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El polvo de Tara se obtiene por molienda de las vainas secas de la planta conocida como Tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), se caracteriza por el alto contenido de Taninos, que es de gran utilidad en la industria de curtiembres, en el denominado curtido vegetal, su uso ha sido extendido en los últimos años, debido a que es una técnica amigable con el medio ambiente. En el mercado mundial Perú es el mayor exportador de polvo de Tara, por lo que existen muchos estudios locales sobre este producto, particularmente sobre sus propiedades químicas. Bolivia podría ser considerado un país potencial en la producción de polvo de Tara, la producción en Bolivia está localizada en valles de altura, 2000 m o más sobre el nivel del mar, en comparación con otros sitios de producción a nivel mundial, sin embargo, no existen estudios sobre la influencia de la altura en sus propiedades fisicoquímicas ni sobre el contenido de sus taninos. En el presente trabajo se estudiaron las propiedades químicas y el contenido de taninos del polvo de Tara boliviana de muestras obtenidas del departamento de Chuquisaca, de las localidades de Icla, Tomina, Mojocoya Yacambé y Mojocoya-Redención pampa. Los resultados sugieren que el polvo de Tara obtenido de muestras de altura presenta valores más altos de taninos totales en comparación con aquellos producidos a menor altura sobre el nivel del mar, como posible influencia de una mayor radiación ultravioleta solar en la producción de taninos, más estudios son necesarios para poder establecer dicha influencia.

Today dyes, highly colored organic compounds, find widespread applications in industries like textile, food technology, leather tanning, paper, etc., for coloring products, light-harvesting solar cells, photoelectrochemical cells, etc. However, large usage of these dyes leads to their release as effluents that eventually contaminate drinking water sources and hampering the ecological system. The contaminated wastewater effluent exhibits detrimental effects related to human beings and environmental concern. Thus, the requirement for suitable cost-effective treatment methods for contaminated wastewater seems to be indispensable. To date, there are various treatment technologies that can be roughly categorized into three types: biological, physical, and chemical methods. Bear in mind that any dye depletion technique has its own merits and demerits; therefore, a combinatorial treatment method can be advantageous. Moreover, the role of nanotechnology in the dye degradation or removal process has been marked as a promising technique in comparison to existing processes. This chapter aims to compose various information about dye, dye effluent, and existing treatment technologies for wastewater.

The stringent environmental regulations and compliance regarding leather tanning has compelled leather industry to seek alternative cleaner ingredients that have the capacity to minimize or prevent pollution caused by hazardous chemicals. Practical measures have so far involved replacing the current use of synthetic chemicals such as chromium salts, dyes, fatliquors and surfactants or minimizing their usage by incorporating agrobased organic components. Numerous papers have documented the use of different plant extracts at different stages of leather processing such as tanning, retanning, dyeing and fatliquoring. This present article details the specific plants and the leather processing stage at which they are applied and eventually the quality of the resulting leather. This article attempts to compile a considerable number of investigations published on physical properties of leather that is processed using natural plants. It has been shown that there are striking similarities in leather properties of leather processed using natural plants and using synthetic chemicals. This could help in compiling a database that details works on natural plants, stages of application and the corresponding physical properties which could provide a crucial assistance to research focusing on environmental protection and physical properties of leather which would in turn improve the quality of the resulting leather.

Leather tanning industries are known to generate substantial amounts of toxic wastes that pollute ecosystems and pose environmental and health risks to the human populations living in the surrounding areas. The need to optimise and manage the leather tanning processes and wastes generated is therefore in line with the United Nations (UN), encompassing 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs), and 169 targets. This study sought to find out the contribution of United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) and other agencies mandated to assist the rapidly expanding leather tanning industries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Specifically, the study focused on how these institutions helped create quality leather awareness for decent jobs, integrated green value chain, with eco-friendly tanning processes; information technology; as well as set up technical training, research institutes, and eco-industrial parks. It investigated how these entities, promoted agroforestry, affordable energy, conserved indigenous knowledge and mainstreamed gender. It also looked at standards certification and labour laws that enable the tanning industries to attain sustainable development goals towards the 2030 agenda of the UN. The recent introduction of innovative bioprocessing and bioremediation techniques into this industry is also opening more opportunities for green leather development in line with the SDGs.

Leather waste is one type of waste generated from the leather tanning industry. This study aims to obtain gelatin products from leather waste for pharmaceutical use. Gelatin is well-known for food industries but actually it is also used in non-food industries. The purification method used is to modify the filtering process using a filtration membrane. Observations were made on the parameters that became indicators of gelatin quality. The use of a 0.2 micrometer filtration membrane is suitable for small gelatin molecules having a molecular weight below 200kDa especially to remove lipopolysaccharide content from gelatin. Leather waste is a non- economic waste that has the potential as an alternative raw material for making gelatin with pharmaceutical quality standards. This research is expected to utilize chrome-free leather as non-economic waste into gelatin so it can have an impact on spurring the growth of the gelatin processing industry in Indonesia then reduce gelatin imports activities.

Bioremediation is a biological method for the conversion of the toxic, recalcitrant pollutants into their nontoxic or environmentally benign products. This is a cost-effective and environment-friendly method for waste management. Taking into consideration the robust morphology and diverse metabolic capacity of fungi, it plays a major role in bioremediation. Diverse fungal groups from different habitats have an immense potential to treat variety of toxic and recalcitrant compounds. The current chapter focuses on the crucial role of fungi in bioremediation of persistent organic pollutants, textile dyes, effluents from textile, bleached kraft pulp, leather tanning industries, petroleum, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. Fungi-based bioremediation of toxic organics is by far the most economical, efficient, as well as sustainable and green route for cleanup of contaminated sites. In the current chapter fungal mechanism as well as different modes involved by them for detoxification of different toxic and recalcitrant compounds has been discussed followed by the role of prominent fungal enzymes, viz., catalases, laccases, peroxidases, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Recent techniques of enzyme engineering and genomics have been highlighted to unravel less understood bioremediation pathways.

The company is always trying to improve its excellence to compete with other companies engaged in the same field. The reducing waste is to increase of these advantages. During the production process waste occurs, including product defects, waiting, and transportation. Lean thinking is an approach that aims to streamline the process by reducing waste that occurs in the production process flow. The investigation on the cause of the waste is by using a diagram of cause and effects. Once the cause is known, efforts are made to improve the cause of the waste that occurs. The use of VALSAT tools, detailed mapping, and value stream mapping for improvement efforts will be made by making current state mapping and future state mapping. After obtaining an overview of future state mapping, a simulation is performed to create a simulation model based on the current situation and after repairs.

The leather tanning industry was classified as industrial in large quantities and dangerous. One of the wastes that produced was waste liquid containing chromium ions. The liquid waste that was released was very cloudy, colored, and has rotten management that caused serious problems to water bodies, communities and the environment. The waste without special handling was discharged into the environment. So that with the ion exchange method, it could reduce environmental pollution caused by industrial leather tanning waste. This study aimed to determine the effect of resin in reducing the chromium ion content in the liquid waste of the leather tanning industry using the ion exchange method. Namely, by consolidating waste and resin with various predetermined variables. The positively charged chromium ion will exchange with the H+ ion found in dowex resin. So that the chromium levels in the tannery liquid waste could be reduced. The results were obtained by the contact time and weight of the resin used. The highest reduction in chromium ion content was at contact time for 80 minutes with a resin weight of 150 grams of 98.75%.

Tanning is the process that converts animal hides and skin into stable and imputrescible products called leather. The production processes in a tanning use chromium sulfat. Chrome metal is a heavy metal that is toxic, so the waste water from the leather tanning process will pollute the environment if it is not treated. In this research, wastewater treatment is used by electrocoagulation method to determine the effect of operating on the chromium removal to obtain optimal conditions. In this study, electrocoagulation experiments were using aluminum electrodes. Electrocoagulation process was carried out in 9 variations with parameters pH, electrical current and time where pH was set at pH 7. Electrical current done on 0.5 A, 1 A, and 1.5 A. Time done in 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours. The experiment results were analyzed by comparing the concentration before processing and concentration after processing to obtain efficiency. Based on the experimental result on 9 variations, the variation that has the highest efficiency is at electrical current 1.5 Ampere and time 3 hours. This variation can remove 78.95 % chrome concentration from 245.1 mg/L to 51.6 mg/L.

Rise of the leather industry in Indonesia since 2018 makes this industry more visible to the market. Along with the increasing development of leather industry, waste that generated will naturally increase. PT. ELCO Indonesia Sejahtera as a company engaged in leather tanning industry (sheep and goat skin) experienced an increase of waste, from the production process and returned products. Currently PT. ELCO Indonesia Sejahtera still input returned products data manually and still have no system integration to manage business process in company. This condition causes company to view asynchronous data for returned products in inventory and company still have no monitoring process for type of products and routing that often occurs error. To solve those problems, management for returned products needs to be done through system due to view data in real-time and have a more optimal monitoring process. The system based on Green Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) with Odoo application by applying reverse logistics concept which aims to manage waste from returned products. This research uses SAP Activate methodology for designing system. The results in this study is system can integrate repair module with other modules such as inventory and manufacturing. And to improve business workflow in the company, reverse logistic module produces monitoring reports in the form of transaction document and graph.

Chromium in the leather tanning industry can have an impact on workers� health. Kidney disease is often referred to as a side effect from exposure to chromium. Measurement of creatinine and BUN level is a method of examining kidney function. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of chromium exposure on creatinine and BUN level in leather tanning workers in small leather industry in Magetan. This type of research is observational with cross sectional design. The sample of the study was 13 exposed worker groups namely chromium operators and 13 unexposed groups namely administrative workers. The results showed that there were differences in the average levels of urine chromium in chromium operators and administrative workers (p-value = 0,000), there were differences in the average creatinine levels in chromium operators and administrative workers (p-value = 0,031), and there were no difference in the average level of BUN in chromium operators and administrative workers (p-value = 0,644). There were no influence of chromium levels in urine on the increase in creatinine levels (p-value = 0,189) and BUN (p-value = 0,854) in tanning workers, with a significance value of p-value> 0,05. The conclusion of this study had that chromium was no effect on creatinine and BUN levels. High levels of urine chromium in tanning workers indicate a health risk that requires control effort. Suggestion given is that the tanners need periodic health examination, keep personal hygiene before and after working as well as using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). © INRA and Springer-Verlag France 2015.

At present, synthetic dyes have been widely used in several industries such as textiles, rubber, paper, plastic, and leather tanning. The dyes in effluents are among the most aggressive pollutions ...

Waste water from leather tanning indu s tries contain s hi gh pollut a nt of organ ic a nd in or g ani c m a tters . F r a gm e nted method o f waste water trea t me n t m an ag em e nt has been don e i n P T K, leather tanning i ndustry, Malang. Thi s me t hod based o n t he c ha rac ter is tic ot th e wa s t e wa t e r fr om e a c h le athe r t a n ning p rocess wi th fo u r group t rea t m en t p roce ss t o redu c e the COD content. By imp l ementing this me t hod th e re s u l t s how s that th e C OD co nt en t dec r e a si n g fr om 4047, 6 8 pp m t o 79 3 ,37 p p m (80,40 % ); other ben e fit is re d ucin g b ad smell d uri n g t he p r o cess .

Dialdehyde polysaccharide (DAP), containing multiple aldehyde groups, can react with materials having amino groups via Schiff base crosslinking. Besides, it can also react with materials having carbonyl/hydroxyl groups via aldol reactions. Based on these intriguing properties, DAPs can be employed as versatile building blocks to fabricate functional materials used in biomedical field, wastewater treatment, leather manufacture, and electrochemistry field. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent advances in fabricating biomaterials, adsorbents, leather tanning agents, and electrochemical materials based on DAPs. The basic fabricating strategy and principle of these materials and their performances are overall summarized, along with a discussion of associated scalability challenges, technological strategies to overcome them, and the prospect for commercial translations of this versatile material. Blending the versatility of DAP with material science and technological advances can provide a powerful tool to develop more DAP-based functional materials in a scalable way.

This study reports on the diffusion and sorption phenomena of Cr(III) in water, propylene carbonate (PC), and a mixture of PC + water during the leather tanning process. The results presented here ...

In this project a treatment system for the effluents of a leather tanning process was designed. This system was evaluated based on laboratory tests to ensure its viability, and the treatment was validated by analyzing effluents from the plant already installed. The system has three units: the first one is a Pretreatment that allows the oxidation of sulphides for the liming and draught baths, as well as the precipitation of chromium for the leather tanning baths; the second one is a Physical-Chemical Treatment for the general effluents of the process that allows to obtain treated effluents and decanted solids; the third is a sludge treatment that allows to obtain conditioned and low volume sludge to be collected for final disposal. The analysis of treated effluents showed a considerable reduction in the concentration of polluting chemicals that allows reusing the water and brings the company closer to compliance with the maximum levels allowed., En el presente proyecto se diseñó un sistema de tratamiento para los efluentes del proceso de curtido de pieles; este sistema se evaluó a partir de la realización de ensayos de laboratorio para asegurar su viabilidad, y se validó el tratamiento mediante el análisis de efluentes provenientes de la planta ya instalada. El sistema tiene tres unidades: la primera es un pretratamiento que permite la oxidación de sulfuros para los baños de pelambre y calado, así como la precipitación de cromo para los baños de piquelado y curtido; la segunda es un tratamiento físico-químico para los efluentes generales del proceso que permite obtener efluentes tratados y sólidos decantados; la tercera es un tratamiento de lodos que permite obtener lodos acondicionados y de bajo volumen a ser recolectados para su disposición final. El análisis de los efluentes tratados demostró una reducción considerable en la concentración de químicos contaminantes que permite reutilizar el agua y acerca a la empresa al cumplimiento de los niveles máximos permisibles.

The tannery generates great environmental impact and damages to the health of the workers and disruption to the surrounding residents. Thus, the objective is to analyze the environmental vulnerability of artisanal tanneries in Cabaceiras (Brazil). This study is based on the model of Turner et al. (2003) and field research. After analyzing the three dimensions, it was verified that the activity has a great impact on the environment due to the lack of proper structure. Moreover, the human actions are incipient without being able to reverse the degradation caused by the generated impacts. Therefore, the leather tanning activity presented a negative analysis regarding the environmental vulnerability in the studied municipality.

Leather tanning industry produces large amounts of solid wastes. Chrome tanned leather shaving waste (CTLS) is about 20% of these solid wastes, which has not been utilized in Egypt and causing environmental hazards and economic loss. This current work investigates the properties of new gypsum composite materials containing different percentages of CTLS, ranging between 0% and 25%. The physical-mechanical characteristics for prepared composites were determined and the construction morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results show that significant reductions of composite density (from 2.1 to 1.35 t/m3), compressive strength (from 7.0 to 2.7 MPa), flexural strength (from 4.5 to 2.2 MPa) and thermal conductivity (from 0.60 to 0.19 W/m°C) occurred with increasing CTLS content (from 0 to 25%), respectively. Thermal conductivity of CTLS-gypsum composite especially at high content of CTLS allowed us to use this formulation as a separations or filling materials in buildings to increase the thermal insulation. SEM micrograph of the CTLS-gypsum composite shows homogeneous and complex structures with good interaction between CTLS and gypsum.

The leather tanning industryis identical with eco-unfriendly due to the high production of waste . There are two type of solid waste, namely chromium-containing solid waste and chromium-free solid waste. This review discussed the latest studies that have been done in the utilization of chromium-containing solid waste , superabsorbent, and slow release fertilizer. Hydrolized collagen (h-collagen) is a major ingredient in this solid waste. H - collagen has the potential to be used as the second coating on the engineering of slow-release fertilizer so it has the power as superabsorbent (SAP). H-collagen has many reactive hydrophilic groups which can be modified to increase its hydrophilicity thus replacing synthetic polymers in theSAP manufacturing. The separation of chromium from the solid waste is the first thing to do before the utilization of the collagen contained therein . H-collagen utilization from the solid waste of leather is expected to produce a natural SAP at a cheaper price and environmentally friendly . Keywords: leather-tanning solid waste, collagen hydrolysates, superabsorbent, slow release fertilizer

Background: The leather industry is one of the most polluting industries in the country (Iran), which annually produces several hundred tons of industrial sewage. Electrocoagulation is one of the purification methods for this wastewater. This research aimed to remove COD and turbidity from real wastewater originating from one of the leather tanning units in Charmshahr industrial park with use of electrocoagulation process. Method: The research was conducted in laboratory scale in a 480-millimeter EC reactor. The wastewater was collected from a leather tanning unit. The main variables considered were current intensity (1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 5 A), retention time (5, 10, 15 and 30min), initial pH (5, 6 and 8.6) and electrode material (i.e., iron, aluminum, and steel). Results: The optimum conditions in the electrocoagulation process to achieve the maximum removal efficiency for COD equal to 63.57 were obtained in an experiment with time of 5 minutes, the current density of 23.5 mA/cm2, pH=8.62 and 2 steel electrodes. Also, in an experiment with time of 30 minutes, the current density of 23.5 mA/cm2, pH=8.62 and 4 electrodes, the removal rate of 62.88 was obtained. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the electrocoagulation can be an effective method for tannery wastewater pre-treatment and the optimum conditions can be obtained using aluminum electrodes, time of 5 minutes, the current density of 7 mA/cm2 and pH of 8.62. n

The study aims at to study the role of the contaminated industrial area in Quashy in the Summel district and its contribution to the pollution of the surrounding environment, with the result of the industrial establishments of harmful effects resulting from the industrial processes and accompanying the process of production therein. This is done by studying the industrial structure of the industrial units in which the industrial industries (Construction, Plastic, Chemical, Mineral, Oil, Food, Wood, Paper, Electrical, Leather tanning and Textile industries) amounted to 161 factories. Vary in the degree of their harmful effects and polluting the environment according to the classification system of industrial pollutants for industry issued in the facts of Kurdistan for the Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq. In addition, the most important factors influencing or assisting the pollution of the environment surrounding this industrial zone. On the basis of which we reached at the end of the study the harmful effects of industrial pollution on the surrounding environment.

portuguesO objetivo dessa pesquisa foi reduzir os custos da nao-qualidade em um sistema de producao de curtimento de couros. A pesquisa e baseada no estudo de caso de uma empresa brasileira que vem enfrentando instabilidade financeira causadas pelos problemas de qualidade do sistema produtivo. Os resultados evidenciaram que a variavel de controle maciez do couro e responsavel por 80% dos custos de nao qualidade da producao. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram ainda dificuldades internas na aceitacao da implantacao dos controles quantitativos de qualidade implantados pelos funcionarios do nivel operacional da fabrica. De forma geral, a pesquisa discutiu a importância para as empresas do segmento de couro de investigar as causas-raizes dos problemas de qualidade visando reduzir custos com retrabalhos e devolucoes de clientes. Dentre as implicacoes para as empresas da industria da manufatura de couro, percebeu-se a necessidade de aprimorar as capacidades dos colaboradores com novas tecnicas de gestao da qualidade para atender a crescente competitividade do mercado EnglishThe objective of this research was to reduce the non-quality costs in a production system of leather tanning. The research was based on the case study of a Brazilian company that has been facing financial instability caused by quality problems of the production system. The results showed that the leather softness variable is responsible for 80% of the non-quality costs. The findings of the research also revealed internal difficulties in accepting the implementation of quantitative quality controls implemented by employees at the plant's operational level. Overall, the research discussed the importance for leather companiesinvestigating the root causes of quality problems in order to reduce costs with rework and customer returns. Among the implications for companies in the leather manufacturing industry, was the need to improve the skills of employees with new quality management techniques to meet the growing competitiveness of the market

In this work, a new method is proposed to remove Cr (III) in tanning wastewater with low cost bare magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. It has achieved ultra-high chromium capture capacity under high selectivity. The maximum capture capacity of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for Cr (III) in chromium containing tanning wastewater is 456.20 mg/g at optimal pH 8. In a pilot scale apparatus running continuously at 18 L/h for 8 h, the chromium removal efficiency could be stabilized above 98.5% with chromium concentration reduced from 1065 mg/L to about 15 mg/L at the primary treatment. After secondary treatment, the outlet chromium concentration drops to 0.2 mg/L (lower than 0.5 mg/L, the maximum allowable concentration of Cr total in tanning wastewater determined by China), and the chromium removal efficiency is steadily above 97.8%. The results revealed that the method could be used economically as an efficient technique for removal of Cr (III) in chromium containing leather tanning wastewater and has great potential in heavy metal wastewater treatment.

We report a green chemistry approach to synthesized nanocomposites as pretanning agents in the cowhide shoe upper leather tanning process. Nano ZnO, as-prepared polymer, and polymer/ZnO nanocomposites as pretanning agents were respectively taken for the controls. The amount of chrome tanning agents reduced from 6% (conventional process) to 4% was added in the tanning process as a control process. Chromium footprints in wastewater and chromium distribution in leather samples were mainly analyzed. The results showed that the chromium footprint in the shoe upper leather marking was minimized when using nanocomposites compared with the control process, and the chromium content in leather increased from 13480 to 15039 mg·kg–1. Additionally, thermal properties, mechanical properties, softness, and dyeing fastness of the leather pretreated with nanocomposites were close to those of leather treated with the conventional tanning process. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that leather pretreated with ...

The leather industry transforms raw hides and skins into high-performance leather products. This transformation requires a high usage of chemicals. About 90% of all leather products are tanned by basic chromium sulphate tanning agents. The use of large quantities of tanning agent causes elevated chromium and sulphate concentrations in the wastewater of conventional tanneries. This article focuses on the reduction of tanning agent consumed by the chromium tanning procedure. Compressed carbon dioxide is used to intensify the process. Carbon dioxide-intensified tanning at 60 bar allows the production of high-quality leather by using about 50 wt% less of tanning agent compared to the conventional tanning process. The chromium and sulphate concentrations in the wastewater generated by the tanning process are highly reduced. Results of full skin tanning (bull skin; up to 10 square metre per skin) in a high-pressure reactor with a volume of 1700-L are presented for the first time.

Vellore and its allied areas have a high concentration of tanneries. There is a very large population engagedin the different sections of the tanneries. They are constantly exposed to leather tanning chemicals likechromium, HCL, H2SO4, alum etc. The constant exposure to these chemicals makes the workers susceptibleto many lung function abnormalities. More over the contact with these chemicals can cause skin diseases,nasal cancer, ocular abnormalities and respiratory diseases. Duration of exposure is a major criterion for thereduction in lung function. It is a cross sectional study involving 39 male subjects aged between 18-60 yearsworking in different sections of the tanneries in Vellore district as study group and 25 male subjects of thesame age group and socio economic status and who do not have any previous exposure to leather tanningchemicals as control group . Lung function testing was done using Eagles’s global spirometer. Our studyshows moderate restriction and mild obstruction in study group when compared to normal subjects and alsoshows progressive decrement in FVC and FEFmax with their age and duration of occupation.

Dyes are extensively used in textile, leather tanning, pigment, and other sectors. Discharges from these industries put the environment and human health at risk. So, there arises a need for effluent remediation and research in this field has gained a huge attention in recent times. A number of conventional methods are available viz., biological, chemical, and physical methods, each with its own share of merits and demerits. Nanotechnology has significantly gained momentum in the dye effluent treatment and has emerged as a fast-developing promising field. Nanomaterials for dye treatment are being considered because of their efficient and reliable way.

3 Figuras.-- Información suplementaria disponible en línea en la web del editor., The development of renewable and non-toxic tanning agents substantially contributes toward the sustainable expansion of the leather industry. Herein, we report a green methodology to synthesize a novel tanning agent consisting of Al-oligosaccharides complexes produced via an efficient AlCl3-catalyzed cellulose depolymerization. Our experimental procedure allowed the production of a high purity tanning agent by the effective removal of the cellulose-decomposed small oxygenates and macromolecular oligosaccharides, via a liquid–liquid extraction using THF as the solvent. This also promoted the decolorization of the leather and enabled the efficient penetration of Al into the collagen matrix of skin. On this matter, experimental work combined with theoretical modeling were used to elucidate the tanning mechanism. In a first step, [Al(OH)1(H2O)4]2+ and [Al(OH)2(H2O)2]+ species weakly interacted or coordinated with the O-1 bond of the oligosaccharides produced. This interaction efficiently prevented the overload of Al species onto the leather surface, thus enhancing their penetration into leather matrix. Then, the active Al species were released from the Al-oligosaccharides complex and strongly coordinated with the –NH2 groups of the collagen fibers present in the leather, which helped to stabilize the fiber bundles, and therefore, contributed to achieve a satisfactory tanning performance., This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21978176 and 21536007), the National Key R&D Program (2017YFB0308500) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2019SCU12059). Javier Remón Núñez would like to express his gratitude to the Spanish Ministry “Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities” for the Juan de la Cierva fellowship (FJCI-2016-30847) awarded.

BACKGROUND: Chromium was an organic compound which was used in metal alloys such as stainless steel, chrome plating, metal ceramics, leather tanning, etc. To reduce and eliminate toxin of chromium from the human body could be using detoxification process, one of them was using foods. AIM: The aim was to calculate the foods intake contain glutathione to improve chromium detoxification and calculate the cost of foods intake. METHOD: The type of research was a descriptive study. The subjects were 10 workers. Inclusion criteria of subjects were workers who had worked for more than or equal to 10 years. Variables were body weight, duration of work, and chromium concentration. After getting all variables above, breathing rate and intake non-carcinogen per respondent can be calculated. Then, the effective dose of foods rich in glutathione and costs of foods will be obtained. RESULTS: The results of this research indicated that the highest cost of foods intake containing glutathione was 5948 idr of broccoli per week and the lowest cost of foods intake was 535 idr of avocado per week. CONCLUSION: Intake of foods containing glutathione (avocado, broccoli, carrot, tomato, and grape) was expected to increase detoxification of chromium. Each individual had a different amount of cost. This depends on the effective dose, chromium concentration, weight, and duration of work per respondent.

A atividade do curtume do couro pode acarretar sérios danos nos âmbitos físico, ambiental e social. A presente pesquisa se propõe a identificar os impactos positivos e/ou negativos gerados por meio do processamento do curtimento do couro no Distrito de Ribeira, no município de Cabaceiras - Paraíba. Para tanto, o curtume Miguel de Sousa Meira do Distrito de Ribeira, foi escolhido tendo em vista sua importância econômica e social no âmbito local, bem como, pelo possível potencial de geração de impactos em termos socioambientais. Foi definido um raio de 1 km ao redor da cooperativa, obtendo-se assim um total de 44 residências próximas ao empreendimento. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário, a partir de uma entrevista semiestruturada junto à comunidade do entorno da cooperativa, a finalidade desse instrumento foi avaliar a percepção da população acerca dos impactos socioambientais ocasionados por esse empreendimento. Os dados foram tabulados em planilha do Excel 2019® e analisados de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a maior parte dos entrevistados apontaram que a produção do curtume do couro apresentou impactos negativos, como: gasto excessivo com água, contaminação do solo, além do desmatamento de espécies nativas. Nesse contexto, o grau de proximidade das residências foi um fator decisivo na classificação desses impactos, principalmente devido ao mau cheiro e poluição visual que essa atividade ocasionava.

The leather tanning industry is one of the chemical industries, which significantly impacts the environment. The raw material used for tanning is chromium (Cr), which is toxic to humans. The study aims to estimate the environmental impact of the cow tanned leather production at UD. PK X, Magetan, East Java, Indonesia. The method used is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and analyzed using the “gate to gate” perspective. The results showed that the leather tanning process at UD. PK X produces several impact categories, including climate change for the entire process chain except fleshing and trimming with a total impact value of 2.03E+02 kg CO2 eq. The impact category of human toxicity potential, freshwater ecotoxicology, and marine ecotoxicology on the tanning process (Cr VI) has an impact value of 1.54E+02 kg 1.4 dichlorobenzene eq, 1.25E+03 kg 1.4 dichlorobenzene eq, and 1.55E+05 kg 1.4 dichlorobenzene eq, respectively. The last impact is photochemical oxidation in the setting out process with an impact value of 6.07E-7 kg ethylene eq.

Chromium is used in the leather tanning process. As a consequence, improper leather storage can impact the environment. This study has evaluated the mobility of chromium resulting from the disposal of leather trimmings and its influence on soil, water (surface water and underground water), and sediments in two streams in the town of Dobrada, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The streams are known locally as the Paixao Stream and the Dobrada Stream. The results obtained indicate that the soil, sediments, and water in the area studied were contaminated by chromium from tannery waste. Besides that the results showed that the decomposition of this waste modifies the pH and conductivity of the soil and water and changes the physical chemistry characteristics of the region. The results also revealed that chromium is available in the biotic environment and that its concentration is above the legal limit for the country.

Among the oldest applications of tannins is leather tanning. Skin, as it is when removed from slaughtered animals, is not suitable for use by humans due to its susceptibility to attack and decomposition by bacteria. Widely found in the vegetable kingdom, condensed tannins constitute more than 90% of the total world production of commercial tannins. The bark extract from black wattle is superior to other natural tannins due to its high solubility in water, light colour and low viscosity. In this study, a methodology for the identification and classification of seven commercial tannins from Acacia mearnsii using multivariate analysis of digital images acquired through a commercial scanner was developed. The first three principal components of the principal component analysis showed a well-defined separation of the extracts into seven distinct classes. A hierarchical cluster analysis corroborates this separation. The PLS-DA supervised method showed excellent results regarding classification, with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%, with the exception of product A. Product A presented 91% sensitivity. From the results, we concluded that this method may be useful for the quality control of commercial tannins from Acacia mearnsii and correct identification, with equivalent results to those obtained with NIR without the need to invest in expensive and sophisticated equipment, according to green chemistry principles.

In all living beings skin is the outer integumentary covering which covers the body and forms a barrier to protect the body from heat, cold, whether conditions, external effects, impacts, pressure, parasitic animals and disease-causing microorganisms. Skin, which is a living organ before the animal is slaughtered, is exposed to different processes to meet our several needs once skinned off the animal. After these processes, the hide is given a unique flexible structure, color and smell and is made less susceptible to decomposition. The durable, soft and flexible hide at this stage is called “processed leather”. Leather use has an older history than the invention of textile. Present day elegant leather goods that are processed by advanced techniques are a culmination of a long historical development. The heydays of the Turkish leather trade was the Ottoman Empire era. However, with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish leather trade regressed as well. In Turkey, Gerede is one the first places which comes to mind when talking about leather. Leather tanning in Gerede is a traditional art which dates back to centuries. Since 1395 when Gerede annexed to Ottoman Empire, she was introduced to leather tanning through Ahi community and leather tanning arts were perpetuated to present day. Leather suppliers in Gerede who continued their traditional production for long years, started to use modern technologies extensively and made Gerede one of the leading centers for the leather sector in Turkey. Gerede which is second to İstanbul in processed leather production, provides nearly 40% of the shoe-leather production. The processed leather is marketed to the domestic shoe production industries and is exported in substantial amounts. This paper will review the chronological history of leather tanning in Gerede, the types of leathers being produced and the production techniques.

This work characterizes both tanning and colouring materials found in ancient Egyptian leather objects from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The analytical investigations focused on assessing the development of the technology of ancient tanners using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), X-ray radiography and a scanning electron microscope connected to an energy-dispersive X-ray detector (SEM–EDX). Reference leather samples and archaeological leather objects were investigated to identify the animal skin species and the early use of hydrolyzable vegetable tannins for leather tanning. Different methods were used to colour th leather, including madder dying and staining with hematite, or painting with Egyptian blue and Egyptian green.

Bioremediation refers to cost-effective and environment-friendly method for converting the toxic, recalcitrant pollutants into environmentally benign products through the action of various biological treatments. Fungi play a major role in bioremediation owing to their robust morphology and diverse metabolic capacity. The review focuses on different fungal groups from a variety of habitats with their role in bioremediation of different toxic and recalcitrant compounds; persistent organic pollutants, textile dyes, effluents from textile, bleached kraft pulp, leather tanning industries, petroleum, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and pesticides. Bioremediation of toxic organics by fungi is the most sustainable and green route for cleanup of contaminated sites and we discuss the multiple modes employed by fungi for detoxification of different toxic and recalcitrant compounds including prominent fungal enzymes viz., catalases, laccases, peroxidases and cyrochrome P450 monooxygeneses. We have also discussed the recent advances in enzyme engineering and genomics and research being carried out to trace the less understood bioremediation pathways.