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Large-diameter monopile is the most widely used foundation for offshore wind energy converters, which behaves as a semi-rigid/rigid pile under lateral loading. However, the current laterally loaded monopile design method recommended by API ignores the toe-kick phenomenon and the base shear force (Q b), which was developed initially for slender piles. The base shear force calibration method is still ambiguous due to the lack of lateral loading tests for large-diameter monopiles. In this study, the moment contribution of the monopile base shear force (Q b) is quantified based on the finite element simulation in dense sand. The results demonstrate that the base shear force (Q b) should not be neglected for semi-rigid/rigid monopile design, especially when the aspect ratio is no more than 4. And then, a novel four-parameter hump curve (FHC) model is suggested to establish the relationship between the shear force (Q b) and deflection (y b) at the monopile tip. The results show that the FHC model agrees well, and the Q b - y b relationship can be used in practical engineering. The systematic Q b - y b relationship establishment procedure can be applied to other sites, which may facilitate a more accurate calibration of the soil-monopile interaction for the laterally loaded monopile design. • The moment contribution of the base shear force is quantified by finite element simulation. • The base shear force should not be neglected for semi-rigid/rigid monopiles design. • The four-parameter hump curve model is suggested to establish the Q b - y b relationship for laterally loaded monopiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Displacement of bone cement following percutaneous vertebral augmentation for Kümmell disease (KD) presents a significant concern, resulting in increasing back pain and compromising daily activities. Unfortunately, current literature does not yet establish a validated and minimally invasive surgical intervention for this issue. This study aims to investigate the effects of a novel hollow pedicle screw combined with kyphoplasty (HPS‐KP) in preventing bone cement displacement following simply percutaneous kyphoplasty for the management of KD. Methods: A total of 22 patients (six males, 16 females, averagely aged 77.18 ± 7.63 years) with KD without neurological deficits treated by HPS‐KP at the hospital between March 2021 and June 2022 were hereby selected, among which, there were three stage I KD cases, 12 stage II KD cases, and seven stage III KD cases according to Li's classification. Bone mineral density (BMD), spinal X‐ray, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were examined before the operation. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications were all recorded. The follow‐up focused on visual analog scale (VAS) score, Oswestry dysfunction index (ODI), anterior vertebral height (AVH), middle vertebral height (MVH), posterior vertebral height (PVH), wedge‐shape affected vertebral Cobb angle (WCA), and bisegmental Cobb angle (BCA). One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post‐hoc test was employed for performing multiple comparisons in the present study. Results: All patients having received the operation successfully were followed up for more than 8 months (ranging from 8 to 18 months). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and BMD (T‐score) were 39.09 ± 5.64 min, 14.09 ± 3.98 ml, and − 3.30 ± 0.90 g/cm3, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed in the VAS score, ODI, AVH, MVH, and WCA (All p < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in PVH and BCA at different time points (All p > 0.05). During follow‐up, five patients suffered from bone cement leakage, and one presented an adjacent vertebral fracture and no bone cement displacement. Conclusion: HPS‐KP could be safe and effective in the treatment of KD without neurological deficits, effectively relieving the symptoms of patients, restoring partial vertebral height, and preventing the occurrence of bone cement displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a wealth of data and expert knowledge available on monitoring agro-meteorological disasters. However, there is still a lack of technical means to organically integrate and analyze heterogeneous data sources in a collaborative manner. This paper proposes a method for monitoring agro-meteorological disasters based on a spatio-temporal knowledge graph. It employs a semantic ontology framework to achieve the organic fusion of multi-source heterogeneous data, including remote sensing data, meteorological data, farmland data, crop information, etc. And it formalizes expert knowledge and computational models into knowledge inference rules, thereby enabling monitoring, early warning, and disaster analysis of agricultural crops within the observed area. The experimental area for this research is the wheat planting region in three counties in Henan Province. The method is tested using simulation monitoring, early warning, and impact calculation of the past two occurrences of dry hot wind disasters. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide more specific and accurate warning information and post-disaster analysis results compared to raw records. The statistical results of NDVI decline also validate the correlation between the severity of wheat damage caused by dry hot winds and the intensity and duration of their occurrences. Regarding remote sensing data, this paper proposes a method that directly incorporates remote sensing data into spatio-temporal knowledge inference calculations. By integrating remote sensing data into the regular monitoring process, the advantages of remote sensing data granted by continuous observation are utilized. This approach represents a beneficial attempt to organically integrate remote sensing and meteorological data for monitoring, early warning, and evaluation analysis of agro-meteorological disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the three-dimensional boundary element method, a practical analysis method for piled raft in clay is presented and validated against the results from the existing numerical simulations and field measurements. A parametric study is performed to investigate the variation of the normalized settlement of the piled raft, including the effects of soil condition, pile dimensions and soil-pile adhesion. Then, a design chart considering the variation of normalized settlement with soil rigidity under different factors of safety is recommended to facilitate the practical engineering design, which is verified against the field and laboratory measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of an offshore monopile is generally governed by its accumulated response to lateral cyclic load, e.g., loads induced by winds and waves. In order to investigate the characteristic of this accumulated response, a user subroutine of degradation stiffness model (DSM) is developed and incorporated into a commercial finite difference program. Based on this program, the effect of load character, pile embedded length, and load eccentricity on the displacement development of monopile is quantified, and the applicability and reliability of the two most used models, power function model, and logarithmic function model, for the prediction of accumulated pile displacement are evaluated. Based on the numerical results, a design model which accounts for the influence of number of loading cycles, load amplitudes, and pile embedded length on the accumulated pile displacement is proposed. The proposed design model is validated against measurements from the field test on scaled monopile driven in dense sand deposit, which proves the validity of the recommended design in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast, low-cost, and efficient design of zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIF) based derivatives with perfect hollow channels is an effective method for enhancing their full water-splitting catalytic activities and achieving their commercial use. In this study, the novel cobalt nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanocages uniformly dispersed over two curved surfaces of biomass-derived hollow carbon fibers (Co@NC nanocage/HCF) were synthesized via the carbonization of the ZIF-67/hollow biomass fiber precursors. After the usage amounts of biomass fibers were optimized, the optimal Co@NC nanocage/HCF 200 exhibited a larger surface area and higher dispersion states of Co@NC nanocages than the tightly packed pure Co@NC nanocages. Particularly, owing to the hollow and porous structures of Co@NC nanocages, more electrocatalytic active centers (i.e. the pyridinic-N, Co-N x -C, pyrrolic-N, graphitic-N, high-valence Co, and other oxygen-containing functional groups) were exposed along surfaces of the Co@NC nanocage/HCF 200 catalyst. In an alkaline solution, the hydrogen evolution reaction potential at 10 mA cm−2 for Co@NC nanocage/HCF 200 was 165 mV more negative than that of 20 wt% Pt/C. Particularly, the oxygen evolution reaction potential at 10 mA cm−2 for Co@NC nanocage/HCF 200 was 17 mV more negative than that of RuO 2. For overall water splitting, the bifunctional Co@NC nanocage/HCF 200 catalyst-based electrolysis cell achieved a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of 1.618 V, which is 4 mV smaller than that of the state-of-the-art 20 wt% Pt/C||RuO 2 cell (1.614 V). The perfect hollow and porous structures, uniformly dispersed Co@NC nanocages (locked by vast in situ formed carbon nanotubes), and abundant electrocatalytic active sites along the inner and outer surfaces of Co@NC nanocage/HCF 200 contributed to the excellent water splitting catalysis. Particularly, owing to the excellent stabilities of hollow structures and uniformly dispersed porous Co@NC nanocages, the Co@NC nanocage/HCF 200 exhibited higher stability toward water electrolysis. [Display omitted] • Co@NC nanocages uniformly dispersed hollow carbon fibers. • The large surface area and various active sites of Co@NC nanocages/HCF 200. • HER E 10 value of optimal catalyst is 165 mV more negative than 20 wt% Pt/C. • OER E 10 value of optimal catalyst is 17 mV more negative than that of RuO 2. • Cell voltage at 10 mA cm−2 for optimal catalyst is 4 mV smaller than 20 wt% Pt/C||RuO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides pose a significant threat to human lives and property, making the development of accurate and reliable landslide prediction methods essential. With the rapid advancement of multi-source remote sensing techniques and machine learning, remote sensing data-driven landslide prediction methods have attracted increasing attention. However, the lack of an effective and efficient paradigm for organizing multi-source remote sensing data and a unified prediction workflow often results in the weak generalization ability of existing prediction models. In this paper, we propose an improved multi-source data-driven landslide prediction method based on a spatio-temporal knowledge graph and machine learning models. By combining a spatio-temporal knowledge graph and machine learning models, we establish a framework that can effectively organize multi-source remote sensing data and generate unified prediction workflows. Our approach considers the environmental similarity between different areas, enabling the selection of the most adaptive machine learning model for predicting landslides in areas with scarce samples. Experimental results show that our method outperforms machine learning methods, achieving an increase in F1 score by 29% and an improvement in processing efficiency by 93%. Furthermore, by comparing the susceptibility maps generated in real scenarios, we found that our workflow can alleviate the problem of poor prediction performance caused by limited data availability in county-level predictions. This method provides new insights into the development of data-driven landslide evaluation methods, particularly in addressing the challenges posed by limited data availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus biomass-fired boilers generally experience severe problems with deposit formation and are expected to suffer from severe superheater corrosion at high temperatures due to the large alkali and chlorine content in eucalyptus biomass. The unique deposition layer structure and corrosion mechanism of eucalyptus-fired boilers are discussed in this paper. It was found that a unique sandwich like cell-membrane structure on the heating surface was formed in eucalyptus biomass-fired boilers. Chlorine acts as a catalyst, circulates the reaction and causes serious corrosion. The oxides at the junction of the corrosion layer and the matrix mainly penetrate along the grain boundary of the matrix, forming a unique network structure. There is obvious internal oxidation and mass transfer along the grain boundary in the matrix of 12Cr2MoWVTiB steel pipe, and no obvious internal oxidation in SA213T91 steel pipe due to its fine and uniform grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accurately characterize and evaluate dust particle diffusion in the dynamic tunneling process of a boring machine, this study considers the 31,116 main transport chute heaving face of the Lijiahao coal mine as a case study. A dynamic tunneling model is developed considering the real dynamic tunneling state of the header, to carry out an in-depth analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution of wind flow and dust dispersion in the tunnel under dynamic excavation. In addition, the results were compared against the calculations of a static standard excavation model of a conventional header. Employing CFD analysis accompanied by field measurements, it was highlighted that the dynamic tunneling of the header leads to an increase in the pressure difference and the turbulent kinetic energy at the working face. Moreover, an increase in the number of vortices was reported, and a higher concentration of dust spreads more quickly along the return wind side wall to the return flow area. On the other hand, the high concentration of dust under the standard tunneling model was found to accumulate a lot on the return wind side. Simultaneously, as the distance between the pressurized air outlet and the working face increases, the average wind speed in the vortex-type wind flow area at the front of the tunnel decreases. When t = 60 s, the return flow area expands to a space of 8 m~24 m from the head, and the dust accumulated above the header spreads to the back of the header to form a high concentration dust region of more than 500 mg/m³. It was shown that the range of high-concentration dust clouds in the breathing zone decreases compared to the results of the standard tunneling model. Moreover, the dust concentration in the breathing zone of the driver is significantly lower than that reported by the standard tunneling model. Based on the results of the field test, the average error between the simulated and measured data of the dynamic tunneling model was calculated to be around 6.46%, thus demonstrating the model's capability in describing the real working conditions of the heave tunnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IVR-ERVC (In-Vessel Retention – External Reactor Vessel Cooling) is a critical accident management method for ensuring the integrity of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) lower head. One of the most crucial aspects within this method is to enhance the CHF (Critical Heat Flux) on the outer surface of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) lower head. This paper explores the application of graphene nanofluids in IVR-ERVC. This paper uses computational fluid dynamics to numerically simulate the CHF characteristics of graphene nanofluids under different undercooling, mass flow rate, concentration, tilt angle, and gap size conditions and analyzes the impact of different factors on CHF and the coupling effects between different factors. The undercooling range is 5 K–100 K, the mass flow rate range is 150 k g / (m 2 ∙ s) to 3000 k g / (m 2 ∙ s) , the concentration range is 0–1%, the inclination angle range is 0°–90°, and the gap sizes are 10 mm and 20 mm. The results show that the CHF can be effectively improved by adding nano-graphene into the base solution, and the CHF increases with the increase of subcooling degree, mass flow rate, concentration, dip Angle and gap size. Within the simulation range, the strengthening effect on CHF weakens when raising the undercooling and mass flow rate. And the larger the concentration and inclination angle within the simulation range, the better the enhancement effect on CHF. The maximum increase was 290%, while the average increase was 75.6%. This article studies the coupling effects between different parameters through numerical simulation. It can be concluded that increasing the mass flow rate weakens the enhancement of subcooling and concentration on CHF, increasing the subcooling weakens the enhancement effect of mass flow rate and concentration on CHF, and increasing the concentration enhances the enhancement effect of subcooling and mass flow rate on CHF. Enhance the mass flow rate will weaken tilt angle effect, while increasing the concentration will enhance the strengthening effect of tilt angle on CHF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simulation code for the HCOTSG under ocean motion is established and validated. • The impact of the changes in amplitude and period in IRIS reactor were investigated. • The effect of inclining direction and angle on the thermohydraulic parameters of HCOTSG was researched. • The influence of swaying angle, swaying period, and direction of swaying axis was analyzed. Based on the finite difference method, the fixed boundary method, and a staggered grid method, this paper develops a one-dimensional thermal–hydraulic analysis code to simulate the effects of heave motion and more complex oceanic motions, namely heaving coupled with inclination and heaving coupled with swaying, on the thermal–hydraulic parameters of the International Reactor Innovative and Secure (IRIS) reactor's helical coil once-through steam generator (HCOTSG). The oceanic conditions were achieved by modifying the momentum equation. The validity and accuracy of the code were obtained by comparing the results with the design parameters of HCOTSG for two types of marine nuclear reactors, the SMART reactor and the IRIS reactor, and with the calculations of some similar international prediction programs. The simulation results indicate that (1) when only heave motion is considered, increasing the amplitude and reducing the period both result in a greater magnitude and a faster rate of change in the HCOTSG parameters. (2) When the combined motion of inclining and heaving is present, the dynamic performance of the composite motion inclining towards the positive x-axis deteriorates the most severely, while its thermodynamic conditions improve slightly. In this direction, the inclining angle has little influence on the thermal–hydraulic characteristics of HCOTSG. (3) When the combined motion of heaving and swaying is present, the dynamic performance is more severely affected under swaying motion towards the negative y-axis, despite a slight improvement in thermodynamic conditions. In this direction, as the swaying angle increases, the trend of parameter variation under swaying is similar but with a greater magnitude of change. The deterioration in dynamic performance becomes more severe, although there are small improvements in thermodynamic conditions. With the swaying period increasing, the maximum and minimum values of the secondary side pressure drop show little change. Additionally, the average thermodynamic conditions exhibit little variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simulation code for the HCOTSG under appropriate inclination state is developed and verified; • The variation of the main parameters of the HCOTSG in IRIS reactor under different inclination state is investigated; • The influences of the input parameters perturbation on HCOTSG thermal–hydraulic Characteristics are analyzed; • The variations of thermal–hydraulic parameters under different input parameters perturbation in inclination state and vertical state are compared. This paper develops a one-dimensional thermal–hydraulic analysis program to simulate the main thermal–hydraulic parameter changes of helical coil once-through steam generator (HCOTSG) under inlet thermal–hydraulic parameters perturbation in inclining and vertical conditions. The inclining process is divided into the process of rotating from the vertical position to the inclining position and the stable inclining process. The rotating process is regarded as swaying motion. The swaying and inclining motions are achieved by modifying the momentum equation. What's more, the code was verified through experiments on two-phase heat transfer and friction pressure drop, as well as comparisons with the design parameters of the HCOTSG of the International Reactor Innovative and Secure (IRIS) reactor. The results of the simulation indicate that the direction of incline has an obvious impact on the safety of the HCOTSG, with inclination towards the y-axis having the greatest impact. In the stable inclining process, an increase in the angle of inclining results in a rise in primary-side outlet temperature and a reduction in heat transfer, while the secondary-side pressure drop increases. Furthermore, the HCOTSG underwent testing with eight types of transient perturbations, including four sudden perturbations and four linear perturbations. Results indicated that during sudden perturbations, apart from the secondary-side pressure drop, there were no substantial differences in simulated results between the inclined and vertical states at the same time during the transition process. However, during linear perturbations, due to the slow changes in parameters, the differences between the inclined and vertical states at the same time were more distinct. Regardless of the perturbation type, the inclined state led to a deterioration in the dynamic condition of the system compared to the vertical state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate frictional properties of the rupture surface of the carbonate Jiweishan rock avalanche, we conducted high-velocity-friction tests on the limestone and shale samples at different shear rates. The samples showed shear- and rate-strengthening of friction at low shear rates, but transformed to shear- and rate-weakening of friction at large shear rates. The critical shear rate was deduced to be between 0.05 and 0.2 m/s in our tests. The friction coefficient reduced to an extremely low value of less than 0.1 at a shear rate of 2.1 m/s. The sliding rock mass therefore could slide out of the rupture surface at a high velocity and consequently traveled a long distance as granular debris. Two mechanisms may have reduced the frictional resistance. Recrystallized calcite nanograins and CaO nanograins produced through calcite decomposition covered and lubricated the shear surface. Furthermore, the CO 2 emitted through calcite decomposition reduced the effective normal stress and therefore the friction on the surface. Our conclusions for Jiweishan rock avalanche are also useful for understanding the high mobility of other widely distributed carbonate rock avalanches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest fires have frequently occurred and caused great harm to people's lives. Many researchers use machine learning techniques to predict forest fires by considering spatio-temporal data features. However, it is difficult to efficiently obtain the features from large-scale, multi-source, heterogeneous data. There is a lack of a method that can effectively extract features required by machine learning-based forest fire predictions from multi-source spatio-temporal data. This paper proposes a forest fire prediction method that integrates spatio-temporal knowledge graphs and machine learning models. This method can fuse multi-source heterogeneous spatio-temporal forest fire data by constructing a forest fire semantic ontology and a knowledge graph-based spatio-temporal framework. This paper defines the domain expertise of forest fire analysis as the semantic rules of the knowledge graph. This paper proposes a rule-based reasoning method to obtain the corresponding data for the specific machine learning-based forest fire prediction methods, which are dedicated to tackling the problem with real-time prediction scenarios. This paper performs experiments regarding forest fire predictions based on real-world data in the experimental areas Xichang and Yanyuan in Sichuan province. The results show that the proposed method is beneficial for the fusion of multi-source spatio-temporal data and highly improves the prediction performance in real forest fire prediction scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A MOOSE-based application for the HCF under normal conditions and RIA is developed and verified. • Couple radiation-thermal-mechanics physics modules and focus on heat conduction, coolant convection heat transfer, thermal expansion, solid swelling, gaseous swelling, irradiation growth, and creep of the HCF. • The distribution of the HCF stress and temperature under normal operating conditions is investigated, and corresponding improvement measures are put forward. • The stress and temperature distribution of the HCF and the mechanical behavior of the cladding under RIA are investigated, and proposals for accident-tolerant design are put forward. Helical Cruciform Fuel (HCF) represents a groundbreaking innovation that merges unique geometric structure with advanced metallic alloy materials. Due to the heat transfer optimization resulting from its distinctive geometric structure, HCF demonstrates the potential to achieve higher power output. Moreover, the utilization of U-Zr metal fuel in HCF contributes to enhancing the accident tolerance of the fuel system. Fuel performance analysis encompasses a series of intricate physical processes. To effectively model and simulate the 3D multi-physics coupling of these processes, advanced computational tool and software platform MOOSE framework is essential. In this work, thermo-mechanical capability for analysis of HCF was conducted in MOOSE-based fuel performance code PHOENIX. The operation of high burnup HCF behavior and reactivity-initiated accident (RIA) conditions are simulated. As the irradiation and burnup processes persist, the distribution of stress within the fuel tends towards a state of uniformity, with the stress concentration within the cladding occurring predominantly at the concave arc position. During RIA, the central height position of fuel stress exhibits a sharp increase and significant stress drop at the concave arc position of cladding, rendering it incapable of supporting the fuel. Furthermore, the cladding at various heights exhibits distinct mechanical behaviors, which can be categorized into three regions: a region relatively unaffected by the accident, a transition region, and a plastic deformation region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crux of graph classification lies in the effective representation learning for the entire graph. Typical graph neural networks focus on modeling the local dependencies when aggregating features of neighboring nodes, and obtain the representation for the entire graph by aggregating node features. Such methods have two potential limitations: 1) the global node saliency w.r.t. graph classification is not explicitly modeled, which is crucial since different nodes may have different semantic relevance to graph classification; 2) the graph representation directly aggregated from node features may have limited effectiveness to reflect graph-level information. In this work, we propose the Saliency-Aware Regularized Graph Neural Network (SAR-GNN) for graph classification, which consists of two core modules: 1) a traditional graph neural network serving as the backbone for learning node features and 2) the Graph Neural Memory designed to distill a compact graph representation from node features of the backbone. We first estimate the global node saliency by measuring the semantic similarity between the compact graph representation and node features. Then the learned saliency distribution is leveraged to regularize the neighborhood aggregation of the backbone, which facilitates the message passing of features for salient nodes and suppresses the less relevant nodes. Thus, our model can learn more effective graph representation. We demonstrate the merits of SAR-GNN by extensive experiments on seven datasets across various types of graph data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simulation code for the HCOTSG under appropriate rolling motion is developed and verified. • The variation of the main parameters of the HCOTSG in IRIS reactor under rolling conditions is investigated. • The influences of the different system operating parameters on HCOTSG thermal-hydraulic Characteristics are analysed. • The variations of thermal-hydraulic parameters under different swing directions, angles, periods, and positions of swing axes are obtained. Steam generators are essential for the safe, economical, and reliable operation of nuclear reactors. Helical Coil Once-through Steam Generators (HCOTSG) offer unique advantages over other types of steam generators for ship reactors or offshore platforms. To investigate the effect of rolling motion due to ocean conditions on the safe and economic operation of HCOTSG, a new model and a new code are developed in this paper. The program is developed and allows numerical simulation of HCOTSG under ocean conditions. The validity of the code was verified by comparing the simulation results with the design parameters of the Marine Reactor X (MRX) steam generator and the simulation results of other dedicated programs. The code was further used to perform the International Reactor Innovative and Secure (IRIS) transient operating conditions under typical rolling motions. Then, the influences of different swing directions, angles, periods, and positions of swing axes from the origin of the system operating parameters are analyzed. In the cases discussed in this paper, the following conclusions are obtained: (a) The direction of the swing significantly affects the system. The most dangerous situation is around the x-axis, and the case around the z-axis is the safest, in which the rolling situation has little effect on the system because the centripetal force is perpendicular to the tube wall, and the gravitational pressure drop is constant. (b) when the swing angle increases, except the fluctuation speed is faster, the fluctuation range of the parameters also increases. (c) when the swing period changes, the parameters' fluctuation range also change (d) the orientation of the swing axis from the origin affects the magnitudes of the parameters' changes (e) the distance of the swing axis from the origin affects the magnitude of the parameter variation and the farther the swing axis is from the origin, the greater the parameter fluctuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symbiotic microorganisms improve nutrient uptake by plants. To initiate mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plants perceive Myc factors, including lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and short-chain chitooligosaccharides (CO4/CO5), secreted by AM fungi. However, the molecular mechanism of Myc factor perception remains elusive. In this study, we identified a heteromer of LysM receptor-like kinases consisting of OsMYR1/OsLYK2 and OsCERK1 that mediates the perception of AM fungi in rice. CO4 directly binds to OsMYR1, promoting the dimerization and phosphorylation of this receptor complex. Compared with control plants, Osmyr1 and Oscerk1 mutant rice plants are less sensitive to Myc factors and show decreased AM colonization. We engineered transgenic rice by expressing chimeric receptors that respectively replaced the ectodomains of OsMYR1 and OsCERK1 with those from the homologous Nod factor receptors MtNFP and MtLYK3 of Medicago truncatula. Transgenic plants displayed increased calcium oscillations in response to Nod factors compared with control rice. Our study provides significant mechanistic insights into AM symbiotic signal perception in rice. Expression of chimeric Nod/Myc receptors achieves a potentially important step toward generating cereals that host nitrogen-fixing bacteria. A heteromer of LysM receptor-like kinases, OsMYR1/OsLYK2 and OsCERK1, was identified to mediate the perception of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in rice. Engineering transgenic rice by expressing chimeric receptors that respectively replaced the ectodomains of OsMYR1 and OsCERK1 with those from the homologous Nod factor receptors MtNFP and MtLYK3 of Medicago truncatula resulted in increased calcium oscillations in response to Nod factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the new century, since nuclear energy received widespread attention due to its economy and environmental protection, the nuclear industry has developed rapidly. However, there are still some issues challenging the safety of nuclear power plants (NPPs) especially at extreme conditions. During a hypothetical severe accident in a light water reactor, the core fuel will be disrupted and melt-down resulting from the absence of coolant, and finally forms a high-temperature molten pool at the lower head of reactor pressure vessel (RPV), which threaten the integrity of RPV, one of the most important barriers to prevent radioactive fission product releasing to the environment. In this regard, the decay heat removal of the molten pool plays an essential role in the strategy of in-vessel retention (IVR)-external reactor vessel cooling (ERVC) to arrest the molten corium inside the RPV, as shown in Fig. 1. This paper examines the research work about experimental investigation, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation conducted for ERVC and summarizes the different approaches proposed by scholars to strengthen ERVC capabilities. Those approaches are the replacement of the cooling work materials, the application of nanofluids, surface modification, and other methods. Finally, it concludes the deficiencies of the current study and the direction of future efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of the landslide dams located on the major rivers at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau have been previously identified through remote sensing analysis and field investigations. The Xuelongnang paleolake was one of the lakes formed by these landslide dams in the upper Jinsha River, where the association of a relict landslide dam, lacustrine sediment, and outburst sediment is well preserved. This preservation provides an opportunity to better understand the formation, evolution, and longevity of a large landslide-dammed lake in the upper Jinsha River. It was inferred that the Xuelongnang dammed lake may have been formed by an earthquake-induced paleoavalanche. The surface area of the lake at its peak was estimated at 7.0 × 106 m2, and the corresponding volume was approximately 3.1 × 108 m3. Two outburst flood events were determined to have occurred during the life span of the lake. Based on the 18 ages obtained from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and carbon-14 (14C) dating combined with stratigraphic sequences observed in the field, the paleolandslide-dammed lake was formed at approximately 2.1 ka and subsequently breached locally. The dammed lake was sustained for a period of some 900 years based on the chronological constraining. This study confirms that a major landslide-dammed lake can be sustained for at least hundreds of years and breached by several dam breaks in multiple periods, which contributed to the preservation of the knickpoints at millennial scale along the major rivers in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) using satellites in inclined geo-synchronous orbit (IGSO) is fundamentally more difficult than using satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO), due to the fact that IGSO satellites are constantly moving relative to a ground station, which brings in large residual effects. In this paper, we designed a protocol and an algorithm to correct several factors that affect the precision of TWSTFT using IGSO satellites. We used two ground stations, each equipped with sending and receiving channels, to conduct real-time measurements of the distance and the speed of an IGSO satellite, and data collected were used to make appropriate corrections. We tested this concept by conducting TWSTFT experiments using an IGSO satellite (BEIDOU I1-S), and compared the results with that obtained using a GEO satellite (CHINASAT 12). Indeed, the individual components that contribute to the residual effects of TWSTFT measurements using the IGSO satellite were several orders of magnitude greater than that of the GEO satellite. By using our modified protocol, TWSTFT results with an IGSO satellite were well accorded with that of using a GEO satellite; the standard deviation of residuals was less than 0.4 ns, well within the limit for the measurement uncertainty of TWSTFT. Therefore, we have expanded the use of IGSO satellites for TWSTFT. In principle, it should also be applicable to medium earth orbit and other satellites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LcTLP treated by ultrasound for 15 min (LT15) altered multi-level structure. • LcTLP structure tended to recover with ultrasound treatment reached 45-min. • The inflammatory epitopes of LcTLP were disrupted at 15 min. • Proinflammatory cytokines secretion and mRNA expression levels reduced by LT15. • LT15 inhibited the inflammatory response through NF-κB and MAPK pathways in vitro. The pro-inflammation activity of litchi thaumatin-like protein (LcTLP) led to be responsible for the occurrence of adverse reactions after excessive consumption of litchi. This study aimed to characterize the changes in the structure and inflammatory activity of LcTLP induced by ultrasound treatment. Significant molecular structure of LcTLP changes occured at 15 min ultrasound treatment, and then tended to recover with subsequent treatment. Secondary structure (α- helices decreased from 17.3% to 6.3%), tertiary structure (the maximum endogenous fluorescence intensity decreased), and microstructure (mean hydrodynamic diameter reduced from 4 μm to 50 nm) of the LcTLP treated for 15 min (LT15) were significantly affected, which led to the inflammatory epitope of LcTLP (domain II and V-cleft) unfolded. In vitro , LT15 had a significant anti-inflammatory response, which inhibited NO production and had the best effect at 50 ng/mL in RAW264.7 macrophages (73.24%). Moreover, proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion and mRNA expression levels were also significantly lower compared with untreated LcTLP (p < 0.05). Western blot further confirmed that the expressions of IκB- α , p65, p38, ERK and JNK reduced markedly (p < 0.05), which indicated LT15 inhibited the inflammatory response through NF-κB and MAPK transduction pathways. Overall, it can be hypothesized that LT15 exposed to low frequency ultrasonic fields have a direct effect on the protein surface structure and thus on the entry of LT15 into cells, making 15-minute ultrasound treatment potentially useful in reducing the pro-inflammatory properties of litchi or related liquid products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A thermodynamic-economic model for supercritical CO 2 directly cooled reactor is developed based on thermal current theory. • PCHE's model incorporating actual channel geometries is established based on ITDB thermal resistance. • Effects of PCHE types and size on cycle's thermo–economic performances are clarified. The supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle is a potential technology in small modular reactors (SMRs), and the overall system efficiency can be significantly improved by optimizing the PCHE design parameters. This study develops a thermodynamic-economic analysis model for a supercritical CO 2 simple Brayton cycle cooled SMR, with consideration of the detailed parameters of PCHEs. The impact of the length, channel number and channel type for the recuperator and the precooler on system thermal efficiency and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) are analyzed. A dual-objective optimization study is conducted at the system level to identify the optimal design of size parameters and types for the heat exchangers. The results indicate that the influence of PCHE size parameters variations on system performance varies across different channel types. Additionally, the selection of the recommended recuperator type is influenced by the recuperator inlet Reynolds number. At the optimum design, the recommended channel type for recuperator and precooler are both S-shaped, resulting in a system efficiency of 39.12% and LCOE of 0.0456 $/kW e. The findings are valuable for enhancing energy utilization and reducing the power generation cost of SMRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CD147 is a glycosylated transmembrane protein highly expressed on the surface of various tumor cells which plays vital roles in tumor invasion, progression and metastasis. We report the discovery of the natural product pseudolaric acid B (PAB) directly targeting CD147 by chemical proteomics utilizing a PAB-derived photoaffinity probe which could serve as a novel type of anticancer reagent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first comparative study of combinations of anesthetics that cause a decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and myocardial contractility or that increase increase sympathetic excitation. • Under a standard anesthesia induction and maintenance, S-ketamine may improve the hemodynamic profile. • S-Ketamine produced higher PI values than placebo. • The patients administered S-ketamine exhibited a lower rate of postinduction hypotension. Abnormal peripheral perfusion and postinduction hypotension are associated with postoperative adverse outcomes. S-ketamine may stimulate blood circulation by activating the sympathetic nervous system. This study aimed to identify whether S-ketamine may improve the hemodynamic profile, relative to saline. 115 patients were assessed for eligibility for participation in this study. A total of 100 patients were included. The patients (n = 50 for each group) were randomly allocated to the Test group, treated with S-ketamine plus propofol, cisatracurium and sufentanil, and to the Control group, treated with saline plus propofol, cisatracurium, and sufentanil. Maintenance of anesthesia in both groups was accomplished with sevoflurane. The perfusion index (PI) was recorded at intervals of 1 min, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were collected continuously at intervals of 3 min. The number of patients with MAP < 60 mmHg was also analyzed. The PI remained higher in the Test group than in the Control group at the following time points: initial induction (mean difference: 1.01 [95% CI: 0.27–1.74]; P = 0.007), preintubation (mean difference: 1.46 [95% CI: 0.57–2.34]; P = 0.001) and postintubation (mean difference: 1.28 [95% CI: 0.26–2.30]; P = 0.014), before (mean difference: 2.66 [95% CI: 1.22–4.1]; P < 0.001) and after making the skin incision (mean difference: 1.03 [95% CI: 0.28–1.78]; P = 0.007). Compared with Control group, a higher MAP trend from preintubation to postincision appeared in patients assigned to S-ketamine (P = 0.003). The number of patients with MAP < 60 mmHg in the Test group was lower than Control group (10.0% vs. 34.0%, P < 0.003) in the preincision. The HR was similar throughout the test, with no statistical difference. During anesthesia induction and maintenance, the use of S-ketamine may improve the peripheral perfusion and blood pressure as compared to the Control group. ChiCTR2100051167. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) had been widely detected in water environment and caused extremely toxicity. The Fe(Ⅲ) reduction process had been confirmed with potential effect on organic pollutants removal. Many substances can be served as electron shuttles that played important role in Fe(Ⅲ) reduction and the removal or distribution of PFAS. Considering the complex organic characteristics in wetland sediment, this study explored the effect of diverse electron shuttles, including activated carbon (AC), sucrose, humic acid (HA), organic acid (OA) and NH 4 +, on typical PFAS (PFOA and PFOS) removal under the Fe(Ⅲ) reduction conditions. Results showed that, the Fe(Ⅲ) contents reduced with the removal of PFAS. The addition of NH 4 +, AC and sucrose enhanced PFOA and PFOS removal in sediment. And the addition of NH 4 + achieved best PFOA removal, which had 30.2% lower content than that in control. The characteristics of organic carbon changed with these electron shuttles and thus influenced the performance and distribution of PFAS. Among the organic matter components, the proportions of fulvic acid-like and humic-like materials increased, which could promote Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. Increased proportions of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Pseudomonas were detected with various electron shuttles. These microbes could survival under PFAS pollution and have potential to defluorination of PFAS. The electron shuttles highly improved the proportions of iron-reduction bacteria, which were more than 86.0% higher than that in control. This study provided a key information for better understanding the role of electron shuttles in PFAS removal via Fe(Ⅲ) reduction process, which could be useful for effective PFAS remediation in sediment. • The reduction of Fe(Ⅲ) accompanied by the removal of PFOA and PFOS. • NH 4 +, activated carbon and sucrose enhanced PFOA and PFOS removal with Fe(Ⅲ). • Electron shuttles increased proportions of fulvic acid-like and humic-like materials. • Relative abundance of iron reducing bacteria was increased with electron shuttles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the variations of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of sandstone after high-temperature heating. Experiments were carried out to test the thermal properties of sandstone which had been heated at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 900 °C in a furnace. Temperature has a significant impact on the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of sandstone, which is closely related to the loss of water and damage of structure caused by thermal reactions. The results indicate four phases in the variation of thermal parameters with temperature: from room temperature to 200 °C, 200–400 °C, 400–600 °C, and above 600 °C. The first and second phases correspond to the vaporization-escaping interval of adhered water, combined water and structural water. Between 400–600 °C, especially from 500–600 °C, the minerals in sandstone has thermal reactions, which are demonstrated as porosity increase, reduction of conductivity and diffusivity, and change of heat capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid sliding in a rock avalanche may occur from strain- and strain-rate- weakening of the rupture-surface strength. However, existing research on rock-avalanche dynamics pays little attention to rupture-surface weakening. In this paper, we used high-speed-friction tests on limestone and shale of the Qixia Formation to determine strain- and strain-rate- weakening of the rupture surface of the Jiweishan rock avalanche. The strain- and strain-rate- weakening model inferred that the friction coefficient of the rupture surface decreased rapidly to a residual value of <0.1 within a short interval after rock-avalanche failure, which was collectively determined by shear rate and shear displacement. We used this rate-weakening in a numerical model to investigate the dynamics of the rock avalanche, and compared it with another model that used a constant value of friction. Our model results suggested that rupture-surface weakening could cause the disintegration of the sliding body and influence the post-failure motion of the Jiweishan rock avalanche. With strain- and strain-rate- weakening, a larger sliding-out velocity (~ 13–27 m/s) of the rock mass was modelled due to reduction of frictional energy consumption causing by rupture-surface weakening. Hence a strain and strain-rate- weakened rock mass could both fly farther in the air and strike the ground at a lower angle maintaining more kinetic energy. The transport distance of such a sliding rock mass would have been ~50–500 m longer than in a model without weakening. Our study suggested that strain- and strain-rate- weakening behavior of a rupture surface would significantly increase the rock-avalanche transport distance. Use of such a model might provide more accurate prediction of the disaster reach of rock avalanches. • Rupture-surface strength decreases rapidly after rock-avalanche initiation. • Rupture-surface strength is quantitatively studied by numerical modeling. • Rupture-surface strength weakening promotes the disintegration of a rock avalanche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an actual landslide process that occurred in Southern China is simulated by a continuum approach, the particle finite element method (PFEM). The PFEM attempts to solve the boundary-value problems in the framework of solid mechanics, satisfying the governing equations including momentum conservation, displacement-strain relation, constitutive relation as well as the frictional contact between the sliding mass and the slip surface. To warrant the convergence behaviour of solutions, the problem is formulated as a mathematical programming problem, while the particle finite element procedure is employed to tackle the issues of mesh distortion and free-surface evolution. The whole procedure of the landslide, from initiation, sliding to deposition, is successfully reproduced by the continuum approach. It is shown that the density of the mass has little influence on the sliding process in the current landslide, whereas both the geometry and the roughness of the slip surface play important roles. Comparative studies are also conducted where a satisfactory agreement is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters have frequently occurred and caused great harm. Although the remote sensing technology can effectively provide disaster data, it still needs to consider the relevant information from multiple aspects for disaster analysis. It is hard to build an analysis model that can integrate the remote sensing and the large-scale relevant information, particularly at the sematic level. This paper proposes a disaster prediction knowledge graph for disaster prediction by integrating remote sensing information, relevant geographic information, with the expert knowledge in the field of disaster analysis. This paper constructs the conceptual layer and instance layer of the knowledge graph by building a common semantic ontology of disasters and a unified spatio-temporal framework benchmark. Moreover, this paper represents the disaster prediction model in the forms of knowledge of disaster prediction. This paper demonstrates experiments and cases studies regarding the forest fire and geological landslide risk. These investigations show that the proposed method is beneficial to multi-source spatio-temporal information integration and disaster prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When rock samples are loaded until macroscopic fractures develop, the failure process can be divided into several stages based on axial and lateral strain responses or the acoustic emission sequence during uniaxial compression tests. Several stress thresholds may be identified: the crack closure stress σ, crack initiation stress σ, crack damage stress σ, and uniaxial compressive strength σ; these may be used as a warning indicator for rock rupture. We investigated the crack damage stress σ, its threshold, and a possible relationship between σ and the uniaxial compressive strength. The σ of different rock types were compiled from previous studies based on uniaxial compression tests. The results showed that the overall averages and standard deviations of σ /σ for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks were ~0.78 (±0.11), ~0.85 (±0.11), and ~0.73 (±0.18), respectively. There were no significant differences in σ /σ between the different rock types, except that the sedimentary rock had a slightly larger standard deviation attributed to the variation of porosity in the samples, while the metamorphic rock had higher average σ /σ resulting from the small statistical sample size. By excluding the higher-porosity (>10 %) rock samples, the averages and standard deviations of σ /σ for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks were ~0.78 (±0.09), ~0.85 (±0.09), and ~0.78 (±0.11), respectively. The results imply that the rock origin process (i.e., igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary) has a minimal effect on σ /σ. The ratio σ/ σ could be an essential intrinsic property for low-porosity rocks, which could be used in rock engineering for predicting the failure process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Silica-coated ultrafine diamond (UFD/SiO2) composites were prepared, which were core/shell structures with amorphous silica shell of approximately 5nm thickness. Contrasting to the pristine UFDs, the dispersion stability of the UFD/SiO2 composites was improved greatly in the multi-component inorganic salts aqueous solution, and the chemical compositions of the ceramic matrix were introduced by multi-component inorganic salts. Meanwhile, the oxidation resistance temperature of the coated UFDs was also increased by around 101.0°C. Furthermore, by using the polyacrylamide gel method and hot-press sintering process, ceramic composites were fabricated with the UFD/SiO2 aqueous suspension containing multi-component inorganic salts. The results indicated that the UFDs coated with silica could be dispersed uniformly in ceramic matrix, where no obvious UFD agglomerates were observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• [RE(H 2 O) 9 3+][3Cl-] was stable solvation model in water. • [N1888][P507] as extractants was selected from 80 ionic liquids using different indicators. • The extraction and stripping property of the mixture of [N1888][P507] and TRPO were studied. • The TRPO ability to form third phase decreased with ratio of [TRPO]and[N1888][P507] increasing. • 96.3 % Tb3+ could be stripped from the organic phase to the aqueous phase after five times stripping processes. Ionic liquids were extensively used in many extraction and separation processes for metal ions because of excellent dissolving and selecting ability. The COSMO-RS method was applied for selecting suitable ionic liquid from 80 kinds of ionic liquids. Hydrophilicity, solvent solubility, distribution ratio were considered as important factors for selecting suitable ionic liquids. [N1888][P507] was suitable ionic liquid for extracting and separating heavy rare earths. A solvent extraction system containing ionic liquid [N1888][P507] and molecular extractant TRPO to separate heavy rare earths was studied. The results showed that the mixture of the [N1888][P507] and TRPO contributed to high extractabilities and selectivities of heavy rare earths. The abilities to form third phase and product emulsification phenomenon decreased with the concentration ratio of TRPO and [N1888][P507] increasing. The extraction mechanism of HREEs was deduced as ion association. The quantitative stripping of HREEs from loaded organic phase could be achieved with deionized water and low concentration of hydrochloric acid. The article showed that the mixture of [N1888][P507] and TRPO might be an effective and environmentally friendly extractant for extraction and separation of heavy rare earths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we prepared nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66/glass fibre (n-HA/PA66/GF) bioactive bone screws. The microstructure, morphology and coating of the screws were characterised, and the adhesion, proliferation and viability of MC3T3-E1 cells on n-HA/PA66/GF scaffolds were determined using scanning electron microscope, CCK-8 assays and cellular immunofluorescence analysis. The results confirmed that n-HA/PA66/GF scaffolds were biocompatible and had no negative effect on MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. To investigate the in vivo biocompatibility, internal fixation properties and osteogenesis of the bioactive screws, both n-HA/PA66/GF screws and metallic screws were used to repair intercondylar femur fractures in dogs. General photography, CT examination, micro-CT examination, histological staining and biomechanical assays were performed at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks after operation. The n-HA/PA66/GF screws exhibited good biocompatibility, high mechanical strength and extensive osteogenesis in the host bone. Moreover, 24 weeks after implantation, the maximum push-out load of the bioactive screws was greater than that of the metallic screws. As shown by their good cytocompatibility, excellent biomechanical strength and fast formation and ingrowth of new bone, n-HA/PA66/GF screws are thus suitable for orthopaedic clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grouted connections (GCs) are widely used to link the substructures and towers for offshore wind turbines and transfer various loads from the turbine and tower to the substructure. Extremely complex stresses are developed in these composite connections formed with steel pipes and grout fillings. This paper presents a numerical study, using ABAQUS, on the mechanical response of GCs under axial compression coupled with bending. The effect of axial load ratio on the moment-rotation responses, contact stress between steel pipes and grout, as well as compositions of flexural capacity. Further study is conducted on the stress distribution in the grouted connection under axial compression coupled with bending, and the stress distribution was derived with python script. Analysis shows that, axial load ratio plays a non-negligible role and the distribution of contact stress differs from that recommended by current design guide. These should be considered with caution in industrial design. In addition, this paper also proposes a method to derive the contact stress from numerical model constructed with Abaqus. The results show that contact pressure and shear keys provide the main components for the flexural capacity and the sum of M p and M shear-keys accounts for about 75% of the total capacity. And the values of the non-uniform coefficient of shear keys η sk are all larger than 0.75 which shows that the force distribution between shear keys is extremely uneven. The outputs of this paper provide a further understanding of the GCs subject axial compression coupled with bending. [Display omitted] • Axial load ratio has a non-negligible effect on the response of grouted connections. • Uneven distribution of contact stress between the grout and steel tubes play an important role and need to be accounted. • A numerical method is proposed to derive the contact stress between grout and steel tubes with Abaqus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The deformation behavior of base materials for permeable pavement were explored. • Porosity, moisture and stress highly correlated with properties of base materials. • The unbound granular material with larger particle sizes has lower water sensitivity. • Unbound granular materials can provide good properties for permeable pavement. Permeable pavement has many advantages on environment and has been applied in various fields. However, the performance of the base layer of permeable pavement in the field of heavy loads has not attracted enough attention. This paper explorted the deformation behavior of open-graded unbound granular materials (UGMs) for base layers of permeable pavement under repeated triaxial loading. The deformation behavior explored in this study included both resilient deformation and permanent deformation. Firstly, the resilient modulus of different gradations with different ranges of particle size was studied. The results indicated that the open-graded UGMs had enough resilient modulus ranging from 110 to 371 MPa. The different gradations at various levels of stress under dry and wet conditions were studied to simulate different work conditions of base layer for permeable pavement. The results showed that porosity, particle size, stress level and moisture had great impact on permanent deformation. In addition, stress level represented by the shear stress/strength ratio (SSR) was introduced into the permanent deformation characterization, and the results suggested that the permanent deformation under the stress level of SSR value within 0.4 belonged to the plastic creep, which was acceptable permanent deformation in the pavement design. Therefore, this study concluded that, compared with traditional UGMs, open-graded UGMs may also meet the bearing capacity requirement for base materials under wet condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the reuse of fine solid wastes (FSW) as cleaner production, instead of raw material, helps in improving road performance, easing excavation of virgin material and reducing environmental pollution. Nevertheless, concerns over poorer pavement performance caused by the addition of FSW have hindered the prevalent reusing of FSW in pavement engineering. Therefore, seven types of filler with five filler-binder volume ratios (FBv) were selected to prepare thirty-five types of asphalt mortar, in this study. The relationships among diversities of physical and chemical indexes of seven types of filler were firstly analyzed. Then, stripping test was applied to investigate the moisture sensitivity of asphalt mortar. After that, the effect of FBv and Rigden void of filler on the performance of asphalt mortar was evaluated. Moreover, the mechanism for the impact of FSW on the property of asphalt materials was comprehensively studied based on the rheological, mechanical and microscopic performances. Additionally, environmental impact of filler and mixture in the early stage was evaluated. In conclusion, the moisture damage mechanism of mixture in terms of surface free energy theory and asphalt mortar system was revealed, which indicated that the effect of filler on binder can be classified into four mechanisms; "physical hardening", "chemical bonding", "moisture instability" and "polarity enhancement". Image 1 • Physical hardening effect of filler is not enough to imply water damage of mortar. • Surface free energy cannot explain the overall property of asphalt mortar. • Based on the asphalt mortar system, the mechanism of moisture damage was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]