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Common benign gynecologic procedures include hysterectomies and myomectomies, with hysterectomy being the most common gynecologic procedure in the United States [1]. While historically performed via laparotomy, the field of gynecologic surgery was revolutionized with the advent of laparoscopic techniques, with the most recent advancement being the introduction of robotic-assisted surgery in 2005. Robotic surgery has all the benefits of laparoscopic surgery such as decreased blood loss, quicker return to activities, and shorter length of hospital stay. Additional robotic-specific advantages include but are not limited to improved ergonomics, 3D visualization, and intuitive surgical movements. Despite these advantages, one of the most commonly cited drawbacks of robotic surgery is the associated cost. While the initial cost to purchase the robotic console and its associated maintenance costs are relatively high, robotic surgery can be cost-effective when utilized correctly.This article reviews application strategies and factors that can offset traditional costs and maximize the benefits of robotic surgery.

Endometriosis (EMS) is a chronic inflammatory and estrogen-dependent gynecological disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Although it is a benign disease, EMS is tumor-like in several aspects, which include unrestrained growth, decreased apoptosis, and aggressive invasion. EMS involves endocrine disorders and immunological factors. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step of the metabolism of tryptophan. IDO is a potential candidate facilitating EMS development. Increased IDO expression in both eutopic and ectopic endometria of women with EMS is biologically important in aspects, which include regulation of endometrial stromal cell function and modulation of adjacent local immunocytes to generate a supportive microenvironment. In turn, the expression of IDO can be regulated by the complex endocrine-immune microenvironment networks in endometrial lesions. Here, we systematically review the roles of IDO in EMS to explore its pathological implications and treatment potential.

Müllerian adenosarcoma is a very rare gynecological disease, comprising 5% of uterine sarcomas. Extragenital localizations are even rarer. We report a very interesting case of a 27-year-old woman complaining of pelvic pain, with a subsequent diagnosis of extragenital Müllerian adenosarcoma. This is the first case reported in the literature with a complete and wide imaging description. Even if rare, Müllerian adenosarcoma should be hypothesized in case of young female patients presenting with suspicious pelvic mass.O adenosarcoma Mülleriano é uma doença ginecológica muito rara, compreendendo 5% dos sarcomas uterinos. Localizações extragenitais são ainda mais raras. Relatamos um caso muito interessante de uma mulher de 27 anos queixando-se de dor pélvica com diagnóstico subsequente de adenosarcoma Mülleriano extragenital. Este é o primeiro caso relatado na literatura com uma descrição completa e ampla de imagem. Mesmo que raro, o adenosarcoma Mülleriano deve ser hipotetizado no caso de pacientes jovens do sexo feminino com massa pélvica suspeita.

BackgroundEndometriosis is a common gynecological disease affecting women of reproductive age; however, the mechanisms underlying this condition are not fully clear. The aim of this study was to identify functional long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with ovarian endometriosis for potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.MethodsRNA-seq profiles of paired ectopic (EC) and eutopic (EU) endometrial samples from patients with ovarian endometriosis were downloaded from the publicly available Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Bioinformatics algorithms were used to construct a network of ovarian endometriosis-related competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and to detect functional lncRNAs.ResultsA total of 4,213 mRNAs, 1,474 lncRNAs, and 221 miRNAs were identified as being differentially expressed between EC and EU samples, and an ovarian endometriosis-related ceRNA network was constructed through analysis of these differentially expressed RNAs. H19 and GS1-358P8.4 were identified as key ovarian endometriosis-related lncRNAs through topological feature analysis, and RP11-96D1.10 was identified using a random walk with restart algorithm.ConclusionBased on bioinformatics analysis of a ceRNA network, we identified the lncRNAs H19, GS1-358P8.4, and RP11-96D1.10 as being strongly associated with ovarian endometriosis. These three lncRNAs hold potential as targets for medical therapy and as diagnostic biomarkers. Further studies are needed to elucidate the detailed biological function of these lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Endometriosis is an incurable gynecological disease characterized by the abnormal growth of endometrium-like tissue, characteristic of the uterine lining, outside of the uterine cavity. Millions of people with endometriosis suffer from pelvic pain and infertility. This review aims to discuss whether nanomedicines that are promising therapeutic approaches for various diseases have the potential to create a paradigm shift in endometriosis management. For the first time, the available reports and achievements in the field of endometriosis nanomedicine are critically evaluated, and a summary of how nanoparticle-based systems can improve endometriosis treatment and diagnosis is provided. Parallels between cancer and endometriosis are also drawn to understand whether some fundamental principles of the well-established cancer nanomedicine field can be adopted for the development of novel nanoparticle-based strategies for endometriosis. This review provides the state of the art of endometriosis nanomedicine and perspective for researchers aiming to realize and exploit the full potential of nanoparticles for treatment and imaging of the disorder.

Bakgrund: Endometrios är en sjukdom som drabbar 10% av alla kvinnor i världen. Endometrios har komplexa symtom och det finns fortfarande stora kunskapsluckor om sjukdomen. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att ha sjukdomen endometrios. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie med induktiv ansats, och 11 resultatartiklar inkluderades och bearbetades. Resultatartiklarna bearbetades genom att resultaten granskades, sammanställdes och kategorier skapades. Resultat: I resultatet framgick att kvinnor med endometrios upplevde många olika symtom som gav inverkan på flera aspekter av deras liv. Kvinnor upplevde att diagnosen försenades då de inte blev betrodda av hälso- och sjukvården eller av vänner och familj som kunde normalisera deras symtom. Resultatet delades in i fem huvudkategorier: Upplevelser av fysiska, psykiska och emotionella symtom, Upplevelser av mötet med hälso- och sjukvården, Upplevelser av behandlingsformer, Upplevelser av intima relationer och sexualitet och Upplevelser av att inte bli tagen på allvar. Konklusion: Endometrios kan påverka flera dimensioner av kvinnans hälsa och liv. Det är av vikt att sjukvården tillgodoser kvinnans fysiska och psykiska välbefinnande. En ökad medvetenhet om hur sjukdomen påverkar kvinnan och hennes livssituation är väsentligt i ett omvårdnadsperspektiv. Background: Endometriosis is a disease that affects 10% of all women in the world. Endometriosis generates complex symptoms and there are still substantial knowledge gaps about this disease. Objective: To describe women’s experiences of having the disease endometriosis. Method: The study was conducted as a literature study with an inductive approach, where 11 result articles were used and processed. The articles were processed by reviewing and compiling the results and thereafter categories were created. Results: In the result it appeared that women with endometriosis experienced multiple different symptoms that had impact on numerous aspects of their life. Women experienced a delay in diagnosis due to not being believed by healthcare professionals and family and friends who could normalize their symptoms. The analysis resulted in five main categories: Experiences of physical, psychological and emotional symptoms, Experiences of encounters with healthcare, Experiences of treatment, Experiences of intimate relationships and sexuality and Experiences of not being taken seriously. Conclusion: Endometriosis can impact multiple different aspects of women’s lives. It is of importance that healthcare meets the needs of the women’s psychological and physical well-being. An increased awareness of how the disease affects the woman and her life situation is essential from a nursing perspective.

Endometriosis is a chronic estrogen-dependent gynecological disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue (stroma and/or glands) outside the uterine cavity, which induces a chronic, inflammatory reaction. Most commonly this involves ovaries and fallopian tubes, and rarely endometrial tissue may spread beyond pelvic organs.

Our previous studies have shown that uterine fibroids are associated with nonylphenol (NP) exposure, and the changes of carnitines in critical reproductive tissues and body fluids could be used to indicate the female reproductive toxicity caused by NP exposure. In this work, on the basis of further clarifying the correlation between NP exposure level and uterine fibroids, the possibility of the urinary carnitine levels as a potential indicator of uterine fibroids caused by NP exposure was discussed. The urine samples were collected from 84 female volunteers: the control group of 34 healthy women without gynecological disease and 50 uterine fibroids patients, respectively. Methods were respectively established for the determination of NP and eight carnitines in human urine samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the NP level of uterine fibroids group was significantly higher than that of control group (P = 0.002), indicating that NP exposure was an important environmental factor in the occurrence of uterine fibroids. It was further found that in urine samples of the uterine fibroids group, the levels of L-Carnitine (C0), L-Acetyl-carnitine (C2), L-Octanoyl-carnitine (C8), Tetradecanoyl-carnitine (C14), Oleoyl-carnitine (C18:1) and Linoleoyl-carnitine (C18:2) had obviously increased compared with those in the control group (P 0.001;0.001;0.001; = 0.003;0.001; = 0.010). The concentrations of L-Hexanoyl-carnitine (C6) and L-Palmitoyl-carnitine (C16) in the uterine fibroids group were also higher than those in the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant (P 0.05). The results suggested that the changes in urinary carnitine levels might be a potential indicator to help to warn of the risk of uterine fibroids caused by NP exposure at the early stage.

Introduction Localized Provoked Vulvodynia (LPV) is a gynecological disease that is difficult to manage. Despite the wide spectrum of pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment modalities, there is limited success in the management of this disease. Surgical treatment is usually performed as the last resort. We aimed to investigate the histopathological results of 38 women with LPV who underwent surgical vestibulectomy. Methods of the 55 women that were diagnosed with LPV and underwent vulvar vestibulectomy, 38 patients with complete histopathological results were included in this retrospective study. Results in 14 patients, the pathological reports revealed Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (LGSIL) (36.8%) whereas for 21 cases (55.2%), the findings were concordant with vestibulitis. The remaining three patients (7.8%) were diagnosed with lichen simplex chronicus. Conclusion the presence of LGSIL in the surgical specimens of LPV cases is noteworthy. In this group of patients, surgical excision may contribute to the prevention of progression into high-grade lesions. The relationship between Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections and LPV should be further investigated.

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Endometriosis is a gynecological disease that affects 1 in 10 women worldwide and is characterized by the presence of lesions made up of endometrial cells (ECs) outside of the uterus. Symptoms associated with endometriosis include pain and infertility. It was realized in early last century that endometriosis is an inflammatory disease. Search for the mediators of this inflammation had been one of the key areas of research in understanding the etiology of this disease. Pioneering work by Halme, Olive, and Arici’s groups provided evidences for an inflammatory peritoneal milieu and the role for macrophages in endometriosis (1-3). Publications as early as in the 1980s showed that the peritoneal macrophages are present at higher levels in women with endometriosis-associated infertility when compared to infertile women due to causes other than endometriosis or normal women (4). Just a few years later, Badawy et al . also examined the peritoneal fluid (PF) of women with endometriosis and those who were infertile and showed that macrophages and lymphocytes were the dominant cells in their fluid. They also noted that prostaglandins, PGF2α, and PGE2 were also increased in the fluid (5).

La endometriosis es la presencia de tejido endometrial fuera del útero, es una enfermedad ginecológica benigna y crónica. una de las localizaciones en la presentacion de esta enfermedad es en la zona rectovaginal, como una de sus formas más severas, la cual se asocia a síntomas graves, como dolor pélvico crónico, dismenorrea y disquecia, con implicaciones importantes como alteraciones en la funcionalidad gastrointestinal y su asociación con alteraciones en la fertilidad de las pacientes que lo presentan. En este artículo realizamos una revisión de la literatura, acerca de esta patología, su presentación clínica, diagnóstico, alternativas en el tratamiento, tanto médico como quirúrgico, y las complicaciones que se pueden ver en este tipo de pacientes.

Adenomyosis is a benign gynecological disease frequently affecting women of reproductive age. It has a negative impact on the quality of life, causing bleeding disorders, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in adenomyosis development remain unclear. This paper summarizes the reports found in the MEDLINE database on the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of uterine adenomyosis. The literature search included the following terms: “adenomyosis,” “adenomyoma,” “pathogenesis,” “molecular mechanisms,” and “gynecological disorders.” Only peer-reviewed, English-language journal articles were included. This review focuses on the molecular genetics, epigenetic modifications, and pivotal signaling pathways associated with adenomyosis development and progression, which will provide insights into and a better understanding of its underlying pathophysiology.

A endometriose é uma doença ginecológica que se caracteriza pela presença de endométrio como tecido-epitélio e estroma que se desenvolve fora da cavidade uterina. É uma doença crónica, estrogênio-dependente, é associada com dor pélvica, dismenorreia, dispareunia e infertilidade. Dado o grande impacto desta doença na qualidade de vida das mulheres, tem-se verificado um interesse crescente na descoberta de novos fármacos mais eficazes, tolerabilidade e segurança. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura a partir de artigos publicados entre os anos de 2008 a 2018 disponíveis a respeito dos Tratamentos farmacológicos para endometriose, nas bases de dados SCIENCE DIRECT e PUBMED. Encontrou-se um total de 223 artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos, em “português e inglês”. Após avaliação dos artigos, foram selecionados 15 artigos para o presente estudo, que cumpriram com todos os critérios de elegibilidade proposto na metodologia. Concluiu-se que podemos contar com vários tipos de tratamentos para endometriose, mas que a maioria tem como objetivo tratar os sintomas associados à endometriose. Atualmente o tratamento específico que podemos contar é o Dienogeste. Além disso, existem muitos estudos em busca de novas drogas e tratamentos promissores para essa patologia. Assim, fazem-se necessárias mais pesquisas a respeito do tema e que o farmacêutico tem papel fundamental para a adesão ao tratamento do paciente.

An embedded system is a set of hardware and software that is often designed for a single task. It is a computing device that directly involves various devices or applications for disease analysis, patient management and telemedicine biomedical applications. It is a disease that women are at risk of uterine dysfunction born prematurely. It has complex causes and physical and mental health to treat it hard, bringing great physical and psychological pain. Although some scholars have made achievements in the mechanism of disease TCM treatment, therapy and results, etc., they do not constantly limit the suffering of patients. Affecting factors include disease, pathogenesis and disease progression. In traditional Chinese medicine, these properties are still one of the main problems in the previous system. Premature Ovarian Failure (POF) is a gynecological disease that causes infertility, infertility, and menopause and kidney system to introduce the proposed Deep Learning system analysis. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is currently the most popular choice for women with ovarian dysfunction who can get rid of menopausal syndrome. However, due to its need for Chinese traditional medicine, Chinese Medicine (CM) is shining new, and doctors can treat ovarian disorder with Mino herbs and comprehensive treatments. It emphasizes acupuncture as individual physical therapy for POF. Although CM's ability to be supported by clinical trials and evidence from a meta-analysis in many preclinical trials, there are still adverse events related to traditional Chinese medicine treatment, the safety of which cannot be guaranteed. Updated information CM is running the cosmic disorder.

Leonurine ( 1 ), an important ingredient in leonurus sibiricus L., can be used for some gynecological disease. We have developed a concise and efficient synthetic route of Leonurine, which can be optimized for mass production. Commercially available compound 6 and 2,3-dihydrofuran ( 7 ) were used as starting materials. And the toxicity study on zebrafish shows that Leonurine would promote the hatching of zebrafish embryos at low concentration and result in acute death or chronic lethal toxicity at high concentration.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (RSG) is traditionally used to treat gynecological disease, which is simply recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, whether it has effect on upper genital tract inflammation (UGTI) is unclear. Aim of the study To evaluate the pharmacological effect of RSG on UGTI in rats and analyze its phytochemistry characteristics. Materials and methods The substances in RSG extract was qualified by LC-Q-TOF-MS method, and 11 substances were further quantified. The RSG extract, at dose of 241, 482 (clinical dose) and 964 mg/kg/day, was orally administered to UGTI rats whose upper genital tracts were multi-infected with pathogens. Infiltrations of neutrophil and lymphocyte and productions of IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL-1, MCP-1, RANTES, PGE2, COX-2, NF-κB p65 and IκB-α in upper genital tract were examined to evaluate the effects of RSG and its potential mechanism. Results A total of 77 substances were detected in RSG extract, with 50 substances putatively identified, most of which were flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylpropanoids. The quantification analysis showed flavonoid had a relative high amount. In pharmacological study, RSG extract suppressed infiltrations of inflammatory cells, reduced over-productions of factors involved in inflammation and pelvic pain. A potential mechanism of these effects was blocking NF-κB signal pathway. Conclusions The RSG extract exhibited anti-inflammatory effect on UGTI, with a potential mechanism of blocking the activation of NF-κB signal pathway. The effect may be involved in the presence of substances, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors of influencing cervical cancer and Human papilloma virus(HPV) infection preventive behavioral intention of nursing students. The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design. Data collection was done using self-report questionnaires with 218 nursing students in B city from November 30 to 15 December, 2015. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation analysis and multiple regression with SPSS Win 21.0 program. The significant factors of cervical cancer and HPV infection preventive behavioral intention was cervical cancer knowledge(β=.246, p＜.001), health belief about HPV vaccination(β=-.223, p＜.001), HPV vaccination(β=.173, p=.008), and Gynecological Disease History(β=.145, p=.026). And these factors explained 15.4% of the variance in the cervical cancer and HPV Infection preventive behavioral intention. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that it’s a need to develop the effective education program in addition to knowledge improvement on HPV and cervical cancer for nursing students.

Postpartum body pain is a common gynecological disease in clinical setting. Its symptoms are complex and is difficult to treat. It is often treated in many ways but with poor results, which bring great pain to patients and their families. Professor Zhang Xiaofeng can effectively improve clinical treatment of this disease from the point of view of "liver vital deficiency and yang stagnation". This paper mainly introduces the professional experience of Professor Zhang Xiaofeng in treating postpartum body pain. A clinical case was attached for reference as proof.

Siwu decoction (SWD), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula with over 1000 years of clinical history, is widely used for gynecological disease, especially blood deficiency syndrome, which is similar to anemia in modern medicine. In view of metabonomics being useful approach to investigate the potential mechanisms of action from the point of view of systems biology, in this study an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry method was employed for a holistic evaluation of SWD on a blood-deficiency rat model induced by N-acetylphenylhydrazine and cyclophosphamide via plasma metabonomics study. Routine blood examination results showed that SWD could significantly improve the declining hemogram indices. Meanwhile, the plasma metabonomics profiles in different groups were analyzed and differentiating metabolites were primarily visualized through chemometric analysis. Seven biomarkers were identified in plasma samples of blood-deficiency rat model compared with the normal group. Five main metabolism pathways were suggested using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway Analysis and Pathway Activity Profiling algorithm analysis. This indicated that SWD played a therapeu role in blood deficiency by regulating the aberrant endogenous metabolites. To sum up, this study provides clear evidence that a metabonomics study could serve as a useful tool to elucidate the systematic therapeutic profiles and mechanisms for blood deficiency syndrome of Chinese herbal medicines.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a category of RNA molecules with covalently closed circles lacking both a 5′ cap and a 3′ tail. In recent years, circRNAs have attracted much attention and become a research hotspot of the RNA field following miRNAs and lncRNAs. CircRNAs exhibit tissue specificity, structural stability, and evolutionary conservation. Although the biological effects of circRNAs are still underestimated, many studies have shown that circRNAs have functions including regulation of transcription, translation into proteins and miRNA sponges. In this review, we briefly described the biogenesis and function of circRNAs and present circular transcripts in gynecological disease.

Endometriosis is a benign gynecological disease which symptoms can provide a severe impact on patient’s quality of life with subsequent impact on psychological well-being. Different therapeutic strategies are available to treat this disease, such as surgery, hormonal therapies, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Nevertheless, the efficacy of conventional medical treatments is limited or intermittent in most of the patients due to the associated side effects. Therefore, a woman with endometriosis often search for additional and alternative options, and phytotherapy might be a promising alternative and complementary strategy. Different medicinal plants, multicomponent herbal preparations, and phytochemicals were investigated for pharmacological proprieties in endometriosis therapy. In most of the cases, the effect on endometriosis was related to phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids reporting anti-inflammatory, proapoptotic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory functions. Moreover, some phytochemicals have been related to a strong phytoestrogenic effect modulating the estrogen activity. Although promising, available evidence is based on in vitro and animal models of endometriosis with a limited number of well-performed clinical studies. There are almost none randomized control trials in this area. Therefore, properly constructed clinical trials are mandatory to achieve more conclusive results about the promising role of phytotherapy in the management of endometriosis.

Background: Endometriosis is a gynecological disease affecting 1 in 10 women of reproductive age. Endometriosis incidence has risen; however, whether this rise is due to disease awareness or enviro...

Ethnopharmacological relevance Plumula Nelumbinis, the green embryo of the mature seeds of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, has a medical history of over 400 years. It is widely used for clearing the heart and heat, calming the mind, and promoting astringent essence and hemostasis in traditional Chinese medicine. Moreover, it usually dual use as food and medicine. This review aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Plumula Nelumbinis by summarizing its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and safety. Methods This review summarized published studies on Plumula Nelumbinis in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and literature databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Baidu Scholar, Wiley and China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI), and limits the different research articles in botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and safety about Plumula Nelumbinis. Results Plumula Nelumbinis is used to treat hypertension, arrhythmia, severe aplastic anemia, insomnia, encephalopathy and gynecological disease in traditional Chinese medicine and clinical studies. More than 130 chemicals have been isolated and identified from Plumula Nelumbinis, including alkaloids, flavonoids, polysaccharides and volatile oil. In addition, pharmacological effects, such as protective effects against cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, lung and kidney injury, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, were also evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, the potential signaling pathways regulated by Plumula Nelumbinis in cardiovascular and neurological diseases and perspectives on Plumula Nelumbinis research were discussed. Conclusion Plumula Nelumbinis, a commonly used Chinese medicine, has a variety of traditional and modern therapeutic uses. Some traditional uses, especially the treatment of cardiovascular and neurological diseases, have been verified by pharmacological investigation. However, the pharmacological molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of Plumula Nelumbinis are still incomplete. In the future, a series of systematic studies on active compounds identification, pharmacological mechanism clarification, quality and safety evaluation are necessary.

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease with high prevalence, while its etiology and pathophysiology have remained to be fully elucidated. Previous evidence suggested that this disorder may be in part or completely of somatic origin. However, traditional endometrial samples may not be ideal for investigation, as target cells, including epithelial and stromal cells, in endometriotic lesions are too sparse to be analyzed. Recently, capture microdissection techniques have been used to overcome these limitations and eliminate tissue heterogeneity in endometriosis research. Therefore, the present review summarized the alterations in epithelial and stromal cells in endometriosis tissues isolated through capture microdissection, outlined recent progress and provided directions for future investigation of the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Clinical Study for Eight Cases of Dysmenorrhea Treated bySobokchukeo-tang-gagambang and Warm Needle TherapyTteul-E-Bom An, Dong-Chul KimDept. of Oriental Ob & Gy, College of Oriental Medicine, Daeguhaany UniversityObjectives: This paper was aim to report the effects of Sobokchukeo-tang-gagambang and warm needle therapy on the dysmenorrhea patients.Methods: The patients having treated with Sobokchukeo-tang-gagambang and warm needle therapy, from January 1st in 2014 until May 31st in 2016, was enrolled in this study. We collected and analyzed their age, accessory complaint except dysmenorrhea, treatment period, dosage of herbal medicine, diag nosed gynecological disease, remedies' effectiveness, etc.Results: All of the patients treated with Sobokchukeo-tang-gagambang and warm needle therapy in this study were recovered. Also, correla tion between the characteristic and recovery status of patients was not confirmed.Conclusions: Sobokchukeo-tang-gagambang and warm needle therapy is effective on patients having variable gynecological diseases. But the cas es are very deficient, so we need to study about availability of Sobokchukeo-tang and warm needle therapy on dysmenorrhea more systematically.Key Words: Sobokchukeo-tang , Dysmenorrhea, Warm Needle Therapy, Blood-Stasis

Background: To evaluate the short-term and long-term outcomes after laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH) compared with abdominal hysterectomy (AH) in case of benign gynecological disease. Methods: A multi-center cohort retrospective comparative study of population among 4,895 hysterectomies (3,539 LH vs.1,356 AH) between 2007 and 2013 was involved. Operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBL), intra-operative and post-operative complications, passing flatus; days with indwelling catheter, questionnaires covering pelvic floor functions and sexual functions were assessed. Results: The EBL (174.1±157.4 vs. 263.1±183.2 cc, LH and AH groups, respectively), passing flatus (38.7±14.1 vs. 48.1±13.2 hours), days with indwelling catheter (1.5±0.6 vs. 2.2±0.8 days), use of analgesics (6.5% vs. 73.1%), intra-operative complication rate (2.4% vs. 4.1%), post-operative complication rate (2.3% vs. 5.7%), post-operative constipation (12.1% vs. 24.6%), mild and serious stress urinary incontinence (SUI) post-operative (P

Endometriosis, a highly prevalent gynecological disease, is often associated with infertility, even in its milder forms (minimal and mild endometriosis). However, no consensus has been established with regard to this relationship and the possible mechanisms involved have not been completely elucidated. The oocyte is believed to have an important role in the infertility presented by these patients. Hence, oxidative stress events associated with alterations in the peritoneal, serum and/or follicular microenvironments might result in poor oocyte quality and compromise the reproductive potential of these women. Here, we review possible mechanisms involved in oocyte quality impairment that might lead to infertility in patients with early endometriosis.

The study objective was to assess the effect of increased experience on complications in robotic hysterectomy for malignant and benign gynecological disease. This is a retrospective cohort study. It is a Canadian Task Force classification II-2 study conducted at the University Hospital, Sweden. The patients were 949 women planned for robotic hysterectomy for malignant (75 %) and benign (25 %) gynecological disease between October 2005 and December 2013. They were continuously evaluated for the rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications up to 1-year post-surgery, the latter according to Clavien-Dindo classification following the introduction of robotic surgery with special awareness of complications possibly related to robot-specific risk factors, the description of refinement of practice and assessment of the effect of these measures. The rate of intraoperative complications, the overall rate of complications and the rate of ≥grade 3 complications decreased from the first to the last time period (4.8 vs 2.6 %, p = 0.037, 34 vs 19 %, p = 0.003 and 13.5 vs 3.2 %, p = 0.0003, respectively). The rate of intraoperative complications and the rate of postoperative complications possibly related to robot-specific risk factors was reduced from the first to the last time period (3.8 vs 0.6 %, p = 0.028 and 7.7 vs 1.5 %, p = 0.003, respectively). In patients undergoing robotic hysterectomy for malignant and benign gynecological disease intraoperative and postoperative complications and complications possibly related to the robotic approach diminish with training, experience and refinement of practice.

Background: Endometriosis is a complex gynecological disease in its physiopathological aspects and clinical implications. Signs and symptoms include pain and subfertility. The most common sites are pelvic organs and peritoneum. This study evaluated the prevalence of endometriosis among women undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain and infertility at a tertiary hospital in North-Western Nigeria over a 3-year period (from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017). Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of women who had diagnostic laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain and infertility in our hospital was conducted. Theater operation register records and files of women who had laparoscopy for the same indications were retrieved and reviewed. Information on sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics as well as laparoscopic findings were extracted and reviewed. Results: The total number of women who had laparoscopy for the above indications over the study period was 92, of which 74 files were retrieved and analyzed. The prevalence of endometriosis was found to be 8.1%. Endometriosis was found to be more common in women whose complaint was chronic pelvic pain and/or dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: Endometriosis is a common, underreported gynecologic condition among women of reproductive age group presenting with infertility and chronic pelvic pain.

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease. However, the etiology of endometriosis is still unclear, and current theories cannot fully elaborate its specific pathogenesis. Recently, some research has suggested that the occurrence and development of endometriosis may be related to genetics. Long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) is a kind of non-protein-coding RNA molecule with a length of 200-100,000 bp. With complex biological functions, lncRNAs play an important role in the normal development of individuals and the progression of various diseases, and lncRNAs have become an important field of medical research in recent years. This paper mainly illustrates the research progress on lncRNAs as they relate to endometriosis. We also provide some ideas for exploring the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Keywords: Endometriosis, Non-coding RNA, lncRNAs, Early diagnosis

Background. Primary dysmenorrhea, defined as painful menstrual cramps originating in the uterus without underlying pathology, is a gynecological disease that affects quality of life and school success. Our goal was to determine the effect of anterior uterocervical angle on primary dysmenorrhea and disease severity. Methods. A total of 200 virgin adolescents, 16 to 20 years of age, were included in the study. The Andersch and Milsom scale was used to determine dysmenorrhea severity. Those with pathologies causing secondary dysmenorrhea were excluded from the study. Study subjects were grouped based on severity of pain. Demographic characteristics and uterocervical ultrasonographic measurements were compared among groups. Results. Of the 200 participants enrolled in the study, 50 were healthy controls and 150 had primary dysmenorrhea. Those with primary dysmenorrhea had a significant family history of primary dysmenorrhea compared with controls (P<0.001). Age (P=0.668), body mass index (P=0.898), menarche age (P=0.915), and length of menstrual cycles (P=0.740) were similar in all groups. The uterine corpus longitudinal axis, uterine corpus transverse axis, and uterine cervix longitudinal axis were also similar (P=0.359, P=0.279, and P=0.369, resp.). The mean uterocervical angle was 146.8 ± 6.0 in controls and 143.3 ± 7.3 in those with mild pain with no significant difference between the groups. In those with moderate pain, the mean uterocervical angle was 121.2 ± 7.3 compared with 101 ± 9.2 in those with severe pain, which was a significant difference. Additionally, there was also a significant difference in the uterocervical angle among those with mild, moderate, and severe pain (P<0.001). Conclusion. Our results indicate that a narrower anterior uterocervical angle is associated with primary dysmenorrhea and disease severity.

Adenomyosis is a benign gynecological disease mostly diagnosed in the forth and fifth decades. The recent improvement of the diagnostic tools and a better understanding of the pathology allowed clinicians to postulate a possible relationship between adenomyosis and infertility and to diagnose it in younger asymptomatic women during infertility work-up. Purpose of this article is to review the different theories regarding the possible correlation between adenomyosis and infertility and to discuss the treatment options and the final reproductive outcome after the treatment.We search Pubmed for articles published in the English language with the use of the following MeSH search terms: "adenomyosis" combined with "treatment" and "fertility outcome" with the restriction to the human species. A manual search of review articles and cross-references completed the search. All selected articles were assessed for study design, patients characteristic, diagnosis of adenomyosis, type of treatment, post-treatment rates of conception, full-term pregnancy and completeness of information of the data sets.Limited data are available concerning the efficacy of the different treatment options of adenomyosis on fertility outcome and the only ones published are retrospective evaluations or small case series.Adenomyosis represents a common gynecological disorder with a negative impact on fertility. However, it remains challenging to establish if adenomyosis is the only cause of the infertility or not, because patients, in both case and control groups, may be affected by concomitant endometriosis. Further studies are required to determine the reason of implantation failure in women with adenomyosis and the impact of adenomyosis on infertile women with or without endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a common, estrogen-dependent, gynecological disease, which is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Current data have associated endometriosis with specific malignancies, including ovarian and breast cancer.The purpose of our study is to summarize and present published literature providing evidence regarding the possible relationship between endometriosis and breast cancer.Pubmed and Scopus databases were searched systematically for studies that sought to identify a potential association of endometriosis and breast cancer. 15 relevant articles were retrieved and included in the present review.A small number of observational studies have shown a correlation of endometriosis and breast cancer. Other studies found that the risk of breast cancer increases with age. The scenario of an early interruption of the inflammatory process, derived from endometriosis, by oophorectomy and a possible consequent decrease in the risk of breast cancer has also been proposed. The hypothesis that both conditions could be related through common mutations on BRAC1 and BRAC2 genes has also been investigated.The available published evidence is inconclusive. Further studies are needed to evaluate the association of endometriosis and breast cancer and the possible pathogenetic pathways that relate the two disorders.

Es bien sabido que las alteraciones sexuales producen profundos cambios psíquicos que a su vez pueden dar origen a modificaciones orgánicas. Hay en la relación entre los niveles orgánicos, funcionales y anímicos de los cambios individuales, en las esferas sexual sexuales o no pueden influir en aquellos aspectos de la materia o viceversa. Se discuten los cambios ginecológicos y andrológicas como causa de alteraciones psicosomáticas. Se comentan los siguientes tipos de procesos: 1 ° enfermedad ginecológica produce manifestaciones extra-ginecológicos. Muchos de estos pacientes siguen siendo desconocidos tener enfermedades ginecológicas. 2 ° Los pacientes sin enfermedad ginecológica y síntomas ginecológicos. Pacientes pseudo-ginecológica. 3 ° Los pacientes con enfermedad ginecológica y síntomas ginecológicos.

Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common gynecological disease and represents one of the most frequent reasons for hospital admission to a specialist unit, often requiring further surgical treatment. Following the so-called PALM-COEIN system we will attempt to further clarify the surgical treatments available today. The first group (PALM) is characterized by structural lesions, which may be more appropriately treated by means of surgical management. Although hysterectomy remains the definitive and decisive choice, there are many alternative techniques available. These minimally invasive procedures offer the opportunity for a more conservative approach. Precise and accurate counseling facilitates better patient selection, based on the patient's desires, age and disease type, allowing treatment to be individually tailored to each woman.

Introduction: Patients satisfaction includes the assessment of healthcare which she/he received. This study aims at assessment of mothers’ satisfaction with the care of maternal care in Specialized Educational-Medical Centers in obstetrics and gynecological disease in Northwest, Iran. Methods: In an analytic-descriptive cross-sectional study, 1000 female patients who admitted in educational-medical centers of Northwest were studied during a 2 years period (2010-2012). They asked to fill a 34-item closed-answer questionnaire (ranking from very unsatisfied to very satisfied responses) following their discharge. Validity of the questionnaire was improved by gynecologist’s experts comments, and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed by test-retest methods (α = 0.946). Results: The satisfaction score (satisfied or very satisfied responses) were 61.2, 55.8, 61.8 and 59.5 percent for admitting process, primary care services, treatments and therapeutic interventions and overall, respectively. The satisfaction score for access to doctors was highest in the morning and lowest at the night shifts. The satisfaction score about the personnel’s behavior was lowest during the night shifts. The satisfaction score about the residents’ behavior was highest for the morning shifts. There was no significant difference between the three working shifts regarding psychological feelings, humanitarian respect, and issues like nutrition and private and public hygiene. There was a significant direct correlation between the mean score of satisfaction and patients’ age (Spearman’s rho = 0.117, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The satisfaction level of patients hospitalized in Northwest of Iran's Hospitals was intermediate. Planning new strategies in this regard with emphasis on the main limitations may improve the satisfaction rate in the future.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of HE4 in detecting and differentiating between types I and II epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in comparison with CA125. Material and methods: We measured HE4 and CA125 serum concentrations in 206 samples taken from patients operated in Gynecologic Oncology Department due to ovarian tumors. Ovarian cancer was confirmed in 89 cases divided into type I and type II. 52 healthy patients without any gynecological disease formed the control group. The sensitivity and specificity for type I and type II EOC detection and differentiating between both types was evaluated for HE4 and CA125. Results: The HE4 and CA125 serum concentrations were significantly higher in type II than in type I EOC (p=0.008696, p=0.000243 respectively).The HE4 and CA125 sensitivity for type I and benign tumors differentiation was 63.16% for both of them and specificity was 87.29% vs 67.89% respectively. For CA125 these differences did not reach statistical significance. The HE4 sensitivity and specificity for type II and benign tumors differentiation were 87.14% and 96.61%, respectively, and for CA125 these values were 82.86% and 94.07%, respectively. Conclusions: Pretreatment analysis of HE4 serum concentration is superior to CA125 in differential diagnosis of ovarian cancer subtypes (I and II). HE4 is superior to CA125 in detecting ovarian cancer type II. Neither HE4 nor CA125 is an effective diagnostic tool for type I ovarian cancer detection. A new highly specific and highly sensitive tumor marker for type I EOC is needed.