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The consequences of water deficit and its interaction with pollination system (deliberate selfing compared with open-pollination) on physiological, agronomic and phytochemical traits are not understood in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). A research was started by creating selfed (S1) and half-sib (HS) families on a fennel germplasm in 2018. Populations were studied in the field, applying a normal and a water deficit condition during two years (2019–2020). Considerable genotypic variation was observed within S1 and HS families for all of the evaluated traits, demonstrating that selection for these traits would be successful. Consequences of water deficit were manifested as declined most of the traits; and significantly increased essential oil content, harvest index, and proline content, in both populations. Mandatory selfing reduced the performance of genotypes for most of the traits confirming the existence of inbreeding depression (ID) with higher values for plant dry weight, seed yield, essential oil content, and number of umbelets per umbel. In S1 population, some of the studied traits had higher heritability estimates under normal condition and some of them showed higher heritability under water deficit. Positive relationship between GCA and STI in OP population indicated that it is possible to identify genotypes having high values of combining ability and drought tolerance. Results of the present study suggest that physiological traits cannot be used as an indicator to distinguish drought-tolerant genotypes in S1 progenies, whereas in OP progenies Chl a, Chl b, TChl, CAR, PRO, and RWC, which had significant correlations with drought tolerance, may be used for this purpose. Based on the results contrasting genotypes were identified, which can be used to develop mapping populations for genome studies of drought tolerance and physiological traits of this species in future studies.

Darâa-Tafilalet is considered as one of the charming Moroccan areas concerning the knowledge connected to the traditional use of plants for a therapeutic purpose. This work aims to collect, analyze and evaluate the ethnobotanical knowledge about medicinal plants used in the management of diverse forms of cancer in the Darâa-Tafilalet region. The total number of informants interviewed in this study was 1026 (944 were ordinary local inhabitants and 82 were herbalists). Information was obtained by means of structured and semi-structured interviews with local people. Then, data obtained from interviewees were analyzed by calculating some relative cultural importance (RCI) indices (UV, FUV, ROP and FL). Principal component analysis (PCA) was also involved in this study for comparing some characteristics of species. 101 plants used in folk medicine and belonging to 47 families were identified in this study. The highest UV was attributed to Suaeda vermiculata (0.06897); while, the optimal FUV has been given to Ranunculaceae (0.05956). Concerning the FL values, Nigella sativa, Allium sativum, Allium cepa, Calotropis procera, Foeniculum vulgare and Olea europaea were classified in first with a value cited 100% all for general cancer; whereas Nigella sativa had the highest ROP value (86%). The present enquiry highlighted interesting botanical and cultural findings related to the anticancer ethnomedical knowledge adapted by the local population of Darâa-Tafilalet. However, several experimental and fieldwork studies are needed to give more validity and reliability to such investigation.

Acne is a common skin problem. One factor that causes acne is the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes by infecting the skin, causing inflammation. Fennel essential oil (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Has potential as an antibacterial. This study aims to determine the combination effect of HPMC, propylene glycol and tween 80 which is formulated to be the optimum preparation of fennel essential oil emulgel with good stability as an anti-acne. Oleum Foeniculi are identified by GC-MS to determine the content of chemical compounds and are tested in vitro against Propionibacterium acnes to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Formula optimization is carried out using the factorial design method. The results showed that Foeniculum oil has content of Benzene, 1-methoxy-4- (2-propenyl) (83.64%), 1-Limonene (3.75%) and Fechone (3.58%) which have potential antibacterial properties against Propionibacterium acnes. Foeniculum oil with a concentration of 6% shows a MIC value of 1.7 cm. The concentration of fennel essential oil is formulated into an optimum emulgel preparation with a combination of 4% : 10% : 10.99%. of HPMC, propylene glycol, and tween 80

In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of fennel essential oil in different concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% (W/V) with three types of nanocoating of basil seed gum, Lepidium per...

Background Weed occurrence and fertilization are considered two of the most factors influencing fennel yield. A two season’s field study was undertaken to investigate the response of fennel crop to two different herbicides under the application of biofertilizers. The two herbicides are pendimethalin (at reduced rate), fluazifop-p butyl and a combination of sequential application of both of them. The biofertilizers were used in 3 rates of 1:1:1, 2:1:1 and 1:1:2 (v/v/v) from atmospheric nitrogen-fixating, phosphorous-dissolving and potassium-solubilizing bacterial strains. Results The results indicated that under all rates of the biofertilizers, the two herbicides applied individually caused significant reduction in growth parameters of the fennel plant estimated. Hand weeding (untreated check) increased fruit yield by 63% and oil yield by 78% compared to unweeded control, while sequential application of pendimethalin + fluazifop increased fruit yield by 45% and oil yield by 83% under biofertilizers at the rate of 2:1:1. Slight decrease in protein content using pendimethalin + fluazifop (12.94, and 12.96%) compared to 13.56% for hand weeding was observed. However, fluazifop alone showed no significant differences (13.63 and 13.13%) during both seasons under the biofertilizer rate of 2:1:1. No detectable residues of pendimethalin and fluazifop applied alone or sequentially were found in the analyzed dry seeds. Conclusion The obtained results concluded that using proper level of biofertilizer combined with herbicides would increase the seed yield and oil content of fennel. Nevertheless, further investigation is needed to search for safer and effective weed control methods in medicinal plants.

Developing fit-to-purpose analytical screening methods for plant marker constituents by simple and affordable techniques represents a constant and important request from the current transformation chain of plant products. In this work, methods developed on classical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and overpressured layer chromatography (OPLC) have been applied on some of the most valuable commercial plant products, such as star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) essential oil and extracts, common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) essential oils and acerola fruit (Malpighia punicifolia L.) hydroalcoholic extracts, to evaluate OPLC potentiality in comparison with TLC performances in the detection of some characteristic constituents. OPLC provided higher performance with respect to TLC in all experiments performed due to higher selectivity demonstrated on all the tested marker compounds except for flavonoids in acerola extracts. Considering the usage of planar chromatography in the quality control of plant derivatives, the present paper shows how the OPLC protocols were both highly time- and solvent-saving in comparison with classical TLC.

The fungal genus Alternaria was distributed widely and found in different habitats such as plant or indoor environment. During an investigation into this genus in China, two new Alternaria species, Alternaria vulgarae and A. divaricatae were respectively isolated from diseased leaves of Foeniculum vulgare and Saposhnikovia divaricata, which both belonged to Umbelliferae. Phylogenetically, they were determined as new species belonging in the section Radicina of Alternaria based on the combined four gene fragments of ITS, TEF1, GAPDH and RPB2. Morphologically, the two species were illustrated and compared with other relevant Alternaria species in section Radicina.

The cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculates (Fabr.) is a serious pest that infests pulse seeds in storage. The current study aimed to assess the sublethal effects of two insecticides deltamethrin, thiamethoxam and a botanical power of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) on C. maculatus development and its essential enzymes. Thiamethoxam, deltamethrin insecticides and fennel plant powder activities against the cowpea beetle, C. maculatus, were assessed throughout direct contact application. Thiamethoxam showed the LC50 value of 21.05 ppm followed by deltamethrin (LC50= 85.1 ppm) while, the least effect was recorded with fennel seeds powder with LC50 value 36325.8 ppm. Concerning sublethal effects, sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam (LC10, LC25, LC50 and LC75) significantly reduced egg-laying. While LC75 of deltamethrin significantly decreased egg-laying related to control. In contrast, fennel seeds powder failed to turn down the number of eggs laid by C. maculatus females compared with the control. Complete protection to deltamethrin against C. maculatus adults was maintained after 24 h till 7 months and to thiamethoxam from 24 h till 4 months. Biochemical studies showed that the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), α, s esterase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) showed a significant decrease in sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam and deltamethrin related to the control. Regarding the effect on germination, no adverse effect was noticed due to the chemical and botanical seed protectants application.

Mutagenesis involving ionizing radiation has been widely used for alteration in genetic constituents to increase the variability at gene level in a very small fraction of time. But, attempts to induce genetic variability in fennel for agronomically important trait are very limited. Narrow genetic base is the main hindrance in handling the conventional breeding in Fennel . Thus, main idea of this study is to generate genetic variability in Ajmer fennel-2 variety of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. by using the most potent physical mutagen i.e. gamma rays. The seeds were exposed to different doses of gamma rays viz. 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25Kr, respectively, along with control to analyze the effect of gamma rays on meristematic root tips. Germination and survival percentage were significantly affected in response to ionizing potential of gamma rays and a dose dependent decline was observed in both the parameters. Plant height, shoots, root length and days of flowering were also affected by gamma rays and a considerable increment was achieved at lowest dose with respect to control. As the dose of gamma ray increases, the rate of Active Mitotic Index declines. The irradiated seeds show numerous chromosomal variations such as; scattering, stickiness, bridge formation etc which are computed in the form of Total Abnormality Percentage.

Adas telah dibudidayakan di Indonesia sebagai tanaman bumbu dan tanaman obat. Adas dapat menghasilkan minyak adas, yang merupakan hasil penyulingan dari serbuk buah adas yang kering dan masak, sedangkan daun adas lebih banyak dimasak untuk dijadikan sayur. Salah satu enzim yang berperan penting dalam pemecahan oligosakarida dan disakarida menjadi monosakarida sehingga siap untuk diabsorbsi adalah enzim ?-amilase. Penghambatan terhadap enzim ?-amilase dapat menunda dan memperlama waktu cerna karbohidrat, menyebabkan penurunan laju absorbsi glukosa dan mencegah peningkatan kadar plasma glukosa postpandrial. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui ekstrak etanol daun adas (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) memiliki aktivitas penghambatan enzim ?-amylase menggunakan Elisa Reader. Metode penelitian eksperimental diterapkan untuk menguji ekstrak etanol senyawa metabolit sekunder dari daun adas terhadap penghambatan aktivitas enzim ?-amilase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai IC50 pada ekstrak daun adas sebesar 7,87 ?g/mL sedangkan IC50 akarbose sebagai pembanding sebesar 14,80 ?g/mL. Sebagai kesimpulan, bahwa ekstrak etanol daun adas dapat digunakan dalam menurunkan kadar gula dalam darah.

1. The effect of Foeniculi aetheroleum essential oil (EO) on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, serum biochemistry, immune response, ileum morphology, microbial population and meat quality o...

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and essential oils (EOs) can show either positive or negative interactions when used for controlling insect pests. First, the insecticidal efficacy of EPF including Beauveria bassiana isolates Z1 and IRAN1395C, Lecanicillium lecanii, and Paecilomyces lilacinus was tested against adults of Tribolium castaneum using two methods (standard insect dip and wheat diet incorporation). Additionally, the toxicity of EOs from Trachyspermum ammi, Foeniculum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, Salvia mirzayanii, Majorana hortensis, and Thymus vulgaris was evaluated against adult T. castaneum. Thereafter, the effect of an LC25 concentration of F. vulgare (86.13 µl L−1), T. ammi (235.2 µl L−1), and E. globulus (111.33 µl L−1) EOs on mycelial growth, spore germination, and sporulation of the EPF was determined. In standard dip bioassay, the lowest LT50 of 10.4 days was induced by L. lecanii, while the wheat diet incorporation method resulted in LT50 values ranging between 13.1 and 15.2 days. The LC50 values for E. globulus, F. vulgare, and T. ammi were 162.3, 140.3, and 310 μl L−1 air against adults, respectively. The EOs examined showed strong inhibition of mycelial growth, conidial germination, and sporulation at sublethal concentrations. EOs of F. vulgare and T. ammi completely inhibited mycelial growth and sporulation of the tested EPF. Germination inhibition ranged from 100% in L. lecanii exposed to EO from F. vulgare to 52.3% in B. bassiana Z1 exposed to EO from T. ammi. Based on the results, although EOs and EPF are successful agents to control adults T. castaneum when used separately, it cannot be applied in combination because of the conflicting effect.

Foeniculum vulgare is a cuisine spice of the Apiaceae genus, which is extensively cultivated in the world's tropical and temperate areas. Fennel seeds are developed mostly from dry and semi-dry regions in India. Recent studies have revealed pharmacological properties including antimicrobials, antidiabetic, antioxidants, anticancer and other activities. Fennel contains flavonoids, glycosides and other phytoconstituents present in it which used in medicinal ailments purpose. Phenolic compounds present in fennel can promote to the human health. Trans-anethole, estragole, fenchone and bioactive compounds kaempferol, quercetin, rosmarinic acid have been isolated from this plant and several associate with prospective human body mechanisms. The objective of this review to focusing on the nutritional value, botanical studies, phytochemicals and some major pharmacological actions of fennel to reveal the medicinal potential and future investigation aspects.

The obtained results allowed to reveal the inhibition properties of the essential oils of Foeniculum vulgare and to identify the major molecule—trans-anethole that enters into their composition. In this work, an isolated molecule of trans-anethole was tested in order to confirm its responsibility for a high inhibition efficiency and to study its adsorption mechanism. The inhibition efficiency of this natural molecule was evaluated by using such techniques as electrochemical polarization, impedance spectroscopy, and weight loss measurements. A protective layer formed on the mild steel surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. This study showed a maximal inhibitory efficiency at 1.0 × 10–3 M. The essential oils of Foeniculum vulgare were found to be a mixed type inhibitor that adsorbs on the metal surface by physisorption and is resistant to high temperatures. Finally, the results obtained allowed not only to determine the molecule responsible for a good anticorrosive activity of three oils extracted from three parts of Foeniculum vulgare, but also to obtain a new strong ecological inhibitor.

Nowadays, the insecticidal and acaricidal properties of plant extracts and essential oils (EOs) have been evaluated as an alternative to chemical means. This study aims to assess the insecticidal efficacy of 20 commercial EOs against the adults of Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) by the contact of insects with the residues of EOs at the bottom of glass cups. The dose effects of seven EOs (i.e. Acorus calamus, Allium sativum, Syzygium aromaticum, Cymbopogon citratus, Juniperus communis, Cedrus atlantica, and Foeniculum vulgare) as well as the time effects of exposure to these EOs on the mortality of flies were analyzed by probit analysis. Permethrin (technical substance) was used as a reference insecticide in the positive control and pure acetone served as the negative control. The insecticidal efficacy of the tested EOs decreased in order (based on their lethal dose (LD)50 values): A. calamus > A. sativum > S. aromaticum ≥ C. citratus > J. communis > C. atlantica > F. vulgare. A. calamus EO was the most effective against flies and very fast acting with negligible reversibility of effect. The EOs of A. sativum and S. aromaticum had a significant time-dependent insecticidal effect. The time for 50% insecticidal effect (knockdown and mortality in total) of the A. sativum EO was the greatest among the seven EOs and seven times more in comparison with the positive control. Present results and literature data suggest that the aforesaid plant products could be promising as contact insecticides against adults M. domestica. The difference in the insecticidal properties of A. calamus and A. sativum EOs observed in the current study display the need for various approaches for their future application as insecticides.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) is a popular aromatic plant native to the Mediterranean basin and cultivated worldwide that is valued for the nutritional and health benefits of its fruits. Headspace solid-phase microextraction of 12 fennel accessions of cultivated (F. vulgare subsp. vulgare) and wild forms (F. vulgare subsp. piperitum) of different origins was carried out for assessing their volatile distribution. Fifty-four volatiles were identified, with ethers amounting for the major class at ca. 52-99% attributed to the abundance of (E)-anethole and estragole. Several subsp. vulgare accessions proved to be excellent sources of the chief aroma (E)-anethole (95.9-98.4%), whereas high levels of estragole at ca. 72% were observed in subsp. piperitum from Minia and Khartoum and must be considered in the safety assessment of fennel. Other volatile classes were detected including ketones, esters, aldehydes, alcohols, and hydrocarbons (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes). Fenchone exceeded 15% of the total volatiles in some fennel specimens, linked to a conspicuous bitter aftertaste. The members of subsp. piperitum were more enriched in monoterpene hydrocarbons with sabinene found exclusively in these, while subsp. vulgare comprised a higher content of ethers. Principle component analysis determined isoterpinolene as a special component in subsp. piperitum. In all specimens from the same group, estragole was the most distinguished volatile compound according to the findings from orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The highest estimated estragole levels were detected in subsp. piperitum from Minia at 89.8 mg/g. This comparative study provides the first comprehensive insight into volatile profiling of 12 fennel fruit varieties.

Dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts obtained from Posidonia oceanica (L.) leaves, were examined in order to determine their total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, anthocyanin and condensed tannins contents as well as their antioxidant and allelopathic activities. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of crude extracts confirmed the presence of coumarins in dichloromethane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts. The antioxidant activity estimated using the DPPH assay was significantly more pronounced for the ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 1.19±0.018 mg/mL) than that of the other extracts. The allelopathic effect against the seeds of Carum carvi (L.) and Foeniculum vulgare (Mill.) indicated that, depending on concentration, the extracts from the leaves of P. oceanic (L.) inhibited or stimulated at different concentrations the germination, shoot and root elongation of seedlings growth. The results of this study suggest that P. oceanica (L.) extracts could be useful as a natural source of health-promoting effects and herbicides. KEY WORDS: Posidonia oceanic (L.), Phytochemical profile, Phenolic compounds, Antioxidant activity, Carum carvi (L.), Foeniculum vulgare (Mill) Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(3), 437-447. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i3.1

Background One of the most common complaints for women is dysmenorrhea. Several studies investigated the treatment effects of medicinal plants on primary dysmenorrhea. Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the effect of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) on pain in primary dysmenorrhea in comparison to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as mefenamic acid. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane library, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Science Direct, ProQuest, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, Magiran, SID, Iran Medex, and Irandoc were searched up to January 2019. Quality assessment of clinical trials was conducted using Jadad scoring system. Totally, 12 studies were entered in the meta-analysis. I 2 was calculated to determine heterogeneity. Fixed effects and/or random effects models were applied. Results Meta-analysis of these trials showed that F. vulgare intake decreased significantly the intensity of dysmenorrhea compared to the placebo (SMD −0.632; CI: −0.827 to −0.436; pI 2=0%; fixed effect model; seven articles). However, the effect of Mefenamic acid with F. vulgare was not different from each other (SMD=−0.214; CI: −0.446 to 0.017; p=0.07; heterogeneity p=0.58; I 2=0%; fixed effect model; six trials). Conclusion The F. vulgare alleviates dysmenorrhea. Regarding the same effect of F. vulgare with NSAIDs, it is highly recommend to the women suffered from dysmenorrhea specifically the ones who have high tendency toward herbal medicine.

In the present study, the chemical compositions of the essential oils from roots, stems, leaves and fruits of Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum collected in Sicily were evaluated by GC and GC-MS. The main components of the roots were terpinolene (33.15%), gamma-terpinene (12.18%) and fenchyl acetate (11.23%). Stems and leaves were very rich in alpha-phellandrene (36.85% and 41.59%, respectively) and beta-phellandrene (19.68% and 25.79%, respectively), whereas the main components of fruits were terpinolene (20.10%) and limonene (17.84%)These results were compared with those of the EOs of the same vegetative parts of Foeniculum vulgare subsp. vulgare, collected in the same station and in the same days. The oils of F. vulgare subsp. vulgare showed completely different compositions, with estragole, (E)-anethole and alpha-pinene as main compounds, clearly indicating the differentiation of the two subspecies. Our results were also compared with those reported in literature for other accessions of Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum[GRAPHICS].

Discharge of copper(II) and lead(II) ions into rivers and streams by industries and other human activities has gained serious consideration from regulatory bodies. These toxic metals are harmful to human beings and aquatic life when in high concentrations. Therefore, their removal from wastewater is very important. Hence, this work reports the binary adsorption of toxic metal ions of Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution by pristine and modified fennel seeds. Pristine fennel seeds (PFS) were treated with acidic and alkaline solutions to develop modified adsorbents designated ATFS and BTFS, respectively. SEM images revealed that PFS had an amorphous surface with irregular cavities. However, upon acid and base treatment, the surface was more refined. The ATFS had interconnected pores while BTFS had somewhat honeycomb pores. The UV-Vis results confirmed that some of the components were removed from PFS during acid and base pre-treatment. FTIR spectra revealed that the adsorbents had functional groups such as (-OH) and (-C=O), which were involved in the uptake of the metal ions. It was observed that the uptake of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions onto all adsorbents progressively increased when the initial concentration of the solution was increased. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained when the initial concentration of the solution was 100 mg/L. The uptake of Cu(II) and Pb(II) on PFS was 3.345 and 11.524 mg/g. While for ATFS 3.78 and 13.07 mg/g and BTFS 8.143 and 14.85 mg/g, respectively. It was observed that the isotherm data fitted Freundlich better for the uptake of both metal ions onto all adsorbents. It was observed that there was a rapid uptake when contact time increased from 5 to 60 min. However, when time increased above 60 min the uptake stabilized and reached equilibrium this was due to the saturation of active sites on the surface for all adsorbents. The kinetics study revealed that PSO fitted the data better than PFO. IPD data revealed that the uptake of metal ions was controlled by the synergistic of ESA and EPA. The ΔHº values for Cu(II) and Pb(II) uptake onto all adsorbents were all negative. This suggested that the reactions were exothermic.

In the present investigation, sixteen fennel varieties were evaluated at the Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops at the College of Horticulture, Anantharajupeta, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh during rabi season, 2019-20 for variability, heritability and genetic advancement in nineteen traits, such as plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, days to first flowering, days to 50 percent flowering, days to maturity, number of umbels per plant, number of umbellets per umbel, number of seeds per umbellet, number of seeds per umbel, fresh weight of umbel (g), dry weight of umbel (g), fresh weight of the plant at harvest (g), dry weight of the plant at harvest (g), seed yield per plant (g), seed yield per plot (g), seed yield per hectare (Kg/ha), harvest index (%) and test weight (g). The studies on variation showed that, there was a significant amount of variability in the material. Phenotypic coefficients of variants are of a degree greater than those of the genotypic coefficient of variation for test weight and days to maturity. The maximum PCV and GCV were observed for number of seeds per umbel (20.24 & 21.16 % respectively) and seed yield per plot (16.59 and 16.22%). High estimates of heritability were observed for number of seeds per umbel (99.20%) followed by seed yield per hectare (98.85%), seed yield per plot (96.50%), seed yield per plant (95.61%), number of umbels per plant (87.19%), number of umbellets per umbel (86.43%) and number of primary branches per plant (86.27%) and it was recorded medium for days to first flowering (57.19%) and days to fifty percent flowering (50.86%). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean for traits like number of seeds per umbel and seed yield per plant indicated that selection for improving these characters will be more effective as these characters are governed by additive gene action.

A field experiment was carried out during rabi 2018-2019, with 4 levels of nitrogen (60 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1) and 3 levels of potassium (40 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1 and 80 kg ha-1) in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD), with 3 replications and 12 treatment combinations. An application of nitrogen at N4 i.e. 120 kg N ha-1 was found to exhibit significantly superior performance in respect of growth parameters. While, earliness in terms of flowering exhibited by the treatment N1 (60 kg N ha-1). In respect of influence of potassium levels, K2 (60 kg K ha-1) was found significantly superior for plant height (181.93 cm), number of primary branches per plant (10.86), number of secondary branches per plant (23.81), early flowering (66.80 days) and days required for 50% flowering (86.08) at 120 DAS. The interaction effect of N4 x K2 (N4-120 N kg ha-1 and K2-60 K kg ha-1) found superior for growth parameters.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. The prognosis of HCC is very poor due to the absence of symptoms and a lack of effective treatments. Studies have shown that various Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) extracts exhibit anti-cancer effects on malignant tumors such as skin cancer and prostate cancer. However, the anti-tumor activity of Foeniculum vulgare and its underlying molecular mechanisms towards HCC are unknown. Here, we provide fundamental evidence to show that the 75% ethanol extract of Foeniculum vulgare seeds (FVE) reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis, and effectively inhibited cell migration in HCC cells in vitro. HCC xenograft studies in nude mice showed that FVE significantly inhibited HCC growth in vivo. Mechanistic analyses showed that FVE reduced survivin protein levels and triggered mitochondrial toxicity, subsequently inducing caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. Survivin inhibition effectively sensitized HCC cells to FVE-induced apoptosis. Moreover, FVE did not induce a decrease in survivin or apoptotic toxicity in normal liver cells. Collectively, in vivo and in vitro results suggest that FVE exerts inhibitory effects in HCC by targeting the oncoprotein survivin, suggesting FVE may be a potential anti-cancer agent that may benefit patients with HCC.

The genus Foeniculum is known for its wide ethnobotanical use in the Mediterranean region. Herein, we explored the compositional differences of volatile oils and headspace aroma of Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum (Mill.) Thell.) based on its different organs and various geographical origins via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sixty-seven volatile components were detected with phenylpropenes and monoterpenes, including trans-anethole, limonene, α-pinene, trans-β-ocimene, fenchyl acetate, and fenchone, as major constituents. Phenylpropenes were dominant in fennel hydro-distilled oils, whereas monoterpenes were dominant in most of the headspace aroma. The infraspecific variability was assessed using the unsupervised multivariate data analysis tools PCA and HCA, resulting in segregate clustering of accessions from different organs and locations with trans-anethole, limonene, trans-β-ocimene, fenchone, myristicin, and apiole as major phytomarkers contributing to this segregation. The antiviral activities of samples against hepatitis A and C viruses were investigated using the plaque reduction assay, HAV 3C proteinase and HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitory assays with a percentage inhibition between 66% and 85% and IC50 values from 1.8 to 26.7 μg mL-1. In silico molecular docking scores in latter enzyme binding pockets revealed key allosteric interactions with trans-β-ocimene and β-fenchyl acetate showing the best Gibb's free energy. Florence fennel exhibited interesting new perspectives for medicinal and industrial applications.

The chemical composition of essential oils of aerial parts of Daucus carota (DEO) and Foeniculum vulgare (FEO) was specified by GC/MS. Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of oils were tested by alpha-glucosidase inhibitory, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory, DPPH/ ABTS radical scavenging, and broth microdilution methods, respectively. Thirty components were identified in DEO (87.7%). Carotol (27.7%), elemicin (18.1%), and limonene (16.0%) were determined as the main compounds in DEO. Seventeen constituents were identified in FEO (100.0%). Estragole (34.0%), limonene (27.1%), and alpha-pinene (19.5%) were found as major components in FEO. Both oils displayed weak antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. However, the oils were not effective on Grampositive bacteria. DEO with IC50 values of 1359 and 1579 mu g/mL and FEO with IC50 values of 3106 and 1654 mu g/mL showed weak antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals, respectively. DEO and FEO exhibited good antilipoxygenase activities with IC50 values of 87.24 and 58.35 mu g/mL, respectively. DEO presented significantly alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 44.78 mu g/mL while FEO displayed poor activity with an IC50 value of 1%7 mu g/mL. This study is the first report on the 5-lipoxygenase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of aerial parts of DEO as well as on the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aerial parts of FEO. These results indicated that DEO, which has a good antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity, is rich in oxygenated sesquiterpene and monoterpene. Also, it showed that FEO, which has a significant anti-inflammatory activity, is rich in monoterpene and phenylpropanoid.

Foeniculum vulgare is a known herbal spice, and is commonly used in traditional medicine. Our aim was to perform the compositional analysis of ten varieties of fennel genotypes collected from a Tarai region of Uttarakhand. Mineral content was performed by using AAS to find out elements present in fennel seeds. Present study demonstrated significant mineral contents, moisture content and ash content in fennel and is used as food additives. The fennel seed genotype contains Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Na, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr and Co elements present in it. 60.42 to 48.14 mg/100g K, 32.04 to 25.42 mg/100g Ca, 20.43 to 14.42 mg/100g Mg, 3.43 to 1.05 mg/100g Fe, 3.12 to 0.21 mg/100g Na, 0.78 to 0.10 mg/100g Cu, 0.79 to 0.31 mg/100g Ni, 0.62 to 0.07 mg/100g Mn, 0.23 to 0.07 mg/100g Cr and 0.07 to 0.03 mg/100g Co are present in substantial amount. 8.45 to 5.85 % moisture content and 12.8 to 9.5 % ash content are present in fennel genotypes. The above result inferred that Foeniculum vulgare may be a good source of minerals that need to develop and proper functioning of body.

Culinary condiments have been used for centuries to treat several types of ailments. Four ethanolic lipid fractions including Nigella sativa, Foeniculum vulgare, Laurus nobilis, and Coriandrum sativum were selected to assess their antimicrobial potential alone and combined with antibiotics. Antibacterial activity was determined by various conventional procedures such as aromatogram test, well diffusion, macro-broth dilution, disc diffusion assay. The tested lipid fractions exhibited antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains. Antibacterial activity of lipid fractions was also seen within two hours of incubation. These lipid fractions attacked the cell wall i.e. the penetrability of bacterial cell and hence intracellular contents released in the environment which was detected at 260 nm of absorbance and verified via scanning electron microscopy. Antagonistic effect was mostly found by the combination of antibiotics and lipid fractions. Though, synergistic effect was obtained with beta-lactam drugs when combined with lipid fraction of Laurus nobilis. Hence the lipid fractions may be used to treat various communicable diseases. However antagonistic outcomes of the combinations suggested that herbal and allopathic therapies should not consume concurrently.

The natural resources and agriculture ecosystem are adversely damaged due to the fast buildup of toxic pollutants such as radionuclide, organic contaminants and heavy metals emitted from industries and other anthropogenic activities. A polyhouse experiment was conducted to assess the capability of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) to remediate a metal contaminated soil, collected from Moradabad (a hub of electroplating industries), by the application of different levels of cow manure. Metal analysis of root and aerial parts was performed using AAS and essential oil composition by GC and GC/MS. The results revealed that the use of cow manure at 52 t ha-1 gave highest plant growth and oil yield. Limonene, trans-anethole and dillapiole were the major constituents among all the amendments. The highest content of trans-anethole (56.05%) was noticed at 52 t ha-1. The addition of cow manure reduced Zn, Ni, Cu and Cr concentration in plant tissues. Maximum reduction was found at 104 t ha-1. Cr showed highest BCF at 0 t ha-1, while Cu showed lowest BCF at 104 t ha-1. Therefore, cow manure use in the metal contaminated soils had favourable impact on the growth characters and essential oil composition of fennel.

Herbal medicine is the core nucleus of holistic medicine which is gaining rapid popularity all over the world and gradually incorporating and integrating its position in the mainstream health care systems. Herbal medicines include plant and their parts that contain active ingredients alone or in combination to increase the efficacy, prevention and treatment of the disease. Analogous to conventional medicines herbal medicines are employed for various illness like cold, inflammation, diabetes, malaria, tuberculosis, cancer and so on. Indian traditional medicines or medicinal plants are indispensable source of new drugs. Foeniculum vulgare also known as Fennel, a member of Apiaceae family is used for various health benefits such as, it helps to regulate blood pressure, reduce water retention, improve eyesight and helps in reducing acne, constipation, arthritis, cough, gingival wound etc. Solanum nigrum also known as Makoh, a member of Solanaceae family is used in diverse medical conditions such as used to treat fever and to alleviate pain, used in treating the mouth ulcers, good herbal remedy for asthma, is the main ingredient in various medicines prepared to treat various liver disorders, helps in treating UTI and has excellent hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity. Cichorium intybus also known as Kasni, a member of Asteracece family is used in inflammation, hepatomegaly, digestive ailments, malaria, gout, sedative. It is a remedy for high blood pressure, constipation, liver disorders, gallbladder disorders, skin inflammation, loss of appetite, heart failure and cancer. These drugs provide a noteworthy basis in pharmaceutical biology for the development and formulation of new drugs for future clinical uses.

Genetic variability was studied in a set of 40 genotypes of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) grown at department of Seed Technology, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agriculture University, Sardarkrushinagar. The experiment was conducted during Rabi 2019-2020 in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Observation on five randomly selected plants were recorded for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of umbels per plant, number of umbellets per main umbel, number of seeds per main umbel, 1000-seed weight and volatile oil content in seed. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotypic difference among 40 genotypes for all the characters under study. Indicating the presence of wide range of variation in the material. High genotypic variances were observed for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of umbels per plant, number of umbellets per main umbel, seeds per main umbel and seed yield per plant. The genotypic coefficient of variation was highest for number of umbels per plant followed by number of umbellets per main umbel, seeds per main umbel, volatile oil content in seed (%) and seed yield per plant (g). Heritability estimates were high for Seed oil content followed by seed yield per plant, seeds per umbel, 1000-seed weight, Number of umbels per plant, number of umbellates per main umbel, number of branches per plant, plant height and days to flowering. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for seed yield per plant followed by seeds per umbel, volatile oil content, number of umbellates per main umbel, number of umbels per plant, 1000-seed weight and number of branches per plant.

Background: Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) has a wide range of applications. Previous studies revealed the presence of different compounds in the essential oil (EO) of fennel fruit (FF). Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) participates in several human biological processes including the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, activation or degradation of some significant regulatory proteins, and tumor cell invasion. Furthermore, the up-regulation of MMP-13 is associated with many disorders such as tooth caries and periodontitis, as well as the degradation of enamel and tissues around the implant and Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to investigate the compounds of the EO of FF (EOFF) from the Hamedan district, along with performing molecular docking analysis to assess the binding affinity of four compounds originated from F. vulgare with the MMP-13. Finally, the study focused on evaluating the pharmacokinetic and toxicity characteristics of the compounds. Methods: Hydrodistillation method was used for obtaining the EO from FF. Then, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to identify the components of the EO. Molecular docking analysis was carried out using AutoDock software. Eventually, the pharmacokinetic and toxicity features of compounds were evaluated using bioinformatics webservers. Results: The results revealed the presence of fourteen compounds, among which e-anethole (86.86%), fenchone (743%), estragole (165%), and thymol (1.21%) were the main components. Based on the results, thymol, fenchone, e-anethole, and estragole could potentially bind to the MMP-13 active site, respectively. Conclusion: Regardless of several studies on the chemical constituents of EOFF, the subject has its own pharmacognostical importance. According to computational studies, EOFF has the potential for study on several human disorders such as cancer, tooth decay, and Alzheimer’s disease.

Background: Fenchone is a natural monoterpene abundantly present in fennel essential oil. It is known for its wound healing properties but its other biological activities are less explored. Methods: We used an in silico structural similarity searching approache to identify various biological activities of fenchone. The identified biological activities of fenchone (purchased from Sigma Aldrich) were validated by conducting DPPH free radical scavenging assay, MTT assay, well diffusion assay for antimicrobial activity and enzymatic assays to analyze the activity of different antioxidant enzymes. Results: Camphor was found to possess maximum structural similarity with fenchone (similarityindex 100). Molecular docking demonstrated that the binding modes of fenchone were also similar to camphor against protein Cytochrome CYP101D1 (PDB ID: 4C9K). Fenchone also demonstrated to possess an antioxidant activity (IC50: 3.32±0.008mM), an antimicrobial activity (MIC: 0.49mM) and a very strong antifungal activity. Fenchone protects yeast cells from H2O2 induced cytotoxicity and is cytotoxic to cancerous Hela cells (IC50: 12.63±0.12 μM). Fenchone treatment also showed the reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes i.e glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and lipid peroxidase. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that used structural similarity searching to explore the biological activities of fenchone.

Introduction: Gastric ulcer is a complex disease affecting the stomach. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common cause of gastric ulcers. Drugs used in gastric treatment induce side effects and drug interactions. Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane), Foeniculum Vulgare Mill (Fennel) are herbal remedies having gastro-protective effects.Aim of work: To assess the cytoprotective effects of trio-clar versus fennel and ∕or purslane on aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in adult female albino rats.Materials and Methods: Forty-two adult female albino rats were divided into three main groups. Group I (control group). Group II (gastric ulcer), overnight fasted rats received aspirin solution (300 mg/kg/day) orally by gastric tube. GroupIIIincorporated as the treated gastric ulcer group that was subdivided equally into four subgroups. GIIIa: gastric ulcer treated with Trio-clar. GIIIb: gastric ulcer treated with purslane extract at dose 750 mg ∕ kg. GIIIc: gastric ulcer treated with fennel extract at a dose of 300 mg ∕ kg. GIIId: gastric ulcer treated with a combined dose of purslane and fennel extract. Fundus of stomach specimens was prepared and examined using different histological techniques.Results: Light microscopic study of the gastric ulcer group depicted severe mucosal injury in the form of ulcerative erosion, dilated distorted glandular architecture, damage of parietal and chief cells with vacuolated cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei, congested blood vessels and inflammatory cellular infiltration. A reduction of combined Alcian blue and Periodic-Acid-Schiff reaction coupled to a significant increase in area percentage of collagen fibers observed upon aspirin administration. The ultrastructural assessment confirmed these distortions. The treated groups showed different degrees of improvement in the histological changes depicted previously with priority to the combined administration of purslane and fennel extracts.Conclusion: Combined administration of purslane and fennel was more effective in enhancing the healing process than either purslane, fennel alone or trio-clar drug.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) figures among medicinal and aromatic herbal species that grow wild in oasis environments. The goal of the current work is to study for the first time the impact of domestication on the yield, phytochemical profile and antiradical activity of essential oils drawn from wild and domesticated fennel seeds in Morocco. The main findings revealed that wild fennel had the highest seed yield (10.98±0.4 g/plant) compared to the cultivated plant (9.14±0.5 g/plant) and the yield of essential oils was not enhanced by domestication. Actually, wild fennel recorded the highest yield of essential oil (3.67 ± 0.13%), whereas cultivated fennel exhibited the lowest yield (2.13 ± 0.07%). Similarly, the wild fennel essential oil showed the highest phenolic content (222.24 µg/mL) and antioxidant power based on β-Carotene bleaching assay (IC50= 0.694 mg/mL) and TBARS assay (IC50 = 1.193 mg/mL). The chromatography analysis showed that that estragole, anethole, and fenchone were the main compounds in both wild and cultivated fennel. However, cultivated fennel contained a high amount of estragole and a lower amount of anethole than that of wild fennel. Concerning the other compounds, the chemical profile was almost similar with minor quantitative variation. Regarding the antibacterial activity, cultivated fennel seeds essential oil recorded the strongest effect compared to that of the wild plant which might be related to the main compounds found in this essential oil.

Sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce) and thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss.) are regarded as the important supplies for pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and perfume industries. The major components trans-anethole and thymol are represented in fennel and thyme, respectively. The essential oils (EOs) content and the value of their related constituents should be given in strict quality control due to the storage conditions, source, and adulterations. In this study, we compared the validation of quantitative

The study investigated the effect of organic/biofertilizers in intercropping patterns on seed yield and yield components and essential oil, fatty acid, and phenolic compounds of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Experimental treatments included the application of humic acid (HA), biofertilizers (BFS), and the unfertilized control in five planting patterns [1 row fennel + 2 rows fenugreek intercropping (1F:2FG), 2 rows fennel + 2 rows fenugreek intercropping (2F:2FG), 2 rows fennel + 4 rows fenugreek intercropping (2F:4FG), and sole cropping of each species]. Sole cropping with BFS produced the highest seed yields for fennel (2233 kg ha−1) and fenugreek (1240 kg ha–1). In contrast, the 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS yielded the maximum fixed oil content for fennel (17.4%) and fenugreek (8.3%). Application of HA and BFS enhanced oil yields by 66% and 75% in fennel and 40% and 57% in fenugreek, respectively. The 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS produced the maximum essential oil constituents [(E)-anethole, estragole, and fenchone] in fennel. In addition, 2F:4FG with BFS and 1F:1FG with HA produced the highest unsaturated fatty acid (oleic and linoleic acids) concentration in both species. The 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS and HA produced the highest chlorogenic acid and quercetin contents, respectively, in fennel. In contrast, the 2F:4FG intercropping ratio with HA produced the highest chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid contents in fenugreek. Intercropping fennel/fenugreek with BFS or HA improved the essential oil content (fennel only), fixed oil quality and quantity, and phenolic compounds and created a more sustainable cultivation system than sole cropping systems for both species under low-input conditions.

Due to consumers' demand for ready-to-eat foods, in the last decades production of sauces has shifted from home-made to commercial practice. Besides to palatability and nutritional value, safety and stability are key issues of industrial sauces. The present study was aimed at evaluating the microbiological stability and safety of industrial-scale prototypes of two novel green sauces made with sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) as the main ingredient. To this end, accelerated shelf-life and microbial challenge tests were performed to assess: (i) the microbiological shelf-stability of the two sauces stabilized by heat treatments commonly applied at industrial scale to inactivate vegetative cells of spoilage microorganisms and pathogens in vegetable preserves (F

At present, the growing spread of tumor cases worldwide renders the research of new promising and selective anticancer drugs urgent. The biological action of extracts of medicinal plants or their essential oils (EOs) is an emerging field of interest, since they could comprise a rich source of phytochemicals that can prove promising. In the present study, the biological activity and mechanism of action of the EO of

In this study, Seeds powder of Foeniculum vulgare was used to prepare a novel adsorbent, the modification of the prepared adsorbent was done by each of ZnCl2, oxalic acid, and CuS, all samples have been characterized by different techniques and examined for Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) adsorption. Among the four modified and unmodified adsorbents, the sample modified by oxalic acid has the highest percentage removal for KMnO4 adsorption (%R = 89.36). The impact of KMnO4 concentration, adsorbent dose, contact temperature, contact time, and solution pH on the adsorption performance was also investigated. The experimental data of this adsorption was analyzed by different kinetic and isotherm models. As Constants of thermodynamic ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° have been also evaluated. Surface area, pore volume, and pore size of the modified oxalic acid F. vulgare seeds powder adsorbent were determined as 0.6806 m2 g−1, 0.00215 cm3 g−1, and 522.063 Å, as pHZPC also was stated to be 7.2. The R2 values obtained from applying different isotherm and kinetic models (0.999 and 0.996) showed that the adsorption performance of KMnO4 follows the Langmuir and Pseudo 2nd order models. Furthermore, high adsorption capacities of 1111.11, 1250.00, and 1428.57 mg g−1 were achieved at three temperatures that were used in this study. Constants of thermodynamic ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° values indicate chemical and spontaneous adsorption at the adsorbent surface. Therefore, the modified adsorbent can be used to remove KMnO4 dye from pollutant water samples.

To screen natural drugs with strong inhibitory effects against pathogenic fungi related to P. notoginseng, the antifungal activities of garlic and fennel EOs were studied by targeting P. notoginseng disease-associated fungi, and the possible action mechanisms of garlic and fennel EOs as plant fungicides were preliminarily discussed. At present, the antifungal mechanism of EOs has not been fully established. Therefore, understanding the antifungal mechanism of plant EOs is helpful to address P. notoginseng diseases continuous cropping disease-related obstacles and other agricultural cultivation problems. First, the Oxford cup method and chessboard were used to confirm that the EOs and oxamyl had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of Fusarium oxysporum. F. oxysporum is the main pathogen causing root rot of P. notoginseng and the preliminary study on the antifungal mechanisms of the EOs against F. oxysporum showed that the inhibition of EOs mainly affects cell membrane permeability and cell processes and affects the enzyme activities of micro-organism, to achieve antifungal effects. Finally, an in vivo model verified that both two EOs could significantly inhibit the occurrence of root rot caused by F. oxysporum.