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본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 재활에 사용되는 컴퓨터-인간 연동을 이용한 가상현실 기반 훈련 프로그램 중재의 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 2015년 2월까지 Medline 데이터베이스에서 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 재활을 위한 가상 현실 중재를 다루는 무작위 대조군 임상 연구들을 검색하였다. PEDro 스케일이 연구의 질을 사정하기 위해 사용되었다. 선정된 8개의 연구가 분석되어졌다. PEDro 스케일은 5 부터 8/10까지 다양했다. 모든 연구들은 가상현실 기반 훈련 그룹에서 상지 기능 회복에 유의한 결과를 보였다. 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 회복을 위해 사용되는 가상 현실 기반 훈련 프로그램의 적용이 다양하고 예측할 수 없는 실행으로 구성된 과제 지향적이고 점진적인 학습을 제공함을 통해 특히 배움에 효과가 있음을 보여주었다. 본 연구에서는 가상현실 훈련 프로그램을 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 기능 재활에 탁월한 학습 효과를 기대할 수 있으며 과제-지향과 등급화된 학습을 제공하는데 효과적이다. 【To identify virtual reality (VR) interventions used for upper extremity rehabilitation in stroke patients. The Medline database was searched up to February 11, 2015. Randomized controlled and clinical trials that included a VR intervention for upper extremity rehabilitation in stroke patients were included. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. In total, 8 studies were included. PEDro scores varied from 5 to 8/10. All studies showed significant improvement in outcomes in favor of the VR group. This review suggests that VR applications used for upper extremity rehabilitation in stroke patients predominantly mediate learning through providing task-oriented and graduated learning with variable and unpredictable practice.】

Inflammation by IL-8-induced neutrophil recruitment and apoptosis of epithelial cells by decreased expression of VEGF have been suggested as one of the complicated pathogenic mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The role of neutrophil elastase (NE) in the development of COPD is also well known. However, little is known about how they interact. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of NE on cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced IL-8 and VEGF production and its molecular mechanism in bronchial epithelial cells. CSE increased both IL-8 and VEGF production in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Although NE significantly enhanced CSE-induced IL-8 production, it suppressed VEGF production. This differential regulation was not CSE-specific. The effect of NE on IL-8 production, but not VEGF, was ERK-dependent. Interestingly, in contrast to decreased VEGF protein expression, NE accelerated VEGF transcription by CSE, suggesting post-translational modification. When cells were incubated with purified NE, it was detected in the cytoplasm, suggesting the intracellular translocation of NE. Furthermore, NE fragmented recombinant human VEGF in vitro but not recombinant human IL-8. These results indicate that VEGF down-regulation is due to direct degradation by NE, which is translocated into cells. Similar to in vitro cell experiments, elastase treatment increased CSE-induced IL-8; however, it suppressed VEGF production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of CSE-treated mice. Moreover, elastase treatment enhanced CSE-induced emphysema in mice. Considering the actions of IL-8 and VEGF, our results suggest that NE contributes to the pathogenesis of COPD by enhancing inflammation and apoptosis.

Background Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is widely used as a vasopressor agent. Some recent studies have suggested that AVP may exert an immunomodulatory effect. However, the mechanism about the anti-inflammatory effect of AVP is not well known. We investigated the effect of AVP on the ihibitor of kappa B (IκBα)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. Methods Cultured RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with AVP and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To evaluate the effect of AVP on inflammatory cytokines, the concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The expression of IκBα and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 were measured by Western blotting, and IκB kinase (IKK) activity was analyzed by an in vitro immune complex kinase assay. To confirm the AVP effect on IκBα/NF-κB cascade and via V2 receptor, we added tolvaptan (V2 receptor antagonist) after AVP pretreatment. Results The increase of IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was suppressed by a treatment with AVP. Pretreatment of AVP inhibited increasing of IKK activity and IκBα degradation induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, LPS induced and NF-κB transcription was inhibited by AVP pretreatment. The observed changes in IKK activity, IκBα degradation and NF-κB transcription by AVP was abolished by tolvaptan treatment. Conclusions Our results suggest that AVP showed anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced IκBα/NF-κB cascade in mouse macrophages via V2 receptors.

This study was initiated to understand design and detail characteristics of coats that targeted new seniorwomen by analyzing shape, color, fabric and detail. For the new senior, youthful appearance has more appeal than productsthat represent elder's style. Among , the coat can be effectively utilized as a trendy fashion item that targets seniors sinceit is more useful to hide figures than pants, blouses or jackets. The objectives of this research were to: First, examinedesign characteristics of new senior women’s coat. Second, understand design characteristics of new senior women’scoat. Third, analyze the relationship between the design of collars and details according to type of new senior women’scoat. Photographs collected were categorized according to type of coat. Three types of coat (balmacaan, redingote andtrench) were chosen to analyze with the highest frequency. The results of analyzing shape, length, color and fabric of theproducts made in domestic and foreign brands were similar; however, the collar and way of fastening showed significantresults that required specific analysis since the design elements were related to maincoat characteristics in protectingagainst the cold. The depth of the V-zone can change without change of collar width and design changes in V-zone thatinfluence the coat image that lead to changes in sleeve type and length (or fastening and closing position) method.Key words : new senior(뉴 시니어), coat(코트), fashion design(패션디자인)

Increasing of Korean old women's rate is demographic characteristics attributed an aging society, silver generation would lead to silver fashion market with steady competitiveness and interest in fashion. So the study attempts to use foundation material for silver's fashion design by analyzing design characteristics and processing development of design representative women's top. Selecting brand for collecting photo using study represents a mid- and premium-priced with reference Brand Yearbook. After selecting brand on domestic and foreign I have collected picture from Internet shopping mall and web-site of fashion brand, from October 2013 to July 2014, but I selected 840 pictures based on front poses for easy decision. In order to search design characteristics according to sort of silver blouse design on domestic and foreign. I have examined shape, color, pattern, fabric sensation, inside composition line and decoration with reference standard of analysis in preceding research. Data analysis method was conducted on analysis of frequency and cross analysis using SPSS statistical package 21.0. The conclusion of design characteristic according to type of blouse design for silver, H-silhouette in shirt blouse seems to fit in body transformation and expose silhouette with correcting the body flaw. Using soft material in T-shirt blouse they are able to conceal a body defect and express beautiful silhouette. By using detail in pullover shirt blouse and tunic blouse for point of design, it express glamour and luxurious. Most of blouse are printed various pattern, it would looks more gorgeous using pattern.

Adiponectin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue, is very abundant in plasma, and its anti- and pro-inflammatory effects are reported. However, the mechanisms of these pro- and anti-inflammatory effects are not fully defined. Herein, we evaluated the dual inflammatory response mechanism of adiponectin in macrophages. Short-term globular adiponectin (gAd) treatment induced IκBα degradation, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and TNF-α production in RAW 264.7 cells. Polymyxin B pretreatment did not block gAd-induced IκBα degradation, and heated gAd was unable to degrade IκBα, suggesting that the effects of gAd were not due to endotoxin contamination. gAd activated IKK and Akt, and inhibition of either IKK or Akt by dominant-negative IKKβ (DN-IKKβ) or DN-Akt overexpression blocked gAd-induced IκBα degradation, suggesting that short-term incubation with gAd mediates inflammatory responses by activating the IκB/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways. Contrastingly, long-term stimulation with gAd induced, upon subsequent stimulation, tolerance to gAd, lipopolysaccharide, and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide, which is associated with gAd-induced downregulation of IL-receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) due to IRAK-1 transcriptional repression. Conclusively, our findings demonstrate that the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to gAd in innate immune cells are time-dependent, and mediated by the activation of the IκB/NF-κB pathway, and IRAK-1 downregulation, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cost-benefit of on-site food waste recycling system using Life-Cycle Cost analysis, and to compare with large-scale treatment system. For accurate evaluation, the cost-benefit analysis was conducted with respect to local governments and residents, and qualitative environmental improvement effects were quantified. As for the local governments, analysis results showed that, when large-scale treatment system was replaced with on-site recycling system, there was significant cost reduction from the initial stage depending on reduction of investment, maintenance, and food wastewater treatment costs. As for the residents, it was found that the cost incurred from using the on-site recycling system was larger than the cost of using large-scale treatment system due to the cost of producing and installing the on-site treatment facilities at the initial stage. However, analysis showed that with continuous benefits such as greenhouse gas emission reduction, compost utilization, and food wastewater reduction, cost reduction would be obtained after 6 years of operating the on-site recycling system. Therefore, it was recommended for local governments and residents to consider introducing an on-site food waste recycling system if they are to replace an old treatment system or need to establish a new one.

Inflammation and oxidative stress have been suggested as an important pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We investigated the effect of YPL-001, the drug substance of Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum , on cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced inflammation and anti-oxidative pathway in human bronchial epithelial cells. CSE induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) which was significantly suppressed by YPL-001. YPL-001 also suppressed IL-17A-induced IL-8 release, which suggests that the inhibitory effect of YPL-001 on IL-8 production is not CSE stimulation-specific. NF-κB is a major transcription factor that regulates the expression of several genes including inflammatory cytokines. Although YPL-001 did not block nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunit p65, it suppressed transcriptional activity of NF-κB by blocking acetylation of p65 (Lys310) and suppressed CSE or IL-17A-induced transcription of IL-8 gene. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) prevent gene transcription by condensing DNA structure and affecting NF-κB nuclear binding. YPL-001 alone increased HDAC activity and enhanced CSE-induced activation of HDAC. YPL-001-induced suppression of NF-κB transcriptional activity might be caused by increase in HDAC activity. Moreover, we found that YPL-001 increased Nrf2 expression via both degradation of its inhibitory protein, Keap1 and de novo protein synthesis, resulting in nuclear translocation of Nrf2. YPL-001 increased DNA binding activity of Nrf2. Consequently, YPL-001 up-regulated the expression of Nrf2-targeted anti-oxidant genes such as NQO1 and HO-1. Altogether, these results suggest that YPL-001 could be a good therapeutic candidate for treatment of COPD.

Purpose Local anesthetic agents such as bupivacaine and lidocaine are commonly used after surgery for pain control. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the safety of a mixture of bupivacaine and lidocaine in children who underwent urologic inguinal and scrotal surgery. Materials and methods Fifty-five patients who underwent pediatric urologic outpatient surgeries, were prospectively enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into three groups according to age (group I: under 2 years, group II: between 3-4 years, and group III: 5 years and above). Patients were further sub-divided into unilateral and bilateral groups. All patients were injected with a mixture of 0.5% bupivacaine and 2% lidocaine (2:1 volume ratio) at the surgical site, just before the surgery ended. Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic parameters were measured before local anesthesia, 30 minutes after administration of local anesthesia, and 60 minutes after administration. Results The patients' mean age was 40.5±39.9 months. All patients had normal hemodynamic and electrocardiographic parameters before local anesthesia, after 30 minutes, and after 60 minutes. Also, results of all intervals were within normal values, when analyzed by age and laterality. No mixture related adverse events (nausea, vomiting, pruritus, sedation, respiratory depression) or those related to electrocardiographic parameters (arrhythmias and asystole) were reported in any patients. Conclusions A mixture of bupivacaine and lidocaine can be safely used in children undergoing urologic inguinal and scrotal surgery. An appropriate dose has no clinically significant hemodynamic or cardiac changes and adverse effects.

[Purpose] Post-stroke motor recovery consists of both true recovery and compensatory movements. Although compensatory movements are learned more quickly early after stroke, the role of compensatory movement patterns in functional recovery is controversial. We investigated the role of compensatory movement patterns in the long-term functional motor recovery after stroke. [Subjects and Methods] Male Wistar rats were subjected to photothrombotic infarction to induce motor and sensorimotor cortex lesions. The rats were given task-specific training. Behavior tests and analyses of compensatory movement patterns (head lift, limb withdrawal impairment, phantom grasps, and pellet chasing) during the single-pellet reaching test were performed 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post stroke. [Results] Successful retrieval during the single-pellet reaching test was significantly correlated with compensatory movement patterns in stroke groups. Motor cortex stroke showed significant correlation in limb withdrawal impairment and pellet chasing. But, sensorimotor cortex stroke was significant correlation in pellet chasing. [Conclusion] The data suggest that compensatory movements after stroke are correlated with spontaneous recovery. Since some compensatory movement patterns are detrimental to functional recovery, the correct timing of training and control of compensatory movement patterns might be important.

Objective We evaluated the effect on treatment using the new International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis. Methods Singleton pregnant women whose plasma glucose levels were ≥140 mg/dL on the 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) underwent 75 g oral glucose tolerance for GDM diagnosis. During the first half of the study period, GDM was diagnosed using 2 abnormal values by Carpenter-Coustan (C-C) criteria. In the second half of the study period, 1 or more abnormal values by IADPSG criteria were used for GDM diagnosis. Pregnant women were classified into 5 groups: normal 50 g GCT, positive 50 g GCT but non-GDM, GDM by IADPSG criteria and non-treated, GDM by IADPSG criteria and treated, GDM by C-C criteria and treated. The odds ratios (ORs) for large for gestational age (LGA) and macrosomia were analyzed. Results Of the 2,678 patients, the frequency of GDM diagnosed by C-C and IADPSG criteria was 2.6% and 7.5%. ORs (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for LGA and macrosomia in the group with GDM by IADPSG criteria and non-treated were 2.81 (95% CI, 1.47–5.38) and 2.84 (95% CI, 1.08–7.47). The risk of LGA and macrosomia did not increase in the group with GDM by IADPSG criteria and treated. Conclusion The risk of LGA and macrosomia for mild GDM diagnosed solely by IADPSG criteria depends on whether they are treated or not. Treatment of GDM based on IADPSG criteria reduces the risk of excessive fetal growth. Trial Registration Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0000776

The purpose of this article is to present the environmental enrichment(EE) method used to improve the functional recovery and change of brain plastic in animal experimental models of stroke.In animal experimental models of stroke, the environmental enrichment is effective in altering the morphological, biochemical and behavioral characteristics of the brain and thereby improving the functional outcomes. In this review article, we address the effects of EE in achieving a functional recovery in animal experimental models of stroke, thus attempting to describe them in patients with stroke from both occupational and rehabilitation perspectives. Key Words : Stroke, Environmental enrichment, Behavioral, Animal experimental models, Rehabilitation therapy요 약 본 연구의 목적은 뇌졸중 동물 실험 모델에서 환경 강화는 기능 회복을 향상 시키고 이로 인하여 뇌에 형태학적, 생화학과 행동에서 특징적인 변화와 그 효과들을 소개하고, 뇌졸중 환자에 환경 강화의 적용은 재활치료 및 작업치료를 포함한 다양 치료와 전 임상 실험의 중요성을 설명하고자 한다 . 이 종설 논문에서는 주로 뇌졸중 동물 실험 모델에서 환경 강화로 인한 기능적 회복에 대한 효과와 신경 친화성 물질 , 특정 단백질의 발현 및 임상 적용 사례 등의 연구 결과들을 소개하였다. 마지막으로 임상에서 뇌졸중 환자에게 환경 강화의 적용 가능성과 작업치료 및 재활치료의 관점에서 설명하였다.

In this study, we ran a collage fashion illustration program. We used in depth personal interviews to find if there are any change in self-image by psychologically analyzing the features of self-images expressed in the pieces of fash- ion illustration. The total number of objects were five females students majoring in fashion design in Busan. They were hoping to have a psychology consultation to resolve their concerns about the future, family affairs, appearance, and careers. Collage fashion illustration program was used as a experimental tool to find the psychological features shown in the formats and content of collage fashion illustration. We then figure out how pre and post diagnosis were different from each other in terms of ego-identity and DAP. As a result, the formats in collage fashion illustration are related to the self images such as psychological energy, incompetency, suppression, and tendency of self-centered. Also, the contents of the fashion expression are related to the self-images such as dependency, avoidance, wariness, and self-regard. All of the par- ticipants have improved self-regard and active action due to improvements in subjectivity, initiative, and goal orientation. Therefore, they could change from pessimistic self-images to optimistic ones.

MHC class I and MHC class II plays a major role in adaptive immune responses through activation of CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells respectively, by presenting intracellular or extracellular antigens. The MHC class I transactivator (CITA), NLRC5 was recently identified as a key transcriptional regulator of MHC class I and related genes. Although promoters of both MHC class I and class II genes share similar cis-regulatory elements, the specificity of NLRC5 to MHC class I gene transactivation remains unclear. To delineate the specificity of NLRC5 in NLRC5-dependent MHC classs I transactivation, we performed co-immunoprecipitation with different deletion mutants of IRF1. The results were further confirmed in mice lacking Irf1 and Nlrc5. We found that the transcription factor IRF1 associates with NLRC5, enabling efficient transactivation of MHC class I and related genes. Double deficiency of Irf1 and Nlrc5 resulted in the severe reduction of MHC class I and related gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, IRF1 is a key component that determine the specificity of NLRC5-dependent MHC class I gene transactivation, and their involvement in the CITA enhanceosome is critical for MHC class I-dependent immune responses. Further studies on the interaction of IRF1 and NLRC5 would shed light on the potential therapeutic intervention on the MHC class I related diseases such as auto-immune disorders, cancer immunity and in organ transplantation

Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have been reported to induce apoptosis in many types of tumor. Their apoptotic activities have been suggested to be associated with the up-regulation of molecules implicated in pro-apoptotic cascades such as p53, p21(Waf1), and p27(Kip1). Moreover, the blocking of NF-κB nuclear translocation via the stabilization of IκB is an important mechanism of PI-induced apoptosis. However, we found that long-term incubation with PIs (PS-341 or MG132) increased NF-κB-regulated gene expression such as COX-2, cIAP2, XIAP, and IL-8 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was mediated by phosphorylation of IκBα and its subsequent degradation via the alternative route, lysosome. Overexpression of the IκBα superrepressor (IκBα-SR) blocked PI-induced NF-κB activation. Treatment with lysosomal inhibitors (ammonium chloride or chloroquine) or inhibitors of cathepsins (Z-FF-FMK or Z-FA-FMK) or knock-down of LC3B expression by siRNAs suppressed PI-induced IκBα degradation. Furthermore, we found that both IKK-dependent and IKK-independent pathways were required for PI-induced IκBα degradation. Pretreatment with IKKβ specific inhibitor, SC-514, partially suppressed IκBα degradation and IL-8 production by PIs. Blockade of IKK activity using insolubilization by heat shock (HS) and knock-down by siRNAs for IKKβ only delayed IκBα degradation up to 8 h after treatment with PIs. In addition, PIs induced Akt-dependent inactivation of GSK-3β. Inactive GSK-3β accelerated PI-induced IκBα degradation. Overexpression of active GSK-3β (S9A) or knock-down of GSK-3β delayed PI-induced IκBα degradation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that long-term incubation with PIs activates NF-κB, which is mediated by IκBα degradation via the lysosome in an IKK-dependent and IKK-independent manner.

This research examines the interrelation of clothes, colors and sentiments based on clothes and colors thatstimulate sentiment. This study provides data that is useful to color therapy by means of clothes as medium.The survey for this study targeted 200 Pusan National University students who analyzed the colors of asso-ciation and clothes colors for nine positive vocabularies (passion, love, warmth, happiness, interest, softness,comfortable, freshness, and coolness) and six negative vocabularies (anger, fear, despair, nervous, gloomy,and loneliness). The data collection process used 120 standard colors as represented by Munsell's basic 10colors (R, YR, Y, GY, G, BG, B, PB, P, RP) as chromatic colors classified into eleven tones of colors (V, S,B, P, VP, LGR, GR, L, DL, DP, DK) and achromatic colors divided into ten steps of brightness N1-N10.The results of the research are as follows. First, the warm class of colors were significant in the colors ofassociation with positive sentiment and the cold class of colors were significant in the sentiment of refresh-ment and coolness. In addition, bright and clear colors (like V, S, VP, P) were associated with color tones.Second, the low bright achromatic colors were generally high for the colors of association with negativesentiment; in addition, the color of R, PB, P (as achromatic colors) were also significant. In addition, soberand dark tones (like GR, DL, DK, DP) were significant in color tones. Third, the interrelation between po-sitive sentiment and clothes colors shows that colors of association were mainly used for upper garmentcolors. Similar colors against upper garments were used together for bottom garment achromatic colors andcomplementary colors; therefore, bottom garments play a subsidiary role in the concept of coordination withupper garments.Key words: Emotion, Positive, Negative, Color, Tone; 정서, 긍정적, 부정적, 색, 톤

The phase separation in Wood Flour-Polymer Composite (WPC) was investigated and the reasons for change in mechanical properties with the content of wood flour were explored. The wood flour-polypropylene composite samples with different wood flour contents were prepared. From differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of WPC samples, the trend of crystallinity and melting temperature () were analyzed. The crystallinity and melting temperature increased and then decreased as the content of wood flour increased. From these results, it was confirmed that at the low wood flour content the wood flours were dispersed into the polypropylene matrix but at the high wood flour content, the phase separation between polymer and wood flour phases appeared. The tensile strength of WPC samples was continuously decreased with the increase of wood flour content. At a low wood flour content, the low interfacial bonding and the decrease in crystallinity were the main reasons for the decrease in tensile strength with the increase of wood flour content. At a high wood flour content, the decrease in tensile strength resulted from the interfacial defects between the polymer and wood flour phases. The impact strength of the WPC sample showed the maximum behavior with the content of wood flour. At a low wood flour content, the impact strength was enhanced owing to the decrease in brittleness, which results from the decrease in crystallinity. At a high wood flour content, however, the impact strength decreased due to phase separation.

(Received March 14, 2013)(Revised April 12, 2013)(Accepted April 19, 2013)Abstract Most of the world’s solar cells in photovoltaic industry are currently fabricated using crystalline silicon.Czochralski-grown silicon crystals are more expensive than multicrystalline silicon crystals. The future of solar-gradeCzochralski-grown silicon crystals crucially depends on whether it is usable for the mass-production of high-efficiency solarcells or not. It is generally believed that the main obstacle for making solar-grade Czochralski-grown silicon crystals aperfect high-efficiency solar cell material is presently light-induced degradation problem. In this work, the substitution ofboron with gallium in p-type silicon single crystal is studied as an alternative to reduce the extent of lifetime degradation.The diamond-wire sawing technology is employed to slice the silicon ingot. In this paper, the quality of the diamond wire-sawn gallium-doped silicon wafers is studied from the chemical, electrical and structural points of view. It is found that thecharacteristic of gallium-doped silicon wafers including texturing behavior and surface metallic impurities are same as thatof conventional boron-doped Czochralski crystals.Key wordsSilicon, Czochralski, Diamond wire saw, Gallium doping, Quality evaluation

Quercetin, a ubiquitous bioactive plant flavonoid, has shown to exert a broad range of activities, such as apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, flavonoids can mediate both cell protection and cell injury. Recently, quercetin has been reported to prevent the progression of emphysema in animal models through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. These findings suggest that quercetin could be a potential treatment option for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Its clinical application, however, could be limited by the cytotoxicity of quercetin, and understanding of the apoptotic mechanisms of quercetin is a prerequisite to develop a therapeutic strategy with minimal cytotoxicity. We evaluated the apoptotic effect of quercetin and its molecular mechanisms in normal bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells). Quercetin decreased the viability of BEAS-2B cells via apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Quercetin activated JNK and increased the expression levels of c-Jun and p53-dependent Bax. Blockade of JNK activation by overexpression of dominant negative JNK1 suppressed apoptosis by quercetin via inhibition of caspase-3 activation and reduction of p53 and Bax expression. Simultaneously, quercetin inactivated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, which is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt dependent. Overexpression of a constitutively active GSK-3β mutant enhanced quercetin-induced JNK activation. In contrast, overexpression of enzymatically inert GSK-3β inhibited JNK activation, resulting in a suppression of apoptosis by quercetin. Taken together, the JNK-p53 pathway is involved in quercetin-induced apoptosis, and simultaneous inactivation of GSK-3β can attenuate apoptosis in normal bronchial epithelial cells.

Eco T-shirts have become a part of environmental campaigns following social trends toward eco-friendly designs. With the demand for such designs expected to grow, there has arisen a need for higher product variety. In the past, eco T-shirts were designed to convey messages about the protection of nature through the use of environmentally friendly text or images. However, in order to respond to the preferences and emotional needs of Koreans, designs should cater to their characteristics and tastes. To this end, this study used a Whan-ki Kim-inspired motif to develop an eco-friendly design tailored to Korean perspectives. It is believed that this process can not only result in a distinctive eco T-shirt design, but also make it globally competitive. With regard to research methodology, a total of 41 paintings of Whan-ki Kim were analyzed and classified into four major themes or key values expressed in modern eco-friendly fashion designs: naturalness, indigenousness, harmony between nature and man, and harmony between natural and artificial beauty. Employing a wide range of CAD techniques and varying forms, the themes were developed into 28 T-shirt designs after their forms, tones, and textures were fully explored. This study demonstrates the possibility of designing creative, aesthetic, and high value-added eco T-shirts through motif development. In addition, it successfully integrates Korean paintings in the development of T-shirt designs aimed at communicating environmentally friendly messages.

This study compares the trend analysis for characteristics of design from 2007 to 2011. According to analyzed results for each year's jean fashion, the 2007's aesthetic feature was a unified and simple design. From 2008 to 2010, the design features were various and rich, and features of 2011 were defined by simplicity with diversity. S/S season's feature were more diverse and balanced than the F/W season. Particularly, washing techniques represent a distinct skill, regard- less of season. An analysis of each collection showed that the Paris collection had different and diverse forms; however, it was gorgeous to enjoy the design of a young sense in Milano. London's jean fashion was pale, light, and a dull tone. New York's jean fashion presented a young and practical value to catch other's eyes. There is a need to increase and increase the expectations of customer desire and the high value-added jean fashion industry. New ideas need to be devel- oped for varieties of design and expression of techniques.

Biomechanical weakness of the pelvic supportive structures has been proposed to be a cause of pelvic organ prolapse. However, the molecular mechanism involved in these changes is not completely understood. In this investigation we evaluated oxidative stress biomarkers in the uterosacral ligaments of women with pelvic organ prolapse and compared them with those of women with normal support. In addition, mitochondrial apoptosis was examined.Samples were collected from 26 women with advanced stage pelvic organ prolapse and 29 age matched controls. The expression levels of 8-OHdG and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the uterosacral ligaments were measured using immunohistochemistry. To assess mitochondrial apoptosis we performed TUNEL assay, immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome c, and Western blot analyses for cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9.The mean percentage of cells immunopositive for 8-OHdG, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome c in the uterosacral ligaments was significantly higher in patients with pelvic organ prolapse than in controls. Similarly, Western blot analysis revealed increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 in patients with pelvic organ prolapse. Correlation analyses revealed significant positive correlations between the percentage of cells immunopositive for 8-OHdG or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and markers of mitochondrial apoptosis. Analyzing by pelvic organ prolapse quantification system stage according to C point, the mean percentage of cells immunopositive for 8-OHdG, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and cytochrome c was significantly higher in patients with pelvic organ prolapse compared to controls, regardless of stage. However, the mean percentage of TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 positive cells was significantly higher only in patients with stage III or IV pelvic organ prolapse.Oxidative stress and increased mitochondrial apoptosis may contribute to the pathological process of pelvic organ prolapse.

Alarmins, the endogenous molecules that recruit and activate innate immune cells, are considered as subgroups of damage-associated molecular patterns. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is one of putative alarmins together with high mobility group box 1, S100s, interleukin-1α, and annexins. It has cytokine-like functions as well as molecular chaperone functions. However, the cytokine function of Hsp70 has not been clear. Here, we demonstrated that there exists the positive feedback regulation of Hsp70 induction in innate immune cells. Heat stress (HS) increased intracellular Hsp70 (iHsp70) and it was actively released into extracellular space through the Golgi complex. Human recombinant Hsp70 (rhHsp70) up-regulated iHsp70 expression and induced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). rhHsp70 rapidly activated Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) was inactivated by rhHsp70-induced Akt activation. Knockdown of TLR4 and overexpression of dominant negative TLR4 (DN-TLR4) suppressed the above effects of rhHsp70. The effects of rhHsp70 were not due to endotoxin contamination. Akt-dependent GSK-3β inactivation was responsible for iHsp70 induction by rhHsp70. Overexpression of DN-Akt or constitutively active GSK-3β or pretreatment of LY294002 inhibited rhHsp70-induced iHsp70 up-regulation, which was similar to the mechanism of HS-mediated induction of Hsp70. Thus, these data suggest the positive feedback regulatory mechanism of iHsp70 induction.

This research was focused on jean jacket and jean pant design characteristics in the collection. To offer a basic proposal for the development of jean jackets and pants, pictures of fashion web pages from 2007 to 2011 were used, and data were analysed by the usage of the frequency and percentage of the SPAW Statistics 18. The results of the research were as follows. Men`s jackets were mainly medium in length with a tetragonal silhouette and simple detail. On the contrary, women`s jackets were mainly of an X silhouette, short in length, and with varied details. Men`s jean pants were mainly represented by a straight, comfortable silhouette while women`s jean pants were characterized by a variety of silhouettes, fit, and lengths.

P34 has long been known as one of major allergenic proteins in soybean. Recently, two low-P34 soybean accessions, PI603570A and PI567476, were identified. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of a significant reduction of P34 protein level in PI567476, we performed comparative analysis of the P34 cDNAs and genomic sequences from low-P34 and normal soybean accessions. While no sequence variation was detected in P34 coding regions of the soybean accessions tested, the P34 gene from PI567476 contains ‘ATGT’ 4-bp insertion in front of the start codon. We also found the length polymorphism of ‘TA’ repeats in the P34 promoter regions among accessions. Northern and western blot analysis revealed that, even though mRNA levels of P34 are similar in low-P34 and normal soybean accessions, lower accumulation of P34 protein is only detected in the low-P34 accession, suggesting that the genetic polymorphisms in P34 promoters have a more significant effect on translation efficiency than transcription of the P34 gene. Transient expression analysis showed that the P34 promoter of PI567476 has significantly reduced activity compared to that of normal accession, cv. Clark. In addition, the chimeric promoter generated by introducing the 4-bp insertion in front of the start codon of the P34 gene from normal Clark accession showed markedly reduced activity. The results suggest that lower accumulation of P34 protein in low-P34 accession is largely due to the reduced translation efficiency caused by the 4-bp insertion in the P34 promoter, thus providing direct evidence for the molecular mechanism to explain the regulation of P34 gene expression in various soybean accessions.

The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense by detecting microbes and initiating inflammatory responses. Although both Toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are important for this process, their excessive activation is hazardous to hosts; thus, tight regulation is required. Endotoxin tolerance is refractory to repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and serves as a host defense mechanism against septic shock caused by an excessive TLR4 response during gram-negative bacterial infection. Gram-positive bacteria as well as their cell wall components also induce shock. However, the mechanism underlying tolerance is not understood. Here, we show that activation of Nod2 by its ligand, muramyl dipeptide (MDP) in the bacterial cell wall, induces rapid degradation of Nod2, which confers MDP tolerance in vitro and in vivo. Nod2 is constitutively associated with a chaperone protein, Hsp90, which is required for Nod2 stability and protects Nod2 from degradation. Upon MDP stimulation, Hsp90 rapidly dissociates from Nod2, which subsequently undergoes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. The SOCS-3 protein induced by Nod2 activation further facilitates this degradation process. Therefore, Nod2 protein stability is a key factor in determining responsiveness to MDP stimulation. This indicates that TLRs and NLRs induce a tolerant state through distinct molecular mechanisms that protect the host from septic shock.

This study investigates trends and design characteristics of recent eco fashion designs on websites. For such purposes, 1185 pictures were collected from the websites of 12 eco fashion brands from 2006 to 2010 to analyze current status and design characteristics. Content analysis and statistical analysis using SPSS will be conducted for data analysis. The results of the research are as follows. First, the change difference according to the year of the eco fashion design. The focus was on, the natural image (from 2006 to 2008), the romantic image (from 2008 to 2009), and vintage, multi, and modern (from 2010). It was noticeable that the forms, colors, and materials changed simultaneously with the various images. The changing progress of eco fashion design was on the design changes according to fashion image changes. Sec- ond, after an examination of the characteristic difference of eco fashion designs according to seasons, the difference was shown as a natural and romantic image in the S/S season as well the vintage and classical image focused on the F/W sea- son. It is figurative that S/S season shows a romantic image as well as magnifies a sportive image that is natural and active. Multi, natural and vintage images mostly appeared for the F/W season. In conclusion, eco fashion design is influenced by fashion trends, yearly changes, and seasons.

Modern people gratify their self-satisfaction to express their distinctive image and symbolic significance through various and sensible direction. The image that is formed by each factor of coordination and harmony of aesthetic characteristic has emphasized its importance in modern society. And also, the item which is conflated by the wearer`s feeling figures the image and it takes a role that lifts the degree of fashion`s completion. For the rapid change of fashion trend in modern society, the role of Jewelry has been emphasized. Even though the shape of Jewelry is tiny, but it has risen as one of the fashion items which could be used for various application. Especially, the Brooches are mainly put on her`s top where they hold someone`s eyes, so it could be regard as Artwork which assists for wearer`s distinctive style and lingering impression. Overviews of Researches Trend in Brooch, they have been concerned about Brooch Design, Internal state of the Accessory in clothes and Accessory Design which is expressed in Fashion. But, the study on the relations between Clothes and Brooch is insufficient. So, in this paper, first of all we arrange the terms according to characteristic of Brooch, and then study empirically for the relations between Clothes and Shape of Brooch, Colors of Brooch, Materials of Brooch in Fashion Collection in order to study for the new physical beauty that is expressed by interaction between Clothes and Brooch.

One-third of total energy and 50% of emissions arise from construction phase. Because of this global amount of energy consumption and emission, we must do our best to solve this problem. But our existing ways of meeting this problem has focused on the energy consumption saving of the construction and dwelling stage. On the other hand, we has been treated too lightly for handling the emissions problem during the maintenance management and the demolition process so far,. In this paper, we quantitatively predicted and evaluated the environmental load in each construction step during all life cycle. And, we developed the environmental load assessment program for each construction step. And we proposed the reliable decision support model for objective and reliable environmental load assessment and reduction. This result must help the development of construction technology and low carbon & green growth.

This study contributes to the development of a creative fashion design and provides concrete data regarding the process of creative ideas through an analysis of the characteristics of the fashion design idea and the characteristics of fashion design from a formative perspective according to Osborn`s checklist method. The data collection involved 466 pages that focused on the work of 30 designers (2005 S/S-2009 F/W) extracted from the websites style.com and ifb.co.kr. In the cases of pictures collected, a content analysis was applied based on statistical analysis and design analysis criteria. First, as a result of the examination of the characteristics of ideas for fashion design based on the checklist, it turned out that elimination method is most frequently employed, followed by addition, conversion, limit and combination. In addition, every idea showed a significant difference in terms of the applied item, expression method, and balance. Second, due to the study of the formative characteristics of fashion design (based on the checklist), it turned out that square-shaped silhouette, achromatic and chromatic colors, combined tones, identical color combination, complex texture, and identical texture combination are frequently used. In addition, every idea showed a significant difference in terms of form, color, and fabric. We believe that the use of the checklist is useful for the development of a creative design because formative characteristics vary based on the characteristic of ideas of fashion design.

Considerate design enhances the familiarity, consideration and design accessibility of various customers. The aim of this study lies on analyzing the aesthetic characteristics and instrumental characteristics of fashion design and applying the considerate design principles. The fashion photograph collection that applies the considerate design principle, was collected from 2006 S/S to 2011 F/W through the following internet site: www. style. com. First, the considerate design key words used in the preceding studies and literatures were classified semantically into these words: "Supportiveness", "Variability", "Ease", "Protection". The result shows that considerate fashion design has used simple, comfortable and achromatic, squared silhouettes that are not affected by the changing trend, simple color coordination and hard materials to prolong the product and the plain pattern. By analyzing the instrumental characteristics of considerate fashion design according to the principles, designs of "Supportiveness" purposely used many changes and showed reversible ways the most. Designs of "Variability" used design changes in length, volume, detail, and other changing forms. Designs of "Ease" used easy-wear apparel, ties and pleats. Designs of "Protection" partially used coverings and different combinations.

The purpose of this research to look into formative characteristics of eco T-shirt design. Previous study researchers have mostly focused on overall eco fashion design, but on the other hand the research on eco product entity leaves much to be desired. We analyzed formative characteristics of eco T-shirt design that is easily accessible in real life and is easy to passing message. We selected 23 eco brands through internet and analyzed total 500 photos of eco T-shirt. Each photo was categorized by sex and the nations which belong to the eco fashion world associations. The content and statistical analysis was used for data analysis. The content of the research is as the following. First, it was found out that basic straight silhouette, achromatic color, human pattern, plant pattern, and eco-friendly organic material were used for the design of eco T-shirt. Second, it showed difference of silhouette, color, pattern according to nations. Third, it showed difference of silhouette, color, pattern according to sex. Fourth, symbolism of eco T-shirt was nature love, nature support, society ethicality, anti-sociality, and economics. This research aims for providing practical help and assistance to the development of eco T-shirt and its relevant industries.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the characteristics of the color combination in Eco fashion design. 532 pictures related to eco was collected through Eco brand web sites from 2008 through 2011. The characteristics for analysis include color combination and tone. The method of research is content and statistical analysis. The result of the research is summed up below. First, achromatic color was most frequently presented in Eco fashion. Also monotone color or single color combination were displayed often. Secondly, many dresses were of single color combination and T-shirt items displayed contrast color combination created by luminosity difference. Third, the outcome of comparing seasons was that both seasons presented single color and contrast color combination. The difference between countries proved slight as single color coloration dominated. This considered the process which was non-chemical manufacture for eco-friendly. For the combination of colors, the same coloration with single colors or contrast coloration due to the differences of brightness were presented quite often, generally, the modern image fashion without fancy factors have shown a lot. These results that minimalism trend was included in eco-friendly image.

[Purpose] Post-stroke motor recovery consists of both true recovery and compensatory movements. Although compensatory movements are learned more quickly early after stroke, the role of compensatory movement patterns in functional recovery is controversial. We investigated the role of compensatory movement patterns in the long-term functional motor recovery after stroke. [Subjects and Methods] Male Wistar rats were subjected to photothrombotic infarction to induce motor and sensorimotor cortex lesions. The rats were given task-specific training. Behavior tests and analyses of compensatory movement patterns (head lift, limb withdrawal impairment, phantom grasps, and pellet chasing) during the single-pellet reaching test were performed 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post stroke. [Results] Successful retrieval during the single-pellet reaching test was significantly correlated with compensatory movement patterns in stroke groups. Motor cortex stroke showed significant correlation in limb withdrawal impairment and pellet chasing. But, sensorimotor cortex stroke was significant correlation in pellet chasing. [Conclusion] The data suggest that compensatory movements after stroke are correlated with spontaneous recovery. Since some compensatory movement patterns are detrimental to functional recovery, the correct timing of training and control of compensatory movement patterns might be important.

(Received September 30, 2011)(Revised October 21, 2011)(Accepted November 4, 2011)Abstract Most of the silicon cutting methods using the multi-wire with the slurry injection have been used for wafers ofthe crystalline solar cell. But the productivity of slurry injection cutting type falls due to low cutting speeds. Also, thedirect contact with the metal wire and silicon block increases the concentration of metallic impurities in the wafer’ssurface. In addition, the abrasive silicon carbide (SiC) generates pollutants. And production costs are rising because it doesnot re-use the worn wire. On the other hand, the productivity of the cutting method using the diamond coated wire isabout 2 times faster than the slurry injection cutting type. Also, the continuous cutting using the used wire of low wear ispossible. And this is a big advantage for reduced production costs. Therefore, the cutting method of the diamond coatedwire is more efficient than the slurry injection cutting technique. In this study, each cutting type is analyzed using thesurface characteristics of the solar wafer and will describe the effects of the manufacturing process of the solar cell.Finally, we will suggest improvement methods of the solar cell process for using the diamond cutting type wafer.Key wordsSilicon, Silicon wafer, Diamond coated wire, Diamond wire saw, Surface roughness, Metal impurity, Damagedepth, Texturing

The object of this study is as follows. First, according to the silhouette of clothes, I will search the relationship with the embroidery design. Second, I will investigate the relation of coloration about the clothes color and embroidery color. Third, I will search the relation with the image in clothes and embroidery design characteristic. The data acquisition is selected to the total 447 pictures of embroidery clothing design from the www.style.com, www.samsungdesign.net which are the related information site. The data are limited from S/S season in 2004 till F/W season in 2008 in the Paris, Milano, and New York collection. The analytical method was made through the analyze method and statistical method. First, on the relation with the clothes silhouette and embroidery design, if the satin stitch technique is utilized as the X-shaped or A-line silhouette in the one-piece and dress, the image which is elegant and feminine can be expressed. if the satin stitch technique is utilized as the H-line silhouette in jacket and court, the mannish image can be expressed. Second, the embroidery color showed up as the contrast combination of the monotone when the clothes color was the monochrome. And the embroidery color showed up as the tone in which is bright and sober when clothes color had 2 or 3 or 4. So, if the embroidery color is utilized as the similar color scheme, it will be effective. Third, if the embroidery technique of the one-piece and dress is utilized as the the satin stitch technique and the bloom and leaf motive being stylized pattern is used in the all-over and border pattern, It will be effective to express the romantic/feminine, ethnic/folklore, active, and classic image.

The purpose of this study were to see what is the color preference for college students and the meaning ofcolor, based on color psychology. The subjects are the male and female university students in Busan and the survey isconducted in March 2009, September 2009. Analysis is based on eight kinds of colors such as red, orange, yellow, green,cyan, blue, purple which are used in the psychological analysis of Howard & Dorothy Sun Corporate CRR (Colour reflec-tion reading), and words representing the meaning of colors. A total of 259 questionnaires were used to analyze data andanalysis was conducted by using SPSS 14.0 statistical package. First, by examining the best three colors among eight col-ors, the red which represents sociable and passionate leadership and a lot of energy was the first. Second, in terms ofpositive and negative sense, the green is stable, protected, red is passionate, strong', yellow is bright, happy and greenis' clean, young. The Blues has peaceful, tranquil image', the orange is lively animation, cheerful, and the purple showsa positive meaning of beautiful, precious, often mature, loving. Third, the preferences of boys and girls to compare colorsin the first preferred color, there were significant differences between boys and girls. Most boys prefer blue, while thegirls like red the most. Both boys and girls look at the meaning of green color with the most positive sense and especiallymale students have the negative connotation about the green color than female students.Key words:color preference, color meaning, color psychology

This study shows that the self-satisfaction individually is rising and social life is attracted effective and successful in image making field by structuring the facial image improvement program through experimental study in order to improve unbalance of women`s face. Experiment is conducted by electing 3 samples for 12 weeks and analyzing the measurement and visual analysis, infrared thermography, and evaluation of experts in order to check the facial unbalance. Subject 1 had the effect at approximately in 4 weeks with the severely distorted chin line and mouth appendage. The facial outline became softer to turn entire image to be softer and more feminine. Subject 2 had the severe distortion of location and size of eyes and nose. But the skin was getting better at first, followed by eyes getting clearer with the location changed in left and right. Subject 3 had the twisted nose and lower chin, but after two weeks, the eye area and skin were better and the width of left and right chin was similarly changed. On the basis of the above research result, the program to effectively improve the image was structured and presented with the resolution of facial unbalance. Program is consist of the training of breathing method, face washing method, facial muscle exercise.

Oxidative stress is commonly implicated in aging and neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in DJ-1 are associated with autosomal recessive early-onset PD. We investigated whether DJ-1 can be degraded in oxidative-stressed dopaminergic neuronal cells, leading to loss of its protective role against oxidative stress. We have shown previously and herein that the active form of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) was accumulated in dopamine-producing CATH.a cells in the presence of MPP+. We show that catalytically active MMP3 cleaved DJ-1, and impaired its antioxidant function. In CATH.a cells, both monomeric and dimeric forms of DJ-1 were diminished in the presence of MPP+, and this was reversed by MMP3 knockdown or inhibition. While DJ-1 expression was decreased in the substantia nigra of mice administered with MPTP, its degradation was largely attenuated in MMP3 knockout mice. The AKT-signaling pathway, thought to mediate the effect of DJ-1 on cell survival, was also altered. MPP+ caused decrease in both phospho-Thr308 and phospho-Ser473 forms of AKT, and this was restored by NNGH. Our data suggest that DJ-1 is fragmented by the intracellular MMP3 in response to cell stress, abolishing the protective role of DJ-1 against oxidative damage, and this contributes to the pathogenesis of PD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 14, 2137–2150.

To determine whether adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) improves the outcome of cervical cancer patients with intermediate risk factors.Between January 2000 and June 2006, the medical records of 735 patients who had undergone radical surgery for Stage IB-IIA cervical cancer were reviewed retrospectively. Of the 735 patients, 172 with two or more intermediate risk factors (i.e., lymphovascular space involvement, deep stromal invasion, and tumor size≥2 cm) were grouped as follows according to the adjuvant treatment received: 34 patients, no further treatment; 49 patients, RT; and 89 patients, CRT. The significance of the clinical parameters and recurrence-free survival of each group were analyzed.Of the 172 patients with any of the intermediate risk factors, 137 (79.6%) had two or more intermediate risk factors. Of the 172 patients, 12 developed recurrences (6.4%)-(7.0%), with 6 in the pelvis and 6 in distant sites. All 12 recurrences occurred in those who had two or more intermediate risk factors (sensitivity, 100%); however, only six recurrences were detected in patients who met the Gynecologic Oncology Group criteria for the intermediate-risk group (sensitivity, 50%; Z test, p.05). A statistically significant difference was found in the 3-year recurrence-free survival rate among the no further treatment, RT, and CRT groups (67.5%, 90.5%, and 97.5%, respectively; p.05). The incidence of Grade 3-4 hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicities was not significantly different statistically between the RT and CRT groups (6.1% and 13.4%, respectively; p.05).Postoperative adjuvant CRT can improve the outcome of cervical cancer patients with intermediate risk factors, with low increase in toxicity.

This study aims to provide basic materials for adaptive-clothing development for disabled seniors by considering the characteristics of design with both functionality and beauty, which is displayed to overseas functional clothing for disabled seniors. After 341 photographs from 15 overseas websites which sold adaptive-clothing for disabled seniors were collected, their designs were analyzed. The content analysis and frequency analysis using the descriptive statistics were performed as the analytical methods for this study. The results are as follows; first, the design of buttons uses snap fasteners, zippers, Velcro fasteners and rubber bands so as to attach easily and keep fasteners unseen. Second, the used open system is the Back open, the Side open, the Front open and the Hip open. Third, in terms of design, the change follows easy and loose silhouette in order to act comfortably outdoors as well as indoors by making the design of onepiece dresses, jackets and cardigans similar to ordinaries. From the details aspect, a few trimmings such as color, patterns, ruffles around edge, laces and smooth shirring do not stand in the way and give mental please.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are two major forms of innate immune receptors that trigger inflammatory responses by various biological mechanisms such as cytokine production, recruitment of inflammatory cells, or activation of adaptive immunity. Although the innate immune system is designed to fight against infectious pathogens, excessive activation of TLR or NLR signaling pathways may lead to unwarranted inflammation with hazardous outcomes, including septic shock or inflammatory diseases. As part of the search for effective therapeutics to regulate these responses, here we show that a novel aminosaccharide compound, named DFK1012, inhibits immune responses caused by TLR and NLR activation. Treatment with DFK1012, but not its derivatives DFK845 or DFK846, strongly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production upon stimulation via either TLR or NLR proteins in macrophages. Importantly, we have not observed cytotoxicity in any range of its working concentration. Treatment with DFK1012 did not interfere with TLR- or NLR-induced activation of p38 and JNK, phosphorylation/degradation of IκB, and subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunit p65, suggesting that the inhibitory activity of DFK1012 is not due to the suppression of downstream signaling. Indeed, DFK1012 did not impair transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes but rather promoted post-translational degradation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, DFK1012 is a novel anti-inflammatory compound that drives proteolysis of proinflammatory cytokines induced by TLR and NLR stimulation. DFK1012 may represent a novel class of potential therapeutic agents aimed at the treatment of inflammatory disorders.

Personal health and environment is being aimed recently to show increase in preferences of eco-friendly cosmetics with longing of clean nature, and environment on pure plant ingredients. This study has the purpose of inquiring components and types of magazine advertisement in eco-friendly cosmetics and to analyze the model characteristics. The standards of analysis were classified as product, face, background, article, arrangement of colors, image, and eco-friendly factors. The results of this study are as follow. First, in inquiring the general characteristics of the magazine advertisement in eco-friendly cosmetics, the results were shown as the order of attention on product, face, background, article, arrangement of colors, image and eco-friendly factors. Second, in inquiring the components and types of magazine advertisement in eco-friendly cosmetics, the results showed an attentive difference in product, face, background, article, arrangement of colors and eco-friendly factors. Third, in inquiring relationships of model characteristics between domestic and foreign eco-friendly cosmetics, the results showed lots of domestic cosmetics advertising direct advertising, product type emerged was a lot of character type emerged. International cosmetics advertising, indirect advertising and highlighting the many articles that appeared prominently type is characterized.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of Sweet Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture and Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Methods : From February to September 2010, the number of patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome who volunteered for this clinical study was 16 and 7 out of 16 patients complained both hands. Total 23 cases of hands were randomly divided by 2 groups. We injected Sweet Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture on PC7(Daereung) twice a week for 4weeks for experimental group(n=11), and Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture with the same methods for control group(n=12). One case was dropped out due to itchiness of allergic response in the experimental group. Improvement of the symptoms was evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale, Pain Rating Scale, Tinel’s sign, Phalen’s sign and Nerve Conduction Velocity. Nerve Conduction Velocity was checked at baseline and the end of the trial and others were checked at baseline, after 2 and 4 weeks. Results : Both groups showed significant improvement in Visual Analogue Scale, Pain Rating Scale, but no significant difference between two groups. Only the control group showed significant reduction of the‘ poitive response’in the Tinel’s sign and Phalen’s sign. However, no groups improved in Nerve Conduction Velocity. Conclusions : These results showed that Sweet Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture and Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture could decrease the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Further studies will be required to examine more cases for the long period and use more various concentration and amount pharmacopuncture for the effect on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

This research has attempted for a categorization by contemplating on concepts and characteristics of eco fashion design through analysis of precedent studies and to study the design characteristics, images, and internal values through keyword and design codes which appeared in the precedent studies. The subject of analysis was mostly focused on the theses published in international and domestic academic journals from 1990s to September 2009. The design characteristics of each eco fashion design were analyzed by classifying by form, detail, color, fabric and pattern. Method of analysis did content analysis. The results of the research can be summarized as follows. First of all, types of eco fashion design were human-ecology design, natural-ecology design, and social-ecology design. Secondly, the human-ecology design was presented a natural and comfortable form, color of the nature, and functional and new materials. The natural-ecology design was presented a natural silhouette, natural colors, and natural fiber. The social-ecology design were used a loose silhouette and over-size forms, natural colors, and recycled materials and bio fabric. Thirdly, the images per type of eco fashion design were Zen, sportive, natural, and modern image. And the internal values were presented efficiency, health-orientation, naturalness, and continuity.

With the rapid economic growth and improvement of living conditions in Korea, rebuilding and redevelopment of existing houses has also been rapidly increasing. As a result, considerable construction and demolition wastes have been produced. Demolition wastes, however, must be given special attention because of the various harmful substances in them. The construction waste has been produced most at demolition phase, but the research into that area has not being to make nearly within the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the contamination figures of the heavy metals and toxin organic substances in the soil and water caused by flying ashes generated and eventually accumulated in building demolition works. AB a result. most of the pollution levels were not worrisome, but some were increased after the demolition with the water used to prevent the dusty air and in the target buildings. However in the vicinity of the demolition sites with explosives there was no report of study in water and soil pollutions, so to minimize pollutions we need to make plans to select the harmful substance in the first place. Thus, this research is expected to be the important materials for future research into the construction waste area.

In this research, by yearly subdividing and analyzing the characteristic of the embroidery design according to the garment item with a season the high value added is raised for a differencing and high performance conversion of the high fashion design and there is an object. In 2004, when the total 474 chapter was selected in S/S season till F/W season in 2008 and the embroidery design characteristic according to the kind of an item the analyzing method and statistical method was used. As to the first, and the embroidery design in which it follows of the garment item showed the stylized, and the plant motive of the geometric pattern by an edge and composite arrangement in an one-piece and blouse with the satin stitch and cut work technique. A monotone and the bright tone were used. The second, and the season different difference, the out line stitch, an applique, and the cut work technique S/S season were a feature. A plant, and the animal motive were expressed as the front arrangement and the monotone of the achromatic color appeared. As to F/W season, the long short stitch and satin stitch techniques were with the characteristic profit. The abstract motive showed up as the edge alignment and composite arrangement. And the plain tone and the monotone of the chromatics combination color are used. In the third, and the chronological difference, an applique the embroidery technique showed up in the out line stitch, and 2007 years in 2004 years and 2006 years. And the sentence motive of the animal, and the abstract motive the embroidery motive are embossed in 2005 years and 2006 years in 2008 years.

In this paper, we first introduce the parametric form of the generalized operator equilibrium problem and generalized operator quasi-equilibrium problem due to Kum and Kim [S. Kum, W.K. Kim, On generalized operator quasi-equilibrium problems, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 345 (2008) 559–565]. Next, we consider the upper and lower semicontinuity properties for the parametric generalized operator equilibrium problem (simply, PGOEP) and the parametric generalized operator quasi-equilibrium problem (simply, PGOQEP). Our semicontinuity properties of the solution sets for (PGOEP) and (PGOQEP) can be suitable for the stability properties of many kinds of nonlinear problems, e.g., the operator equilibrium problem, operator quasi-equilibrium problem, operator variational-like inequality problem, operator variational inequality problem, operator minimization problem and vector equilibrium problem.

ObjectivesTo estimate the cost-effectiveness of switching patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus from human insulin (HI) to biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) in South Korea.MethodsA published and validated diabetes computer simulation model (the IMS CORE Diabetes Model) was used to evaluate the long-term clinical and economic outcomes associated with switching to BIAsp 30, using treatment effects from the South Korean subgroup of the Physician's Routine Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of NovoMix® 30 Therapy study and cost data collected through primary research. Outcomes included life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, incidence of complications, direct medical costs, and cost-effectiveness. Analyses were performed from a third-party payer perspective over a 30-year time horizon. Future costs and clinical benefits were discounted at 5% per annum. Extensive sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsSwitching patients uncontrolled on HI to BIAsp 30 was projected to increase discounted mean life expectancy by 0.15 ± 0.18 years per patient (8.62 ± 0.13 years vs. 8.47 ± 0.13 years) and improve discounted mean quality-adjusted life expectancy by 0.30 ± 0.12 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) per patient (5.68 ± 0.09 QALYs vs. 5.38 ± 0.09 QALYs). Conversion to BIAsp 30 was associated with a mean increase in direct costs of South Korean Won (KRW) 1,777,323 ± 359,209 over patient lifetimes. BIAsp 30 was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of KRW5,916,758 per QALY gained versus HI.ConclusionSwitching patients uncontrolled on HI to BIAsp 30 was projected to improve life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy. This analysis suggests that BIAsp 30 could be a cost-effective treatment option in type 2 diabetes patients poorly controlled on HI in South Korea.