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Freezing is an important preservation technique to preserve the raw food and to extend the shelf life for longer duration of time by reducing the product temperature to −18°C or below. Effectiveness of freezing depends on size, shape, distribution of ice crystals, and freezing rates. Application of already existing traditional methods of freezing have lower freezing rates resulting in formation of large ice crystals and high drip loss upon thawing. So, as to overcome the above drawback, the concept of magnetic field assisted freezing has been introduced. In this method, magnetic field is generated around the frozen product either by using the permanent magnets or by electromagnets. In this innovative technology, the nuclear and electronic spins of water molecules are aligned in the direction of magnetic field that prevents clumping and keep them under super cooled conditions to accelerate the freezing speed resulting in formation of small ice crystals without breaking of cell membranes. Thus application of magnetic field helps to enhance the freezing rate and to improve the quality of frozen food in terms of appearance, flavour, texture, and freshness in comparison to other existing freezing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compound and pre-compound emission processes have been established as two main competing de-excitation modes of an excited nucleus by-dint-of evaporation and emission of light fast particles in low energy α -induced reactions, respectively. An existence of the plenty experimental data on above established processes for a wide range of mass nuclei coerces to drive for some systematic trends in such reactions with excitation energy and mass number (A). Present work is an attempt to develop a systematics on the pre-compound emission process by analysing consistent experimental cross-section data of α -particle induced reactions on odd Z and odd A isotopic target nuclei viz., 103 Rh, 107 Ag, 109 Ag, 113 In, 115 In, 121 Sb, and 123 Sb, respectively. The analysis of data indicates sarcastic deviation in the experimental cross-section data with respect to calculations performed by the statistical Monte-Carlo code pace4 beyond the peak region. Such deviation becomes more prominent towards tail portion of excitation functions, which is regarded as a significant contribution of the pre-compound emission process. Observed energy dependent uniformity of such deviation for all studied reactions gives a clue for existing some systematics on concerning process with atomic mass number (A). Present study is an extension of previous work [Eur. Phys. J. A 54, 205 (2018)], but rather in more precise way for nearby isotopic target mass nuclei 107 Ag, 109 Ag, 113 In, 115 In, 121 Sb, and 123 Sb, respectively, where role of the Coulomb barrier V b and target deformation is found to be significantly important in the systematic decay of excited nuclei through emission of light fast particles in pre-compound process with mass number (A). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the visualizations of heatlines in a natural convection magnetohydrodynamic flow from a vertical cylinder via heat function concept. Fluid is electrically conducting in the existence of an applied magnetic field. The constitutive equations of time-dependent, coupled and highly nonlinear Jeffrey fluid model are evaluated mathematically by utilizing well-organized unconditionally stable finite-difference Crank–Nicolson method. Simulated results are given for several values of Deborah number and Hartmann number to present interesting aspects of the solution of the flow variables, friction factor and heat transfer rate. Results specify that required time to achieve time-independent state rapidly rises with the boosting values of Hartmann number. Boundary-layer flow visualization has been made using heatlines, isotherms and streamlines to perceive the understanding of heat and fluid flow. It is noticed that heat function value reduces for augmenting Hartmann number and also for all smaller physical parameter values and these heatlines become closer to the hot wall. It is also remarked that the hydromagnetic flow-field profiles concerning the Newtonian fluid show a different pattern from that of non-Newtonian Jeffrey fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the pattern of heat lines in free convection non-Newtonian flow from a semi-infinite vertical cylinder via Bejan's heat function concept. The viscoelastic Jeffrey fluid model is employed. The time-dependent, coupled, nonlinear conservation equations for momentum and energy (heat) are solved computationally with the unconditionally stable finite difference Crank–Nicolson method. Extensive graphical results are presented for the influence of Deborah number (viscoelastic parameter) and Prandtl number (with ranges 0–0.8 and 0.68–7.2, respectively) on thermal and flow characteristics including time histories of overall skin friction and heat transfer rate. Lower values of Deborah number indicate that the material acts in a more fluid-like manner, whereas the higher values of Deborah number correspond to the material showing characteristics more associated with a solid. The solutions indicate that the time taken for the flow-field variables to achieve the steady state is increased with higher values of Deborah number. Boundary flow visualization is presented using heat lines, isotherms and streamlines. It is observed that as Deborah number increases the intensity of heat lines increases and they tend to deviate from the hot cylindrical wall. Furthermore, the flow-field variables for the Newtonian fluid case exhibit a significantly different pattern from that of Jeffrey fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The groundnuts were dried inside an even span roof type free convection greenhouse dryer with a useful floor area of 1.2x0.8m² in the environmental conditions of Rohtak, India (28° 54'-N 76° 34'E). Wire mesh sieves of sizes 0.15x0.25 m², 0.25x0.4 m², and 0.35x0.6 m² were used to accommodate thin layer samples of groundnuts. The groundnuts were dried till the optimum safe moisture storage level (8%-10%) was attained. Based on experimental (hourly) observations the values of constants (C and n) in the equation of Nusselt number were evaluated. The values of convective and evaporative heat transfer coefficients were calculated which were observed to decrease with the increase in the sieve size. The overall average greenhouse thermal, energy, and exergy efficiencies were evaluated as 8.83%, 22.67%, and 2.75% respectively. The overall average experimental error in terms of % uncertainty for groundnuts drying was evaluated as 37.94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

InN quantum dots (QDs) were grown on Si (111) by epitaxial Stranski-Krastanow growth mode using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Single-crystalline wurtzite structure of InN QDs was verified by the x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to probe the structural aspects of QDs. A surface bandgap of InN QDs was estimated from scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) I-V curves and found that it is strongly dependent on the size of QDs. The observed size-dependent STS bandgap energy shifts with diameter and height were theoretical explained based on an effective mass approximation with finite-depth square-well potential model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GaN films were grown on c-plane sapphire by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE). The effect of N/Ga flux ratio on structural, morphological, and optical properties was studied. The dislocation density found to increase with increasing the N/Ga ratio. The surface morphology of the films as seen by scanning electron microscopy shows pits on the surface and found that the pit density on the surface increases with N/Ga ratio. The room temperature photoluminescence study reveals the shift in band-edge emission toward the lower energy with increase in N/Ga ratio. This is believed to arise from the reduction in compressive stress in the films as is evidenced by room temperature Raman study. The transport studied on the Pt/GaN Schottky diodes showed a significant increase in leakage current with an increase in N/Ga ratio and was found to be caused by the increase in pit density as well as increase in dislocation density in the GaN films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The band offsets in InN/p-Si heterojunctions are determined by high resolution x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The valence band of InN is found to be 1.39 eV below that of Si. Given the bandgap of 0.7 eV for InN, a type-III heterojunction with a conduction band offset of 1.81 eV was found. Agreement between the simulated and experimental data obtained from the heterojunction spectra was found to be excellent, establishing that the method of determination was accurate. The charge neutrality level (CNL) model provided a reasonable description of the band alignment of the InN/p-Si interface and a change in the interface dipole by 0.06 eV was observed for InN/p-Si interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the individual and cumulative effects of phase change material (PCM) and evacuated tube collector (ETC) on the performance of a stepped solar still (SSS). Experiments have been performed on SSS, SSS loaded with PCM (SSS‐PCM), SSS coupled with ETC (SSS‐ETC), and SSS loaded with PCM and coupled with ETC (SSS‐PCM‐ETC). An innovative way of loading paraffin wax as PCM is introduced to utilize solar energy efficiently for the distillation process during off‐sunshine hours. ETC is used to provide pre‐heated RO wastewater to the distillation unit. The distillate output was observed maximum for SSS‐PCM‐ETC (4.97 kg/m2 day) which is 99% more than that of the SSS unit. The PCM and ETC individually with SSS unit increases the distillate output by 31% and 24%, respectively. The working time of the distillation unit was observed to be increased by 3 h by the use of PCM. The total heat transfer coefficient was evaluated at the maximum for SSS‐PCM‐ETC and was observed in the range of 16.94–167.04 W/m2 °C. The thermal energy efficiencies of SSS, SSS‐ETC, SSS‐PCM, and SSS‐PCM‐ETC were evaluated as 28.65%, 35.59%, 43.88%, and 44.04%, respectively. SSS‐PCM‐ETC is found to be the most economic with the best environmental conservation having maximum values of daily productive cost ($0.69) and carbon credits earned ($184.8). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of significant extra-cranial carotid artery stenosis on Doppler ultrasound in patients with recent ischemic stroke. Material and Methods: Th is study was carried in Radiology Department, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from 1st June 2016 to 30th November 2016. A total of 184 patients with 2 weeks history of ischemic stroke were included. Carotid Doppler ultrasound was performed on all patients with GE Doppler ultrasound machine. All the information was noted on pre-designed proforma. Results: Frequency of significant carotid artery stenosis (= 50% stenosis) on doppler ultrasound in recent ischemic stroke patients is 27.7%. Regarding the degree of stenosis, 28(15.2%) cases had 50 to 69%, 19(10.3%) cases had 70 to 95% and 4(2.2%) had above 95% stenosis. Conclusion: We conclude from this study that high risk patients should be screened by Doppler ultrasound for the presence of carotid artery stenosis in order to plan out medical / and surgical intervention for the primary as well as secondary prevention of cerebro-vascular events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entropy generation is an important aspect of modern thermal polymer processing optimization. Many polymers exhibit strongly non‐Newtonian effects and dissipation effects in thermal processing. Motivated by these aspects in this study, a numerical analysis of the entropy generation with viscous dissipation effect in an unsteady flow of viscoelastic fluid from a vertical cylinder is presented. The Reiner‐Rivlin physical model of grade 2 (second‐grade fluid) is used, which can envisage normal stress variations in polymeric flow‐fields. Viscosity variation is included. The obtained governing equations are resolved using implicit finite difference method of Crank‐Nicolson type with well imposed initial and boundary conditions. Key control parameters are the second‐grade viscoelastic fluid parameter (β), viscosity variation parameter (γ), and viscous dissipation parameter (ε). Also, group parameter (BrΩ−1), Grashof number (Gr), and Prandtl number (Pr) are examined. Numerical solutions are presented for steady‐state flow variables, temperature, time histories of friction, wall heat transfer rate, entropy, and Bejan curves for distinct values of control parameters. The results specify that entropy generation decreases with augmenting values of β, γ, and Gr. The converse trend is noticed with increasing Pr and BrΩ−1. Furthermore, the computations reveal that entropy and Bejan lines only occur close to the hot cylinder wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce pods are commonly used as vegetable and it is reported to possess anti-diabetic potential. This study aims to establish α-glucosidase inhibitory potential in-vitro and in-vivo. The shade dried pods were extracted and lyophilized extract was fractionated using solvents of different polarity. These fractions were evaluated for their potential to inhibit enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase, in-vitro. The most potent fraction was subjected to oral toxicity study followed by in-vivo sucrose tolerance test. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to be a most potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase with IC50 of 8.38 ± 0.26 μg/ml while n-butanol fraction was the most potent inhibitor of the enzyme α-amylase (IC50 22.01 ± 0.92 μg/ml). Both fractions were found to be nontoxic and safe in mice up to an oral dose of 2000 mg/kg. Ethyl acetate fraction was found to most potent fraction in-vivo. Ethyl acetate fraction displayed excellent anti-hyperglycaemic activity in-vitro and in-vivo and should be evaluated further to develop as a promising drug for management of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, the transient rheological boundary layer flow over a stretching sheet with heat transfer is investigated, a topic of relevance to non‐Newtonian thermal materials processing. Stokes couple stress model is deployed to simulate non‐Newtonian characteristics. Similarity transformations are utilized to convert the governing partial differential equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations with appropriate wall and free stream boundary conditions. The nondimensional boundary value problem emerging is shown to be controlled by a number of key thermophysical and rheological parameters, namely the rheological couple stress parameter (β), unsteadiness parameter (A), Prandtl number (Pr), buoyancy parameter (λ). The semi‐analytical differential transform method (DTM) is used to solve the reduced nonlinear coupled ordinary differential boundary value problem. A numerical solution is also obtained via the MATLAB built‐in solver "bvp4c" to validate the results. Further validation with published results from the literature is included. Fluid velocity is enhanced with increasing couple stress parameter, whereas it is decreased with unsteadiness parameter. Temperature is elevated with couple stress parameter, whereas it is initially reduced with unsteadiness parameter. The flow is accelerated with increasing positive buoyancy parameter (for heating of the fluid), whereas it is decelerated with increasing negative buoyancy parameter (cooling of the fluid). Temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness are boosted with increasing positive values of buoyancy parameter. Increasing Prandtl number decelerates the flow, reduces temperatures, increases momentum boundary layer thickness, and decreases thermal boundary layer thickness. Excellent accuracy is achieved with the DTM approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ‘load distribution’ proposition in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is accomplishing great stimulation. This is because of the phenomenal facets it possesses including advanced network resilience, reliability and performance. Though there are other leading network layer routing protocols, but they radically utilise single-path communication paradigm, which is why they fail in achieving efficient load distribution in a network. Via this paper, we propose an efficient cross-layer adaptive load distribution approach to capitalise network’s channel utilisation and to rapidly adapt to dynamic wireless channel characteristic changes. The proposed method modifies the load balanced congestion adaptive routing (LBCAR) protocol and is developed using dynamic load distribution technique, by pioneering (i) novel parameters, which report for the availability of route pertaining to minimum traffic load and better link lifetime and also adapt according to varying available network resources; (ii) an absolute dynamic method to lessen the redundant route oscillations which further reduces the routing instabilities. The simulation results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method and yields better results in comparison to LBCAR and standard instead of dynamic ource outing, it is dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical investigation of the viscosity variation effect upon entropy generation in time-dependent viscoelastic polymeric fluid flow and natural convection from a semi-infinite vertical plate is described. The Reiner–Rivlin second order differential model is utilized which can predict normal stress differences in dilute polymers. The conservation equations for heat, momentum and mass are normalized with appropriate transformations and the resulting unsteady nonlinear coupled partial differential equations are elucidated with the well-organized unconditionally stable implicit Crank–Nicolson finite difference method subject to suitable initial and boundary conditions. Average values of wall shear stress and Nusselt number, second-grade fluid flow variables conferred for distinct values of physical parameters. Numerical solutions are presented to examine the entropy generation and Bejan number along with their contours. The outcomes show that entropy generation parameter and Bejan number both increase with increasing values of group parameter and Grashof number. The present study finds applications in geothermal engineering, petroleum recovery, oil extraction and thermal insulation, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Jaggery is a traditional concentrated product of sugarcane juice which is easily and cheaply available to the Indian rural population. Several value added jaggery based products are also very popular in large section of population throughout the country. Jaggery is a good source of minerals and nutritiants and also has various medicinal values. With the increasing demand of this nutritive sweetener, efforts are being made to develop a standard manufacturing package that will increase its productivity besides quality improvement in terms of hygiene, standardization of shape, size, and storability. The thermal and overall efficiencies of jaggery making plants are very low due to loss of thermal energy through flue gasses and un-designed constructional parameters of plant. The storage of jaggery is also a major problem. Since, it is much influenced by the contents of invert sugars and mineral salts that are hygroscopic in nature. This intends us to study the technological upgradations used for the production and preservation of jaggery in order to prioritise the required advancements. This paper gives an overview of the technological upgradation of jaggery manufacturing plants and the preservation of jaggery by using different storage and packaging methods. Highlights • Jaggery, a natural sweetner is a good source of minerals and essential nutrients. • Jaggery industry is one of the largest and most important among major Indian agro processing industries. • Thermal and overall efficiencies of traditional jaggery making plants are low. • Manuscript discusses elements and operation of jaggery manufacturing processes, its up-gradation, shelf life of jaggery and its storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ilizarov process is used for the management of multiple fractures, polytrauma conditions, cosmetic limb lengthening, and fracture malunion. Complications associated with the process are nerve palsy, joint contracture, premature or delayed osseous consolidation, a nonunion and permanent stiffness of the joint, pin tract infection, edema, and transient paresthesia, etc. In our case, there was a fatal complication. A 25‐year‐old African lady underwent the Ilizarov procedure for femur lengthening in a hospital in New Delhi, India. During her first distraction process, she suddenly collapsed at the hospital and could not be revived. At postmortem, a small hematoma was seen around the surgically fractured area. On histopathology of internal organs, fat globules were present in the vasculature of brain and lungs. Cause of death was opined as due to fat embolism. This is the first case reported of a fatal fat embolism following Ilizarov procedure for limb lengthening in a healthy adult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates entropy generation for the unsteady flow of a second-grade fluid over a uniformly heated vertical cylinder. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary with temperature. The mathematical model of this problem is given by highly time-reliant nonlinear coupled equations and resolved by an efficient unconditionally stable implicit scheme. The time histories of average values of momentum and heat-transport coefficients, entropy-generation and Bejan number, and steady-state flow variables are discussed for several values of non-dimensional parameters arising in the flow equations. The results indicate that entropy-generation parameter and Bejan number increase with rising values of group parameter and Grashof number. The results also show that entropy-generation number declines with increasing viscoelastic parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current research work, performance enhancement of stepped solar still (SSS) having an external reflector (ER) and glass cover cooling (GCC) arrangements is presented. The individual and combined effects of ER and GCC on the performance of SSS have been evaluated and compared with simple SSS. The GCC reduces the glazing temperature significantly and results in increased distillate. The ER reflected the solar radiation inside the basin that increases the water temperature, consequently increasing distillate. The SSS having ER and GCC (SSS‐ER‐GCC) gave a maximum distillate of 4.340 kg/m2 which was observed, respectively, 12.43%, 3.21%, and 1.36% higher than that of simple SSS, SSS with ER (SSS‐ER) and SSS with GCC (SSS‐GCC). The average energy efficiency of SSS‐ER‐GCC was evaluated as 40.78%, which was found to be 14.36%, 7.84%, and 10.64%, respectively, higher than that of simple SSS, SSS‐ER, and SSS‐GCC. The carbon credits earned and CO2 mitigation were found the maximum for SSS‐ER‐GCC having values $65.96 and 4.40 tons, respectively. The economic payback period was found the minimum (490 days) for SSS‐ER‐GCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is thought to be the most common helminthic infection of central nervous system in India. In children, it has pleomorphic clinical and radiological presentations depending on location and stage of lesion. Solitary cystic granuloma appearing as a single ring enhancing lesion is the most frequently encountered neuroimaging finding in patients with neurocysticercosis or tuberculoma in India. This series reports unusual clinico-radiological aspects of pediatric neurocysticercosis patients of Asian ethnicity. Case presentation: In the present case series, we have described socio-demographic and clinico-radiological profile of eight cases of neurocysticercosis with parenchymal lesions in varying stages of development. Among these two had single discrete ring enhancing lesion (SDREL), two had single conglomerated ring enhancing lesion (SCREL), and five cases reported to have multiple ring enhancing lesions (MREL). Two cases with recurrent neurocysticercosis have been reported which is quite rare. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy helps to differentiate between neurocysticercosis and tuberculoma and may avoid brain biopsies or unnecessary anti-tubercular treatment. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was done in three cases with findings of absence of lipid peak and choline/creatinine ratio less than 1.2. Conclusion: Despite the advances in neuroimaging, accurate diagnosis of NCC is still sometimes difficult, which is related to the pleomorphic nature of disease and significant overlapping features with tuberculoma. A combination of proper diagnostic criteria and neuroimaging findings are helpful in making the diagnosis without invasive and potentially harmful investigations in paediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of a right anterior clinoid process (ACP) neurenteric cyst which presented with gradual impairment of vision in the right eye. Imaging suggested an infective cystic lesion. In view of rapid visual loss urgent surgery was conducted. Erosion of the ACP was found from where white mucus like material was aspirated. The cyst wall was completely excised. Immunohistochemistry indicated an endodermal origin of the cyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new control strategy of single-phase Voltage Controlled Voltage Source Inverter (VCVSI) based on Two Revolving Field Theory (TRFT) for integrating the single-phase static as well as dynamic ac loads to the DC Microgrid (DCMG). In the developed control scheme, the output ac voltage/current of the single-phase VCVSI has been decomposed into two counter rotating vectors, referred as Forward-Positive (FP) and Backward-Negative (BN) vectors, by using TRFT principle. The α-β components of the FP and BN rotating vectors have been obtained using the orthogonal transformation. The new control scheme, with dual controllers; one for the FP vectors and another for the BN vectors of the output ac voltage/current of the VCVSI, has been implemented into two rotating d-q synchronous reference frames, using a feed-forward and two feed-back control loops. The objective of the proposed controllers is to establish the VCVSI rated output ac voltage with low total harmonic, faster transient response after disturbances, and to ensure needed power flow from the microgrid to the single-phase loads. Simulations have been carried out to show the effectiveness of the developed control scheme along with the proposed DCMG in the islanded mode, under different operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global routing performance and saving energy are critical for Internet applications. Internet service providers use the internal Border Gateway Protocol for the distribution of external routes within the autonomous system. The balance between the trade-off relationship of energy efficiency and quality-of-service is necessary for autonomous systems in green networking. Past studies have shown that energy saving schemes exacerbate quality-of-service. However, the optimum use of resources balances the trade-off between energy efficiency and quality-of-service. Therefore, we propose a Green BGP model that balances the trade-off between energy efficiency and quality-of-service by optimizing the internal Border Gateway Protocol path selection policy. Border Gateway Protocol routers select a path considering the quality-of-service attributes and energy efficiency of the path within the autonomous system. The proposed model is compared with related techniques, and the results confirm the advantages of the Green BGP model that improves energy efficiency and maintains quality-of-service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to examine the entropy heat generation analysis for unsteady MHD couple stress fluid flow over a uniformly heated vertical flat plate. The mathematical model of this problem is given by highly time reliant non-linear coupled equations and resolved by an efficient unconditionally stable implicit scheme. The time histories of average values of momentum and heat transport coefficients, entropy and Bejan lines, as well as the steady-state flow variables, discussed for several values of non-dimensional parameters arising in the flow equations. Results specify that time required to attain the time independent flow with respect to the flow field variables get amplified with the augmented values of couple stress parameter. The outcomes also indicate that entropy generation parameter upsurges with rising values of group parameter and Grashof number while the reverse trend is observed for couple stress parameter and magnetic parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerted efforts are on worldwide to minimize the greenhouse gas emission related to construction industry by developing environment-friendly concrete alternative to conventional concrete. The paper presents the development of Fly Ash (FA)/Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)-based ambient cured fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete and its workability and strength characteristics with variation of binder proportion (FA and GGBFS) and superplasticizers. In the present study, Polycarboxylic (MasterPolyheed 8145 and MasterPolyheed 8146) and naphthalene (MasterRheobuild 918)-based superplasticizers were used to improve workability. Fluid-to-binder ratio was fixed as 0.6 and the ratio of sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide is taken as 2. The steel fiber was added to the mix in volume fraction of 1% by the volume of binder. The prepared geopolymer concrete is checked for the workability and specimens of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm were prepared. The impact of fineness of binder material is also studied. From test results, it is observed that polycarboxylic-based superplasticizer gave better workability and strength than naphthalene-based superplasticizer. Workability and the strength characteristics improved with the use of finer binder material. Further, FA:GGBFS ratio of 70:30 developed higher desired strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present piece of work was conducted in the Seed Physiology Laboratory of Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University in the year 2011-12, where the rice seeds variety MTU 7029 were primed with different combinations of kinetin (in ppm) and magnesium nitrate (in mM) (2.5 ppm+2 mM, 2.5 ppm+4 mM, 2.5 ppm+6 mM, 2.5 ppm+8 mM, 5 ppm+2 mM, 5 ppm+4 mM, 5 ppm+6 mM, 5 ppm+8 mM kinetin and magnesium nitrate respectively) whereas; seeds without any treatment referred as control (non-primed). Various physiomorphological (shoot and root lengths (in cm), root number, fresh and dry weights (in g)) and biochemical (proline content (mg g-1 dry weight of seedlings), total chlorophyll content (mg g-1) and superoxide dismutase activity (unit×102 g-1 min-1 fresh weight of leaf; at 20 days after sowing)) parameters were studied in the seedlings, obtained from 10, 15 and 20 DAS old primed and non-primed plants. All the primed seeds were found to perform better as compared to non primed control one. However, treatment 2.5 ppm kinetin+4 mM magnesium nitrate performed best among all the treatments and all the studied parameters such as shoot and root lengths, root number, fresh and dry weights, proline content, total chlorophyll content and superoxide dismutase activity in 10, 15 and 20 days after sowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indian traditional system of medicine uses Pithecellobium dulce for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Objectives: This study aims to develop an extract rich in saponins derived from seeds of the plant and to evaluate its antihyperglycemic potential in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: Defatted seeds were extracted with methanol and processed to afford saponin-enriched fraction (Pithecellobium dulce saponin-enriched fraction [PDSEF]). This fraction was evaluated for its potential to inhibit enzymes such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase, in vitro. The fraction was subjected to oral toxicity study followed by in vivo sucrose tolerance test. An analytical high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for fingerprinting of the fraction. Results: The method adopted for enrichment of saponins was robust enough to enrich saponin content to 96.37% ±1.21% w/w. PDSEF displayed superior inhibition of enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase with IC50 of 5.12 ± 0.15 μg/ml and 17.28 ± 0.23 μg/ml, respectively) compared to acarbose. It was found to be safe in mice up to 2000 mg/kg and significantly prevented blood glucose level in sucrose tolerance test by inhibiting enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of sucrose. Conclusion: PDSEF displayed excellent antihyperglycemic activity in vitro and in vivo and should be evaluated further to develop it as a promising drug for the management of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thin layer drying behaviour of groundnut was investigated under open sun drying (OSD) and indoor forced convection drying (IFCD) modes. The groundnut samples were dried from initial moisture content of 38% (w.b.) to the safe storage moisture content of 8%-10% (w.b.). Four mathematical models were compared for describing the groundnut drying process. The performance of thin layer drying models was investigated by comparing the statistical parameters such as coefficient of correlation (R), reduced chi-square (Χ²), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean bias error (MBE) between experimental and predicted moisture ratios. Henderson and Pabis model was observed to give the highest value of R and lowest values of Χ², RMSE and MBE for the groundnut drying under both OSD and IFCD modes. The values of statistical parameters under Lewis model were also found to be very close to Henderson and Pabis model. Therefore, Henderson and Pabis and Lewis models were found to be the best for describing the drying behaviour of groundnut under both given conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, convective and evaporative heat transfer coefficients of the Indian groundnut were computed under indoor forced convection drying (IFCD) mode. The groundnuts were dried as a single thin layer with the help of a laboratory dryer till the optimum safe moisture storage level of 8 - 10%. The experimental data were used to determine the values of experimental constants C and n in the Nusselt number expression by a simple linear regression analysis and consequently, the convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) was determined. The values of CHTC were used to calculate the evaporative heat transfer coefficient (EHTC). The average values of CHTC and EHTC were found to be 2.48 W/m2 oC and 35.08 W/m2 oC, respectively. The experimental error in terms of percent uncertainty was also estimated. The experimental error in terms of percent uncertainty was found to be 42.55%. The error bars for convective and evaporative heat transfer coefficients are also shown for the groundnut drying under IFCD condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postpartum psychosis (PP) is associated with significant morbidity to both mother and infant. Immune system dysregulation during PP is reported in recent studies. This study attempted to determine immune signatures associated with first-onset PP by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood showed decreased naive CD4 and CD8 T cells, while activated CD8 and memory regulatory T cells (Tregs) were increased in women with PP as against healthy controls. The CD14 − CD16 + non-classical monocytes, CD11c + myeloid DCs and cytotoxic CD56 dim CD16 + were reduced, while CD56 brt CD16 +/− regulatory NK cells were elevated in women with PP. The variations in immune cell subsets highlight the generalized immune dysregulation in PP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this communication, it is attempted to utilize the heat losses from the basin of a distillation unit for drying ginger in a drying chamber attached underneath the distillation unit. Experimentation has been made on single slope single basin solar distillation-cum-drying unit with parabolic reflector. Thermal performance of distillation and drying units is studied at varying water depths in the distillation unit. Based on the experimental data, heat transfer coefficients are evaluated by using linear regression analysis. Average convective heat transfer coefficients have been observed as 5.75 and 4.8 W/m 2 o C for distillation and 3.64 and 2.9 W/m 2 o C for ginger drying at a water depth of 4 cm and 6 cm. Evaporative and radiative heat transfer coefficients for distillation are observed to increase with the increase of solar radiation and ambient temperature. Average 2 l/m 2 distillate and 2 kg/m 2 dried ginger is obtained from the system at 4 cm water depth with an estimated cost of Rs. 2.55 per litre of distillate and per kg of dried ginger. Overall energy and exergy efficiency of solar distillation is found higher at lower water depth. Experimental error for solar distillation and ginger drying is also evaluated in terms of percent uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power demand is expanding consistently, which results in the increment of power losses and dropped voltage of the distribution system. Integrating distributed generation (DG) substantially reduces the power loss and increases the voltage profile. In order to get maximum compensation from DG, it ought to be coordinated with optimal placement and sizing. In this paper, an extensive investigation is exhibited for the optimal placement and sizing of different types of one and multiple DGs with existing and increased loads. Electrical load growth is modelled for the base year and next three years with the predetermined load growth. In practice, the distribution system has different types of consumers, assuming constant power load model will lead to inappropriate results. Thus, five different types of load models such as constant, residential, industrial, commercial and mixed loads are considered. Three distinct sorts of DGs were chosen for this study, that is, active, reactive and combination of active–reactive power DG. The proposed study has been applied to the IEEE 33 radial distribution system with basic particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The results reveal that combination of active–reactive power DG is giving better results for power loss reduction and voltage profile improvement, compared to the other DG types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, renewable types of distributed generation in the distribution system have been much appreciated due to their enormous technical and environmental advantages. This paper proposes a methodology for optimal placement and sizing of renewable distributed generation(s) (i.e., wind, solar and biomass) and capacitor banks into a radial distribution system. The intermittency of wind speed and solar irradiance are handled with multi-state modeling using suitable probability distribution functions. The three objective functions, i.e., power loss reduction, voltage stability improvement, and voltage deviation minimization are optimized using advanced Pareto-front non-dominated sorting multi-objective particle swarm optimization method. First a set of non-dominated Pareto-front data are called from the algorithm. Later, a fuzzy decision technique is applied to extract the trade-off solution set. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is tested on the standard IEEE 33 test system. The overall results reveal that combination of renewable distributed generations and capacitor banks are dominant in power loss reduction, voltage stability and voltage profile improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever increasing trend of electricity demand, fossil fuel depletion and environmental issues request the integration of renewable energy into the distribution system. The optimal planning of renewable distributed generation (DG) is much essential for ensuring maximum benefits. Hence, this paper proposes the optimal placement of probabilistic based solar power DG into the distribution system. The two objective functions such as power loss reduction and voltage stability index improvement are optimized. The power balance and voltage limits are kept as constraints of the problem. The non-sorting pareto-front based multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) technique is proposed on standard IEEE 33 radial distribution test system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concurrent Multipath Transfer (CMT) is a transport layer protocol which provides concurrent data transfer over the multiple paths. CMT improves the available bandwidth utilization, fault tolerance, robustness and reliability of the network. However, in multipath data transfer, destination receives out-of-order data chunk due to dissimilar delay and bandwidth of each path. It causes the serious problem of receiver buffer blocking, unwanted congestion window ( cwnd ) reduction and unnecessary retransmission, which significantly degrades the performance of CMT. Thus, this paper proposes an adaptive data chunk scheduling for CMT (A-CMT). The proposed method uses path delay and bandwidth as a factor of data chunk scheduling to adapt path conditions. The simulation results show that proposed method achieves better performance in terms of throughput; file transfer time and congestion window growth. The proposed method improves average throughput up to 13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Grain yield of wheat is primarily determined by both grain number and grain weight, which often influence each other in response to environmental stimuli. Some of the genotypes are capable of maintaining high single grain weight (SGW) across the environments. Understanding mechanisms and factors associated with the superiority of such genotypes over others is necessary to enhance productivity of wheat. Results: Experiments were conducted to elucidate the physiological basis of high SGW of LOK-1, a wheat cultivar grown in dry and hot environments in the central and peninsular zones of India. SGW of LOK-1 was least affected by removal of spikelets indicating little competition between the grains within the spike for assimilates. Reduction in SGW due to defoliation was less and the contribution of stem reserves to the grain development was high in LOK-1 relative to other cultivars. It seems that high level of expression of genes such as expansin (TaExpA6) contributes to the high SGW of LOK-1. Conclusions: Source was not a limiting factor for grain growth of LOK-1 in contrast to other cultivars, whereas sink appeared to be a limiting factor in recently released/identified cultivars. Differences in the amounts of water soluble stem carbohydrate reserves translocated to grain could be one of the factors contributing to higher grain weight in LOK-1. High level expression of TaExpA6, one of the genes contributing to the elongation of endosperm, seems to be crucial for grain growth in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was conducted to know the status of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) antibodies in the bovines of the selected area of Uttarakhand. Materials and Methods: A total of 489 serum samples, 392 of cattle and 97 of buffaloes were randomly collected from the unvaccinated bovine population of five districts viz., Dehradun, Haridwar, Nainital, Pithoragarh, and Udham Singh Nagar and were tested by avidin biotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for BHV-1 antibodies. Results: The overall prevalence was observed to be 29.03%. At district level, the highest prevalence was recorded in Pithoragarh district (40.00%) while it was lowest in district Udham Singh Nagar (16.00%). The prevalence of BHV-1 antibodies was found to be higher in unorganized dairy units (31.02%) compared to organized farms (26.51%) in Uttarakhand. Buffaloes were found to have greater prevalence (38.14%) than cattle (26.78%) while on sex-wise basis; it was found that more females (30.08%) were harboring antibodies to the virus than males (16.21%). Conclusion: The study revealed that the population in the area under study has been exposed to BHV-1 and hence prevention and control strategies must be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of mass of paraffin wax as energy storage material (ESM) on solar distillation in a concatenated stepped solar still system (CS4) is investigated by considering its productivity, thermal, economic and environmental aspects. Experiments are carried out on CS4 loaded with 675 g, 1350 g, and 2700 g of paraffin wax as ESM, filled in 15, 30 and 60 numbers of copper tubes, respectively. CS4 containing 15, 30 and 60 numbers of copper tubes are symbolically represented as CS4-ESM15, CS4-ESM30 and CS4-ESM60, respectively. The amount of distillate obtained from CS4 is observed to increase with the mass of ESM, and CS4-ESM60 gives maximum distillate of 2486.1 g CS4-ESM60 is found to be thermally more efficient among the tested systems with maximum average values of convective and evaporative heat transfer coefficients as 4.17 and 34.16 W/m2oC, respectively. Its overall energy efficiency is 86.57% which is respectively, 74.22% and 45.86% higher than those of CS4-ESM15 and CS4-ESM30. The overall exergy efficiency is also evaluated maximum for CS4-ESM60 as 3.53%. The carbon credits earned and CO 2 mitigation by CS4-ESM60 are $132.4 and 8.83 tonnes, respectively that makes it ecologically friendlier. Also CS4-ESM60 is found economical with total productive cost of $101.21/year. • Improvised concatenated system of stepped solar stills containing different masses of paraffin wax is analyzed. • Concatenated system laden with 2700 g of paraffin wax can mitigate 8.83 tonnes CO 2 per year. • The daily productive cost of this system is $0.349, with 844 days as the economic payback period. • Increased loading of paraffin wax makes the system thermally more efficient with minimized harmful effects on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Aim of this work was to design and identify some S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) analogs as inhibitors of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase (MTase) protein using computational approaches. Introduction: According to the current scenario the dengue has been a global burden. The people are being killed by dengue virus in an abundant number. Despite of lot of research being going on dengue worldwide, there is no single drug which can kill its virus. This creates an urge for new drug target identification and designing. MTase has been reported as an effective target against dengue virus as it catalyzes an essential step in methylation and capping of viral RNA for viral replication. Materials and Methods: The crystal structure of MTase in complex with SAH was used for designing new analogs of SAH. SAH analogs designed were analyzed on the basis of docking, ADMET, and toxicity analysis done using Discovery Studio 3.5. Results: Seventeen analogs found noncarcinogenic, nonmutagenic, as well as good ADMET properties and good drug-like profile. Conclusion: These SAH analogs, inhibitors of MTase may act as drugs against dengue virus. Further synthesis and biological testing against dengue virus is under observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited sources and rising cost of fossil fuels has instigated researchers to look towards renewable energy resources. Among renewable energy resources, solar energy is required to become indispensable in the future, as it is inexpensive, abundant, inexhaustible, environmental friendly and non-pollutant. Most of the people living in developing countries are dependent on agriculture. Agricultural products are dried to increase the storage life, minimize the packaging requirement and reduce the transportation weight. Solar drying for drying agricultural products is being practiced since long back throughout the world. Because of its drawbacks, advance technique, i.e. greenhouse drying, is being adopted for drying crops to reduce the drying time and increase the quality of the food products. Some new methods have also been attempted to increase the drying efficiency of greenhouse. In this paper, a comprehensive review of greenhouse drying of various commodities is presented. Different parameters such as thermal analysis, drying characteristics of crops, energy and exergy analysis, and greenhouse drying performance were discussed. In addition, the economical aspects of greenhouse dryers were also highlighted. This review paper will be helpful to the new researchers to know about the various technical aspects of the greenhouse dryer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertain price rise and rapid depletion of fossil fuels accelerated the development of renewable energy sources in the form of alternative power sources. Solar is an abundant, renewable and sustainable energy source that attracted many eminent researchers across the world to work in the field of solar energy applications. In developing countries, solar drying is capable of fulfilling the increasing demand of healthy, low cost natural foods and need for sustainable income. Solar dryers used for agricultural product drying can be proved to be most useful device from energy conservation point of view that not only save energy but also saves a lot of time, occupying less area, improves product quality and personnel life style. A solar crop drying system does not solely depends on solar energy for its functioning besides many recent advancements in drying process which combines other form of auxiliary heating source with sun energy are also in recent trends for reducing fuel consumption. In this paper, a review of various types of solar dryers namely, direct solar dryers, indirect solar dryers, hybrid solar dryers and their various drying applications are represented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, the convective and the evaporative heat transfer coefficients of ginger (zingiber officinale) drying in an indirect solar cabinet dryer under the induced forced convection mode is presented. Experiments were conducted during the month of March 2015 under the climatic conditions of Hisar, India (29°5'5"N latitude and 75°45'55"E longitude). The experimental data obtained for solar drying of a constant ginger mass of 150 g has been used to determine constants 'C' and 'n' in the Nusselt number expression using linear regression analysis; consequently, the convective and the evaporative heat transfer coefficients have been evaluated. The average value of constants 'C' and 'n' were evaluated as 0.999 and 0.318, respectively. The average values of the convective and the evaporative heat transfer coefficients were found to be 3.95 W/m2 °C and 160.47 W/m2 °C, respectively, for the given mass samples of ginger. The average collector efficiency was observed to be 14.5%. The experimental error in terms of percentage uncertainty was found to be 20.87%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate pulsed, photopumped multimode laser emission in the visible spectral range from rhodamine B dye dissolved in various solvents. The laser emission is characterized by a well-defined, low threshold pump power at which the emission spectral intensity dramatically increases and collapsed into several dominant laser modes with reduced mode spacing and spectral width. The modes were found to originate from the subcavities formed by the plane-parallel walls of the cuvette containing the gain medium. The cavity lasing spectral structure and the numbers of longitudinal modes were easily controlled by changing the solvents. A shift in the emission spectra has been also observed by changing the solvents will allow a limited range of tuning of laser emission wavelength. We also determined the gain coefficient and stimulated emission cross-section for the Rh B dye dissolved liquid laser system. A detailed discussion of the solvent effect in the lasing characteristics of Rh B in different solution is explained along with the computational data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut or groundnut is one of the major oilseed crops in the world. It is rich in oil and proteins. Developing countries account for about 95% of the world peanut production. Asia alone accounts for 70% of this amount where the major producers India and China together represent over two-third of global output. Traditionally, groundnuts are dried in open sun to its safe moisture level for storage. Natural and artificial (hot air drying) drying methods of groundnuts are being used throughout the world. Artificial peanuts drying devices consume very large amount of energy. In this paper, present status of peanut and a comprehensive review of its drying methods are discussed. Recent developments in preservation and storage of groundnuts are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on spatial variability in available soil nutrient i.e organic carbon (OC), available P, K and DTPA extractable micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) was carried out during 2011-2012. One hundred ten geo-referenced surface soil samples were collected from potato growing areas of Deesa tehsil of Banaskantha district (Gujarat). The maps showing the spatial variability of macro and micronutrients were generated using GIS software (Arc GIS-9.3). The organic carbon (OC) ranged from 0.18 to 0.80% with mean value 0.38%. About 30% samples rated high, 52% medium and 18% low in available phosphorus. While 77% samples were rated low, 15% medium and 8% high in available K. With respect to micronutrients, 40, 32 and 7% soil samples were found deficient in zinc, iron and copper, respectively. The corresponding values for different nutrients/parameters like OC, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and pH were linked with the respective sampling points and interpolation map for each nutrient was generated in GIS using IDW technique. The map on spatial variability of OC showed that 94.25 and 5.75 per cent area was in the range of 0.10-0.50% and >0.50% respectively. About 65.10% area was medium in available phosphorus and 27.30% area was high in available phosphorus whereas, 91.34% area was deficient in available K. Similarly 34.0, 29.8 and 3.3% area was classified as deficient in Zn, Fe and Cu, respectively. These spatial variability maps clearly showed the specific locales of the pockets where attention is required with respect to management of macro and micronutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted to examine the individual and combined effect of two different electromagnetic energies, i.e., gamma ray viz 0.1, 0.5 and 1 kGy and static magnetic field (50 mT for 1 h) and their combination (0.5 kGy + 50 mT) on the shelf life of tomato and evaluates the biochemical attributes that influence the fruit ripening and fruit quality. Magnetic field application either alone or in combination with gamma irradiation was not effective in delaying the ripening process. Gamma ray exposed fruits at 0.5 and 1 kGy showed an extended shelf life due to delayed fruit ripening and reduced lycopene synthesis and ethylene production. Efficient ROS scavenging ability and consequent reduction in oxidative damage in the irradiated treatment may cause favorable biochemical changes to facilitate delayed ripening of the tomato fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study numerically explores the thermally radiative incompressible flow of hybrid nanofluid due to the stretchable rotational disk with the consideration of externally applied magnetic field and examines the underlying transport of heat both qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Pertaining to this study, the traditional von Karman approach is applied to convert partial derivative form of governing nonlinear transport equations into ordinary derivative form and is then evaluated by using an efficient boundary value problem (BVP4c) solver. The simulated results of flow-field variables such as velocity, temperature, friction-factor coefficients for various physical factors have been discussed both apparently in graphical form as well as numerically in the tabular form. In addition, we aptly discussed the influence of entropy heat generation and Bejan number obtained for different physical parametric values on the underlying thermohydrodynamics. The results indicate that the radial and tangential velocities across the rotating disk decrease for greater values the magnetic parameter (M) and slip factor (γ). As shown in this study, the effect of augmented fractional volume (ϕ 2) leads to a decrease of the fluid velocity owing to the accumulation of the nanoparticles in the working fluid. An increasing the value of magnetic and radiation parameters results in thickening the thermal boundary layer, which in turn induce an enhancement in the fluid temperature. Finally, it is seen that for an intense effect of the thermal radiation and viscous dissipation, the thermodynamic irreversibility in the present system becomes higher. We believe that the developed modelling frame-work has the potential to effectively analyze the underlying fluid flow and heat transfer in turbomachinery, high-end heat transfer process applications. [Display omitted] • Effect of Magnetic field and radiation on the Hybrid-nanofluid flow in a rotating disk. • Increase in radiation and magnetic parameters invite higher thermodynamic Irreversibility. • The von Karman approach is employed in the solution method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary bone sarcomas account for less than 1% of diagnosed cancers each year. In this era of multiplanar and functional imaging, the approach to the radiographic diagnosis of bone cancers goes much beyond traditional radiography. Radiographs are still the most pertinent part of the initial diagnosis of bone tumors. Multimodal imaging, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can help with issues such as complex anatomy, marrow assessment, soft assessment, and better local staging. The emerging imaging modality such as positron emission tomography (PET)-CT/PET-MRI has further transformed the imaging of bone malignancies. Radiologist plays an important role in the workup, staging, and management of bone tumors. The purpose of this article is to review imaging recommendations for better diagnosis, staging, and management of bone tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Epilepsy is the commonest childhood neurological disorder mostly affecting children in the first decade of life. Globally, school teachers have many false beliefs and misinformation about epilepsy. The knowledge and attitude of teachers towards students with epilepsy have a huge impact on their future life. Aim: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy of school teachers towards students with epilepsy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 20 August 2022 to 31 October 2022 at BPS GMC for women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India, using self-administered questionnaire including randomly selected 427 school teachers from 15 schools of Haryana (India). The questionnaire included the scale of Attitude Towards Persons with Epilepsy (ATPE), a summated rating scale for measuring knowledge and attitude. Several additional knowledge and attitude items were also evaluated. Effect of socio-demographic characteristics of participants were also evaluated as a predictor of knowledge and attitude. Data was collected and statistics were applied using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software and p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean age of teachers in the present study was 37.7±8.8 years (range=23-58 years). Among the total participants, 79.4% were female teachers. They had approximately two times higher probability of getting a good knowledge and attitude score. Age group 30 to 50 years had higher chances of getting a good knowledge score. Teaching experience has a positive effect on the knowledge score. Awareness about epilepsy was quite high (85%). Only 14% teachers had previous or current contact with persons with epilepsy. A total of 10.7% teachers had performed first aid management of seizures and 9% of teachers thought that epilepsy is contiguous. The median score for knowledge and attitude were 6 (range= -21 to +26) and 25 (range=-19 to +62), respectively showing overall good knowledge and attitude score. But there were deficits in individual items score and first aid management of seizures. Conclusion: The overall result of study indicated a good knowledge and attitude towards students with epilepsy, among the participant teachers. Although there were some deficient areas which need to be improved regarding knowledge and attitude and first aid management of seizure episodes. There is a pressing need for integration of educational training courses about epilepsy in the teachers training curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]