction at a distance of 3.5943(15) angstroms. Solution 205Tl and 203Tl NMR studies of 1 and 2 support the retention of a cubane structure for 1 in solution and suggest a similar structure for 2 with coupled thallium centers down to -90 degrees C. Fluorescence spectroscopy data for both compounds 1 and 2 in THF are consistent with LMCT. DFT calculations of 1, 2, and three models of the [Tl2(mu2-OAr(F))4] unit show a bonding overlap of the bridged thallium atoms in 2 and are also used to describe the bonding in 1. The structures of two heterobimetallic compounds, Tl2Cu(OAr(F))4, 4, and Tl2Cu(OAr')4, 5, with the [Tl2(mu2-OAr(F))4] structural motif and thallophilic contacts of 3.86(6) and 3.564(1) angstroms, respectively, are described. The crystal structures of the unsolvated of TlOAr(F), 2b, solvated heterobimetallic derivative Tl2Cu(OAr')4.2THF, 5b, and the monomeric (18-crown-6)TlOAr(F), 3, and 205Tl NMR spectra of TlOC6H5, 6, are also reported for comparison purposes.

The conductance of molecular junctions, formed by breaking gold point contacts dressed with various thiol functionalized organic molecules, is measured at 293 K and at 30 K. In the presence of molecules, individual conductance traces measured as a function of increasing gold electrode displacement show clear steps below the quantum conductance steps of the gold contact. These steps are distributed over a wide range of molecule-dependent conductance values. Histograms constructed from all conductance traces therefore do not show clear peaks either at room or low temperatures. Filtering of the data sets by an objective automated procedure only marginally improves the visibility of such features. We conclude that the geometrical junction to junction variations dominate the conductance measurements.

Frontal lobe dysfunction is a prominent feature of many neurological disorders. Early diagnosis may be enhanced by establishing a profile of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional change. Traditional psychometric assessment focuses on cognitive dysfunction and fails to identify behavioral changes, particularly those associated with orbitofrontal dysfunction. We examined progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), a prototypical subcortical dementia with frontal features, using commonly available neuropsychological measures and a modification of the Katz Adjustment Scale-Relatives (KAS-R), an instrument first developed to assess dysexecutive changes in head-injured patients. Executive tests identified deficits in reasoning, planning, set shifting, verbal fluency, information processing speed, and response initiation. On the KAS-R, changes in apathy, social withdrawal, and independence were observed, with little change in belligerence, social irresponsibility, uncooperativeness, obstreperousness, anxiety, and depression. The results show the potential utility of this instrument in characterizing behavioral and emotional changes associated with frontal lobe dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease.

Airborne lidar bathymetry technology has been used since the 1980s to provide detailed maps of seafloor elevation to shallow waters. The state-of-the-art in airborne coastal mapping and charting technology is the Compact Hydrographic Airborne Rapid Total Survey (CHARTS) system. CHARTS is the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office program name for an Optech, Inc. SHOALS 3000T20-E. CHARTS comprises a 3 kHz bathymetric lidar, a 20 kHz topographic lidar, a DuncanTech DT4000 high-resolution digital camera, and a Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI)-1500. The integrated sensor suite collects lidar bathymetry, lidar topography, RGB (red-green-blue) imagery, and hyperspectral imagery. Beyond these products, the diffuse attenuation coefficient and seafloor reflectance at multiple wavelengths are estimated by combining information obtained from the bathymetric lidar waveform and the hyperspectral imagery. The Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX) specified development of the CHARTS system and currently manages its operations for the U.S. Department of Defense. JALBTCX is the leader in the field of airborne lidar and integrated technologies for coastal mapping and charting. CHARTS data collection rate of 21 square nautical miles per survey hour enables rapid completion of large nautical charting work for the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office. CHARTS is also used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers National Coastal Mapping Program to collect engineering scale data for the entire U.S. coastline. It is concluded that airborne lidar and integrated technologies have proven useful in providing the requisite data for nautical charting, coastal zone management, and riverine hydraulic modeling.

Stage at diagnosis and survival from cancer vary according to where people live, suggesting some may have delays in diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine if time from presentation to treatment was longer for colorectal and breast cancer patients living further from cancer centres, and identify other important factors in delay. Data were collected on 1097 patients with breast and 1223 with colorectal cancer in north and northeast Scotland. Women with breast cancer who lived further from cancer centres were treated more quickly than those living closer to cancer centres (P=0.011). Multilevel modelling found that this was largely due to them receiving earlier treatment at hospitals other than cancer centres. Breast lump, change in skin contour, lymphadenopathy, more symptoms and signs, and increasing age predicted faster treatment. Screen detected cancers and private referrals were treated more quickly. For colorectal cancer, time to treatment was similar for people in rural and urban areas. Quicker treatment was associated with palpable rectal or abdominal masses, tenesmus, abdominal pain, frequent GP consultations, age between 50 and 74 years, tumours of the transverse colon, and iron medication at presentation. Delay was associated with past anxiety or depression. There was variation between general practices and treatment appeared quicker at practices with more female general practitioners.

The incidence of maternal cancer during pregnancy is low, and metastatic disease involving the placenta is rare. We present a case of rapidly progressive and fatal gastric carcinoma presenting during pregnancy, with spread to the maternal blood space within the placenta but no chorionic villous invasion and no evidence of fetal transmission at the time of delivery or on 12-month follow up. To the best of our knowledge, there have been only 5 previous single case reports of gastric carcinoma metastatic to the placenta. This case highlights the need for clinical vigilance against dismissing gastrointestinal symptoms as pregnancy related and for pathologists to carefully examine the placenta in the setting of maternal malignancy. When placental metastases are present but with no villous invasion, the risk of fetal metastasis may be extremely low, even in the setting of aggressive, terminal malignancy in the mother.

A photo- and an electrochemical method for the immobilization of fluorescein derivatives for the preparation of fibreoptic pH and Ca 2+ sensors are presented. The methods results in the covalent attachment of the indicator in a polymer matrix. In the electrochemical approach, a fluorescein-derivatized thiophene, thiophene-3-acetylfluoresceinamide (TAF), has been prepared and electrochemically polymerized onto Pt-coated indium tin oxide glass. The fluorescence intensity responses as a function of pH, for TAF and polyTAF, are similar to that of fluorescein in solution. In the photochemical approach, two fluorescein derivatives have been prepared, fluorescein acrylamide (FA) and calcein acrylamide (CA). CA is sensitive to both pH and Ca 2+ . FA and CA have been immobilized covalently within polyacrylamide and polyacrylamide/[(3-methacryoylamino)propyl]-trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC) copolymers using photoinitiated radical polymerization directly on the end of a chemically-modified glass surface. The spectroscopic properties of the bound FA and CA are similar to FA and CA in free solution, respectively; however, the cationic properties of the polymers result in a shift in the pK a of the indicator. The electrochemical and photochemical immobilization of fluorescent indicators within polymer matrices is an ideal arrangement, because it improves the operational lifetime of the chemical sensors.

This study reports the impact of forming gas annealing (FGA) on the electrical characteristics of sulfur passivated, atomic layer deposited Al2O3 gate dielectrics deposited on (110) oriented n- and p-doped In0.53Ga0.47 As layers metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs). In combination, these approaches enable significant Fermi level movement through the bandgap of both n- and p-doped In0.53Ga0.47 As (110) MOSCAPs. A midgap interface trap density (Dit) value in the range 0.87−1.8×1012 cm−2eV−10.87−1.8×1012 cm−2eV−1 is observed from the samples studied. Close to the conduction band edge, a Dit value of 3.1×1011 cm−2eV−13.1×1011 cm−2eV−1 is obtained. These data indicate the combination of sulfur pre-treatment and FGA is advantageous in passivating trap states in the upper half of the bandgap of (110) oriented In0.53Ga0.47 As. This is further demonstrated by a reduction in border trap density in the n-type In0.53Ga0.47 As (110) MOSCAPs from 1.8×1012 cm−21.8×1012 cm−2 to 5.3×1011 cm−25.3×1011 cm−2 as a result of the FGA process. This is in contrast to the observed increase in border trap density after FGA from 7.3×1011 cm−27.3×1011 cm−2 to 1.4×1012 cm−21.4×1012 cm−2 in p-type In0.53Ga0.47 As (110) MOSCAPs, which suggest FGA is not as effective in passsivating states close to the valence band edge.

Twin 1 of dichorionic diamniotic twins weighing 3670 g was born by elective caesarean section at 37+4 weeks gestation. Antenatal diagnosis of bilateral gross hydroureteronephrosis without bladder wall thickening and absence of key hole sign on prenatal ultrasound scans suggested a possibility of the prune belly sequence. The other twin had no anomalies detected. Initial 10 week gestational scan showed the changes and 18+3 week scan showed reduced amniotic fluid volume as well. At 26+3 week scan urinary ascites was noted in addition. Fetal echocardiogram and chromosomes were normal. Following delivery the twin needed continuous …

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Noninvasive respiratory support for neonates is growing in popularity as clinicians increasingly recognize the dangers of prolonged invasive ventilation. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the existing evidence for safety and efficacy of these modes of respiratory support in neonates. RECENT FINDINGS: In recent years, multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated several modes of noninvasive support, most importantly nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation and high flow nasal cannulae, in comparison to the standard therapy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The three largest RCTs were recently published in 2013. One demonstrated no difference in death or survival with bronchopulmonary dysplasia between nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation and CPAP, both when used as primary support and as postextubation support. Two others demonstrated that high flow nasal cannulae are noninferior to or no better than CPAP when used to support preterm infants after extubation. These trials showed no serious safety concerns with current modalities. SUMMARY: The optimal forms of noninvasive respiratory support for neonates remain to be determined. Continued evaluation of these technologies with large, well-designed RCTs is warranted.

The author looks at some ways in which certain biblical myths tell a story, a story about loss--loss of freedom, of the homeland, of God's favour, ultimately loss of the good object--and about guilt for these losses. He describes in the post-exilic myth of the Old Testament and the Jesus myth of the New Testament a pattern in which, he argues, there is a 'retreat' from the depressive anxieties that seem to be troubling the group, with loss and guilt becoming mediated through a rigidified defensive organisation that holds out the promise that it will make this loss and guilt easier to bear. Guilt, worthlessness, badness and fallibility are split off and projected into a near foreign group blamed for loss, while within the group's own boundary there is an identification with righteousness and power. The author describes the post-exilic myth and the Jesus myth as what he terms 'hardened myths' that embody a belief in an idealized privileged identity in which exclusive group possession of the good object is asserted. The analysis of such hardened myths reveals a shared belief in the efficacy of group idealization. The author links the formation of these hardened myths with what we know about how individuals manage actual loss, and argues that (for the group as for the individual) the myths express collusion with the moral authority of an idealized and very punitive superego. The paper ends with a very brief suggestion that, analogously, hardened myths may be relevant in other cultural and social millieux, especially, perhaps, the troubled relations of some psychoanalytic groups to one another.

It is important to support general practitioners (GPs) in maintaining and developing their palliative care skills as most of the final year of a patient's life is spent at home under the care of the primary health care team. The training needs and uptake of GPs have been explored, but little is known about how GP educational preferences vary. The aim of this study was to explore the current educational preferences of GPs in different geographical locations as part of an evaluation of an educational intervention. The methods used included postal questionnaires sent to 1061 GPs. Results from 640 (60%) of GPs revealed that half (51%) wanted education in symptom control for non-cancer patients. More inner-city GPs wanted education in opiate prescribing (43%), controlling nausea and vomiting (45%), and using a syringe driver (38%) than their urban and rural colleagues (26%, 29% and 21%, respectively). Increased educational preference and increased difficulty in accessing information was associated with reduced confidence in symptom control. To maximize educational uptake it will be important for educational strategies to be developed and targeted according to variations in demand, and in particular to respond to the need for palliative care education in symptom control for patients suffering from advanced non-malignant disease.

he revised draft type 2 diabetes guideline1 from the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) were released in June, 2015, for further consultation. Some positive changes have been made since the first draft was published in January, 2015, especially with respect to patient preferences.2 However, we believe that the revised guideline remains unfit for purpose and is a missed opportunity to improve the lives of patients with type 2 diabetes. If sanctioned by NICE, the guideline will be confusing and unworkable in busy clinical practice. It might also diminish the international reputation of NICE and reduce the influence of UK practice on the global management of type 2 diabetes.

The title compound, [Au 2 (C 10 H 4 )(C 3 H 9 O 3 P) 2 ].0.5CH 2 Cl 2 , is a linear monomer in which each Au atom is coordinated by one acetylene and one phosphite group. Molecules are connected through aurophilic interactions, one short and one longer, approximately perpendicular to the intramolecular di(gold acetylide) unit, with an Au...Au(x, 1 - y, 1 2 + z) distance of 3.1733 (2) A and an Au...Au(-x, y, 1 2 - z) distance of 3.5995 (3) A. Comparison with related compounds exhibiting aurophilic interactions shows that the packing architecture is not determined by steric factors alone.