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Dynamic multiple light scattering (DMLS) has found numerous applications, including soft matter physics and biomedical optics. Yet biological tissues may have complex internal geometries, presenting a challenge for noninvasive measurements. Deciphering laminar dynamics is crucial to accurately interpret tissue or organ physiology. Seminal DMLS work noted that one can probe deeper layers indirectly by analyzing light fluctuations on shorter time scales. Recent technologies have enabled probing deeper layers directly by analyzing fluctuations at longer path lengths. The following question arises: are the indirect and direct approaches synergistic or redundant? Here, by adding an optical switch to path-length-filtered interferometric diffusing wave spectroscopy, we experimentally address this question in the context of a forearm occlusion study. We find that both approaches afford better distinction of light scattering dynamics in layered tissues than either approach alone. This motivates further development of methods that integrate both decorrelation time scale and light path length to probe layered tissues.

[Display omitted] Hypothesis: Despite its importance in colloid and interface science, contact line pinning remains poorly understood, especially in the presence of a precursor film. We hypothesized that this is due to a lack of an experimental method capable of directly observing their physics at the nanoscale. Using coherence scanning interferometry, we visualized the three-dimensional behavior of contact lines with a precursor film near a nanogroove structure composed of flat terrace surfaces and steps with an inclination angle of 30° while achieving nanoscale vertical resolution. We found that even when the contact line is pinned at the edge of the step, the precursor film is not and advances beyond the edge. Furthermore, we discovered that the precursor film has two distinct effects on contact line motion. Specifically, the precursor film facilitates depinning when the contact line descends the step — a contact angle change was 0.9°, only 3.0% of the value predicted by a classical theory of contact angle at a solid edge. This ultra-early depinning is attributed to the formation of a new liquid film past the edge, driven by the progression of the precursor film that overcomes the pinning effect. In contrast, when the contact line ascends the step, the precursor film acts as a resistance to movement due to steric interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The virtual source method (VSM) is a useful tool for imaging and monitoring below complex and time-varying overburden. When it is applied to VSP geometries, the redatumed virtual source data often suffer from artifacts and aliasing due to the violation of theoretical acquisition conditions and partial focusing of virtual multiples, which further degrade seismic imaging quality. While the conventional Radon-domain VSM (R-VSM) mitigates these issues to some extent, it is still possible to improve upon the imaging. This study develops a simple and effective high-resolution Radon-domain VSM (HR-VSM) to effectively address these issues, offering superior noise and artifact suppression compared to traditional VSM and R-VSM. HR-VSM shows a strong performance across a wide range of VSP configurations and data types, especially in applications to multicomponent and passive seismic data, demonstrating its versatility and effectiveness in seismic exploration and showing potential for use in earthquake seismology. To extend subsurface illumination, we combined correlation-type and convolution-type HR-VSM for automatically redatuming virtual surface seismic profile shot gathers with a complete receiver array covering all surface source locations, without the additional pre-processing steps typically required by VSM. It was also tested on reverse VSP synthetic active data and passive seismic data, proving effective in constructing virtual shot gathers and showing potential for extending its use to earthquake data and ambient-noise seismology. Moreover, HR-VSM can perform elastodynamic interferometric redatuming, enabling the redatuming of pure P - P and pure P - SV waves from multicomponent VSP data. We applied HR-VSM to redatum virtual single well profile data containing fault-related P - P and P - SV reflections from VSP data, which were further used for fault imaging. Finally, HR-VSM was used to generate virtual crosswell data with receivers in both boreholes, eliminating the need for downhole sources. The obtained virtual crosswell containing direct waves, as well as P - P and P - SV reflections, enable constructing a velocity model and imaging the structure between wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To invastigate intra- and interobserver reliability of interferometry, tear meniscus height (TMH) measurement and meibography (MBG) of an ocular surface analyzer, LacryDiag (Quantel Medical, France). METHODS: Five consecutive measurements and subsequent analysis of interferometry, TMH, and MBG were recorded by two examiners using the LacryDiag. To assess intra- and interobserver reliability, we used Cohen's kappa for categorical variables (interferometry), or intraclass correlation coefficient for continuous variables (TMH, MBG). RESULTS: Thirty eyes of 30 examinees were included. For both observers, there was excellent intraobserver reliability for MBG (0.955 and 0.970 for observer 1 and 2, respectively). Intraobserver reliability for observer 1 was substantial for interferometry (0.799), and excellent for TMH (0.863). Reliability for observer 2 was moderate for interferometry (0.535) and fair to good for TMH (0.431). Interobserver reliability was poor for interferometry (0.074) and fair to good for TMH (0.680) and MBG (0.414). CONCLUSION: LacryDiag ocular surface analyzer in our study proves to be a reliable noninvasive tool for the evaluation of TMH and MBG. As for interferometry, poor interobserver reliability, fair to good intraobserver reliability for observer 1, and moderate for observer 2, leave room for improvement.

The Ivughli salt dome, located in the West Azerbaijan province of Iran, is sourced in the Miocene Upper Red Formation, which includes salt and gypsum layers, red marl, and sandstone. The salt diapirs of West Azerbaijan are located along the North Tabriz Fault. Faults related to fractures around the Ivughli salt dome have displaced the folded layers and have caused subsidence in some parts of the salt dome. Based on the results of interferometry data, there are smaller and bigger elevation/subsidency rates with a total average of 4 mm for the whole body of the dome. The east of the dome shows high elevation and this may be due to the effect of a hidden fault that branches off the North Tabriz Fault. As well as the role of normal faults in the lower elevation of the western parts of the dome, there may have been subsidence related to surface washing and driven by erosion and agriculture in the region. Regarding the emplacement and shape of the Ivughli salt dome, it is young diapirism and currently acctive. In general, tectonic activity is still causing the rise of the Ivughli salt dome at a rate of movement that is not uniform across its structure.

Mining-induced subsidence poses a serious hazard to the surrounding environment and infrastructure, necessitating the detection of such subsidence for effective disaster mitigation and the safeguarding of local residents. Fucheng 1 is the first high-resolution mini-satellite interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) launched by China in June 2023. In this study, we used Fucheng 1 SAR images to analyze mining-induced subsidence in Karamay by InSAR Stacking and D-InSAR. The findings were compared with Sentinel-1A imagery to evaluate the effectiveness of Fucheng 1 in monitoring subsidence and its interferometric performance. Analysis revealed significant mining-induced subsidence in Karamay, and the results from Fucheng 1 closely corresponded with those from Sentinel-1A, particularly regarding the extent of the subsidence. It is indicated that the precision of Fucheng 1 SAR imagery has reached leading standards. In addition, due to its higher resolution, the maximum detectable deformation gradient (MDDG) of Fucheng 1 is 2.15 times higher than that of Sentinel images. This study provides data support for the monitoring of mining-induced subsidence in the Karamay and give a theoretical basis for the application of Fucheng 1 in the field of Geohazard monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time series interferometric SAR (TSInSAR) techniques face challenges related to the availability of highly coherent point targets in non-urban, vegetated, and mountainous regions. In this study, we tested an improved TSInSAR approach with the help of distributed scatterers (DS) detected through the fast statistically homogeneous pixel selection (faSHP) approach and jointly processed with persistent scatterers (PS) within the interferometric point target analysis (IPTA) framework. The method is applied to a seismically active and highly gradient terrain to investigate the earthquake-induced active unstable slopes (AUS) in the Muzaffarabad-Balakot region of northern Pakistan, particularly using sixteen PALSAR-2 images acquired between October 2014 and May 2020. However, its effectiveness was also assessed by using Sentinel-1 data from the same time period. The quantitative assessment showed the effectiveness of the method in delineating the sliding surfaces of the unstable slopes and achieving approximately four times higher point density as compared to the standard PSI approach when applied to PALSAR-2 data and approximately nine times higher point targets when Sentinel-1 data is used. Exhibiting an average deformation rate varying between −40 mm yr−1 and 20 mm yr−1 along the line of sight (LOS) direction, the obtained results from PALSAR-2 data revealed the existence of 451 AUS in the region. The study also reports the discovery of a giant destabilized slope (~2.30 sq. km) located near Patika Village along the Neelam River. The majority of these unstable slopes are found at altitudes above 780 m, with slope angles ranging from 15 to 50 degrees. The study also found a significant correlation between deformation patterns and local precipitation. The rainwater gradually penetrates into the joints and cracks, accelerating the processes of deformation and slope failure. The research and its findings could help decision-making entities by providing first-hand information for managing the risks associated with slope failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion The aim of this pilot study was to establish a satisfactory, scientific approach to effectively compare quantitative measurements of various ocular surface parameters before and after surgical treatment in dogs suffering from distichiasis.An ophthalmic examination was conducted on 12 dogs (23 eyes) before and after surgical treatments for distichiasis, at four different time points, (t0 = before surgery, t1 = 1–2 h after surgery, t2 = 1 week after surgery, t3 = 1 month after surgery, and t4 = 6 months after surgery) between 2021 and 2022, and analyzed retrospectively. The examination included Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1), interferometry, noninvasive tear film break‐up time (NIBUT), tear meniscus size (TMS), and meibography.No statistically significant changes were found in STT‐1 (t0: 22.2 ± 6.5 mm, t2: 22.5 ± 5.7 mm, t3: 20.8 ± 5.1 mm, and t4: 22.6 mm ± 4.8 mm) before and after surgery. Mean interferometry scores showed a slight, not statistically significant, decrease from t0 to t3 and t4 (t0: 2.1 ± 0.8, t1: 2.1 ± 0.7, t2: 2.1 ± 0.9, t3: 1.8 ± 0.6, and t4: 1.9 ± 1.1). Mean NIBUT did not change significantly between time points (t0: 3.9 ± 1.3 s, t1: 4.0 ± 1.3 s, t2: 4.0 ± 1.4 s, t3: 3.5 ± 0.7 s, and t4: 3.5 ± 0.9 s). TMS showed a slight, not statistically significant increase (t0: 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, t1: 0.5 ± 0.3, t2: 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, t3: 0.6 ± 0.2 mm, and t4: 0.7 ± 0.3 mm). There were no changes in the gross morphology of the meibomian glands (MG).This pilot study could not detect a negative effect of different forms of treatment of distichiasis on the precorneal tear film parameters in dogs. However, due to the study's retrospective nature and small sample size, no definitive conclusion can be drawn regarding the changes at the different time points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is described to measure the thermal expansion coefficient of fused quartz glass. The measurement principle is to monitor the change in resonance frequency of a Fabry–Perot cavity as its temperature changes; the Fabry–Perot cavity is made from fused quartz glass. The standard uncertainty in the measurement was less than 0.6 (nm · m - 1) · K - 1 , or 0.15 %. The limit on performance is arguably uncertainty in the reflection phase-shift temperature dependence, because neither thermooptic nor thermal expansion coefficients of thin-film coatings are reliably known. However, several other uncertainty contributors are at the same level of magnitude, and so any improvement in performance would entail significant effort. Furthermore, measurements of three different samples revealed that material inhomogeneity leads to differences in the effective thermal expansion coefficient of fused quartz; inhomogeneity in thermal expansion among samples is 24 times larger than the measurement uncertainty in a single sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subcooled nucleate flow boiling encompasses intricate simultaneous condensation and evaporation processes. It involves thin liquid microlayers trapped beneath growing bubbles, enabling high heat and mass transfer with fluxes exceeding 1 MW/m2. Understanding microlayer contribution to bubble growth is pivotal for developing reliable boiling models. Unlike previous studies, we account for condensation effects, important in the context of subcooled boiling regime, in estimating microlayer contribution by simultaneously obtaining microlayer dynamics from thin-film interferometry and whole-field temperature from rainbow schlieren deflectometry. We establish that the microlayer evaporation significantly influences bubble growth in flow boiling, contributing up to 60% (in growth phase) in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the benefits of future quantum accelerometers based on cold atom interferometry (CAI) on current and upcoming satellite gravity mission concepts. These mission concepts include satellite‐to‐satellite tracking (SST) in a single‐pair (GRACE‐like) and double‐pair constellation as well as satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG, single satellite, GOCE‐like). Regarding instruments, four scenarios are considered: current‐generation electrostatic (GRACE‐, GOCE‐like), next‐generation electrostatic, conservative hybrid/CAI and optimistic hybrid/CAI. For SST, it is shown that temporal aliasing poses currently the dominating error source in simulated global gravity field solutions independent of the investigated instrument and constellation. To still quantify the advantages of CAI instruments on the gravity functional itself, additional simulations are performed where the impact of temporal aliasing is synthetically reduced. When neglecting temporal aliasing, future accelerometers in conjunction with future ranging instruments can substantially improve the retrieval performance of the Earth's gravity field (depending on instrument and constellation). These simulation results are further investigated regarding possible benefit for hydrological use cases where these improvements can also be observed (when omitting temporal aliasing). For SGG, it is demonstrated that, with realistic instrument assumptions, one is still mostly insensitive to time‐variable gravity and not competitive with the SST principle. However, due to the improved instrument sensitivity of quantum gradiometers compared to the GOCE mission, static gravity field solutions can be improved significantly. Key Points: Quantum instruments may significantly improve the sensitivity of gravity measurementsA higher sensitivity cannot substantially improve current and upcoming satellite gravity missions due to temporal aliasing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the design and principle of operation of a 20 m laser strainmeter of unequal-arm type created on the basis of a Michelson interferometer and frequency-stabilized helium–neon laser. The interferometry methods used allow the measurement of the displacement of an Earth's crust section on the base of the laser strainmeter with an accuracy of 30 pm in the frequency range from 0 (conventionally) to 1000 Hz. This laser strainmeter, when connected to an accurate time system providing an accuracy of 1 μs, should structurally become a part of the laser interferometric seismoacoustic observatory, consisting of spatially separated laser strainmeters installed in various regions of Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the application requirement of wide-range high-resolution imaging of non-cooperative moving real targets by inverse synthetic-aperture ladar (ISAL), experiments were conducted on the depolarization effect of target materials, and the polarization selection of ISAL receiving and transmitting channels was discussed. Considering the impact of target depolarization and the demand for along-track interferometry, combined with beam-broaden and high-gain amplifiers, an ISAL system design method that can stably image multiple non-cooperative real targets has been proposed. Under the condition of broadening the transmitting and receiving beams to 3° in the elevation direction for non-cooperative moving vehicles, echo data with a duration of 1 s is obtained. The spatial correlation algorithm combined with along-track interferometry is used to estimate the vibration phase error. The sub-aperture Range-Doppler algorithm is used for imaging. The ISAL imaging results of the moving vehicle validated the high-resolution imaging ability of ISAL and its potential for stable imaging of non-cooperative moving real targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present calculations of interferograms (interference patterns) of one or multiple spiral phase plates that would be observed with a perfect crystal neutron interferometer of Mach–Zehnder type. A spiral phase plate (SPP) in one of the two coherent beam paths produces a twist in the phase front and thus a vortex beam with intrinsic angular momentum, which in the case of neutrons should be observed as a characteristic interference pattern that appears complementary to each other in both detectors behind the interferometer. Adding additional SPPs in one beam path of the interferometer yield interference patterns similar to that of a single SPP but only due to the cumulative step height. All simulated interferograms have been calculated on the basis of dynamical neutron diffraction without any assumption of a neutron orbital angular momentum and show very convincing agreement with experimental results from the literature, see e.g. (C. W. Clark, R. Barankov, M. G. Huber, M. Arif, D. G. Cory, and D. A. Pushin, "Controlling neutron orbital angular momentum," Nature, vol. 525, pp. 504–506, 2015). In particular, this clarifies, that the cited experiments do not give evidence of the quantization of interactions caused by a twist of the phase front of a neutron wave in the interferometer and thus no evidence for the effect of a neutron orbital angular momentum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work focuses on developing a detailed understanding of the effects of initial composition (Cin) and bottom cooling temperatures (TB) on different characteristics of double-diffusive convection during unidirectional solidification of water-NH4Cl solution in a complete non-intrusive manner. The qualitative investigation, simultaneous quantification of transported parameters (composition and temperature) and fluid velocities associated with flow patterns are carried out using rainbow schlieren deflectometry, dual-wavelength interferometry and PIV (particle image velocimetry) technique respectively. The dependence of the characteristics of double-diffusive convection for different Cin and TB is explained on the basis of real-time whole-field investigation using a combination of aforementioned imaging techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, neural networks have been used to solve phase retrieval problems in imaging with superior accuracy and speed than traditional techniques, especially in the presence of noise. However, in the context of interferometric imaging, phase noise has been largely unaddressed by existing neural network architectures. Such noise arises naturally in an interferometer due to mechanical instabilities or atmospheric turbulence, limiting measurement acquisition times and posing a challenge in scenarios with limited light intensity, such as remote sensing. Here, we introduce a 3D–2D Phase Retrieval U-Net (PRUNe) that takes noisy and randomly phase-shifted interferograms as inputs and outputs a single 2D phase image. A 3D downsampling convolutional encoder captures correlations within and between frames to produce a 2D latent space, which is upsampled by a 2D decoder into a phase image. We test our model against a state-of-the-art singular value decomposition algorithm and find PRUNe reconstructions consistently show more accurate and smooth reconstructions, with a ×2.5–4 lower mean squared error at multiple signal-to-noise ratios for interferograms with low (<1 photon/pixel) and high (∼100 photons/pixel) signal intensity. Our model presents a faster and more accurate approach to perform phase retrieval in extremely low light intensity interferometry in the presence of phase noise and will find application in other multi-frame noisy imaging techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topography measurement accuracy of coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) suffers from the local characteristic of micro-structured surfaces, such as local surface slopes. A cylindrical reference artefact made of single-mode fiber with high roundness and low roughness has been proposed in this manuscript to traceably investigate the surface tilting induced measurement deviations using coherence scanning interferometry with high NA objectives. A feed-forward neural network (FF-NN) is designed and trained to model and thereafter compensate the systematic measurement deviations due to local surface tilting. Experimental results have verified that the FF-NN approach can well enhance the accuracy of the CSI for radius measurement of cylindrical samples up to 0.3%. Further development of the FF-NN for modelling of the measurement errors in CSI due to the optical properties of surfaces including areal roughness is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple-RF (MRF) dressing allows trapping of ultracold atoms in novel spatial geometries, such as highly controllable bilayer structures for two-dimensional (2D) ultracold gases, providing unique opportunities for the investigation of 2D quantum systems both in and out of equilibrium. Here, we give an overview of the recent developments of MRF-dressed atom experiments, illustrated by the detailed studies of universal relaxation dynamics across the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless critical point enabled by coherent splitting quench protocols and detection of correlations via spatially selective matter-wave interferometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In mountain environments, landslide activity can be assessed through a combination of remote and proximal sensing techniques performed at different scales. The complementarity of methods and the synergistic use of data can be crucial for landslide recognition and monitoring. This paper explored the potential of Multi-Temporal Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (MT-DInSAR) to detect and monitor slope deformations at the basin scale in a catchment area of the Northern Apennines (Italy) and verified the consistency between the landslide classification by the Inventory of Landslide Phenomena in Italy (IFFI) and displacements from the SAR data. In this research, C- and X-band SAR were considered to provide insights into the performances and suitability of sensors operating at different frequencies. This study provides clues about the state of activity of slow-moving landslides and critically assessed its contribution to the IFFI inventory update. Moreover, it demonstrated the benefits of the synergistic use of SAR and geomorphological analysis to investigate slope dynamics in clayey terrains by exemplifying the approach for a relevant case study, the Gaiato landslide. Notwithstanding the widespread use of MT-DInSAR for landslide kinematics investigations, the main limiting factors are discussed along with the expected improvements related to the upcoming new generations of L-band SAR satellites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is expected to play a vital role in solving the challenge of sustainably providing the growing world population with healthy and nutritious food. Pathogen outbreaks are a major risk for the sector, so early detection and a timely response are crucial. This can be enabled by monitoring the pathogen levels in aquaculture facilities. This paper describes a photonic biosensing platform based on silicon nitride waveguide technology with integrated active components, which could be used for such applications. Compared to the state of the art, the current system presents improvements in terms of miniaturization of the Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) and the development of wafer-level processes for hybrid integration of active components and for material-selective chemical and biological surface modification. Furthermore, scalable processes for integrating the PIC in a microfluidic cartridge were developed, as well as a prototype desktop readout instrument. Three bacterial aquaculture pathogens (Aeromonas salmonicida, Vagococcus salmoninarum, and Yersinia ruckeri) were selected for assay development. DNA biomarkers were identified, corresponding primer-probe sets designed, and qPCR assays developed. The biomarker for Aeromonas was also detected using the hybrid PIC platform. This is the first successful demonstration of biosensing on the hybrid PIC platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to measuring the thickness of step height standards using the author's version of the variable wavelength interferometer (VAWI) in the reflected-light mode, where the interference pattern is created by the combination of two Wollaston prisms. The element of novelty consists in replacing the traditional search for the coincidence of fringes in the object and background with a continuous measurement of their periods and phases relative to the zero-order fringe. The resulting system of sinusoids is then analyzed using two methods: the classical one and the second utilizing the criterion of uniform thickness. The theory is followed by simulation and experimental parts, providing insight to the metrological potential of the VAWI technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigate the usefulness of the spectral whitening procedure, devised by one of the authors as a preprocessing stage of envelope-detected single-look synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, in application contexts where phase information is relevant. In the first experiment, each of the raw datasets of an interferometric pair of COSMO-SkyMed images, representing industrial buildings amidst vegetated areas, was individually (1) synthesized by the SAR processor without Fourier-domain Hamming windowing; (2) synthesized with Hamming windowing, used to improve the focalization of targets, with the drawback of spatially correlating speckle; and (3) processed for the whitening of complex speckle, using the data obtained in (2). The interferograms were produced in the three cases, and interferometric coherence and phase maps were calculated through 3 × 3 boxcar filtering. In (1), coherence is low on vegetation; the presence of high sidelobes in the system's point-spread function (PSF) causes the spread of areas featuring high backscattering. In (2), point targets and buildings are better defined, thanks to the sidelobe suppression achieved by the frequency windowing, but the background coherence is abnormally increased because of the spatial correlation introduced by the Hamming window. Case (3) is the most favorable because the whitening operation results in low coherence in vegetation and high coherence in buildings, where the effects of windowing are preserved. An analysis of the phase map reveals that (3) is likely to be facilitated also in terms of unwrapping. Results are presented on a TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X (TSX-TDX) image pair by processing the interferograms of original and whitened data using a non-local filter. The main results are as follows: (1) with autocorrelated speckle, the estimation error of coherence may attain 16% and inversely depends on the heterogeneity of the scene; and (2) the cleanness and accuracy of the phase are increased by the preliminary whitening stage, as witnessed by the number of residues, reduced by 24%. Benefits are also expected not only for differential InSAR (DInSAR) but also for any coherent analysis and processing carried out performed on SLC data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the mysterious dark matter is a key quest in modern physics. Currently, detecting axions, a hypothetical particle proposed as a primary component of dark matter, remains a significant challenge due to their weakly interacting nature. Here we show at quantum level that in a cavity permeated by a magnetic field, the single axion-photon conversion rate is enhanced by the cavity quality factor and is quantitatively larger than the classical result by π/2. The axion cavity can be considered a quantum device emitting single photons with temporal separations. This differs from the classical picture and reveals a possibility for the axion cavity experiment to handle the signal sensitivity at the quantum level, e.g., a dual path quantum interferometry with cross-power and second-order correlation measurements. This scheme would greatly reduce the signal scanning time and improve the sensitivity of the axion-photon coupling, potentially leading to the direct observation of axions. Axions are the top contenders for explaining the enigmatic dark matter in the Universe. The authors present the inaugural quantum-level validation of a cavity's resonant boost to the conversion of axions into photons, thus employing a dual-path interferometry method can greatly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in the experiments, enabling swifter scans and a better detection sensitivity for the evasive axion dark matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the principles, implementation details, and performance characteristics of a lensless multi-spectral digital holographic sensor and demonstrate its potential for quality assurance in semiconductor manufacturing. The method is based on capturing multi-spectral digital holograms, which are subsequently utilized to evaluate the shape of a reflective test object. It allows for a compact setup satisfying high demands regarding robustness against mechanical vibrations and thus overcomes limitations associated with conventional optical inspection setups associated with lens-based white light interferometry. Additionally, the tunable laser source enhances the versatility of the system and enables adaptation to various sample characteristics. Experimental results based on a wafer test specimen demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The axial resolution of the sensor is ± 2.5 nm, corresponding to 1σ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear optical methods based on second harmonic generation have been widely used to observe ferroelectric domain structures. However, most previous methods have some flaws, such as limitations in structure patterns and time-consuming scanning processes. We have developed a technique called nonlinear spiral interferometry to observe domain walls, which avoids these problems. By placing a spiral phase plate on the rear focal plane of the imaging system, the intensity of the second harmonic wave can be concentrated at 180° domain walls, while regions with homogeneous polarization appear as a dark field. This phenomenon originates from the interference of point spread functions with spiral phase, and the principle is applicable to samples with any polarized pattern. Using this method, disturbing miscellaneous peaks can be suppressed, and imaging contrast is improved due to the redistribution of energy. This technique is verified through theoretical calculations and experiments, providing an effective and convenient way to observe domain structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients tend to favor the whitening mouthwashes as they are easily applied and affordable. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide versus charcoal-based whitening mouthwashes on color, surface roughness, and color stability of enamel. In the current study, the whitening mouthwashes used have the ability to stop future stains due to their white seal technology. Methods: A total of 21 permanent central incisor teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were used in the present study. Teeth roots were sectioned and crowns were mounted in self-cured acrylic resin blocks. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 7) according to the tested whitening mouthwash: Control group ‟ DW" (Distilled water), ‟OW" group: Peroxide-based mouthwash (Colgate Optic White) and ‟CP" group: Charcoal-based mouthwash (Colgate® Plax Charcoal). Regarding ‟OW" and ‟CP" groups, the specimens were immersed in 20 ml of the tested mouthwash in each corresponding group for 1 min twice daily (morning and evening) for a total of 12 uninterrupted weeks. Color change was assessed using VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer and surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a white light interferometer. The specimens were stained using black tea solution and color was measured after 24 h of immersion for assessment of color stability. Results: Color change results revealed that both whitening mouthwashes were able to restore color comparable to the control group with no significant difference between them. Regarding surface roughness, the control group showed the highest mean Ra value, followed by ‟OW" group while ‟CP" group showed the lowest mean Ra value. While color stability after staining, the control group showed a significantly higher value than the ‟CP" and ‟OW" groups. Conclusion: Hydrogen peroxide and charcoal-based whitening mouthwashes improve the color of enamel with no adverse effect on the surface roughness. Both whitening mouthwashes were beneficial to maintain the color after staining and prevent future enamel stains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves observed by the interferometry observation mode of the Arase satellite. It is found that the magnitude of the phase difference varies with the satellite spin. The spin dependence of this phase difference was investigated by examining the trend of the spin dependence for the 84 events of interferometry observation of ECH waves. We found that they are divided into two categories. One is that the phase difference tends to show sinusoidal variations as a function of the angle γ B between the ambient magnetic field projected on the spin plane and the electric field sensor. The other is that the phase difference is close to zero and does not depend on γ B . A numerical model of interferometry observation of single plane wave is constructed to explain the observed phase differences. We performed the numerical calculations when the background magnetic field was oriented in the direction often observed in the Arase satellite. The result of the calculations shows the wave vector direction relates to the spin angle with the maximum phase difference. Using this relation, we show that it may be possible to estimate the wave vector direction of ECH waves from one-dimensional interferometry data. This is expected to enable more accurate estimates of phase velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—A source of a strong earthquake, as a rule, consists of subsources which are identified by waveform modeling. This modeling does not yield an unambiguous result. In this paper, we show an example when two significantly different focal mechanism solutions are presented for the same earthquake. In one solution, the subsources are characterized by similar faulting type, while in the other solution, the last subsource has an opposite mechanism. In (Vakarchuk et al., 2013), this discrepancy was interpreted as the realization of compensatory motion. The compensatory movements are detected not only in the subsources but also at the scale level of the source zone overall, where these movements manifest themselves in a certain regularity of the aftershock mechanisms discovered in the study of the 1970 Dagestan earthquake by Kuznetsova et al. (1976). In this paper, perhaps for the first time, compensatory movements are detected in a high-magnitude earthquake swarm lacking a pronounced main shock, which occurred in 2023 in Herat Province, Afghanistan. The results are supported by the set of the seismological and satellite interferometric data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring active volcanoes is necessary to analyze their current status to pose a mitigation hazard. Mount Melbourne is an active volcano that has erupted in the past, and future eruptions are possible. This condition could threaten future eruptions, particularly near scientific bases. Jang Bogo, a South Korean research station, is located only 30 km from the summit and could be affected by significant ash fallout in case of an explosive eruption. This condition leads to the necessity of observing Mount Melbourne's activity frequently. This study used Sentinel-1 SAR data acquired from 2017 to 2024 to monitor the volcanic activity of Mount Melbourne by utilizing InSAR multitemporal time-series analysis implementing the improved combined scatterers interferometry with optimized point scatterers (ICOPS) method. The ICOPS method combined persistent scatterer (PS) and distributed scatterer (DS) with measurement point (MP) optimization based on convolutional neural network (CNN) and optimized hot spot analysis (OHSA). The ICOPS measurement results maintain reliable MP along the Mount Melbourne summit and around Jang Bogo station. The absence of GPS stations around these two areas makes it difficult to validate the result with the ground truth measurement, so the comparison with another method, small baseline (SBAS) measurement, is made to evaluate the reliability of the ICOPS measurement points. The comparison between the MP from ICOPS and the SBAS methods shows a good correlation with R2 of about 0.8134 in the Melbourne area and 0.8678 in the Jang Bogo area. The selected time-series plot around the summit of Mount Melbourne and the Jang Bogo area shows a stable trend of surface deformation. Thus, a total accumulated deformation of around 0.82 cm and an average deformation of about 0.10 cm/year was found around Mount Melbourne. Meanwhile, the Jang Bogo area exhibits a total deformation of about 0.15 cm with an average deformation of about 0.02. Overall, this research is a preliminary study of the ability of the ICOPS algorithm to monitor volcanic activity in snow-covered areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern physics experiments are frequently very complex, relying on multiple simultaneous events to happen in order to obtain the desired result. The experiment control system plays a central role in orchestrating the measurement setup: However, its development is often treated as secondary with respect to the hardware, its importance becoming evident only during the operational phase. Therefore, the AE g ̄ IS (Antimatter Experiment: Gravity, Interferometry, Spectroscopy) collaboration has created a framework for easily coding control systems, specifically targeting atomic, quantum, and antimatter experiments. This framework, called Total Automation of LabVIEW Operations for Science (TALOS), unifies all the machines of the experiment in a single entity, thus enabling complex high-level decisions to be taken, and it is constituted by separate modules, called MicroServices, that run concurrently and asynchronously. This enhances the stability and reproducibility of the system while allowing for continuous integration and testing while the control system is running. The system demonstrated high stability and reproducibility, running completely unsupervised during the night and weekends of the data-taking campaigns. The results demonstrate the suitability of TALOS to manage an entire physics experiment in full autonomy: being open-source, experiments other than the AE g ̄ IS experiment can benefit from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) is a dual-frequency ice-penetrating radar (9 and 60 MHz) onboard the Europa Clipper mission. REASON is designed to probe Europa from exosphere to subsurface ocean, contributing the third dimension to observations of this enigmatic world. The hypotheses REASON will test are that (1) the ice shell of Europa hosts liquid water, (2) the ice shell overlies an ocean and is subject to tidal flexing, and (3) the exosphere, near-surface, ice shell, and ocean participate in material exchange essential to the habitability of this moon. REASON will investigate processes governing this material exchange by characterizing the distribution of putative non-ice material (e.g., brines, salts) in the subsurface, searching for an ice–ocean interface, characterizing the ice shell's global structure, and constraining the amplitude of Europa's radial tidal deformations. REASON will accomplish these science objectives using a combination of radar measurement techniques including altimetry, reflectometry, sounding, interferometry, plasma characterization, and ranging. Building on a rich heritage from Earth, the moon, and Mars, REASON will be the first ice-penetrating radar to explore the outer solar system. Because these radars are untested for the icy worlds in the outer solar system, a novel approach to measurement quality assessment was developed to represent uncertainties in key properties of Europa that affect REASON performance and ensure robustness across a range of plausible parameters suggested for the icy moon. REASON will shed light on a never-before-seen dimension of Europa and – in concert with other instruments on Europa Clipper – help to investigate whether Europa is a habitable world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane surface fouling has always been a critical issue for the long-term operation of polymeric membranes. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new approaches to prevent fouling. While developing new approaches, characterization methods are greatly important for understanding the distribution of fouling on the membrane surface. In this work, a cellulose acetate membrane was fouled by the filtration of artificial wastewater based on alginate. The surfaces of fouled membranes were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and white light interferometry (WLI). The results were then compared in terms of the resolution, accuracy, feasibility, and cost-efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents methods for reducing the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) of the orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) signal. These methods mainly consist of two operations: symbol interferometry (SI) and either μ‐law or A‐law companding. SI spreads the data of one OTFS symbol onto all symbols and is implemented using a simple inverse fast Fourier transform operation on each OTFS symbol. During the second operation, the PAPR of the OTFS signal is significantly reduced. For our performance analysis, the complementary cumulative distribution function, probability density function, and bit error rate are illustrated through simulations performed in MATLAB. The performance is also analyzed using a solid‐state power amplifier at the transmitter and compared with OTFS, μ‐law‐based OTFS, and SI OTFS systems. The results indicate that the proposed OTFS system achieves a low PAPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burning rate as a function of pressure is one of the primary evaluation metrics of solid propellants. Most solid propellant burning rate measurements are made at a nearly constant pressure using a variety of measurement approaches. This type of burning rate data is highly discretized and requires many tests to accurately determine the burning rate response to pressure. It would be more efficient to measure burning rate dynamically as pressures are varied. Techniques used to make transient burning rate measurements are reviewed briefly and initial results using a microwave interferometry (MI) technique are presented. The MI method used in tandem with a closed bomb enables nearly continuous measurement of burning rates for self‐pressurizing burns, capturing burning rate data over a wide range of pressures. This approach is especially useful for characterization of propellants with complex burning behaviors (e. g., slope breaks or mesa burning). The burning rates of three research propellants were characterized over a pressure range of 0.101–24.14 MPa (14–3500 psi). One research propellant exhibited a slope break at a pressure of 6.63 MPa (960 psi). Using MI in a closed pressure vessel, 14 propellant strand burns resulted in a nearly continuous burning rate curve over a pressure range of 0.41–24.13 MPa (60–3500 psi) that reasonably matched conventional burning rate measurements. The development of this technique provides an opportunity to quickly characterize the burning rate curve of solid propellants with greater fidelity and efficiency than traditional quasi‐static pressure testing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai University / Shanghai Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Shanghai University (Natural Sciences) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lassa virus (LASV) is an enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus that causes Lassa hemorrhagic fever. Successful entry of LASV requires the viral glycoprotein 1 (GP1) to undergo a receptor switch from its primary receptor alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG) to its endosomal receptor lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1). A conserved histidine triad in LASV GP1 has been reported to be responsible for receptor switch. To test the hypothesis that other non-conserved residues also contribute to receptor switch, we constructed a series of mutant LASV GP1 proteins and tested them for binding to LAMP1. Four residues, L84, K88, L107, and H170, were identified as critical for receptor switch. Substituting any of the four residues with the corresponding lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) residue (L84 N, K88E, L10F, and H170S) reduced the binding affinity of LASV GP1 for LAMP1. Moreover, all mutations caused decreases in glycoprotein precursor (GPC)-mediated membrane fusion at both pH 4.5 and 5.2. The infectivity of pseudotyped viruses bearing either GPCL84N or GPCK88E decreased sharply in multiple cell types, while L107F and H170S had only mild effects on infectivity. Using biolayer light interferometry assay, we found that all four mutants had decreased binding affinity to LAMP1, in the order of binding affinity being L84 N > L107F > K88E > H170S. The four amino acid loci identified for the first time in this study have important reference significance for the in-depth investigation of the mechanism of receptor switching and immune escape of LASV occurrence and the development of reserve anti-LASV infection drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers with a high recurrence rate. Patients undergo mandatory yearly scrutinies, including cystoscopies, which makes bladder cancer highly distressing and costly. Here, we aim to develop a non‐invasive, label‐free method for the detection of bladder cancer cells in urine samples, which is based on interferometric imaging flow cytometry. Eight urothelial carcinoma and one normal urothelial cell lines, along with red and white blood cells, imaged quantitatively without staining by an interferometric phase microscopy module while flowing in a microfluidic chip, and classified by two machine‐learning algorithms, based on deep‐learning semantic segmentation convolutional neural network and extreme gradient boosting. Furthermore, urine samples obtained from bladder‐cancer patients and healthy volunteers were imaged, and classified by the system. We achieved accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) of 99% and 97% for the cell lines on both machine‐learning algorithms. For the real urine samples, the accuracy and AUC were 96% and 96% for the deep‐learning algorithm and 95% and 93% for the gradient‐boosting algorithm, respectively. By combining label‐free interferometric imaging flow cytometry with high‐end classification algorithms, we achieved high‐performance differentiation between healthy and malignant cells. The proposed technique has the potential to supplant cystoscopy in the bladder cancer surveillance and diagnosis space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal aliasing is currently the largest error contributor to time-variable satellite gravity field models. Therefore, the evolution of sensor technologies has to be complemented by strategies to reduce temporal aliasing errors. The most straightforward way to improve temporal aliasing is through extended satellite constellations because they improve the observation geometry and increase the achievable temporal resolution. Therefore, strategies to optimize the design of larger satellite constellations are investigated in this contribution. A complete constellation modeling procedure is presented, starting from primary design variables (such as the required targeted resolutions) and concluding with concrete orbital elements for the individual satellites. In parallel, it is evaluated if improved instrument sensitivities based on quantum technologies (cold atom interferometry) can be fully exploited in the case of larger constellations. For this, future quantum satellite gravity missions adopting the gradiometry concept (similar to the GOCE mission) and the low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking concept (similar to GRACE/-FO) are simulated on optimized constellations with up to 6 satellites/pairs. The retrieval performance of a 6-pair mission in terms of the global equivalent water height RMS can be improved by a factor of roughly 3 compared to an inclined double-pair mission. 3D-gradiometry intrinsically has a better de-aliasing behavior but has extremely high accuracy requirements for the gradiometer (about 10 µEotvos) and the attitude reconstruction to be of any benefit. All simulations show that when incorporating improved sensor technologies, such as future quantum sensing instruments in extended constellations, temporal aliasing will remain the dominant error source by far, up to five orders of magnitude larger than the instrument errors. Therefore, improving sensor technologies has to go hand in hand with larger satellite constellations and improved space–time parameterization strategies to further reduce temporal aliasing effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing strongly correlated matter is an increasingly central challenge in quantum science, where structure is often obscured by massive entanglement. It is becoming clear that in the quantum regime, state preparation and characterization should not be treated separately-entangling the two processes provides a quantum advantage in information extraction. Here, we present an approach that we term "manybody Ramsey interferometry" that combines adiabatic state preparation and Ramsey spectroscopy: Leveraging our recently developed one-to-one mapping between computational-basis states and manybody eigenstates, we prepare a superposition of manybody eigenstates controlled by the state of an ancilla qubit, allow the superposition to evolve relative phase, and then reverse the preparation protocol to disentangle the ancilla while localizing phase information back into it. Ancilla tomography then extracts information about the manybody eigenstates, the associated excitation spectrum, and thermodynamic observables. This work illustrates the potential for using quantum computers to efficiently probe quantum matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Radio surveys of early-type stars have revealed a number of non-thermal emitters. Most of these have been shown to be binaries, where the collision between the two stellar winds is responsible for the non-thermal emission. Aims. HD 168112 is a non-thermal radio emitter, whose binary nature has only recently been confirmed spectroscopically. We obtained independent spectroscopic observations to determine its orbit, in addition to radio observations to see if the thermal or non-thermal nature of the emission changes during the periastron passage. Methods. We monitored HD 168112 spectroscopically for a 13 yr time span. From these data, we determined the orbital parameters, which we compared to the previous results in the literature. The stellar parameters of both components were determined by comparing the spectra to TLUSTY models. From the spectral index of the radio observations, we found how the nature of the emission changes as the system goes through periastron. Combining our results with other literature data allowed us to further constrain the orbital and stellar parameters. Results. We find HD 168112 to have an orbital period of P = 512.17−0.11+0.41 days, an eccentricity of e = 0.7533−0.0124+0.0053, and a mass ratio close to one. From our spectroscopic modelling, we derived the stellar parameters, but we had difficulty arriving at a spectroscopic mass ratio of one. The radio observations around periastron show only thermal emission, suggesting that most of the synchrotron photons are absorbed in the two stellar winds at that phase. Combining our data with the optical interferometry detection, we could constrain the inclination angle to i ~ 63°, and the mass of each component to ~26 M⊙. Conclusions. We have provided an independent spectroscopic confirmation of the binary nature of HD 168112. Although detected as a non-thermal radio emitter, near periastron the radio emission of this highly eccentric system is thermal and is mainly formed in the colliding-wind region. This effect will also occur in other colliding-wind binaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionospheric effects in repeat-pass SAR interferometry (InSAR) have become a rising concern with the increasing interest in low-frequency SAR. The ionosphere will introduce serious phase errors in the interferogram, which should be properly corrected. In this paper, the influence of the wavenumber shift on the Range Split-Spectrum (RSS) method is analyzed quantitatively. It is shown that the split-spectrum processing deteriorates the coherence of the sub-band interferogram and then greatly reduces the estimation accuracy. The RSS method combined with common band filtering (CBF) can improve the coherence of sub-band interferograms and estimation accuracy, but the estimation is biased due to the RSS model mismatch. To address the problem, a modified truncated singular value decomposition (MTSVD) based multi-sub-band RSS method is proposed in this paper. The proposed method divides the range common spectrum into multiple sub-bands to jointly estimate the ionospheric phase. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed and validated based on simulation experiments. The results show that the proposed method has stronger robustness and higher accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animals Studied Procedures Results Conclusions To compare ocular surface parameters in dogs with different cephalic conformations and evaluate correlations among tests.Sixty‐eight privately owned dogs.The study categorized canine eyes into three groups based on the craniofacial ratio (CFR): brachycephaly (≤0.52), mesocephaly (>0.52 to <0.67), and dolichocephaly (≥0.67). All eyes were examined using an ocular surface analyzer (OSA‐VET) to determine lipid layer thickness (LLT) of the tear film, tear meniscus height (TMH), non‐invasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), and meibomian gland loss rate of the lower eyelids (MGLRL). Schirmer tear test 1 (STT‐1) and tear film breakup time (TBUT) were also performed. Statistical analyses involved one‐way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis H test, post hoc Holm–Sidak test, and Pearson correlation coefficient.While STT‐1 showed no significant difference among dog groups, brachycephalic dogs had significantly lower values in TBUT, NIBUT, and LLT, and a higher TMH, compared to mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs. Additionally, brachycephalic dogs exhibited a significantly higher MGLRL than dolichocephalic dogs. Correlations among tests were generally weak to moderate (r < .6) except for a strong correlation between CFR and LLT (r = .641, p < .001), and between TBUT and NIBUT (r = .899, p < .001).Brachycephalic morphology predisposes dogs to a significantly thinner lipid layer and diminished tear film stability, likely due to factors such as impaired meibomian gland function and increased ocular exposure compared to other cephalic conformations, thereby increasing their risk of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). OSA‐VET shows a valuable tool to provide more comprehensive and precise diagnosis for canine ocular surface disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laser system is the most complex component of a light-pulse atom interferometer (LPAI), controlling frequencies and intensities of multiple laser beams to configure quantum gravity and inertial sensors. Its main functions include cold-atom generation, state preparation, state-selective detection, and generating a coherent two-photon process for the light-pulse sequence. To achieve substantial miniaturization and ruggedization, we integrate key laser system functions onto a photonic integrated circuit. Our study focuses on a high-performance silicon photonic suppressed-carrier single-sideband (SC-SSB) modulator at 1560 nanometers, capable of dynamic frequency shifting within the LPAI. By independently controlling radio frequency (RF) channels, we achieve 30-decibel carrier suppression and unprecedented 47.8-decibel sideband suppression at peak conversion efficiency of -6.846 decibels (20.7%). We investigate imbalances in both amplitudes and phases between the RF signals. Using this modulator, we demonstrate cold-atom generation, state-selective detection, and atom interferometer fringes to estimate gravitational acceleration, g ≈ 9.77 ± 0.01 meters per second squared, in a rubidium (87Rb) atom system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a method for detecting small oscillations in the length of interference fiber-optic sensors, which makes it possible to compensate for the problem of slow drift of the working point with a remote sensor. The result is achieved by combining homodyne demodulation methods with a tandem low-coherence interferometer. Theoretically and experimentally, the possibility of detecting acoustic effects in the operating frequency band of 4 kHz with a sensitivity of up to 0.3 nm has been shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) has been proven to be a robust method for studying complex and dynamic phenomena such as ground displacement over time. Proper visualization of PSI measurements is both crucial and challenging from a cartographic standpoint. This study focuses on the development of an interactive cartographic web map application, providing suitable visualization of PSI data, and exploring their geographic, cartographic, spatial, and temporal attributes. To this end, PSI datasets, generalized at different resolutions, are visualized in eight predefined cartographic scales. A multiscale generalization algorithm is proposed. The automation of this procedure, spurred by the development of a web application, offers users the flexibility to properly visualize PSI datasets according to the specific cartographic scale. Additionally, the web map application provides a toolset, offering state-of-the-art cartographic approaches for exploring PSI datasets. This toolset consists of exploration, measurement, filtering (based on the point's spatial attributes), and exporting tools customized for PSI measurement. Furthermore, a graph tool, offering users the capability to interactively plot PSI time-series and investigate the evolution of ground deformation over time, has been developed and integrated into the web interface. This study reflects the need for appropriate visualization of PSI datasets at different cartographic scales. It is shown that each original PSI dataset possesses a suitable cartographic scale at which it should be visualized. Innovative cartographic approaches, such as web applications, can prove to be effective tools for users working in the domain of mapping and monitoring the dynamic behavior of surface motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]